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Jackass

''Jackass'' is an American slang term most commonly used to refer to a male donkey or, more frequently, a foolish or stupid person. It may also refer to:
  • [[Jackass (franchise)|Entertainment franchise]], a reality comedy series and films created by Johnny Knoxville, Spike Jonze, and Jeff Tremaine, premiering on MTV in 2000
  • [[Jackass penguin]], another name for the African penguin (''Spheniscus demersus'')
For other uses, see [[Jackass (disambiguation)]]. The franchise began as a television series that ran for three seasons from 2000 to 2002, featuring stunts, pranks, and gross-out humor. It expanded into films starting with ''Jackass: The Movie'' in 2002, which grossed over $79 million worldwide on a $5 million budget, leading to sequels including ''Jackass Number Two'' (2006), ''Jackass 3D'' (2010), and ''Jackass Forever'' (2022).) Spin-offs include direct-to-video releases, specials like ''Jackass Shark Week'' (2018), and the film ''Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa'' (2013). A revival series was announced for Paramount+ in 2022. The franchise has faced criticism for promoting risky behavior, resulting in injuries to cast members.

Linguistic and zoological meanings

Etymology

The word "jackass" originated as a compound in English, formed by combining "jack," a generic term for a male animal or person derived from "Jakke" (a of , extended to animals by the 1620s), with "," referring to a and borrowed from "assa" (itself from Latin "asinus"). The earliest recorded use of "jackass" as a specific for a male appears in 1727, in the writings of physician and author , marking its establishment as a compound term in English. By the late , the term had evolved into for a foolish or stupid person, with the first documented contemptuous application in 1784 by , drawing on the donkey's reputation for stubbornness to imply human obtuseness. In , "jackass"—often qualified as "laughing jackass"—additionally denotes the (Dacelo novaeguineae), a whose raucous call mimics a donkey's bray; this usage was first recorded in 1798 by in his account of the English colony in .

Male donkey

A jackass refers to an uncastrated adult male of the species Equus asinus, distinguished from the female and the castrated male . This terminology emphasizes the intact reproductive status of the male, which plays a key role in breeding programs for both purebred donkeys and hybrids. Physically, jackasses typically stand 36 to 48 inches (91 to 122 cm) tall at the withers, though larger breeds can reach up to 56 inches (142 cm). Their coat is usually gray or brown, featuring a pale underbelly, muzzle, and eye rings, along with a distinctive dark stripe along the back and horizontal black stripes on the legs. Ears are prominently long, measuring up to 8 inches (20 cm), which aids in heat dissipation in arid environments and serves as a primary means of visual communication. Jackasses produce a loud, resonant bray as their primary vocalization, a sound unique among equids for involving both inhalation and exhalation, often used to signal distress, greeting, or territory. Native to arid regions of , the wild ancestors of the were domesticated once in around 5000 BCE, with evidence from genomic analysis of ancient remains confirming this single origin in areas like modern-day and the . By 3000 BCE, domesticated donkeys had spread to , where they were valued for pack transport due to their disproportionate strength—capable of carrying up to 20% of their body weight over long distances without fatigue—revolutionizing and in ancient civilizations. In breeding, a jackass crossed with a horse produces a , a sterile prized for its and strength. Donkey gestation lasts 11 to 14.5 months, with jennies typically delivering a single after this period, though twins occur rarely and often result in complications. Domestic donkey populations are not considered endangered globally, but closely related wild subspecies, such as the (Equus africanus somaliensis), are classified as by the IUCN due to habitat loss, , and hybridization with donkeys, with fewer than 200 individuals remaining in the wild.

Slang for a foolish person

In usage, "jackass" primarily denotes a contemptible , , or individual exhibiting rude or stupid behavior. This sense emerged in around , extending the term from its zoological roots to describe human folly. The term gained widespread prevalence in during the , appearing frequently in and to perceived incompetence or . For instance, employed it satirically in works like his notebook entries and speeches, such as describing Washington, D.C., as "a for every jackass in the country," highlighting political ineptitude. Its endurance in modern American vernacular underscores a cultural of using it in , everyday , and to label foolish actions, though without reference to specific branded entertainment. As a for words like "," "," "jerk," or "dolt," "jackass" carries a milder than stronger profanities, often serving as informal with a disapproving yet accessible . It is frequently invoked humorously or even endearingly among friends to tease minor blunders, diffusing tension through light-hearted rebuke rather than outright hostility. Psychologically, the term evokes connotations of stubbornness or recklessness, mirroring stereotypes of the as obstinately dim-witted or heedlessly persistent. This metaphorical link reinforces its application to humans who rigidly ignore reason or charge into unwise decisions. While prevalent in , "jackass" is less common in , where equivalents like "prat" or "twit" prevail in similar contexts. In informal global usage, it can occasionally denote pranksters engaging in silly antics, though this remains tied to its core foolish implication without deeper cultural divergence.

Entertainment franchise

Television series

The Jackass television series is an American reality comedy show that premiered on MTV on October 1, 2000, and aired for three seasons comprising 25 half-hour episodes until its conclusion in 2002. Created by Johnny Knoxville, Spike Jonze, and Jeff Tremaine, the series originated from stunt videos Knoxville produced for Big Brother skateboarding magazine, where he tested self-defense equipment like pepper spray and tasers on himself, leading to a collection of amateur-style footage that caught MTV's attention. The show's raw, unscripted format featured the cast performing dangerous stunts, elaborate pranks, and gross-out challenges in everyday locations such as malls, skate parks, and backyards, often captured with handheld cameras to emphasize an amateur, home-video aesthetic without a traditional narrative structure. Iconic segments highlighted the series' blend of absurdity and physical risk, including "Human Bowling," where cast members dressed as bowling pins were knocked over by a human "ball" rolled down a lane, and "Shopping Cart Stand-Up," in which performers rode shopping carts at high speeds into walls or obstacles while attempting comedy routines. These antics frequently resulted in injuries, such as Knoxville suffering a torn urethra during a segment, prompting early concerns over safety and leading to viewer complaints, parental protests, and copycat incidents among teenagers that drew scrutiny from advocacy groups. In response, MTV implemented censorship by editing out controversial content in reruns and imposing stricter safety guidelines, which limited the cast's creative freedom. The series ended after its third season amid escalating pressure from MTV executives over liability risks and public backlash, with Knoxville announcing the cancellation to preserve the show's momentum before it could be further diluted by regulations. A 2009 MTV special, Jackass: The Lost Tapes, later released unaired footage and outtakes from the original run, reviving interest in the early material. In 2022, Paramount+ announced development of a new series from the original creators, reviving the format, though as of November 2025, no further updates or production have been confirmed, with Knoxville stating in 2023 that it would not be a direct Jackass revival. The show's legacy lies in pioneering the extreme reality TV subgenre, influencing programs like Fear Factor with its unfiltered depiction of voluntary self-harm and camaraderie, while achieving MTV's highest Sunday night ratings after its second episode and redefining comedy through visceral, shared absurdity.

Films and spin-offs

The Jackass franchise expanded from its MTV television origins into theatrical films beginning with Jackass: The Movie in 2002, directed by . Produced on a modest budget of $5 million, the film compiled uncensored stunts and pranks from the series, earning an from the for extreme content including graphic injuries and bodily fluids. It achieved commercial success, grossing $64.3 million domestically and $79.5 million worldwide. The series of sequels built on this foundation, with released in 2006, grossing $72.8 million domestically and $85.3 million worldwide on an $11 million budget. followed in 2010, leveraging technology for its stunt sequences and achieving the highest gross in the core series at $117.2 million domestically and $171.5 million worldwide, produced for $20 million. The franchise culminated its mainline films with in 2022, which earned $57.7 million domestically and $74.8 million worldwide on a $10 million budget, bringing the total worldwide for the Jackass films to over $500 million. Direct-to-video releases supplemented the films, including Jackass 2.5 (2007) and Jackass 3.5 (2011), which consisted of unused footage, material, and new s from the respective sequels. Spin-offs diversified the brand beyond the ensemble format. Jackass Presents: Bad Grandpa (2013), directed by , featured in the lead role as the foul-mouthed grandfather Irving Zisman in a hidden-camera comedy with child actor , grossing $102 million domestically and $160.9 million worldwide on a $15 million budget. Other derivatives include the 2021 television special Jackass Shark Week, a one-hour compilation themed around encounters that aired on . The also ventured into with Jackass: The Game in 2007, developed by Sidhe and published by Games for platforms including and , allowing players to recreate s in an open-world environment. Production practices evolved over the years, incorporating greater safety protocols in response to on-set injuries and the 2011 death of cast member in a car crash, which prompted reflections on the risks of high-stakes stunts and influenced more cautious approaches in subsequent projects. International interest led to adaptations inspired by the format, such as punishment-based challenge segments in the Japanese variety show Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!!, which shares similarities in and pranks. As of 2025, no new theatrical films have been announced, though the franchise has seen revivals through streaming, with multiple titles including Jackass Forever and earlier entries added to Paramount+ for broader accessibility.

Cast, crew, and production

The Jackass franchise centers on a core group of performers known for their stunt work and comedic personas. Johnny Knoxville served as the host and primary stunt coordinator, often initiating high-risk challenges. Bam Margera contributed as a skateboarder and prankster, drawing from his skateboarding background. Steve-O, whose real name is Stephen Glover, specialized in extreme and self-inflicted risks. Chris Pontius portrayed the recurring "Party Boy" character, emphasizing absurd costumes and antics. Jason "Wee Man" Acuña brought little-person comedy through physical contrasts in stunts. Preston Lacy focused on obesity-themed humor in various bits. Behind the scenes, directors Jeff Tremaine and Spike Jonze shaped the franchise's raw aesthetic, with Tremaine handling most TV and film directing and Jonze contributing as and early creative force. Producer and Dimitry Elyashkevich captured much of the footage, emphasizing handheld, documentary-style shooting. The production adopted a guerrilla-style approach with minimal scripting, resembling videos where and camaraderie drove the content. This loose format allowed for spontaneous collaboration among the cast and crew, filmed on low budgets initially for before expanding to theatrical releases. Challenges during production included regulatory scrutiny and cast injuries. In 2001, parental complaints escalated after a 13-year-old boy suffered severe burns imitating a , prompting Sen. Joseph Lieberman to urge to cancel or reform the show due to its influence on youth. Multiple copycat incidents led to the TV series' cancellation in 2002, shifting focus to films amid safety concerns. Injuries were frequent; for instance, sustained a during filming of the first movie in 2002, causing vertigo that persisted for years. The pioneered a style that influenced online prank videos and platforms like , fostering a DIY in . It faced for promoting dangerous behavior but was praised for its authentic camaraderie and self-deprecating humor among participants. Post-franchise, starred in the spin-off from 2003 to 2005, expanding on prank themes at his family home. detailed his path to sobriety in the 2011 memoir Professional Idiot, reflecting on struggles amid the show's chaos.

Music

Bands named Jackass

Several musical groups have adopted the name Jackass, spanning different genres and regions, though none are directly affiliated with the franchise of the same name. The most prominent is an American band formed in around 2000, known for blending energy with country and western elements. Featuring vocalist Toby Emery alongside former members of (drummer Pete Finestone) and Ill Repute (bassist Stan Gonzales), the group delivered a raw, humorous sound characterized by irreverent lyrics and high-energy performances. Their debut and primary , Plastic Jesus (2004, BYO Records), showcases this style across 13 tracks, including the opener "Country" with its playful nod to genre tropes and covers of pop hits like Madonna's "Music" reimagined in a twangy punk vein. The band appeared on compilations such as Punk Chartbusters Vol. 5 and maintained a local following through live shows in the Ventura area, but activity ceased after a hiatus announced around 2004, with no further releases or reunions as of 2025. Another notable group is Jackass Band, a rock and metal outfit from formed in 2013. This ensemble has gained attention for its experimental approach, incorporating , symphonic elements, and diverse cultural influences across multiple languages in their lyrics. Their includes The Theory of Life (2016), Destiny (2019), and the ambitious The World?! (2024), a 14-track album blending riffs with motifs from regions like and global genres for a polyglot sound. In 2025, they released the official for "," a brooding track from their 2024 album The World?! exploring themes of amid turmoil. Active as of late 2025 with a growing international presence via streaming platforms, the band continues to evolve without reported lineup changes or dissolution. Lesser-known acts include an early 1990s project from , Jackass (3), which self-released the 1997 EP * featuring aggressive, straightforward tracks reflective of scenes, though details on members and longevity remain sparse. These groups highlight the name's appeal in and subcultures, occasionally leading to minor confusion with franchise-associated music.

Songs titled "Jackass"

Several notable songs bear the title "Jackass" or close variants, spanning genres from to pop and comedy rap. One of the earliest is "The Jack-Ass Song" by , a track from his 1958 album Calypso, which humorously depicts a stubborn through repetitive lyrics and rhythmic storytelling. In the genre, Beck's "Jack-Ass" (stylized with a hyphen) from his 1996 album stands out as a satirical folk-rock number built around a sample of Them's cover of Bob Dylan's "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue." The song's lo-fi arrangement and ironic lyrics critiquing personal folly contributed to its cult status, peaking at number 15 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart in 1997. Green Day's "Jackass," from their 2000 album Warning, is an upbeat track with sarcastic lyrics about self-importance and conformity, which peaked at No. 4 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The comedy rap group released "Jackass" on their 2000 album , featuring absurd, Star Wars-referencing lyrics delivered in a playful, irreverent style typical of the band's humor. Originally recorded with the intention of inclusion on the Jackass: soundtrack, the track embodies the franchise's chaotic energy despite not making the final cut. More recently, Billie Eilish's "Jackass" appears on her 2021 album , serving as an emotional breakup anthem with raw vocals and minimalistic production that explores and relational regret. The song highlights Eilish's evolution toward introspective songwriting, resonating with fans through its vulnerable themes. Songs titled "Jackass" have also appeared in franchise-related contexts, such as the 2002 Jackass: The Movie official soundtrack, which compiles punk and rock tracks including CKY's "" to capture the series' high-energy vibe, though no track is explicitly titled "Jackass." Additionally, the iconic instrumental intro for the Jackass TV series and films is Minutemen's "" (1984), a riff that became synonymous with the brand despite lacking the title.

Geographical locations

Jackass Flats

Jackass Flats is a shallow alluvial basin in Nye County, Nevada, situated within the Nevada National Security Site (formerly the Nevada Test Site). It spans approximately 100 square miles and forms part of the site's southwestern region, known as Area 25. The area lies in the Basin and Range Province, characterized by faulted and dissected volcanic terrain from the southwestern Nevada volcanic field. Geologically, Jackass Flats consists of a dry lakebed, or , with clay-rich soils and unconsolidated overlying volcanic rocks. Elevations range from about 2,800 feet in the southern portions to 3,000–4,000 feet in the central and northern areas. Historically, the site was named in the , likely due to the presence of wild donkeys in the region, and became integral to U.S. research starting in the . It served as the primary location for the Nuclear Rocket Development Station, where over a dozen non- tests of engines, such as the and series, were conducted between 1959 and 1973 to advance propulsion technology for . The , a 1,527-foot structure relocated to the flats in 1966, facilitated radiation effects experiments simulating high-altitude bursts until its demolition in 2012. Although no full-scale detonations occurred here, the site supported broader operations from 1951 to 1992, including auxiliary nuclear-related activities. Today, access to is highly restricted to support and remediation efforts by the Department of Energy. Radiation levels and ecological health are routinely assessed through programs like the Nevada National Security Site Environmental Report, ensuring compliance with safety standards. Since the 1990s, the area has been repurposed for non-nuclear testing, including (UAV) development and technologies, leveraging its isolated desert environment. Ecologically, the flats support sparse bush and other desert shrub vegetation adapted to arid conditions, serving as habitat for the threatened (Gopherus agassizii), with populations monitored to mitigate impacts from past activities. No permanent human population resides there due to security and environmental restrictions.

Jackass Mountain and other sites

Jackass Mountain is a prominent ridge located in south-central British Columbia, Canada, forming part of the Jackass Mountain Group, a geological formation consisting of Early Cretaceous sedimentary rocks deposited in deltaic environments. This group represents a thick succession exceeding 2 kilometers in thickness, comprising marine and nonmarine clastic sediments influenced by volcanic activity, and spans approximately 125 kilometers across regions such as the Camelsfoot Range and Chilko Lake area. The formation's fossil-rich layers, including ammonites like Ancyloceras, radiolarians, foraminifers, and plant remains such as Pterophyllum sp., have been studied for paleontological insights into Early Cretaceous ecosystems. Ongoing geological research in the area focuses on these deltaic formations, while the region's hydrocarbon reservoir potential has attracted exploration interest since the mid-20th century, particularly for oil and gas within the Nechako Basin. Several other geographical sites bear the name "Jackass," often derived from historical associations with donkey (jackass) pack trains used during 19th-century expeditions. Jackass Hill, situated in , emerged as a mining camp during the of the 1850s, where placer gold deposits were extensively worked along nearby gulches and streams. The site, named for the frequent overnight stops of mule trains transporting supplies to remote mines, once supported a bustling population of prospectors before declining as surface deposits were exhausted, leaving it as a today with remnants like the historic Cabin. In the San Juan Mountains of , areas such as Jackass Basin offer hiking trails amid rugged terrain, attracting tourists for exploration and access to high-elevation peaks like the nearby "Jackass Point" at 13,145 feet. Farther afield, Jackass Island is a small, in Guyana's region, positioned in the Puruni River—a of the —and noted in local records for its remote, forested setting with minimal human activity. These locations highlight the term's connection to rugged, resource-driven landscapes, where donkeys facilitated transport during mining booms, transitioning to modern uses like geological fieldwork in and recreational hiking in .

Other uses

Jackass penguin

The African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), commonly known as the jackass penguin, is a endemic to the coastal waters of . It derives its colloquial name from its distinctive braying vocalization, which resembles the hee-haw call of a . This medium-sized penguin inhabits temperate environments, forming large colonies on offshore islands and coastal mainland sites from to the of , including notable locations such as and Dyer Island. Physically, adult African penguins measure 60–70 cm (24–28 inches) in height and weigh 2–3.5 kg (4.4–7.7 lb), featuring countershaded plumage with a black back and flippers, a white underbelly adorned with irregular black spots unique to each individual, and prominent pink glandular patches above the eyes that aid in thermoregulation. They are pursuit divers, capable of descending to depths of up to 130 meters (426 feet) to forage for small pelagic fish such as sardines (Sardinops sagax), anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolus), and occasionally squid or crustaceans, consuming about 540 grams of food daily during the breeding season. Behaviorally, these penguins are largely monogamous, with pairs forming long-term bonds and breeding annually from March to May (or year-round in some colonies); females typically lay two eggs in burrows scraped in guano, sand, or vegetation, which both parents incubate for approximately 40 days. Chicks fledge after 60–70 days and remain dependent on parents for foraging guidance. The species faces severe conservation challenges and was uplisted to on the in October 2024, with fewer than breeding pairs remaining—a 97% since the early . Primary threats include commercial of and stocks, which limits food availability; historical guano harvesting for that eroded nesting burrows and reduced habitat; oil spills that contaminate feathers and prey; and competition from commercial fisheries. efforts, such as protected areas around key colonies, artificial programs, and reduced fishing quotas in penguin zones, aim to stabilize populations; in April 2025, implemented a 10-year ban on within 10 nautical miles of major breeding colonies to protect foraging grounds. Though projections suggest potential in the wild by 2035 without intensified intervention.

Miscellaneous references

In Mark Twain's 1872 travelogue Roughing It, the term "jackass" refers to donkeys commonly used by miners and prospectors in Nevada's rugged terrain during the mid-19th century silver rush, highlighting their essential role in transporting supplies amid harsh conditions. Twain describes scenes where "horses and mules and donkeys" were rapidly acquired or commandeered for mining expeditions, underscoring the chaotic demand in Virginia City and surrounding areas. The word "jackass" as slang for a foolish person gained prominence in 20th-century American cinema, notably in ' 1974 Western parody , where it is employed repeatedly as an insult amid the film's satirical take on frontier stereotypes and racial tensions. In the digital age, "Jackass" has inspired numerous memes and viral videos recirculating stunts from the franchise on platforms like and since the 2010s, often remixed with gaming fails or everyday mishaps to emphasize humor. The term also appears as a common username trope in gaming communities, such as on , where streamers adopt variations like "Jackass" for humorous, irreverent personas during live sessions of titles like .

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