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Kakegurui

Kakegurui (賭ケグルイ, Hepburn: Kakegurui; lit. "Compulsive Gambler") is a seinen manga series written by and illustrated by Tōru Naomura. It has been serialized in Square Enix's Monthly Gangan Joker magazine since March 22, 2014. As of October 2025, the series' chapters have been collected into twenty tankōbon volumes. Set at the elite Hyakkaou Private Academy, where students from Japan's wealthiest families are ranked by their success in high-stakes rather than academics, the story follows transfer student Yumeko Jabami, a thrill-seeking gambler who arrives with an insatiable to . Through her unorthodox strategies and fearless challenges against the academy's manipulative elite, including members of the powerful , Yumeko upends the rigid social hierarchy and exposes the psychological depths of compulsion and deception in games of chance. The narrative blends elements with intense scenarios, exploring themes of , power dynamics, and under pressure. Kakegurui has spawned numerous adaptations, beginning with a two-season television series produced by that aired from July 2017 to March 2019. It also inspired a live-action film released in 2019 and its sequel in 2021, a live-action adaptation of the prequel spin-off Kakegurui Twin on in 2021, and an English-language live-action series titled BET that premiered on on May 15, 2025 (renewed for a second season in June 2025). The franchise includes several spin-off , such as the prequel Kakegurui Twin (2015–present, 15 volumes as of August 2025) focusing on Yumeko's predecessor Mary Saotome. As of November 2025, a stage play adaptation is scheduled for September.

Overview

Setting and Premise

Hyakkaou Private Academy is an elite institution attended by the children of Japan's most affluent and influential families, where academic and athletic achievements take a backseat to mastery in gambling as the primary measure of success and social standing. Unlike traditional schools, the academy's curriculum emphasizes high-stakes games of chance and skill to prepare students for the cutthroat world of business and power dynamics, with the hierarchy structured around gambling outcomes rather than grades or wealth alone. Winners ascend to positions of privilege, living luxuriously and wielding authority, while consistent losers face severe repercussions that reinforce the competitive environment. The student council plays a central role in overseeing and enforcing the academy's gambling regulations, ensuring that all matches adhere to established protocols and maintaining order within the hierarchical system. Bets in these games can involve not only currency but also personal items, status symbols, or even future obligations, escalating the psychological intensity and risk involved. Those who accumulate significant debts from losses are demoted to the status of "house pets," compelled to serve as subordinates to higher-ranking students, performing menial tasks and forfeiting personal autonomy until they can gamble their way back to freedom. This punitive structure underscores the academy's philosophy that power must be earned through cunning and risk-taking, with the council empowered to intervene in disputes or impose additional penalties. The series' premise centers on the arrival of transfer student Yumeko Jabami, a seemingly composed young woman whose passion for the thrill of propels her to challenge the academy's entrenched elite. Driven by an insatiable desire for the adrenaline of high-stakes wagers, Yumeko approaches games with unbridled enthusiasm, often escalating simple contests like rock-paper-scissors into profound psychological battles that test opponents' resolve and strategies. Her disruptive presence introduces a new dynamic to the academy, where traditional manipulations and safe plays give way to genuine, all-or-nothing risks, highlighting the core tension between calculated control and compulsive excitement in the world of elite .

Themes and Motifs

At the core of Kakegurui lies the theme of as a profound for , , and the intoxicating thrill of , mirroring real-world psychological profiles of compulsive gamblers who seek heightened from unpredictable outcomes. The series portrays not merely as a game but as a driven by the brain's , where the of loss amplifies dopamine , fostering addictive behaviors akin to those observed in pathological disorders. Director emphasized this in discussing the narrative, noting that "in , I think in one way it brings out , but on the other hand, you have this kind of emotional and excitement, because there is so much ." Recurring motifs of deception and bluffing underscore the inherent in high-stakes decisions, where characters manipulate perceptions to exploit opponents' fears and desires, reflecting the prevalent in gambling psychology. This duality of and emerges in moments of rational giving way to frenzied abandon, as participants teeter between calculated strategy and irrational euphoria, highlighting how risk erodes conventional boundaries of composure. Hayashi described these extremes as blending "beauty and ugliness" in character reactions, capturing the volatile emotional spectrum of such engagements. The academy's structure explores and power dynamics through a rigid system where social standing is determined by prowess, embodying principles of in which the "fittest" ascend via ruthless competition, while the defeated are relegated to subservient roles like house pets. This setup critiques by illustrating how inherited and manipulative perpetuate , with the enforcing an iron-clad rule that mirrors real-world socioeconomic divides. Symbols such as cards, dice, and the "life-or-death" intensity of wagers recur throughout, representing fate's capriciousness and the of human value in a high-stakes environment. These elements extend to broader critiques of , as articulated in the series: "In a capitalist , is naturally . No sane person would entrust their to . And yet, many go to , because they derive pleasure from the act of itself," underscoring how such systems glorify risk while masking exploitative .

Characters

Main Characters

Yumeko Jabami is the protagonist of Kakegurui, a second-year transfer student at Hyakkaou Private Academy who arrives with an unassuming and sweet demeanor but quickly reveals an intense obsession with the thrill of gambling. Her personality is defined by an uncontrollable passion for high-stakes risks, where she experiences ecstasy during moments of extreme danger, often pushing games to their limits regardless of personal loss. As a skilled gambler, Yumeko excels at reading opponents' tells and adapting strategies on the fly, blending psychological insight with bold bluffs to turn the tables in various games like rock-paper-scissors or choice poker. Her backstory stems from the Jabami family, a branch of the influential Momobami conglomerate specializing in high-risk gambling enterprises, which has instilled in her a generational compulsion for compulsive wagering. In the narrative, Yumeko drives the central conflicts by challenging the academy's hierarchy, embodying the theme of gambling as a pursuit of pure adrenaline over material gain. Mary Saotome serves as Yumeko's initial rival and eventual ally, a known for her street-smart cunning and prideful nature that makes her quick to anger when outmaneuvered. Unlike Yumeko's thrill-seeking approach, Mary's style prioritizes financial security and victory through clever techniques, such as marked cards or subtle manipulations, reflecting her pragmatic focus on climbing the social ladder at the academy. After suffering a significant loss that reduces her to housepet status—marked by wearing a collar symbolizing debt servitude—she forms a complex partnership with Yumeko, blending rivalry with mutual respect while honing her skills to regain independence. Mary's arc highlights her growth from a self-serving cheater to a more strategic player who values alliances, often providing grounded contrast to Yumeko's recklessness in key confrontations. Ryota Suzui is Yumeko Jabami's close friend and classmate at Hyakkaou Private Academy, initially depicted as a timid and unskilled gambler. He loses his first gamble to Mary Saotome, resulting in his demotion to housepet status with a , illustrating the school's harsh based on outcomes. Despite his lack of natural , Ryota grows through his to Yumeko, often serving as her moral support and participating in high-stakes games alongside her, gradually gaining confidence and insight into the psychological aspects of . Kirari Momobami acts as the primary antagonist, functioning as the 105th student council president who rules Hyakkaou Private Academy with elegant poise and unmatched intellect. Her personality is coldly calculating and enigmatic, treating the student body as subjects in a grand experiment to observe under gambling's pressures, deriving satisfaction from manipulating outcomes to test loyalty and desperation. Kirari's gambling prowess lies in her genius-level foresight and psychological dominance, orchestrating complex schemes in games like election rock-paper-scissors that reinforce her control over the school's hierarchy. As head of the Momobami clan, she upholds a legacy of devouring rivals through strategic bets, positioning her as the ultimate architect of the academy's high-stakes ecosystem and a foil to Yumeko's chaotic energy. Ririka Momobami, Kirari's identical twin and vice president of the , presents a stark contrast to her sister's commanding presence with her quiet, stoic demeanor and tendency to observe events from the shadows. Often concealing her face behind a blank mask to mask her insecurities and mimic Kirari's image, Ririka's personality reveals vulnerability and a desire for individuality beneath her submissive facade, leading to pivotal moments of self-discovery. Her style mirrors Kirari's in precision but lacks the same ruthless edge, relying on imitation and support roles in council schemes rather than leading bets herself. Ririka's role amplifies the themes of and within the oppressive structure, serving as an emotional counterpoint to the council's authoritarian dynamics. Midari Ikishima is a key member and head of the Beautification Committee, characterized by her extreme and erratic personality that embraces sadomasochistic tendencies and a thrill for life-threatening risks. Pale-skinned with a distinctive concave bob haircut and unnervingly small pupils, Midari derives intense pleasure from pain and danger, often escalating games into suicidal gambles like to feel alive amid her underlying . Her approach is impulsive and self-destructive, favoring high-risk, no-holds-barred confrontations over calculated , which underscores her role in enforcing the council's terror while exposing the academy's darker undercurrents. Midari's quirks provide chaotic energy to the narrative, challenging protagonists in ways that blend physical peril with psychological extremity.

Supporting Characters

Among the Student Council members, Itsuki Sumeragi stands out as a first-year student whose affiliation with the council highlights the organization's influence over academy affairs. Similarly, Yumemi Yumemite contributes as a council member while maintaining a parallel career as a part-time idol actress, adding layers to the elite student dynamics. The antagonistic Momobami clan introduces figures like Terano Totobami, who emerges in later arcs as a key player leading efforts to challenge the established leadership through calculated schemes. During the election arc, group tensions escalate with participants from the Momobami clan, including Totobami, Erimi Mushibami, Miyo Inbami, and Yōbami, each bringing family legacies that fuel subplots and rivalries within the academy's power struggles.

Media Adaptations

Manga

Kakegurui – Compulsive Gambler is a series written by and illustrated by Tōru Naomura. It began serialization in 's Monthly Gangan Joker magazine on March 22, 2014, and is ongoing as of November 2025, with chapters typically released on the 22nd of each month. The series was placed on starting December 2023 to allow the creators to prepare a new , resuming on July 22, 2024, coinciding with the manga's 10th anniversary. As of November 2025, over 110 chapters have been published, collected into 20 volumes by . Yen Press acquired the license for English-language publication in North America, with the first volume released on January 24, 2017, and subsequent volumes following at regular intervals; the 18th volume appeared in June 2025. Naomura's art style employs dynamic paneling, exaggerated expressions, and intricate compositions to amplify the psychological intensity and high stakes of the gambling sequences, contributing to the series' immersive tension. The franchise includes three notable spin-offs expanding on side characters. Kakegurui Twin, a prequel centered on Mary Saotome's experiences at Hyakkaou Private Academy before the main story, was written by Kawamoto and illustrated by Kei Saiki; it serialized in Gangan Joker from September 19, 2015, to May 22, 2023, spanning 15 volumes published by Square Enix. Kakegurui Midari, focusing on Midari Ikishima's backstory and her extreme gambling tendencies, was written by Kawamoto and illustrated by Naomura; it ran on Square Enix's Manga UP! app from February 21, 2017, to June 22, 2020, compiled into four tankōbon volumes. Kakegurui (Kakkokari), a comedic 4-koma spin-off illustrated by Taku Kawamura and supervised by Kawamoto, serialized in Gangan Joker from June 22, 2017, to May 22, 2023, and collected into 10 volumes, features humorous vignettes of the characters' daily lives and antics at the academy.

Anime

The anime adaptation of Kakegurui was produced by the studio and aired on and other networks. The first season, consisting of 12 episodes, premiered from July 1 to September 23, 2017, adapting early arcs from the while introducing dynamic visual enhancements to the gambling mechanics. Directed by , with series composition by and character designs by Manabu Akita, the series emphasizes exaggerated facial expressions to convey the intense psychological stakes of each gamble, distinguishing its 2D animation from the source material's static panels. The episode structure follows arc-based narratives from the volumes, such as the initial confrontations involving Yumeko Jabami and Saotome, but rearranges some events for pacing and incorporates original extensions to sequences, allowing for fluid animations of card reveals and betting escalations that heighten tension. These adaptations prioritize visual spectacle, with sequences often lingering on character reactions to build suspense beyond the 's concise depictions. The second season, titled Kakegurui ×× and also comprising 12 episodes, aired from January 8 to March 26, 2019, continuing the story with co-direction by and Kiyoshi Matsuda, retaining and in their roles. It delves into deeper ensemble dynamics and larger-scale gambles, further amplifying the stylistic flair through distorted perspectives during high-risk moments. In addition to the main series, two original video animations (OVAs) were released in chibi style as promotional specials: Maid Café Hyakkaou-tei on October 13, 2017, and Nekomimi Academy Hyakkaou-tei on December 15, 2017, featuring lighthearted alternate scenarios with the cast in themed settings to explore comedic sides of their personalities. A prequel series, Kakegurui Twin, produced by Yumeta Company with 6 episodes, streamed exclusively on Netflix starting August 4, 2022, focusing on events two years prior and utilizing similar exaggerated aesthetics under director Masahiro Mukai and character designer Manabu Nii. As of November 2025, no new anime seasons or OVAs have been announced, though the adaptations have maintained the manga's core premise of high-stakes psychological warfare at Hyakkaou Private Academy.

Live-Action Adaptations

The live-action adaptations of Kakegurui consist of a series and two theatrical films, which condense the manga's gambling-centric narratives into realistic portrayals emphasizing psychological tension and interpersonal drama, differing from the anime's stylized animation by focusing on live performances and practical sets. The drama series, titled Kakegurui, aired its first season from January to March 2018 on (MBS) and Tokyo Broadcasting System (TBS), comprising 10 episodes that adapt the early arcs of Yumeko Jabami's arrival at Hyakkaou Private Academy and her initial high-stakes games. The second season followed from April to May 2019 with 5 episodes, totaling 15 across both seasons, and delved deeper into the student council's power struggles and additional gambling challenges. Starring as the thrill-seeking Yumeko Jabami, whose intense gaze during gambling scenes conveys her compulsive excitement, the series also features as the cunning Mary Saotome and as the supportive Ryota Suzui. Production utilized real locations, such as the historic Bunshokan building in for academy interiors, to enhance the claustrophobic atmosphere of the games and heighten dramatic tension. Complementing the series, the first theatrical film, Kakegurui (also known as Kakegurui – The Movie), was released on December 6, 2019, directed by Tsutomu Hanabusa, who incorporated original elements alongside adaptations of key and rock-paper-scissors arcs to amplify interpersonal rivalries. Retaining the core cast including Hamabe, Morikawa, and Takasugi, the film expands on the drama's foundation with heightened production values, focusing on Yumeko's confrontations within the student hierarchy. The , Kakegurui Part 2: Desperate , premiered on May 13, 2021, under Hanabusa's direction once more, adapting the intense arc while introducing as the enigmatic student council president Kirari Momobami, whose dual role adds layers of deception to the narrative. Like its predecessor, it employs condensed scripting to fit the feature format, prioritizing emotional stakes over exhaustive game mechanics, and was filmed using practical effects to underscore the peril of the titular game. As of 2025, no official announcements have confirmed further Japanese live-action sequels beyond the 2021 film, though the series has received international dubs, including English subtitles on platforms like Netflix.

Other Media

The Kakegurui franchise has been adapted into several spin-off light novels that expand on the original manga's universe, focusing on additional storylines and deeper explorations of character motivations and inner thoughts. Kakegurui Joker, written by Hikaru Muno under the supervision of series creator Homura Kawamoto and illustrated by Tōru Naomura, was published on March 22, 2019, and centers on a group known as "The Village" challenging the established order at Hyakkaou Private Academy through non-traditional gambles. Similarly, Kakegurui Trip, also penned by Muno with Kawamoto's oversight and Naomura's artwork, released on August 22, 2017, shifts the setting to the tropical casino resort Ryouran Jima, where students from the academy engage in high-stakes games during a school trip. Additional light novel entries, including side stories featuring characters like Kirari Momobami and Sayaka Igarashi, were released through 2019, bringing the total to four volumes that provide supplementary narratives without official English translations. In the realm of video games, Kakegurui: Cheating Allowed launched for iOS and Android devices in fall 2018, developed by Wizcorp and Crossover as a free-to-play card-based title incorporating story modes directly adapted from the manga's early arcs, allowing players to experience key gambles like rock-paper-scissors and choice poker with strategic cheating mechanics. The game emphasized psychological tension through turn-based battles and character interactions, but its servers shut down on March 27, 2020, ending online play. More recently, in 2025, pre-registration opened for Kakegurui ALL IN, a strategic sugoroku-style browser game hosted on the G123 platform, featuring board-game progression tied to gambling scenarios from the series and multiplayer elements to simulate academy rivalries. An English-language live-action adaptation titled premiered globally on Netflix on May 15, 2025, reimagining the Kakegurui premise for an international audience with American actors in lead roles, such as those portraying a version of Yumeko Jabami, and adjustments to cultural elements like school settings and gambling motifs to broaden appeal while retaining the core theme of compulsive risk-taking. The short-form series consists of eight episodes, produced in collaboration with the original creators, and incorporates modern twists on traditional games to fit a Western context. Spin-off stage plays have further extended the into live theater, with the first major , Kakegurui – Compulsive Gambler Stage, running from to 14, 2025, at Tokyo's Theater H. Directed by Daisuke Nishida, the musical adaptation features idol group ≠ME member Moeko Kanisawa as Yumeko Jabami, alongside casts portraying key characters like Mary Saotome and Kirari Momobami, and incorporates original choreography and music to depict intense gamble scenes on stage. Merchandise tied to these adaptations includes collectible figures, trading cards replicating in-game elements, and apparel from official collaborations, with updates in 2024–2025 aligning with the manga's resumed serialization and new volume releases.

Production and Development

Creation and Influences

, a writer who had previously published works under the pseudonym Gyūnyū (Milk), began his career in 2009 posting online under that name. He created the story for Kakegurui drawing from the psychology of real-life and the high-stakes tension in 's Kaiji. In a 2018 interview, Kawamoto highlighted Kaiji as a major influence, noting its portrayal of 's excitement and complex character dynamics as revelatory for him: "In , it's definitely Kaiji (Nobuyuki Fukumoto). I thought, 'There's such a !' [It showed me] the 'fun of ' and [the depth of] 'characters'". The series explores compulsive through psychological mind games and risk-taking behaviors, reflecting Kawamoto's interest in how economic pressures and human desperation manifest in betting scenarios. The artwork was provided by Tōru Naomura, an illustrator whose prior experience included creating the Shitsurakuen (Lost Paradise) from 2009 to 2011, a story involving dramatic interpersonal conflicts in a school setting.) Naomura's style, characterized by expressive character designs and dynamic paneling suited to intense confrontations, complemented Kawamoto's narrative focus on emotional extremes during gambles. Kakegurui was pitched to and began serialization in their monthly magazine Gangan Joker on March 22, 2014, marking Kawamoto's major debut as a professional writer. The manga's development was shaped by influences from yakuza films' dramatic tension and economic games, emphasizing strategic bluffing and social hierarchies in . Kawamoto aimed to blend these elements into a school environment to heighten the stakes through youthful ambition and . Following its serialization success, with chapters collected into multiple volumes, adaptation pitches emerged around 2016, leading to the announcement in early . This evolution built on the manga's growing popularity, which by 2017 had inspired broader media expansions while staying true to its core themes of in bets.

Music and Soundtrack

The music and soundtrack of Kakegurui play a crucial role in amplifying the psychological tension and high-stakes atmosphere of its gambling scenarios across various media adaptations. In the anime series, the original score is composed by the production unit TECHNOBOYS PULCRAFT GREEN-FUND, known for blending electronic, orchestral, and jazz-influenced elements to evoke unease and excitement. Released as Kakegurui Original Soundtrack in 2018, the album features 61 tracks that underscore key moments, such as the use of pulsating rhythms and dissonant strings during pivotal bets to mirror characters' escalating risks and emotional turmoil. Iconic motifs include recurring "gamble" cues, such as sharp string stabs and percussive effects simulating card shuffles or dice rolls, which recur to tie auditory cues to characters' compulsive behaviors and inner conflicts. For the first season, the opening theme "Deal with devil" by Tia captures the seductive danger of with its rock-infused energy and lyrics alluding to Faustian bargains, while the ending "LAYon-theLINE" by D-Selections provides a more introspective close with pop vocals reflecting the series' themes of risk and redemption. The second season, Kakegurui ××, continues with the same composers for its , released in 2019, emphasizing intensified motifs like ominous choral undertones during clan confrontations. Its opening "Kono Yubi Tomare" (This Finger, Stop) by JUNNA heightens the suspense through urgent tempo and lyrics evoking restraint amid chaos, paired with the ending "AlegriA" by D-Selections, which uses upbeat yet eerie vocals to underscore the addictive joy of the games. In the live-action adaptations, composer Michiru crafts the original score, featured in the 2021 album Kakegurui Original Soundtrack Selection, incorporating J-pop elements and violin solos to blend modern drama with the manga's eccentric tone. Tracks like "Jabami Yumeko No Theme" (feat. Yuria Miyazono) use soaring strings and vocal harmonies to personify the protagonist's thrill-seeking persona, while inserts such as PassCode's "Ichika, Bachika" (All or Nothing) for the films inject high-energy J-pop to punctuate action sequences. Sound effects in these versions, including amplified echoes of roulette spins and poker chips, reinforce the motifs of fate and deception, with vocal performances often syncing to emotional peaks in character arcs.

Reception and Legacy

Critical Reception

Upon its release, Kakegurui received generally positive reviews for its unique premise and stylistic flair, though it drew criticism for narrative repetition. The first season holds a 7.20/10 rating on based on 978,985 user scores, while the second season scores 7.18/10 from 495,174 users. The adaptation averages 7.71/10 on the same platform from more than 18,000 ratings. On , the 's first season has a 72% approval rating from critics, praising its high-stakes tension and visual eccentricity. Critics lauded the series for its innovative mechanics, which blend psychological with dramatic flair, and its predominantly female-led cast that subverts traditional power dynamics in . highlighted the animation's solid quality and the thrill of Yumeko Jabami's compulsive risks, noting it as a bold entry in the genre despite some pacing issues. Geek Girl Authority commended the strong female protagonist and unique school setting, emphasizing how the series explores obsession and manipulation through high-tension games. The 's psychological depth in depicting risk and addiction was recognized early, earning third place in the printed category of the 2016 Tsugi ni Kuru Manga Awards (Da Vinci x Nico Nico). However, reviewers pointed to repetitive arcs as a key flaw, particularly after the initial volumes and seasons, where the formula of escalating gambles and character breakdowns becomes predictable. The Chuuni Corner review described the narrative as succumbing to a "repetitive format" of challenges that lose momentum post-introduction. critiqued the portrayal of gambling addiction as glamorized and manipulative, rating it 2/5 for its intense themes of and psychological , which may normalize risky behaviors for younger audiences. The anime adaptation garnered nominations at the 2019 , including Best Protagonist for Yumeko Jabami and Best Opening for "Deal with the Devil" by Tia. In retrospective coverage as of 2025, the 2025 live-action series (an adaptation of the franchise) received mixed professional feedback, with calling it "repetitive and wearisome" despite its flashy , though it achieved streaming success with a 67% Tomatometer. Media analyses have examined Kakegurui's representation of gambling addiction, often highlighting its dual portrayal as both exhilarating and destructive, which sparks discussions on media's role in depicting compulsive behaviors. Common Sense Media noted the series' focus on addiction's manipulative aspects but criticized its edgy tone for potentially downplaying real-world consequences.

Popularity and Cultural Impact

The Kakegurui manga series has demonstrated substantial commercial success, reaching 4 million copies in print by early 2018 and over 6.8 million copies in circulation as of 2023. The anime adaptation, licensed for streaming outside Japan on Netflix since 2018, has further amplified its reach, with the platform's 2025 English-language live-action series Bet—inspired by the original—accumulating 28.8 million viewing hours and over 5 million views in its second week alone. This adaptation's performance underscores the franchise's enduring appeal in the streaming era. The franchise's fandom remains vibrant, with cosplay of central characters like Yumeko Jabami frequently featured at major conventions such as Comiket, contributing to its visibility in anime subculture. Its exaggerated character expressions, particularly Yumeko's intense reactions during high-stakes gambles, have inspired widespread online memes that highlight the series' dramatic psychological tension. Culturally, Kakegurui has influenced depictions of gambling in anime by emphasizing its addictive thrill and social hierarchies, drawing parallels to series like No Game No Life while prompting broader conversations on risk-taking and compulsion in media. In terms of themes, the series has fueled discussions on gambling addiction and emotional manipulation, portraying characters' breakdowns as consequences of unchecked obsessions in a high-pressure environment. Its global footprint extends through platforms like and , fostering popularity in Western markets and regions such as via dubbed and subtitled releases. As of 2025, the franchise's legacy persists with a stage play adaptation that ran in from September 5 to 14, the renewal of Bet for a second season after its May debut, and merchandise revivals including the re-release of Kotobukiya's 1/8-scale Yumeko figure, alongside a pop-up shop in offering exclusive items.

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