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Compulsion

A compulsion is an irresistible urge to perform a particular action, often repetitively and against one's will, or the act of coercing someone to do something.^[1] In psychology, a compulsion is defined as repetitive behaviors or mental acts that an individual feels driven to perform in response to an obsession or according to rigidly applied rules, with the aim of reducing or preventing anxiety, distress, or a dreaded event.^[2] These acts are often recognized by the person as excessive or unreasonable but are performed nonetheless due to the overwhelming urge.^[3] Compulsions can manifest in various forms, such as hand washing, checking locks, counting, or silently repeating words, and they typically provide only temporary relief from the underlying tension.^[4] The term also appears in legal contexts as duress and in broader cultural representations, as discussed in later sections. Compulsions are most prominently associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), a mental health condition classified in the DSM-5 where they occur alongside recurrent, intrusive thoughts known as obsessions.^[5] In OCD, compulsions function as neutralizing rituals intended to counteract the distress caused by obsessions, though they often exacerbate the cycle of anxiety over time.^[6] Beyond OCD, compulsions appear in related disorders, including body dysmorphic disorder (e.g., repetitive mirror checking), hoarding disorder (e.g., inability to discard items), and trichotillomania (e.g., hair-pulling rituals).^[3] They can also feature in substance use disorders, where the term describes an uncontrollable drive to engage in addictive behaviors despite negative consequences.^[7] The concept of compulsion has roots in early psychoanalytic theory, notably Sigmund Freud's idea of repetition compulsion, which describes an unconscious tendency to reenact traumatic experiences as a means of mastery.^[8] Modern understanding, however, emphasizes neurobiological factors, including dysregulation in brain circuits involving the basal ganglia and serotonin systems, supported by neuroimaging studies.^[9] Effective treatments for compulsion-related disorders include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), particularly exposure and response prevention (ERP), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which help interrupt the obsession-compulsion cycle. Prevalence estimates indicate that OCD, the primary compulsion disorder, affects approximately 1-2% of the global population, with compulsions contributing significantly to functional impairment.^[10]

Definition and Etymology

General Meaning

Compulsion refers to an act of compelling or the state of being compelled, often involving the application of force or pressure to induce action against one's preferences. This general sense encompasses external coercion, where an individual is driven to behave in a manner dictated by authority or circumstances, such as legal requirements for compulsory school attendance.^[1] In this context, compulsion denotes a force that overrides personal volition, distinguishing it from voluntary actions by emphasizing the absence of free choice.^[11] In a psychological sense, compulsion describes an irresistible and persistent inner urge to perform a specific act, typically one that is repetitive or habitual. For instance, it may manifest as a strong, uncontrollable desire to repeatedly check door locks due to an underlying anxiety, illustrating the internal pressure that propels the behavior despite rational awareness of its futility.^[1] Modern dictionaries further characterize this as a very strong feeling of wanting to do something repeatedly that is difficult to control, akin to an urge for activities like excessive dieting.^[11] This internal form of compulsion highlights a tension between desire and restraint, often linked to broader compulsive behaviors explored in psychological contexts. The core distinction between voluntary and compelled actions lies in the element of will; compelled actions occur under duress or irresistible impulse, rendering the individual unable to act otherwise without significant internal or external resistance. This duality—external force versus internal drive—underpins the term's foundational meaning across various applications, providing a basis for understanding more specialized interpretations.^[1]

Historical Origins

The term "compulsion" derives from the Late Latin compulsiō, meaning "coercion" or "forceful urging," which itself stems from the Latin verb compellere, "to drive together" or "to compel."^[12] This root entered English through Middle French compulsion, with the earliest recorded usage appearing around 1462 in the writings of King Edward IV, where it denoted forcible inducement or constraint.^[13] In medieval and early modern English, "compulsion" primarily conveyed physical or external force, as in legal or moral coercion, evolving from its classical origins to describe actions driven against one's will. By the late 16th century, the related term "compel" (from the same Latin source) was in common use, emphasizing compulsion as an overriding external pressure, while "compulsive" emerged around 1600 to describe something involving or exercising such force. William Shakespeare employed "compulsion" in this sense in King Lear (c. 1606), where the character Edmund refers to "fools by heavenly compulsion," implying actions dictated by fate or celestial influence rather than free choice.^[14] The word's meaning began shifting in the 19th century toward internal psychological forces, particularly with the rise of psychiatry. German psychiatrist Carl Westphal's 1877 introduction of Zwangsvorstellung ("compelled idea") marked an early psychological application, translated into English as "compulsion" to describe irresistible mental urges, laying groundwork for its modern clinical connotations by the early 20th century.^[15] This evolution reflected a broader transition from external duress to internalized impulses, distinguishing it from earlier coercive usages while retaining ties to the original Latin sense of being "driven."^[12]

Psychological Aspects

Compulsive Behavior

In psychology, compulsive behavior refers to persistent, repetitive actions driven by an overwhelming internal urge, performed to reduce anxiety or distress, despite recognition that they are irrational or counterproductive to one's goals. These behaviors are often ego-dystonic, meaning individuals experience them as alien or distressing, contrasting with voluntary actions aligned with personal values. For instance, repeatedly washing hands in response to unfounded fears of contamination exemplifies how such actions provide temporary relief but perpetuate a cycle of unease.^[16] Key characteristics of compulsive behavior include its involuntariness, where individuals feel compelled to act against their better judgment, and the typical cycle involving an preceding obsession or intrusive thought that triggers the compulsion as a neutralizing response. Unlike habits, which are automatic and ego-syntonic—performed without distress or internal conflict—compulsions generate subjective tension due to their misalignment with rational goals and failure to yield lasting satisfaction. This distinction highlights compulsions as maladaptive, often reinforced by short-term anxiety reduction, leading to persistence despite long-term harm.^[16]^[17] The historical understanding of compulsive behavior traces back to Sigmund Freud's theory of the repetition compulsion, introduced in his 1920 work Beyond the Pleasure Principle, where he described it as an unconscious drive to reenact traumatic experiences, not for pleasure but to achieve mastery over unresolved conflicts. Freud viewed this as a fundamental psychic mechanism beyond the pleasure principle, manifesting in repetitive actions that relive past traumas. Over time, psychological models evolved toward behavioral explanations, emphasizing operant conditioning where compulsions are negatively reinforced through anxiety alleviation, as seen in early experimental work on avoidance learning.^[18] Non-disorder-specific examples of compulsive behavior include gambling urges, where individuals repeatedly wager despite financial ruin, driven by an impulse to chase losses for relief from tension, and hoarding impulses, involving excessive accumulation of items that clutter living spaces and stem from fears of discarding something potentially useful. These illustrate the broader spectrum of compulsions as urge-driven repetitions that interfere with daily functioning, independent of specific clinical diagnoses.^[19]^[20]

Relation to Mental Disorders

Compulsions are most prominently associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), where they manifest as repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed in response to obsessions, aimed at reducing anxiety or preventing a dreaded event or situation. According to DSM-5 criteria, compulsions in OCD must be time-consuming (e.g., taking more than 1 hour per day) or cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.^[3]^[21] In addition to OCD, compulsions feature in body-focused repetitive behaviors (BFRBs), such as trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) and excoriation (skin-picking disorder), which are classified under the DSM-5 chapter on obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. These involve recurrent, irresistible urges to engage in self-grooming behaviors that result in physical damage, often driven by a sense of tension before the act and relief or gratification afterward, though not always tied to obsessions as in classic OCD.^[22]^[23] Compulsions also appear in other mental disorders, including substance use disorders where they contribute to addictive cycles through irresistible urges for drug-seeking behaviors despite negative consequences; eating disorders like binge-eating disorder, characterized by recurrent episodes of compulsive overeating accompanied by a sense of lack of control; and disruptive, impulse-control disorders such as intermittent explosive disorder, involving failure to resist aggressive impulses that may overlap with compulsive elements in DSM-5 classifications.^[24]^[25]^[26] Treatment for compulsion-related disorders, particularly OCD, primarily involves cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) incorporating exposure and response prevention (ERP), which exposes individuals to obsession triggers while preventing compulsive responses to break the cycle, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine or sertraline, often used at higher doses than for depression. OCD affects approximately 1.6-3.0% of the global population in the past 12 months (as of 2025 surveys), with lifetime prevalence estimates ranging from 2.4-4.1%; recent data indicate a persistent course with high 12-month prevalence relative to lifetime.^[27]^[28]^[29]^[30] Recent post-2020 research has highlighted the role of basal ganglia dysfunction in compulsions via neuroimaging, showing structural changes in subregions like the caudate nucleus and altered dopamine signaling in OCD patients, which correlates with symptom severity. Additionally, studies indicate higher co-occurrence of compulsions in autism spectrum disorders, with up to 25% of youth with OCD meeting ASD criteria, often involving restricted, repetitive behaviors that mimic compulsions but stem from sensory or rigidity needs rather than anxiety reduction.^[31]^[32]^[33]

Legal and Ethical Contexts

Compulsion as Duress

In legal contexts, compulsion, often termed duress, refers to the act of forcing an individual to comply with demands through threats of harm or intimidation, thereby rendering the resulting actions involuntary and potentially excusing liability or voiding agreements.^[34] This doctrine distinguishes duress from voluntary conduct by emphasizing the absence of free will, where the coerced party acts under immediate pressure that a reasonable person could not resist.^[35] As a criminal defense, compulsion or duress serves as an excuse rather than a justification, meaning it acknowledges the wrongfulness of the act but absolves the defendant of culpability due to coercion. It typically applies only to non-capital offenses, requiring proof of an imminent threat of death or serious bodily harm with no reasonable opportunity to escape. Under the U.S. Model Penal Code §2.09, duress is an affirmative defense if the actor was coerced by the use or threat of unlawful force that a person of reasonable firmness could not resist, provided they did not recklessly place themselves in the situation and had no chance to seek official protection.^[36] Similarly, Kansas Statute §21-5206 establishes compulsion as a defense to any crime except murder or voluntary manslaughter, applicable when a person is compelled by another's threat to engage in the offense, the threat is present and impending, no reasonable escape was possible, and the defendant did not intentionally or recklessly create the coercive situation.^[37] For instance, in U.S. cases involving robbery, defendants have successfully invoked duress when forced at gunpoint to participate as getaway drivers, demonstrating the threat's immediacy and their lack of alternatives.^[35] The defense traces its origins to English common law, where it has been recognized for centuries as a means to mitigate punishment for acts committed under overwhelming human pressure, evolving without statutory codification to address scenarios like coerced participation in felonies.^[38] In the United States, this common law foundation influenced state and federal doctrines, with examples including threats during armed robberies where courts upheld duress for accomplices who faced immediate violence. Duress differs from the necessity defense in that it involves coercion by another person, whereas necessity arises from external dangers or circumstances without human agency.^[39] In civil law, particularly contract disputes, duress renders agreements voidable at the option of the coerced party, allowing rescission to restore the status quo. This extends to restitution claims under unjust enrichment principles, where payments or benefits conferred under compulsion—such as money extracted through threats—must be returned to prevent the recipient from retaining unearned gains at the payor's expense.^[34] For example, courts have ordered restitution in cases where economic or physical threats compelled payment, ensuring the absence of voluntary consent negates the transaction's validity.^[40]

Philosophical Implications

In ancient Greek philosophy, Aristotle delineates compulsion as a key factor rendering actions involuntary and thus exculpatory in ethical evaluation. In the Nicomachean Ethics, he defines involuntary actions as those performed under compulsion, where the originating principle lies entirely outside the agent, such as being physically carried by force without any internal contribution to the movement (1110a1–2).^[41] For instance, if someone is dragged against their will, the action lacks voluntariness because no alternative is possible, absolving the agent of moral responsibility. Aristotle contrasts this with akrasia (weakness of will), where the agent acts voluntarily against their better judgment due to overwhelming passion or desire, retaining culpability since the choice originates internally despite the conflict (VII.3, 1146b31–34).^[41] This distinction underscores that true compulsion excuses through external necessity, while akrasia involves self-undermining but deliberate agency. Similarly, in the Eudemian Ethics, Aristotle links compulsion to ignorance, positing that actions under either condition fail to engage the agent's rational deliberation, thereby mitigating blame in moral assessments (II.8, 1224b13–14).^[42] Philosophical debates on free will further illuminate compulsion's implications for moral responsibility, particularly through compatibilism and incompatibilism. Compatibilists argue that determinism—where actions are causally necessitated—does not preclude free will or responsibility, as long as the agent acts without external compulsion and in alignment with their desires or reasons; compulsion undermines freedom only if it overrides internal motivations, but deterministic causation preserves accountability (e.g., Hobbes and Hume's views on liberty as absence of impediments).^[43] Incompatibilists, conversely, contend that any form of determinism, including compulsive forces, eliminates the alternative possibilities required for genuine self-determination and moral blameworthiness, rendering responsibility illusory if actions are inevitably caused (e.g., van Inwagen's consequence argument).^[43] Baruch Spinoza exemplifies a deterministic yet nuanced perspective, viewing human actions as fully determined by external and internal causes within nature's necessity, yet advocating self-determination through rational understanding of these causes; freedom arises not from indeterminate will but from adequate ideas that align the individual with their conatus (striving to persevere), transforming compelled passions into active self-mastery (Ethics, IIIP1, VP36S).^[44] In modern philosophy, compulsion features prominently in discussions of addiction, bridging ethical models of disease versus choice. The disease model posits addiction as a compulsive disorder driven by neurobiological changes that impair volition, akin to an involuntary condition where drug-seeking becomes physically or psychologically necessitated, reducing moral culpability similar to Aristotle's exculpatory compulsion.^[7] Choice theorists counter that addictive behaviors remain voluntary responses to incentives, with most individuals quitting without intervention, emphasizing personal agency over deterministic compulsion.^[7] A hybrid view reconciles these by invoking dual-process decision-making, where compulsion manifests as heightened motivational pull against rational control, preserving partial responsibility without full exoneration. Philosophers also distinguish compulsion from coercion: the former involves physical impossibility of alternatives (e.g., force eliminating options entirely), while coercion manipulates choices through threats, leaving nominal voluntariness intact but ethically compromised.^[45] Twentieth- and twenty-first-century analytic philosophy extends these ideas to repetition compulsion, often intersecting with existential themes of authentic existence. Drawing from Freud's psychoanalytic concept but reframed philosophically, repetition compulsion denotes an unconscious drive to reenact traumatic patterns, challenging free will by suggesting actions are determined by unresolved past necessities rather than deliberate choice.^[46] In existentialism, Søren Kierkegaard's Repetition (1843) anticipates this by portraying repetition not as mere compulsion but as a task of freedom: authentic selfhood emerges through recollecting and transcending repetitive life stages via a leap of faith, overcoming despairing cycles (e.g., the young man's aesthetic repetitions versus ethical renewal).^[47] Analytic discussions, such as those in philosophy of action, critique repetition compulsion as compatible with moral responsibility if agents can reflectively intervene, echoing compatibilist views on internal causation without undermining agency.^[43]

Media and Culture

Film and Television

The 1959 American crime drama Compulsion, directed by Richard Fleischer, adapts Meyer Levin's novel inspired by the real-life Leopold and Loeb murder case of 1924, in which two affluent University of Chicago students, portrayed by Bradford Dillman and Dean Stockwell, kidnap and kill a young boy as an experiment in moral nihilism and intellectual superiority. Orson Welles stars as their defense attorney, delivering a powerful courtroom performance that explores themes of psychological compulsion and legal manipulation in a bid to avoid the death penalty. The film received critical acclaim for its tense narrative and acting, earning a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 reviews and a 7.4/10 on IMDb from over 8,000 users; it won the Best Actor award (shared by Dillman, Stockwell, and Welles) at the 1959 Cannes Film Festival and garnered nominations including Best Film from Any Source at the BAFTA Awards and Best Motion Picture – Drama at the Golden Globes.^[48]^[49]^[50]^[51] In 2013, Canadian director Egidio Coccimiglio helmed a psychological thriller titled Compulsion, starring Heather Graham as a chef whose obsessive eating habits clash with her neighbor, a reclusive former child actress played by Carrie-Anne Moss, leading to a destructive codependency marked by themes of emotional compulsion and hidden traumas. Supporting roles by Kevin Dillon and Joe Mantegna add layers to the interpersonal conflicts, with the story unfolding across dual timelines involving a disappearance investigation. The film, a remake of the South Korean thriller 301, 302, holds a 19% Rotten Tomatoes score from 44 critics and a 4.4/10 IMDb rating, noted for its exploration of isolation-driven urges despite mixed reception on pacing.^[52]^[53]^[52] The 2016 erotic thriller Compulsion (also released as Sadie), directed by Craig Goodwill, follows budding novelist Sadie (Lio Tipton) on a European book tour, where she reconnects with her ex-lover Alex (Jakob Cedergren) and his enigmatic companion Francesca (Anja Lund Madsen), descending into a web of seduction, jealousy, and compulsive desires during a weekend at an Italian villa. The narrative delves into themes of irresistible romantic and sexual compulsions, blending romance with suspense as relationships fracture. It earned a 29% Rotten Tomatoes rating from limited reviews and a 3.9/10 on IMDb, praised for its atmospheric tension but critiqued for underdeveloped characters.^[54]^[55]^[54] Neil Marshall's 2025 thriller Compulsion, set on the island of Malta, stars Charlotte Kirk as Diana, a cunning thief who ensnares Evie (Anna-Maria Sieklucka), a vulnerable young woman visiting her stepfather's villa, in a scheme involving con artistry that spirals into murder and a desperate cover-up amid pursuing detectives. The plot examines compulsions tied to greed, deception, and survival instincts, with supporting performances by Matthew Camilleri and Zach McGowan heightening the noir-infused suspense. Released on September 19, 2025, it has a 8% Rotten Tomatoes score from 13 reviews and a 3.6/10 on IMDb, recognized for its stylistic nods to giallo cinema but faulted for narrative inconsistencies.^[56]^[57]^[56] In television, Compulsion appears as episode titles exploring psychological drives, such as the 2005 Criminal Minds Season 1 premiere follow-up (Episode 2), where the BAU team investigates a religiously motivated serial arsonist terrorizing an Arizona college campus, emphasizing compulsive pyromania rooted in delusional theology. Similarly, the 1985 Magnum, P.I. Season 5 Episode 14 depicts private investigator Thomas Magnum (Tom Selleck) protecting Assistant District Attorney Carol Baldwin from a stalker's obsessive harassment tied to a past conviction, underscoring themes of vengeful compulsion. A 2022 British four-part miniseries Compulsion on Channel 5, starring Leanne Best as paramedic Jenny Challoner, portrays her battle with PTSD and resulting gambling addiction after surviving a fatal train crash, concealing her self-destructive urges from family while risking everything in a chance encounter. The series holds a 5.8/10 IMDb rating, lauded for its raw depiction of addiction as an inescapable compulsion but noted for predictable plotting.^[58]^[59]^[60]^[61]^[62]

Literature and Music

In literature, Meyer Levin's 1956 novel Compulsion stands as a seminal work, presenting a semi-fictionalized account of the 1924 Leopold and Loeb murder case in Chicago, where two intellectually gifted students, Judd Steiner and Artie Straus, kill a young boy to demonstrate their perceived superiority under Nietzschean influences.^[63] The narrative, told through the perspective of journalist Sid Silver, delves into the perpetrators' psychological motivations, their trial, and the landmark insanity defense mounted by attorney Jonathan Wilk, exploring themes of moral compulsion, justice, sexuality, and the tension between retribution and mercy.^[63] As a best-seller upon release, the novel pioneered the "nonfiction novel" form, blending journalistic detail with fictional elements and profoundly influencing the true crime genre, including Truman Capote's In Cold Blood.^[63]^[64] In music, the term "Compulsion" appears in various compositions and band names, often evoking themes of irresistible drive or psychological tension. The Irish punk band Compulsion, originally formed in 1990 in Dublin as Thee Amazing Colossal Men by vocalist Josephmary and guitarist Garret Lee (later joined by bassist Sid Rainey), relocated to London and rebranded in 1992, signing with One Little Indian Records.^[65] Their debut album Comforter (1994) blended raw punk energy with pop melodies and grunge textures, earning acclaim as part of the "New Wave of New Wave" and featuring tracks like "Basketcase" that captured the era's rebellious spirit.^[66] The follow-up The Future is Medium (1996) continued their satirical commentary on society but marked the band's dissolution later that year, leaving a legacy in the 1990s Irish punk scene as an influential act—dubbed the "indie AC/DC"—that nurtured talents like producer Jacknife Lee without achieving mainstream breakthrough.^[67]^[68] Another notable musical work is jazz pianist Andrew Hill's avant-garde album Compulsion!!!!!, recorded in 1965 at Rudy Van Gelder Studio and released in 1967 on Blue Note Records.^[69] Featuring a large ensemble including saxophonists John Gilmore, Bennie Maupin, Marion Brown, Fred Jackson, and James Spaulding, vibraphonist Teddy Charles, bassist Cecil McBee, drummer Joe Chambers, and percussionist Nadi Qamar, the album exemplifies free jazz and post-bop innovation through Hill's complex, angular compositions that push harmonic and rhythmic boundaries.^[70] Critics have praised its bold experimentation and the standout contributions from its players, cementing its status as a high-impact entry in Hill's discography and 1960s avant-garde jazz.^[71] Songs titled "Compulsion" also reflect the theme's resonance across genres; for instance, Martin L. Gore of Depeche Mode covered Joe Crow's 1982 track on his 1989 Counterfeit EP, delivering a synth-pop rendition of its introspective lyrics about elusive desires.^[72] Similarly, electronic duo Röyksopp's 2014 single "Compulsion" from The Inevitable End, featuring vocals by Jamie Irrepressible, explores emotional awakening through pulsating beats and ethereal production.^[73] These works highlight how "compulsion" inspires artistic expressions of inner conflict in popular music.

Video Games

Compulsion Games, a Canadian video game studio founded in 2009 by Guillaume Provost in Montreal, Quebec, specializes in narrative-driven titles featuring hallucinatory and surreal worlds.^[74] Initially operating as an independent developer, the studio gained recognition with its debut title, Contrast (2013), a puzzle-platformer published by Focus Home Interactive that blends 3D exploration with 2D shadow manipulation mechanics, set in a dreamlike 1920s film noir environment exploring themes of illusion and familial dysfunction through the perspective of an imaginary friend aiding a young girl.^[75] The game's innovative shadow-shifting gameplay, where players project themselves onto lit surfaces to solve environmental puzzles, emphasized psychological depth and escapism, though it received mixed reviews for its short length and uneven pacing. The studio's portfolio prominently features themes of compulsion and control in its 2018 release, We Happy Few, an action-adventure survival game developed with initial Kickstarter funding and published by Gearbox Software.^[76] Set in a retrofuturistic dystopian version of 1960s England called Wellington Wells, the narrative centers on a society enforcing perpetual happiness through mandatory consumption of the hallucinogenic drug Joy, which suppresses memories of a traumatic past and compels citizens to conform or face violent rejection.^[76] Gameplay mechanics reinforce this theme via a conformity system: players must blend into the euphoric populace using disguises, stealth, and optional Joy intake to avoid detection, with refusal triggering aggressive responses from "Downers"—non-compliant individuals hunted by authorities.^[76] The title's roguelike elements, including procedurally generated maps and permadeath restarts across three playable characters, highlight cycles of resistance against societal coercion, blending dark humor with critiques of addiction and denial.^[76] In June 2018, shortly before We Happy Few's full release, Microsoft acquired Compulsion Games for an undisclosed amount, integrating it into Xbox Game Studios and facilitating its transition from indie roots to larger-scale production with enhanced resources.^[77] This acquisition supported the game's post-launch expansions and enabled subsequent projects like the 2025 action-adventure South of Midnight, released on April 8, 2025, which received generally positive reviews (Metacritic 77/100), but We Happy Few remains a cornerstone of the studio's exploration of dystopian compulsion, evolving from bootstrapped development to polished, narrative-focused experiences under Microsoft's umbrella.^[74] Critically, We Happy Few received mixed reviews, with Metacritic scores of 62/100 (PC), 70/100 (PS4), and 65/100 (Xbox One), lauded for its atmospheric world-building and thematic relevance to oppression but critiqued for repetitive combat, technical glitches, and uneven survival mechanics that diluted the compulsion-driven tension.^[78]

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Summary of each segment:
[39]
Huiyuhl Yi, Compulsion, Ignorance, and Involuntary Action
Some remarks in the Eudemian Ethics and the Nichomachean Ethics indicate that the voluntariness of actions is significantly related to compulsion and ignorance.Missing: sources | Show results with:sources
[40]
Compatibilism - Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Apr 26, 2004 · Compatibilism is the thesis that free will is compatible with determinism. Because free will is typically taken to be a necessary condition of moral ...Arguments for Incompatibilism · State of the Art · Incompatibilist
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Spinoza on Free Will and Freedom
Spinoza was an adamant determinist, and he denied the existence of free will. This led to much controversy concerning his philosophy in subsequent centuries.
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Coercion and compulsion
In compulsion, options are closed by physical force, making alternatives to what the coercer demands physically impossible. In contrast, coercion does not ...
[43]
Tendency, Repetition, and the Activity of the Mind in Traumatic ...
Apr 2, 2024 · The present paper takes up the idea of a tendency to repeat something that reinforces psychic pain and asks which kind of agency is possible in the light of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[44]
Søren Kierkegaard's Repetition. Existence in Motion. - PhilArchive
According to Kierkegaard repetition is a temporal movement of existence. What is repetition and what is its meaning for human existence? In answering this ...
[45]
Compulsion (1959) - IMDb
Rating 7.4/10 (8,337) Compulsion (1959) is a true crime, biography, crime, drama, history, thriller about two law-school students on trial for murder, based on the Leopold-Loeb case.Full cast & crew · Trivia · Plot · Filming & production
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Compulsion | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 100% (10) Sociopathic students murder a boy in a philosophical exercise, but are arrested. Their attorney, Orson Welles, tries to save them from execution. Based on the ...
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Awards - Compulsion (1959) - IMDb
1 win & 5 nominations. BAFTA Awards. Richard Fleischer. 1960 Nominee BAFTA Film Award USA. Cannes Film Festival. Dean Stockwell in Air Force One (1997).
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Compulsion (1959) - Turner Classic Movies - TCM
Two wealthy law-school students go on trial for murder in this version of the Leopold-Loeb case.
[49]
Compulsion (2013) - IMDb
Rating 4.4/10 (3,306) Compulsion: Directed by Egidio Coccimiglio. With Heather Graham, Carrie-Anne Moss, Kevin Dillon, Joe Mantegna. The lives of two female neighbors intersect ...Compulsion · Heather Graham, Carrie-Anne... · Soundtracks · Trivia
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Compulsion | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 19% (44) A strange and destructive relationship develops between a chef (Heather Graham) and her neighbor (Carrie-Anne Moss), a former child actress.
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Compulsion (2016) - IMDb
Rating 3.9/10 (1,928) A successful female erotic novelist on a book tour of Europe joins her ex and his female friend, with whom she falls madly in love, for a party at a castle.User reviews · Full cast & crew · Parents guide · Plot
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Compulsion (2016) - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 29% (2) Sadie, a budding erotic novelist, is enticed by an ex-lover to join him and an enigmatic woman named Francesca at an Italian villa.
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Compulsion (2024) - IMDb
Rating 3.6/10 (399) Compulsion: Directed by Neil Marshall. With Charlotte Kirk, Matthew Camilleri, Zach McGowan, Anna-Maria Sieklucka. On the island of Malta, two women get ...
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Compulsion (2025) | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 8% (13) As a local detective closes in, trust cracks and dark secrets are exposed. Director: Neil Marshall.
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"Criminal Minds" Compulsion (TV Episode 2005) - IMDb
Rating 7.6/10 (3,297) The team are called to an Arizona college when an arsonist who operates in a very unusual way kills a student.
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Criminal Minds: Season 1, Episode 2 | Rotten Tomatoes
When an arsonist sets fire to a college campus, little physical evidence remains, forcing Gideon and his team to rely on psychological analysis to identify ...
[57]
"Magnum, P.I." Compulsion (TV Episode 1985) - IMDb
Rating 7.6/10 (304) Higgins is facing a reunion with his old Sandhurst classmates.Someone is harassing Assistant District Attorney Carol Baldwin and Magnum agrees to help her.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Compulsion (TV Series 2022– ) - IMDb
Rating 5.8/10 (338) After surviving a tragedy, paramedic Jenny Challoner struggles with PTSD. Concealing her suffering from husband Chris, friend Alison and daughter Rosie.Episode list · User reviews · Release info · Ben Tavassoli as Raj Khush
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Watch Criminal Minds Season 1 Episode 2 - Paramount Plus
Sep 22, 2005 · S1 E2: Compulsion ... Sign up for Paramount+ to stream. ... S1 E2: The team of investigators tries to capture a serial arsonist who has been ...
[60]
Compulsion - Figtree Books
Apr 14, 2015 · A riveting and literary thriller about the basic drives that compel us to act in the name of good or evil.
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https://www.imdb.com/title/tt19372530/
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Compulsion | Encyclopedia.com
Compulsion's story began when two Irish natives, vocalist Josephmary and guitarist Garret Lee, relocated to London, England in the early 1990s. They formed Thee ...
[63]
https://figtreebooks.net/books/compulsion/
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Ireland In 50 Albums, No 31: Comforter by Compulsion (1994)
Nov 13, 2024 · Ireland In 50 Albums, No 31: Comforter by Compulsion (1994). Dublin punks Compulsion were once labelled the 'the indie AC/DC'. They may not have ...<|separator|>
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Compulsion have announced the reissue of their acclaimed albums ...
Apr 28, 2025 · Their music blended grunge's gritty textures with the rebellious spirit of punk, delivering a sound that was as infectious as it was ...
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https://www.discogs.com/artist/23913-Compulsion
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Compulsion - Andrew Hill | Album - AllMusic
Rating 8.6/10 (78) Release Date: October 8, 1965. Duration: 40:54. Genre: Jazz. Styles: Avant-Garde Jazz, Post-Bop, Jazz Instrument, Trumpet Jazz.
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Andrew Hill: Compulsion!!!!! - Album Review - All About Jazz
Apr 30, 2007 · This long-overdue CD reissue helps heighten the presence of the superb contributions of bassist Cecil McBee, and drummers Joe Chambers, Nadi ...Missing: details | Show results with:details
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Compulsion - Joe Crow - AllMusic
Explore Compulsion by Joe Crow. Get track information, read reviews, listen to it streaming, and more at AllMusic.
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Compulsion - song and lyrics by Röyksopp, Jamie Irrepressible
Lyrics. I never meant to be this way. Never thought that I could change. 'Til you woke me with your touch. ♪. And now they see it in my eyes.
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Compulsion Games: Handcrafted, hallucinatory adventures | An ...
Compulsion Games, founded in 2009, is an Xbox Games Studio known for handcrafted, hallucinatory adventures, and is now part of Xbox Game Studios.We Happy Few · Contrast · South of MidnightMissing: history | Show results with:history
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Contrast - Compulsion Games
Contrast is cradled in a smooth, film noir aesthetic, complete with a dark jazz bar, a cabaret, an illusionist and a circus. It's a mashup of the 1920s and ...
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We Happy Few - Compulsion Games
### Summary of We Happy Few
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E3 2018: Microsoft Acquires PlayGround Games, Undead Labs ...
Jun 10, 2018 · E3 2018: Microsoft Acquires PlayGround Games, Undead Labs, Ninja Theory, and Compulsion Games. The devs of Hellblade, Forza Horizon, We Happy ...
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We Happy Few Reviews - Metacritic
We Happy Few is far from flawless, but ultimately makes up for it with its fascinating story of a comically-dark dystopia. FULL REVIEW PC. Aug 9 ...User ReviewsCritic ReviewsFull Credits & DetailsUncle Jack Live VR details