Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Lateral pass

A lateral pass, also known as a backward pass, is a throwing motion in American football where the ball is propelled sideways or rearward relative to the direction of play, typically parallel to the line of scrimmage or away from the opponent's goal line.^[1] Unlike a forward pass, which advances the ball toward the end zone and is subject to strict limitations, a lateral pass does not count as an advance and can be executed under different circumstances to maintain possession or reverse field position.^[2] In the National Football League (NFL) and other levels of American football, lateral passes are governed by rules that distinguish them from forward passes to prevent illegal advancement. A backward pass is defined as any pass thrown in a direction opposite to the offensive team's advance, including the initial snap from center, and players from either team may advance after catching or recovering it, even if it touches the ground.^[2] There is no limit to the number of lateral passes that can occur during a single down, allowing for complex trick plays, but they must not cross the line of scrimmage forward; if a pass is deemed forward based on its trajectory relative to the thrower's position, it is illegal.^[3] If a lateral goes out of bounds between the goal lines, the ball is placed at the spot of the out-of-bounds, and special clock rules apply in the final two minutes of halves to prevent time wastage.^[2] Lateral passes are strategically employed to evade defenders, extend plays, or create unexpected scoring opportunities, often in high-pressure situations like the end of a half or game-winning drives. They add unpredictability to offenses but carry risks, as a fumble or interception can shift momentum dramatically to the defense. Notable historical examples include the "Music City Miracle" in the 2000 NFL playoffs, where the Tennessee Titans used a lateral on a kickoff return to score a game-winning touchdown against the Buffalo Bills, and the "Miracle in Miami" in 2018, a 69-yard, multi-lateral touchdown by the Miami Dolphins to defeat the New England Patriots on the final play.^[3] These plays highlight the lateral's potential for dramatic turnarounds, though they remain relatively rare due to the precision required and the prevalence of forward-passing strategies in modern football.^[4] Beyond American football, the concept of a lateral pass appears in other sports like rugby, where all passes must be thrown backward or laterally to a teammate behind the ball carrier, as forward passes are prohibited to maintain fairness in a non-stop, continuous flow of play.^[5] In rugby union and rugby league, lateral passes are fundamental to advancing the ball through coordinated team movement, emphasizing short, accurate throws across the field to exploit defensive gaps, though the term is less rigidly defined than in football and focuses more on the perpetual backward motion required by the rules.^[6]

Fundamentals

Definition and Terminology

A lateral pass, also known as a backward pass, is a live ball thrown by the ball carrier parallel to the line of scrimmage or toward the passer's own end line, without any forward movement toward the opponent's goal line. This includes the initial snap from center to the quarterback.^[7] In American football, it differs from a forward pass in that it does not advance the ball downfield and can be executed from anywhere on the field by the ball carrier to any teammate, with no restrictions on the number of such passes during a single play.^[7] The term "lateral" specifically refers to a sideways or backward throw between teammates, often used interchangeably with "backward pass" in official rules and commentary.^[8] Key terminology surrounding lateral passes includes "pitch," which describes an underhand toss typically used in option plays to deliver the ball sideways or backward to a running back, and "toss," a similar short, arcing throw that emphasizes lateral movement.^[9] These terms distinguish the action from a handoff, which involves a direct hand-to-hand transfer of the ball without it becoming airborne, as opposed to a thrown pass where the ball leaves the passer's hand.^[8] Lateral passes can be thrown overhand, underhand, or in a shovel motion if backward, though the shovel style is more commonly associated with forward passes behind the line of scrimmage.^[8] The terminology for lateral passes originated in early 20th-century American football, emerging after the legalization of the forward pass in 1906 to differentiate non-advancing throws from the new forward-throwing rules introduced by the sport's governing bodies.^[4] Prior to this change, backward or lateral-style passes were the primary form of ball distribution, but the term "lateral" gained prominence to describe throws that maintained or retreated the ball's position relative to the line of scrimmage.^[4]

Comparison to Forward Pass

The lateral pass, also known as a backward pass, fundamentally differs from the forward pass in American football by its direction, restrictions, and strategic implications. A forward pass propels the ball toward the opponent's end zone to advance the ball downfield, but it is restricted to one per down, must originate from behind the line of scrimmage, and is typically executed by the quarterback due to eligibility rules that limit non-quarterbacks in most situations.^[10]^[9] In contrast, a lateral does not advance the ball territorially—instead moving it sideways or backward parallel to or behind the line of scrimmage—allowing unlimited occurrences per down, from any position on the field, and by the ball carrier without positional restrictions.^[11]^[4] These differences profoundly affect gameplay dynamics and risk profiles. Forward passes enable significant territorial gains but carry high risks, including incompletion, which can lead to a turnover on downs if the offense fails to achieve a first down, or interception, resulting in immediate possession change to the defense.^[12] Laterals, however, primarily serve to maintain possession and reposition the ball carrier without advancing yardage, exposing the offense mainly to fumbles that could yield the ball to the defense at or near the spot of recovery, though without the same territorial penalty as an incomplete forward pass.^[9]^[11] The evolution of these pass types highlights their distinct regulatory histories. Backward passes, including laterals, have been permissible since the sport's early days without major alterations, predating formalized forward passing rules. The forward pass, legalized in 1906 but initially confined to within five yards of the line of scrimmage, underwent a pivotal NFL rule change in 1933, permitting it from anywhere behind the line to encourage more open play and reduce injury risks from clustered formations; this adjustment did not impact laterals, which remained unregulated in comparison.^[13]^[14]^[15] To illustrate these contrasts visually, a diagram depicting pass trajectories—showing the forward pass arcing downfield versus the lateral's sideways or backward path—would clarify the directional and positional constraints for observers.^[10]

Rules and Regulations

Legal Aspects in American Football

In American football, a lateral pass is classified as a backward pass under official rules. In the National Football League (NFL), Rule 8, Section 1, Article 1 of the 2025 Official Playing Rules defines a backward pass as a live ball thrown with its initial direction toward the runner’s end line.^[16] This includes the snap from center, which is considered a backward pass. Backward passes are permitted at any time during a scrimmage down or any down, with no limit on the number per down, and can be executed from any position on the field by any offensive player in possession to any teammate.^[16] Similarly, in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) football, Rule 2, Section 19, Article 2 of the 2025 NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations defines a backward pass as a live ball thrown with its initial direction toward the runner's end line, distinguishing it from forward passes that first contact something beyond the release point.^[17] Under Rule 7, Section 2, Article 1, a ball carrier may hand or pass the ball backward at any time during a live ball, allowing unlimited laterals per down from any field position, with any offensive player eligible to throw to any teammate.^[17] Unlike forward passes, which must originate from behind the line of scrimmage by an eligible player, backward passes impose no such restrictions on the thrower or receiver.^[17]^[16] Regarding ground rules, if a backward pass touches the ground without being caught, it becomes a loose ball treated as a fumble, remaining live and recoverable by any player from either team, who may then advance it. In the NFL, this applies throughout the down, except on fourth down, after the two-minute warning, or during a try, where only the fumbler or an opponent may advance a recovered fumble.^[16] The NCAA aligns closely, per Rule 7, Section 2, Article 2, where a grounded backward pass continues as a live fumble recoverable and advanceable by any inbounds player, with an exception on fourth down before a change of possession: if recovered by a non-fumbler on the fumbling team, the ball is dead at the spot of recovery or fumble.^[17] Sideways passes are classified as backward if their initial trajectory does not move forward beyond the release point.^[16]^[17] Clock implications for lateral passes differ from forward passes. In the NFL, a backward pass does not inherently stop the game clock unless it is incomplete and hits the ground untouched, in which case the clock stops until the next snap; if recovered and advanced, the clock continues running.^[16] The NCAA follows a similar principle under Rule 3, Section 3, where the clock stops on an incomplete backward pass (e.g., unrecovered fumble) but runs during successful laterals unless the ball goes out of bounds or another dead-ball event occurs.^[17] After the two-minute warning, specific clock-start rules apply, such as starting on the ready-for-play signal if the backward pass or fumble goes out of bounds without a change of possession.^[16]^[17]

Penalties and Illegal Laterals

In American football, a lateral pass intended as a backward pass may be ruled an illegal forward pass if the referee determines that the passer's arm was moving forward at the moment of release, regardless of the ball's subsequent trajectory.^[7] This judgment is based on the initial direction of the passer's arm, as outlined in NFL Rule 8, Section 1.^[18] If ruled forward and thrown from beyond the line of scrimmage, or as a second forward pass on the same down, it constitutes an illegal forward pass, resulting in a five-yard penalty from the previous spot and loss of down in both the NFL and NCAA rules.^[7] In NCAA play, the penalty is similarly enforced as a five-yard loss and loss of down for an illegal forward pass behind the line of scrimmage, or from the spot if beyond it. Intentional grounding, a foul specific to forward passes thrown without a realistic chance of completion to avoid a sack, does not apply to lateral passes since they are classified as backward passes under NFL Rule 8, Section 2.^[19] If a lateral is fumbled, the ball remains live, and the defense may advance it, unlike a forward pass incompletion which ends the play.^[7] Pass interference rules, which penalize significant hindrance of an eligible receiver more than one yard beyond the line of scrimmage, apply only to forward passes and not to laterals, as confirmed in NFL Rule 8, Section 5; instead, general fouls like holding may be called during a lateral attempt, typically resulting in a 10-yard penalty.^[20] Illegal motion violations, such as more than one offensive player moving forward at the snap or failure to stop for one second after motion, are pre-snap penalties enforced at five yards but can occur in plays involving laterals if the formation setup violates motion rules under NFL Rule 5, Section 2.^[21] Referees' determinations of forward versus backward on laterals rely on arm trajectory at release, a subjective call that has been subject to replay review since the NFL's 2014 expansion of instant replay under Rule 15, allowing challenges on pass direction when it affects fumble versus incomplete pass rulings.^[22] Examples include overturned calls in games where replay confirmed a backward pass after initial forward rulings, preventing erroneous incomplete pass or fumble designations.^[23]

Strategic Employment

Offensive Tactics

Lateral passes serve as a key element in offensive schemes, particularly in running plays where the quarterback pitches the ball backward to a trailing running back to evade tackles or exploit defensive overpursuit. This maneuver allows the offense to maintain momentum by shifting the ball carrier to a more favorable position, often setting up blocks downfield to extend the gain. Such uses are common in option-based running concepts, where the pitch decision enhances unpredictability and forces defenders to hesitate.^[3] In high-pressure situations like end-of-half desperation or kickoff returns, teams incorporate laterals to maximize field position and create scoring opportunities. With time winding down, offenses lateral the ball across the field to teammates who can advance further or reverse direction, turning potential losses into significant gains. On returns, return specialists use laterals to distribute the ball laterally, enabling convoy blocking and potentially flipping field position against the kicking team. NFL rules permit unlimited laterals on any play, facilitating these tactical applications without restriction on quantity.^[3]^[4] Offenses often integrate laterals from shotgun or pistol formations to disguise intent and reverse field momentum effectively. The shotgun setup positions the quarterback deeper, providing time to read defenses and execute a quick pitch, while the pistol formation aligns the running back directly behind for seamless handoffs or laterals in run-heavy schemes. These alignments support fluid transitions between run and pass threats, confusing defensive alignments.^[3]^[24] Coaches in spread offenses particularly emphasize laterals for misdirection, using them to pull defenders away from primary threats and open lanes for runners or receivers. This approach leverages the formation's horizontal stretch to create numerical advantages on the perimeter, where laterals can initiate reverses or flood one side of the field. In college football, the evolution toward faster-paced, no-huddle spread systems since the early 2000s has amplified their tactical role, allowing more dynamic plays in tempo-driven attacks, whereas NFL coaches limit them due to stricter clock management demands.^[25]^[26]

Common Trick Plays

One of the most iconic trick plays involving a lateral pass is the flea flicker, in which the quarterback simulates a handoff to a running back, who then pitches the ball back laterally to the quarterback, allowing the latter to throw a deep forward pass downfield while the defense is drawn toward the line of scrimmage. This play originated in the 1920s, credited to University of Illinois coach Bob Zuppke, who first employed it successfully in a 1925 college game against the University of Pennsylvania.^[27] The hook and lateral, another classic deception, begins with a wide receiver running a short hook route to catch a quick pass from the quarterback, after which the receiver immediately laterals the ball to a trailing teammate—often another receiver or running back—positioned to exploit gaps in the pursuing defense for additional yardage. While elements of this play date back to the early 20th century, it gained widespread popularity in the 1960s as offenses sought creative ways to counter aggressive defensive schemes, with variations emphasizing timing and misdirection to maximize the lateral's effectiveness.^[28]^[29] In the buck-lateral series, typically run from a single-wing formation, the play unfolds as a double reverse where an end or wingback receives a handoff and then laterals the ball backward to a tailback (often called the "buck") cutting across the backfield, creating multiple handoff threats to confuse defenders and open running lanes. A simpler yet extensible trick is the toss sweep with pitch, where the quarterback tosses the ball to a running back on a perimeter sweep, and the ball carrier has the option to pitch it laterally to a trailing teammate if pursuit closes off the edge, allowing the play to reverse field or extend the gain. This variation builds on the basic toss sweep—a staple of power-running schemes—by incorporating the lateral as a contingency to evade tacklers and maintain momentum.^[30]^[31] In recent years, particularly in the 2020s NFL, adaptations like the reverse flea flicker have emerged, where the initial handoff goes to a wide receiver on a reverse before pitching back laterally to the quarterback or another player, often combined with run-pass options (RPOs) to add layers of decision-making based on defensive alignment. These modern twists, seen in games such as the San Francisco 49ers' 2024 usage, leverage the lateral's unpredictability alongside contemporary option elements to exploit man-coverage vulnerabilities.^[32]^[33]

Risks and Limitations

Potential Dangers

One of the primary risks associated with lateral passes in American football is the potential for a fumble, which can dramatically shift the momentum of a play. Unlike forward passes, a lateral that touches the ground or is dropped becomes a loose ball, treated as a fumble that any player on the field—including the defense—can recover and advance. This creates opportunities for the defense to gain possession deep in offensive territory, potentially leading to scores such as defensive touchdowns. In the NFL, offenses recover their fumbles at a rate of around 44-50% depending on the play type and era, underscoring the high stakes of such an error during a lateral exchange.^[34]^[35] Lateral passes also expose the ball to interception risks while in the air, particularly in high-pressure situations with converging defenders. A defensive player who catches a backward pass gains possession at the spot of the catch and may advance it for significant yardage, posing a turnover risk similar to an interception. This vulnerability is amplified in crowded fields or near the sidelines, where the trajectory of the ball can be disrupted by tips or deflections, turning a potential gain into an immediate turnover.^[35] Beyond turnovers, unsuccessful laterals can result in substantial momentum loss for the offense, as the play often ends with minimal net gain or a net loss in field position. This frequently forces punts from deeper in the team's own territory or cedes advantageous positioning to the defense, altering the overall flow of the game. Additionally, laterals executed at full speed—common in open-field scenarios—heighten the risk of injuries due to the increased likelihood of violent collisions during the handoff or in pursuit by defenders. Studies indicate that passing plays carry a higher overall injury rate compared to running plays in the NFL. Lateral passes, often executed at full speed in open-field scenarios, may heighten collision risks.^[36]

Reasons for Rarity

Lateral passes in American football are challenging to execute effectively due to the physical demands of throwing the ball backward or sideways while in motion, particularly at full speed without the momentum of a forward trajectory. Players must generate power from an awkward arm angle, often while evading defenders, which increases the likelihood of inaccuracy or incomplete transfers. This precision requires extensive practice and split-second timing among receivers to avoid forward motion that could result in a penalty, making it a high-skill maneuver seldom incorporated into standard playbooks.^[3] The structure of American football, including strict time limits and the down system, further discourages extensive use of lateral chains. In the NFL and college levels, each play operates under a 40-second play clock, and teams have only four downs to advance 10 yards, prioritizing efficient forward progress over lateral redistribution that does not gain yardage and risks consuming valuable time. Unlike continuous-flow sports, the frequent stoppages after incomplete plays or turnovers reset the offense, limiting opportunities for sustained lateral sequences that could exploit gaps.^[35] Modern NFL defenses have evolved to counter lateral movements through superior athleticism and swarming tactics, reducing the viability of multi-lateral plays. With faster linebackers and defensive backs capable of rapid lateral pursuit—often covering 10-15 yards sideways in seconds—defenders can quickly converge on ball carriers, elevating the chance of interceptions or forced fumbles during transfers. This adaptation is amplified by the down-and-distance system, which allows defenses to reset and adjust alignments after each play, unlike fluid rugby-style exchanges. Building on inherent fumble risks, these defensive dynamics make lateral passes a situational gamble rather than a core strategy.^[37] Coaching conservatism in the NFL, particularly since the late 1970s following rule changes that emphasized forward passing, has perpetuated the rarity of laterals as a routine tactic. After the 1978 liberalization of passing rules, offenses shifted toward aerial attacks for high-reward gains, viewing laterals as relics of earlier, run-heavy eras with limited strategic value in a league valuing possession efficiency. This mindset, reinforced by risk-averse play-calling, results in laterals appearing primarily in trick plays or desperation scenarios, comprising a small fraction of overall offensive actions.^[38]^[39] In comparative terms, the episodic nature of American football starkly contrasts with rugby's continuous play, where unlimited backward passes facilitate lateral chains without frequent interruptions. Rugby's lack of downs and forward-pass restrictions encourage such passing as a primary means of advancement, whereas football's segmented structure confines laterals to niche roles, often at the end of plays or in open-field scenarios, underscoring their situational limitation.^[40]

Historical and Notable Examples

Single Lateral Plays

One of the most iconic single lateral plays in NFL history is the "Music City Miracle," which occurred during the 2000 AFC Wild Card playoff game between the Tennessee Titans and Buffalo Bills on January 8, 2000. With 16 seconds remaining and the Bills leading 16-15, Lorenzo Neal fielded the kickoff and lateraled to tight end Frank Wycheck, who then executed a crucial lateral across the field to wide receiver Kevin Dyson; Dyson sprinted 75 yards for the game-winning touchdown, securing a 22-16 victory for the Titans and advancing them in the playoffs.^[41] The play's dramatic lateral from Wycheck to Dyson, confirmed legal after review as not a forward pass, dramatically altered the postseason trajectory for both teams.^[42] In more recent instances, tight end Travis Kelce of the Kansas City Chiefs demonstrated the continued utility of single laterals in 2024. On October 7 against the New Orleans Saints, Kelce caught a short pass from quarterback Patrick Mahomes and immediately lateraled to running back Samaje Perine for a 20-yard gain, helping set up a key drive.^[43] Kelce repeated the maneuver on November 29 against the Las Vegas Raiders, again pitching to Perine for a first-down conversion, showcasing his improvisational skill in extending plays.^[44] A notable recent instance unfolded on November 16, 2024, when Fordham University defeated Georgetown 31-3 in a Patriot League contest. Defensive back Trey Bradford intercepted a pass at the Fordham 11-yard line and began returning it, but suffered a hamstring injury mid-stride; he immediately lateraled the ball to teammate Alex Kemper, who ran untouched for a pick-six touchdown. The play's desperation and injury-induced handoff underscored the physical toll of such maneuvers in critical moments.^[45] These single lateral plays have often proven game-altering, transforming apparent defeats into victories and reshaping playoff paths, as seen in the Music City Miracle's postseason impact. Their rarity underscores the high-risk, high-reward nature of precise execution under pressure.

Multi-Lateral Sequences

One of the most iconic multi-lateral sequences in college football history is "The Play," which occurred on November 20, 1982, during the Big Game between the University of California, Berkeley (Cal) and Stanford University. With Stanford leading 20-19 and just seconds remaining after a field goal, Cal received the kickoff and executed five successive lateral passes on the return, culminating in a touchdown by Kevin Moen that secured a 25-20 victory. The chaotic sequence unfolded as Cal players dodged Stanford defenders and inadvertently the Stanford marching band, which had prematurely entered the field, believing the game was over; Moen dove into the end zone while colliding with a trombonist, but officials ruled the play valid after review.^[46] Another legendary example is the "Mississippi Miracle," played out on October 27, 2007, in a Division III matchup between Trinity University and Millsaps College. Trailing 24-22 with no time left after a failed fourth-down attempt, Trinity's Riley Curry caught a desperation pass at their own 39-yard line and initiated a series of 15 lateral passes among teammates, covering 61 yards for a game-winning touchdown in a 28-24 victory. The play, executed under immense pressure with defenders closing in, exemplified the desperation of end-game scenarios and has been hailed as one of the most improbable finishes in college football.^[47] In 2015, the Miami Hurricanes replicated this brand of chaos against Duke University on October 31, during an Atlantic Coast Conference game. Facing a 27-24 deficit with time expired, Miami's Corn Elder fielded the onside kick and participated in an eight-lateral exchange that spanned 75 yards, ending with Elder's touchdown to clinch a 30-27 upset over the 22nd-ranked Blue Devils. The sequence, analyzed in subsequent reviews for its precision amid pursuit, highlighted the potential for multi-laterals to turn hopeless situations into triumphs, though it drew attention in 2024 retrospectives for its enduring tactical audacity.^[48] The "Miami Miracle" unfolded on December 9, 2018, in a regular-season game between the Miami Dolphins and New England Patriots, with the Dolphins trailing 33-28 and no timeouts left. Quarterback Ryan Tannehill threw a short forward pass to wide receiver Kenny Stills, who immediately lateraled to teammate DeVante Parker; Parker then lateraled to running back Kenyan Drake, who ran 52 yards untouched for the winning touchdown, securing a 34-33 upset victory.^[49] The sequence of laterals after the forward pass was key to evading the defense and turning a potential loss into a memorable win that highlighted the Dolphins' trick-play creativity.^[50] These multi-lateral sequences typically emerge in the final seconds of games, often covering more than 50 yards from deep in offensive territory, transforming routine kickoff returns or Hail Mary attempts into high-stakes scrambles. They thrive on chaos and teamwork but carry significant risks, including fumbles from imprecise handoffs and potential injuries from sudden directional changes under fatigue. Crowd or band interference, as seen in "The Play," adds further hazards, potentially leading to collisions or officiating disputes that could nullify the effort. Despite their rarity due to these perils—laterals overall account for a small fraction of plays owing to turnover threats—such moments captivate audiences by demonstrating football's unpredictable nature.

Applications in Other Sports

In Rugby Union and League

In rugby union and rugby league, a lateral pass refers to a throw of the ball sideways or directly backward relative to the direction of play, which is the only legal form of passing permitted under the rules of both codes. All passes must be backward or lateral; any forward pass—whether intentional or unintentional—is illegal and constitutes a knock-on or throw forward, resulting in a scrum awarded to the defending team in most cases.^[51] This restriction ensures that the ball cannot advance through the air toward the opponent's goal line, forcing teams to rely on running and support play to progress. Both codes handle knock-ons similarly, penalizing forward propulsion of the ball by hand or arm with a scrum to the opposition. Rugby union provides leniency under Law 11.4 for accidental knock-ons when attempting to catch the ball if there was a reasonable chance of possession, potentially allowing play to continue. Rugby league applies stricter enforcement to fumbles, awarding a scrum regardless of recovery.^[52] Both codes permit unlimited lateral passes during a single possession, enabling fluid ball movement without the restrictions of downs systems found in other sports. Tactically, lateral passes are central to advancing the ball through coordinated support running, where players position themselves to receive and distribute the ball quickly to exploit gaps in the defense. In both rugby union and league, they facilitate wide attacks and offloads in contact situations, with an average of 5-10 passes occurring per possession to maintain momentum and stretch the opposition.^[53] This emphasis on frequent laterals stems from the continuous nature of play, with no fixed number of downs, allowing teams to recycle possession through rucks or plays-the-ball until a turnover occurs. The passing system in rugby originated in the mid-19th century and significantly influenced the development of early American football, where initial rules borrowed rugby's backward-passing mechanics before evolving to include forward passes.^[54] Following the 1895 schism that created rugby league from rugby union—primarily over disputes regarding player payments—league rules were modified to promote a faster, more open game, including reductions in player numbers to 13 and the introduction of a limited tackle count, which heightened the reliance on lateral passes for rapid ball distribution and territorial gains.^[55] These changes underscored league's focus on speed and passing efficiency compared to union's more contested, set-piece-oriented style.

Comparisons Across Sports

The lateral pass, as a non-advancing ball distribution mechanic, is largely confined to gridiron football and rugby variants, where rules explicitly permit or require sideways or backward throws to maintain possession without forward progress. In other sports, analogous actions exist but differ in execution and frequency due to varying ball-handling regulations. For instance, Australian rules football employs the "handball," a quick punch pass with the fist to propel the ball sideways or backward to a teammate, serving a similar role in rapid ball movement across the field without throwing. This technique, formalized in the sport's rules since 1911, allows players to evade pressure and redistribute play laterally, though it contrasts with the thrown lateral in football by prohibiting airborne throws to avoid throw-like actions.^[56]^[57] Soccer features side-to-side passes often termed "lateral" when the trajectory aligns nearly parallel to the goal line, primarily to retain possession, reset attacking shape, and allow teammates to make forward runs. These passes are common in elite play, with successful teams averaging over 100 accurate lateral passes per match to build patient attacks, but they lack the strict non-advancement rule of sports laterals, as any pass can contribute to territorial gain if angled forward. In basketball, sideways passes occur routinely for quick ball reversal and court spacing, yet the term "lateral pass" is not standardized; the emphasis remains on direct, goal-oriented advances rather than positional resets, with no equivalent to the risk-laden, non-progressing throw seen in football.^[58]^[59] Beyond sports, the "lateral pass" concept extends metaphorically to business and management, denoting a sideways career move or promotion where an employee shifts to a comparable role without hierarchical advancement, mirroring the lack of territorial gain in athletic contexts. Such moves, while potentially broadening skills or networks, offer no immediate salary or status increase and are advised strategically to reposition for future opportunities, much like a tactical reset on the field. In military tactics, the term appears in operational handbooks for "lateral passes" of command responsibility or unit repositioning, enabling sideways shifts in formation without forward momentum to maintain defensive lines or coordinate maneuvers.^[60]^[61]^[62] Key contrasts highlight the lateral's role: in rugby union and league, it underpins nearly all ball distribution, as forward passes are illegal, forming the core of continuous, team-oriented play across an average of 282 passes per international match. In American football, laterals remain gimmicky and infrequent, prioritized only in trick scenarios due to the emphasis on forward passing and ball control, rendering them underutilized compared to rugby's foundational use. Other sports favor direct advances, minimizing pure laterals to avoid stalling momentum. Culturally, football laterals fuel highlight-reel excitement through their unpredictability and potential for dramatic gains, while rugby's integrate into methodical team builds, emphasizing coordination over spectacle.^[63]^[64]

References

[1]
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/lateral
[2]
NFL Video Rulebook Backward Pass - NFL Football Operations
Sep 15, 2019 · A runner may throw a backward pass at any time (3-21-4). Players of either team may advance after catching a backward pass, or recovering a ...
[3]
A tribute to… the lateral pass - Full10Yards
Apr 4, 2024 · A lateral occurs when a player throws the ball sideways or backwards to a teammate and while only one forward pass may be thrown per down by the offense.
[4]
What are NFL's lateral pass rules and when did it become legal?
Dec 19, 2022 · A lateral pass can hit the ground. That gives the team with a ball a chance to keep a play alive even if one of the laterals reaches the turf.
[5]
LATERAL PASS definition | Cambridge English Dictionary
in football, rugby, and other sports, a pass (= throw) that is made to a player who is standing behind or to the side of the player throwing the ball while ...
[6]
https://www.rugbycoachweekly.net/rugby-drills-and-skills/passing-handling/video-the-lateral-pass
[7]
https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rulebook/#rule8
[8]
[PDF] 2022-nfl-rulebook-final.pdf
Jun 30, 2022 · This edition of the Official Playing Rules of the National Football League contains all current rules governing the playing of professional ...
[9]
What Is a Lateral Pass in Football? Rules & Examples
### Summary: Why Lateral Passes Remain Rare in American Football
[10]
https://operations.nfl.com/the-rules/nfl-rulebook/#rule-8
[11]
Can you pass the ball backwards in the NFL? What famous ... - DAZN
Aug 7, 2025 · NFL teams can legally throw the ball backward, a move known as a lateral, and it follows a different set of rules than a forward pass. DAZN ...
[12]
Forward Pass | NFL Football Operations
When a player is in control of the ball and is attempting to pass it forward, any intentional forward movement of his hand starts a forward pass.
[13]
Passing Through Time, a 1930s Rule Change Started the NFL on its ...
Jul 31, 2018 · The league made provisions to allow a forward pass from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage as opposed to the 5-yard buffer requisite.
[14]
The 1933 Rule Book - Sports Illustrated
May 20, 2014 · The rules have allowed the forward pass in the professional game since 1906. ... rules, the NFL established some of its own for the 1933 season.
[15]
The NFL Couldn't Pass It Up — Football (1933) - InfoPlease
Aug 5, 2020 · Rule: On Feb. 25 the National Football League made forward passes legal from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage. Effect: This meant the ...
[16]
[PDF] 2025 OFFICIAL PLAYING RULES OF THE NATIONAL FOOTBALL ...
RULE 8. FORWARD PASS, BACKWARD PASS, FUMBLE. SECTION 1. FORWARD PASS. ARTICLE 1. DEFINITION. It is a forward pass if: (a) the ball initially moves forward (to a ...
[17]
[PDF] RULES BOOK - Texas Association of Sports Officials
2025 NCAA® FOOTBALL. RULES AND. INTERPRETATIONS. NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ... Part I: Official NCAA Football Rules FR-15. Rule 1—The Game, Field ...
[18]
A backward pass can be ruled forward, but wasn't for Packers
Sep 18, 2017 · It is ruled a forward pass if the quarterback's arm is moving forward, even if the flight of the ball goes backwards.Missing: judgment | Show results with:judgment
[19]
Intentional Grounding - NFL Football Operations
It is a foul for intentional grounding if a passer, facing an imminent loss of yardage because of pressure from the defense, throws a forward pass that is not ...
[20]
NFL Video Rulebook Defensive Pass Interference
Pass interference can only occur when a forward pass is thrown from behind the line of scrimmage, regardless of whether the pass is legal or illegal, or whether ...
[21]
NFL Video Rulebook Illegal Motion - NFL Football Operations
Oct 1, 2018 · If he does not come to a complete stop, it is Illegal Motion. It is also illegal motion if a T-Formation Quarterback goes in motion and ...
[22]
History of Instant Replay - NFL Football Operations
The owners reapproved instant replay for the next season. Barely. The measure got exactly the 21 votes needed to pass (21-7) and was accepted with a few minor ...
[23]
Week 2 remainders: fumbles become incomplete passes
Sep 21, 2014 · When a quarterback's arm is going forward in a passing motion, it counts as a forward pass if a defender hits his arm to make it go backward.Missing: judgment trajectory
[24]
Shotgun Formation: A Game-Changing Setup in American Football
Oct 17, 2025 · Both backs serve as immediate pass protection options or release into routes as additional receivers.
[25]
Spread Offense 101 - Football Plays
The goal of the spread offense is to spread the defense out horizontally, pulling off extra blockers, like the fullback, and putting in extra receivers.
[26]
https://throwdeeppublishing.com/blogs/football-glossary/the-complete-guide-to-offensive-football-formations
[27]
History of the flea flicker | Morgantown Sports | wvnews.com
Nov 11, 2019 · The “flea flicker” is what is consider a trick play in football that has some variations of it but it normally consists of the quarterback handing the ball to ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[28]
Is it hook-and-ladder or hook-and-lateral? | Article | whig.com
Oct 17, 2016 · There is no "hook and ladder" football play. It is a "hook and lateral." The receiver runs a hook pattern, catches the ball and laterals to a trailing teammate.
[29]
Today's Tidbit... Triple Laterals and the Dead Ball Era
Dec 2, 2024 · Few teams have downfield laterals or hook-and-laterals on their play cards today, but those plays abounded in 1935 due to a rule change or two.
[30]
1940 UM-OSU game, Harmo's farewell - Bentley Historical Library
Nov 23, 2024 · They never could figure out whether it was to be a buck by Westfall or a lateral to Harmon for an end run. If the linemen submarined in to stop ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[31]
http://mays.incolor.com/tosssweep.htm
[32]
Toss Sweep (41/49 Pitch)
Play call: 41/49 Pitch. The toss sweep is a staple of the Nebraska power game. Toss sweep may be the simplest and most famous play in the Nebraska playbook.
[33]
Ben Johnson goes into his bag of tricks on fake-flea-flicker play call
Sep 28, 2025 · Ben Johnson goes into his bag of tricks on fake-flea-flicker play call. One week after a flea-flicker touchdown against the Dallas Cowboys, the ...
[34]
49er's reverse flea-flicker screen pass nets 21-yard gain - YouTube
Nov 24, 2024 · Watch live local and primetime games, NFL RedZone, and NFL Network on Plus.NFL.com Check out our other channels: NFL Mundo ...Missing: 2020s RPO
[35]
Fumble Rates by Play Type - Advanced Football Analytics
Jan 23, 2010 · Fumbles occur on 1.67% of all run and pass plays. About half of all fumbles are lost, for an overall rate of 0.83% per play. Fumbles occur on ...
[36]
2025 NFL Rulebook - NFL Football Operations
The game shall be played upon a rectangular field, 360 feet in length and 160 feet in width. The lines at each end of the field are termed End Lines.Rule Changes · Playing Field Details · Order of the Rules
[37]
Effect of Passing Plays on Injury Rates in the National Football League
Dec 1, 2021 · Our study suggests that passing plays confer a greater risk of overall injuries in the NFL when compared with running plays.
[38]
In an ever-changing NFL, what does modern pass defense look like?
Sep 23, 2022 · Studying three separate defensive approaches to determine which defenses are best-equipped to thrive for the rest of 2022.
[39]
How football coaches became the vanguard of American conservatism
Jul 26, 2018 · Coaches have long sacralized the gridiron as the fundament of America, extolling it alongside faith, family and the military as a setting ...
[40]
Evolution of the NFL Rules | NFL Football Operations
a rules change that legendary Bears owner-coach George ...
[41]
What Is Rugby? Rugby vs American Football Rules ... - Topend Sports
The key differences lie in play style and structure. Rugby is continuous, with fewer stoppages and no forward passing allowed, while American football is stop- ...
[42]
Music City Miracle - NFL 100 | NFL.com
The "Music City Miracle" involved a lateral from Wycheck to Dyson for a 75-yard TD, after a 16-15 Bills lead, and the Titans won 22-16.
[43]
The story of Frank Wycheck's legendary lateral, forward pass ...
Dec 11, 2023 · After a booth review of the touchdown, it was determined that Wycheck's pass was in fact lateral, not forward, making it a legal play and the ...
[44]
The Holy Roller - NFL 100 | NFL.com
Stabler, a left-hander known as “Snake,” rapidly backed up to avoid Lowe, who wrapped Stabler up. But slyly, Stabler purposely fumbled the ball forward, where ...Missing: lateral details<|separator|>
[45]
1978: Holy Roller play revises rules - Football Zebras
Sep 10, 2013 · Quarterback Ken Stabler deliberately (according to his own admission and to those who have eyes) fumbled the ball forward, and carnival-like ...Missing: lateral | Show results with:lateral
[46]
Travis Kelce Throws Lateral to Samaje Perine for 20-yards
Oct 7, 2024 · Kansas City Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce hits running back Samaje Perine for 20 yards on lateral play.
[47]
Kelce hits the improvised lateral move to Perine for 20 yards
Oct 7, 2024 · Kansas City Chiefs tight end Travis Kelce hits the improvised lateral move to running back Samaje Perine for 20 yards.
[48]
HIGHLIGHT: Lions pick up 20 yards via lateral-to-shovel pass
Jan 18, 2025 · Detroit Lions offensive coordinator Ben Johnson pulls out a lateral-to-shovel pass that goes from running back David Montgomery to wide receiver Amon-Ra St. ...
[49]
https://www.nfl.com/100/originals/100-greatest/plays-42
[50]
"Miami Miracle" 2018 - NFL 100 | NFL.com
Dolphins QB Ryan Tannehill took the snap and threw a pass over the middle to receiver Kenny Stills, near midfield. Stills lateraled the ball to his right, to ...
[51]
Dolphins 34-33 Patriots (Dec 9, 2018) Final Score - ESPN
Kenyan Drake ran the last 52 yards as the Miami Dolphins scored on a pass and double lateral on the final play Sunday to beat the New England Patriots 34-33.
[52]
Cal beats Stanford as band blocks field | November 20, 1982
The UC Berkeley football team, referred to as Cal, wins an improbable last-second victory over Stanford when they complete five lateral passes around members ...
[53]
Throwback Thursday: The Mississippi Miracle | NCAA.com
Oct 27, 2016 · After the 15th lateral pass, Trinity wide receiver Riley Curry ran the ball in for a touchdown to win the game.
[54]
Miami 30-27 Duke (Oct 31, 2015) Final Score - ESPN
Corn Elder took Miami's eighth lateral of a wild final kickoff return and brought it back 75 yards for a touchdown that gave Miami a 30-27 victory over No. 22 ...
[55]
Football Takes Down Georgetown, 31-3 - Fordham University Athletics
Nov 16, 2024 · The Rams closed out the scoring in the fourth quarter as Trey Bradford picked off a Georgetown pass on the Fordham eleven and returned it to ...<|separator|>
[56]
11 Knock forward or throw forward - World Rugby Passport
11.2 It is a knock forward when a player, in tackling or attempting to tackle an opponent, makes contact with the ball and the ball goes forward. Sanction: ...
[57]
Rules of Rugby League | About USARL
Rugby League has 13 players, 80-minute matches, 6 tackles per possession, and the ball can only travel backwards. The objective is to score more points.There Are Multiple Codes Of... · The Teams · The Offense
[58]
[PDF] RWC 2019 Statistical Report - World Rugby
Jan 26, 2022 · Overall, forwards passed the ball once in every 3.6 possessions and the backs passed the ball every 1.9 possessions. The following tables show ...
[59]
How American Football Grew Out of British Rugby
Jun 5, 2020 · It started in the mid-nineteenth century as a running and kicking game without passing. But its approach to mirroring a mob scene was considered ...
[60]
How Rugby Rules Became Rugby League Rules
Aug 25, 2020 · The line-out was also abolished in 1897 and replaced by a 'punt-out' from touch, but that proved to be even more chaotic than the line-out, so a ...
[61]
The history of the handball, and how it changed Australian rules ...
Apr 16, 2025 · Instead of the ball resting on the hand like players of yesteryear, players are taught to "palm" or firmly grip the ball to increase the range ...
[62]
Footy FAQ: The Rules of Australian Football - AFANA
Apr 21, 2025 · The handball was formally defined in 1911 as a strike with one hand while the other held the ball, though interpretations varied, allowing flick ...
[63]
Key Performance Indicators Predictive of Success in Soccer - NIH
Jun 17, 2024 · Lateral passes accurate, 134.66 ± 50.74, 116.73 ± 50.24, 108.43 ± 41.37 ... Match outcome vs match status and frequency of selected technical ...
[64]
The Validity and Reliability of Live Football Match Statistics From ...
Lateral pass. The lateral pass to the left or right (the angle between pass direction and the parallel of goal line ≤15°). Diagonal pass. The pass with the ...
[65]
6 Times Lateral Career Moves Can Push You Forward - Ivy Exec
Aug 1, 2022 · When a quarterback throws a lateral pass, it's one that goes laterally sideways or even backward a bit. It may seem counterintuitive since the ...Missing: metaphor | Show results with:metaphor
[66]
Making Sure Your Lateral Move Pays Off | Dice.com Career Advice
Feb 2, 2017 · ” For the employee, the value of a lateral move usually reveals itself in the long run. ... '” Just as in football, “a lateral pass often leads to ...Missing: advancement | Show results with:advancement
[67]
FM 71-123 Chptr 6 Other Tactical Operations - GlobalSecurity.org
Either can make contact for a lateral pass, although it is recommended that the commander/S3 accomplish the coordination. PP. The stationary unit assigns ...
[68]
A Multidisciplinary Analysis of the Rugby Union Pass
There is an average of 282 passes in an international Rugby match, with 47% of passes made by the halfback. This study uses a multidisciplinary approach to ...
[69]
None
Nothing is retrieved...<|separator|>