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ITT

Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis is a fundamental principle in the design and evaluation of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), whereby all participants are analyzed according to their originally assigned groups, irrespective of whether they adhered to the , received the , or completed the . This approach preserves the integrity of randomization, which minimizes and by ensuring comparisons reflect the effects of offering a rather than enforcing perfect . By including dropouts, crossovers, and non-compliers—often imputing through methods like last observation carried forward or multiple imputation—ITT provides a pragmatic estimate of real-world , contrasting with measures from per-protocol analyses that exclude deviations. Developed as a response to biases observed in early trial analyses that selectively excluded participants, ITT gained prominence in the late as emphasized unbiased from . Its adoption is now mandated in guidelines such as for transparent RCT reporting, underscoring its role in generating reliable evidence for clinical decision-making and policy. Key advantages include reduced overestimation of effects and reflection of practical implementation challenges, such as non-adherence, which affect up to 50% of chronic disease treatments in routine care. However, ITT can attenuate apparent effects in trials with high non-compliance, prompting debates over its conservatism; critics argue it may underestimate true biological impacts under ideal conditions, leading to the use of modified ITT (mITT) variants that exclude certain non-starters or major violators, though these risk reintroducing bias if exclusions are not random. Such modifications, common in pharmaceutical trials, have drawn scrutiny for potentially inflating efficacy claims, particularly when industry sponsorship correlates with selective analyses that favor positive outcomes. Despite these controversies, strict ITT remains the gold standard for superiority trials aiming at causal realism, as deviations undermine the counterfactual comparisons enabled by .

Business

ITT Inc.

ITT Inc. traces its origins to 1920, when brothers Sosthenes and Hernand Behn established International Telephone & Telegraph Corporation as a holding company to consolidate and expand international telephone operations, initially incorporating assets from Puerto Rico and Cuba into a global telecommunications network. The firm rapidly grew through acquisitions of European telephone manufacturers and equipment providers, positioning itself as a key player in international telecom infrastructure by the mid-20th century. Under Harold Geneen's leadership as CEO from 1959 to 1977, ITT pursued an aggressive acquisition strategy, absorbing over 250 companies and diversifying beyond into sectors including hotels (e.g., Sheraton), , , and consumer products, which propelled annual sales from approximately $700 million to over $17 billion by the end of his tenure. This model emphasized decentralized with rigorous financial controls and quarterly earnings growth, achieving 58 consecutive quarters of increases, though it later drew criticism for diluting focus and creating operational inefficiencies that contributed to the firm's eventual restructuring. In 1972, ITT faced scrutiny over an internal memo revealing a pledged contribution of up to $400,000 to help finance the in , allegedly linked to favorable Justice Department settlement of an antitrust suit blocking its merger with Hartford Fire Insurance Company. investigations and inquiries followed, with media outlets framing the episode as influence-peddling, yet no criminal charges resulted, and defenders argued it exemplified routine corporate against expansive antitrust enforcement often wielded for political ends rather than strict economic analysis. The merger proceeded, but the controversy highlighted tensions between large-scale expansion and regulatory oversight. The conglomerate structure unraveled in 1995 when ITT announced a breakup into three independent entities: ITT Industries (focused on manufacturing), ITT Hartford (insurance), and ITT Destination Resorts (hospitality), spun off to shareholders to unlock value amid shareholder pressure and market shifts favoring focused firms. The manufacturing arm, renamed ITT Inc. in 1996, streamlined operations around engineered components, divesting non-core assets and concentrating on mission-critical technologies such as pumps, valves, actuators, and connectors for aerospace, energy, industrial, and transportation markets. Today, operates through three segments—Industrial Process, Motion Technologies, and Connect & Control Technologies—delivering products like Goulds Pumps for fluid handling in oil & gas and , Cannon connectors for harsh environments, and valves for , serving global needs with emphasis on reliability and . Recent strategic moves include the September 2024 acquisition of kSARIA for approximately $460 million to bolster mission-critical cabling and interconnect solutions in and defense, enhancing portfolio synergies in high-reliability connectivity. In March 2024, the company committed about $11 million to expand pump testing facilities in Obernkirchen, ; Vadodara, ; and Dammam, , enabling validation of larger pump packages for major project awards in and chemicals. Financial performance strengthened in the second quarter of 2025, with revenue reaching $972.4 million, reflecting 7.3% year-over-year growth driven by expansion and acquisitions; adjusted hit $1.64, prompting raised full-year guidance. At its May 2025 Capital Markets Day, ITT outlined 2030 targets including over 5% average annual revenue growth, margin expansion to achieve more than $12 in adjusted (with $11 from core operations plus M&A contributions), and $500–700 million yearly in accretive acquisitions alongside robust shareholder returns via dividends and buybacks. Engineering achievements underscore ITT's focus on efficiency, such as showcasing controls—including pumps, actuators, and valves—at MRO 2024 to demonstrate solutions reducing maintenance costs and downtime for commercial and operators. While past diversification under Geneen created scale and value through synergies in some areas, it also invited critiques of managerial overreach and vulnerability to economic cycles, with the split affirming the limits of unfocused conglomerates; nonetheless, from Geneen's era shows sustained earnings growth and market outperformance, challenging narratives of inherent inefficiency. The episode, though amplified by contemporaneous amid Watergate-era distrust of corporate-political ties, lacked prosecutorial validation of , aligning with broader patterns where antitrust actions served rather than consistent merit-based criteria.

Education

ITT Technical Institute

operated as a for-profit chain of vocational colleges offering and bachelor's degrees in technical fields including technology, computer networking, and drafting and design. Established in 1946 as Educational Services, Inc., it was acquired by in 1966 and expanded through acquisitions like the Sams Technical Institute opened in 1963. By the , following a partial via in 1994 where ITT retained majority ownership until full divestiture, it shifted focus to postsecondary degrees amid growing demand for skilled labor. At its peak around 2014, the institute maintained 130 campuses across 38 states, enrolling roughly 45,000 to 50,000 students annually, many non-traditional adults seeking accelerated credentials. The positioned itself as an efficient alternative to traditional , delivering market-responsive curricula in high-demand trades with shorter program durations, potentially addressing labor shortages in technical sectors where empirical data showed persistent gaps. Some reported securing entry-level roles, and for-profit models like ITT's emphasized practical over general education, contrasting with subsidized public institutions' lower completion efficiency for similar demographics. However, verifiable graduation rates averaged below 20% across campuses—for instance, 17% at the location—and job placement metrics were inflated by counting unrelated positions like computer sales as successes, per regulatory findings. Regulatory scrutiny intensified over misleading advertising on job prospects, tuition affordability, and accreditation transferability, with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission charging ITT in 2015 with a fraudulent scheme involving false statements on program value and internal lending practices that burdened students with unsustainable debt averaging $25,000 per graduate. The Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools issued a show-cause order in 2016 for compliance failures, leading to U.S. Department of Education restrictions on federal aid; campuses closed abruptly on September 6, 2016, stranding about 40,000 students. Internal mismanagement, including aggressive recruitment, contributed alongside regulatory actions, though critics from progressive viewpoints decry predatory tactics enabled by federal loan guarantees inflating costs sector-wide, while others contend overregulation targeted for-profits as disruptors to entrenched higher education models, ignoring how government-backed lending causally drives tuition escalation universally rather than isolated corporate intent. Post-closure, former CEO Kevin Modany and CFO Daniel Fitzpatrick settled charges in 2018, accepting five-year bars from senior roles and penalties of $200,000 and $100,000 respectively for deceptive practices. In 2022, the Department of Education discharged $3.9 billion in federal loans for 208,000 borrowers, citing evidence of institutional misrepresentations on outcomes and efficacy from 2005 onward. proceedings recognized a $1.5 billion unsecured claim for students in 2018 settlements, facilitating partial private loan discharges and limited refunds amid total outstanding claims exceeding that amount, with distributions continuing into 2025. These outcomes underscore for-profits' role in expanding access but highlight risks of unverified outcomes in debt-financed education, where federal involvement amplifies both opportunity and default exposure without proportional value delivery.

Medicine and Statistics

Intent-to-treat analysis

Intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis evaluates outcomes in randomized controlled trials by including all randomized participants in the groups to which they were originally assigned, irrespective of subsequent , deviations, , or receipt of the assigned intervention. This method contrasts with per-protocol or as-treated analyses, which restrict evaluation to adherent participants or those receiving specific , and aims to yield pragmatic estimates of treatment policy effects under real-world conditions of imperfect adherence. By preserving the initial randomization, ITT minimizes selection biases that could arise from post-randomization exclusions correlated with outcomes. The ITT principle gained prominence in the 1960s and 1970s amid the expansion of RCTs for , with the term "intention-to-treat" entering statistical by 1977 in epidemiological texts. It was formalized in reporting standards through the guidelines, initially issued in 1996 and revised in 2010 to mandate clear description of ITT handling for primary outcomes to enhance and validity assessment. Regulatory frameworks, including ICH E9 guidelines adopted by the FDA, designate ITT as the preferred primary for superiority trials, as it aligns with estimating effects of assignment rather than perfect delivery, though per-protocol may supplement for non-inferiority contexts. ITT offers advantages in reduction and preservation, as empirical reviews demonstrate it yields less optimistic effect sizes than per-protocol approaches, which can inflate estimates by excluding non-responders whose deviations may signal poorer . For instance, in superiority with non-compliance, ITT provides conservative yet unbiased appraisals of policy effects, avoiding confounders introduced by adherence-related variables like severity or side effects. Meta-analytic comparisons across trial datasets confirm ITT's superiority in maintaining integrity, particularly when dropouts exceed 10-20%, where per-protocol risks subgroup imbalances. Critics argue ITT dilutes biological signals in high-noncompliance settings, potentially underpowering detection of true benefits and masking mechanistic insights, as seen in reviews of trials where per-protocol revealed larger effects absent in ITT due to selective exclusions. Handling via imputation—such as last observation carried forward (LOCF), which assumes stability but risks underestimating variance, or multiple imputation, which models uncertainty across datasets—introduces further assumptions that may bias results if patterns differ by arm. Modified ITT variants, excluding only pre-specified ineligible cases like screening failures, serve as hybrids but deviate from pure ITT, necessitating sensitivity checks against full per-protocol to verify consistency. In clinical applications, particularly pharmaceutical RCTs for regulatory approval, ITT predominates for primary endpoints to reflect deployable impacts, complemented by secondary analyses for explanatory purposes; however, differential demands rigorous testing to ensure causal estimates withstand deviations from assumptions. This approach underscores pragmatic over explanatory goals but highlights the need for transparent reporting to discern when ITT signals realistic versus methodological artifact.

Sports

Individual time trial

An (ITT) is a format in which competitors start sequentially at fixed intervals, typically one to two minutes apart, and ride solo over a predetermined course , without the aid of from other riders. This setup isolates each rider's performance, emphasizing sustained power output, efficient pacing, and aerodynamic positioning, often referred to as the "race of truth" due to its direct measure of individual capability. Rules prohibit assistance from team vehicles beyond neutral support and enforce starting orders based on current rankings, with penalties for infractions like outside assistance. ITT stages have been integral to major events since their introduction in the in 1934, when Antonin Magne won the inaugural individual effort over 82 kilometers from to . The format features prominently in Grand Tours, , and , where it can include prologues under 8 kilometers or longer stages up to 60 kilometers. For instance, at the 2024 Paris Olympics, of secured gold in the men's ITT over 32.4 kilometers, finishing ahead of and . Variants exist in , such as the 1-kilometer demanding explosive power, and in triathlons as the leg. Elite riders achieve average speeds of approximately 50 kilometers per hour on flat courses, as exemplified by LeMond's 54.55 km/h over 36.2 kilometers in the stage. Tactically, success hinges on optimizing power distribution—studies indicate constant effort yields the fastest times on flat, windless courses—while adapting to terrain, such as conserving energy for climbs on undulating routes. Riders employ specialized equipment like aerodynamic handlebars, deep-section wheels, and skin suits to minimize drag, subject to UCI regulations updated in for enhanced stability, including limits on clip-on bar angles up to 30 degrees and rider position categories by height. These stages often decide outcomes in multi-day races, favoring specialists; Miguel Indurain leveraged TT dominance to win five consecutive Tours de from 1991 to 1995, averaging over 50 km/h in key efforts like his 1994 stage victory. Ongoing UCI scrutiny of aerodynamic innovations ensures fairness amid technological advances.

Online Communication

In this thread

"In this thread" (ITT) is an internet slang abbreviation used primarily on online forums, imageboards, and social media platforms to refer to content, events, or patterns occurring within the specific discussion thread or post being commented upon. This usage helps distinguish intra-thread references from broader online contexts, reducing ambiguity in lengthy, asynchronous conversations where replies can span hundreds or thousands of posts. The term gained prominence in the early to mid-2000s on anonymous imageboards like 4chan, where it appeared in prompts for thread-specific content sharing, such as "ITT: post your favorite memes," to encourage focused contributions amid ephemeral, high-volume posting. On platforms like , ITT usage became widespread by the early , often in subreddits such as r/TheoryOfReddit or to summarize thread dynamics ironically or descriptively, for instance, "ITT: heated debates on longevity." Examples include "Best post ITT" to highlight standout comments or "ITT: opinions differ" to note breakdowns, facilitating quick and in comment sections exceeding 1,000 replies. By 2013, such phrasing was routine in discussions comparing site structures, reflecting its role in meta-commentary on online behavior. The slang has evolved with shorter-form platforms, adapting to (now X) for threading replies and servers for channel-specific quips, where character limits demand brevity; for example, users might reply "ITT: facts only" to anchor claims to the originating post amid rapid exchanges. This persistence across gaming communities, political forums, and meme-sharing sites underscores its utility in decentralized environments, with over 1,500 documented text acronyms including ITT in glossaries of vernacular by 2023. Unlike formalized acronyms in institutional settings, ITT remains informal vernacular, prioritizing contextual clarity in casual, empirical discourse over standardized protocols. In debates, ITT promotes precision by tying assertions to verifiable elements, such as linking replies to original sources, which counters selective quoting or external misrepresentations—a neutral tool observed empirically in neutral versus polarized threads on sites like and . While minimal formal criticisms exist, overuse in dismissive contexts, like "ITT: wrong takes," can signal trolling rather than substantive engagement, though data from analyses show it more often aids content categorization than derails discussions.

Procurement and Government

Invitation to tender

An (ITT) is a formal document issued by public or private buyers, such as governments or corporations, to solicit competitive bids from suppliers for the provision of , services, or works, ensuring in evaluating proposals based on predefined criteria. In frameworks like the European Union's public regime, ITTs align with Directive 2014/24/EU, which mandates open procedures for tenders above certain thresholds to promote fair competition, non-discrimination, and value for money, with minimum receipt periods of 30 days from dispatch. The typical ITT involves several stages: pre-qualification or selection questionnaires to shortlist capable suppliers, issuance of the ITT detailing , criteria (such as price, quality, and technical merit under the most economically advantageous model), and bid submission within set timelines, often 30 to 90 days; follows, leading to award and notification of outcomes. In the , this applies across sectors including , , and , where the routinely issues ITTs for equipment via platforms like the Defence Sourcing . Since the , electronic systems such as the UK's eSourcing and the Find a Tender have digitized ITTs, streamlining submissions and reducing administrative costs through online portals that facilitate competitive . Empirical evidence from competitive ITT processes demonstrates cost efficiencies, with analyses indicating that effective public practices, including open tendering, can generate savings equivalent to 1% of spend—translating to approximately €43 billion annually across countries—by leveraging competition to drive down prices and enhance supplier selection over non-competitive sole-sourcing. However, critics highlight drawbacks such as bureaucratic delays in multi-stage evaluations, which can extend timelines and favor established incumbents with resources to navigate complex requirements, alongside risks of opaque assessments enabling favoritism or if measures lapse. These issues notwithstanding, causal analysis rooted in dynamics shows that structured in ITTs empirically outperforms direct by fostering and , as evidenced by reduced and sustained price reductions in monitored regimes, countering narratives of inherent inefficiency without undermining the transparency gains.

Initial teacher training

Initial teacher training (ITT) constitutes the primary framework in for qualifying individuals to teach in maintained schools, requiring candidates to possess an or equivalent and to complete structured pedagogy and classroom practice leading to (QTS). QTS mandates demonstrated competence in standards, assessed through at least two school placements totaling a minimum of 120 days for secondary trainees, with programs typically spanning nine months full-time or longer part-time equivalents. All ITT routes incorporate evidence-based practices and subject-specific training, as outlined in DfE criteria updated for 2024/25, emphasizing providers' evaluation of applicants' prior knowledge and skills. Principal routes encompass university-led postgraduate options, such as the (PGCE), which blend academic modules with supervised teaching, and school-led models including School-Centred Initial Teacher Training (SCITT) and , the latter initiated in 2002 as a two-year, salaried program targeting high-achieving graduates for underserved schools via intensive, employment-based immersion. Since the , reforms have prioritized school-centered providers to enhance practical alignment, resulting in school-led routes comprising a growing share of entrants, though exact proportions vary annually per DfE censuses. Recruitment challenges persist amid subject shortages, particularly in fields; for 2022/23, postgraduate ITT entrants totaled 23,224 against a DfE target of 32,600 (71% achievement), with 2024/25 targets reduced for secondary phases including by over 200 spots, supplemented by bursaries of £15,000–£29,000 and retention incentives up to £6,000 for priority subjects like physics and . NFER analyses document elevated vacancy rates—six times pre-pandemic levels in secondary schools—and rising leaver rates among early-career teachers, attributing partial causes to workload and pay, with pupil-teacher ratios climbing from 17.1 in 2010 to 18.0 in 2022. Empirical evaluations reveal variability in ITT outcomes, with teacher effectiveness differing significantly across programs and individuals, influencing attainment as measured in longitudinal studies. Retention data from NFER indicate sustained challenges, prompting calls for balanced theory-practice curricula; school-led routes like SCITT may mitigate early by prioritizing on-site , though critics note inconsistent quality controls and trainee preferences skewing towards urban over rural or low-income settings, potentially widening regional disparities absent data-driven reforms focused on measurable progress. Market-oriented alternatives, such as , demonstrate competitive gains in standards via targeted recruitment, outperforming uniform public models in high-need contexts per outcome metrics, underscoring the value of causal evidence over prescriptive uniformity.

Military applications

In the United States Army, ITT stands for Introduction to Tactics and Techniques, a foundational training module in basic training and ROTC programs that instructs recruits and cadets on core skills, including , formations, , and basic tactical maneuvers. This module emphasizes practical application to build and , with sessions conducted at locations such as , , where participants practice reacting to contact and bounding . ITT also designates Intra-Theater Transfer in U.S. management, enabling the reassignment of service members within the same operational theater overseas, such as shifting soldiers from to in prior to their Date Eligible for Return from Overseas (DEROS). This process supports force optimization by addressing unit shortages or individual requests, often requiring command approval and coordination through channels, and has been applied in theaters like the Korean Peninsula to maintain operational tempo without full redeployment. In , ITT refers to Integrated Technology Thrusts, structured initiatives that align technological advancements with core competencies such as systems and information dominance, incorporating sub-programs like Integrated Technology Thrust Programs (ITTPs) for areas including sustainment and platforms. These thrusts facilitate the transition of innovations into operational use, as outlined in Air Force Science and Technology plans, by integrating efforts across laboratories to address sustainment challenges and enhance platform longevity. Empirical assessments, including those from defense analyses, indicate that such integrations contribute to efficiency in technology insertion, though implementation depends on budgetary and doctrinal priorities.

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