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Sack

A sack is a large bag, typically constructed from coarse woven cloth, paper, or other durable materials, used for storing and transporting bulk goods such as grain, flour, animal feed, potatoes, coal, or cement.^[1] These bags vary in size but are generally designed for heavy loads, often featuring simple construction with open tops or drawstrings for easy filling and emptying.^[2] The term "sack" originates from Old English sacc, meaning a bag or sackcloth, borrowed from Latin saccus (a large bag), which traces back to Greek sakkos and Semitic roots like Hebrew saq (sackcloth), reflecting its ancient utility in trade and daily life.^[3] Historically, sacks have played a central role in agriculture, commerce, and industry since antiquity, evolving from rudimentary cloth containers in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt to standardized products during the Industrial Revolution.^[3] By the mid-19th century, the invention of sewing machines enabled mass production of cloth feed sacks, which were widely used in the United States for packaging flour, sugar, and livestock feed; during economic hardships like the Great Depression and World War II, these sacks were repurposed by households into clothing, quilts, and household linens due to fabric shortages.^[4] Paper sacks emerged in the 18th century, with the first automated manufacturing machine patented in 1852 by American inventor Francis Wolle, revolutionizing packaging for lighter goods and reducing reliance on wooden barrels.^[5] Beyond its literal meaning, "sack" has extended usages in language and culture. As a verb, it denotes the plundering of a captured city or town, a practice termed "sacking," which arose in the 16th century from the French mettre à sac (to put to sack), alluding to soldiers filling bags with stolen valuables during conquests, as seen in historical events like the Sack of Rome in 410 CE.^[3] In employment contexts, especially in British English, "to get the sack" means to be fired or dismissed, with origins possibly in 19th-century practices where workers carried their tools home in a personal sack upon termination, first attested around 1841.^[3] Furthermore, "sack" refers to a dry, fortified white wine imported from Spain and the Canary Islands starting in the 16th century, derived from the Spanish saca (export or drawing out), a term popularized in English literature like Shakespeare's works.^[6]

Containers

Definition and Materials

A sack is a simple, flexible container, typically rectangular or cylindrical in shape, designed for transporting or storing bulk goods such as grains, produce, or industrial materials. Unlike more structured or decorative bags, a sack emphasizes utilitarian functionality, lacking rigid framing and often featuring an open top or simple closure like a drawstring or tie. This design allows it to conform to its contents, making it ideal for loose or granular items.^[2] The term "sack" originates from Old English sacc, borrowed from Latin saccus (meaning "large bag"), which traces back to Greek sakkos and ultimately Semitic roots denoting a coarse cloth bag. Early forms of sacks evolved around 3000 BCE in ancient Mesopotamia, where woven reed or fiber containers were used for grain storage and transport, as evidenced by artifacts from sites like Ur.^[3]^[7] Historically, sacks were crafted from natural, durable materials including animal hides, woven reeds, grasses, or early fabrics derived from plant fibers. In modern production, common materials include coarse woven fabrics such as burlap (also known as hessian, made from jute), cotton, or synthetic polypropylene for strength and weather resistance; paper variants are used for lighter grocery or cement applications, while plastic films serve industrial needs. These materials prioritize breathability, tear resistance, and cost-effectiveness to handle heavy loads without degradation.^[8]^[9] Standard sack dimensions vary by region and purpose, but agricultural types often hold 100-140 liters, equivalent to a U.S. standard sack of about 105 liters based on three bushels. Weight capacities for heavy-duty sacks typically range from 50 to 100 kg, accommodating bulk commodities like rice or fertilizer while ensuring safe handling and stacking.^[10]^[11]

Historical and Modern Uses

Sacks have played a pivotal role in historical trade and storage, particularly in ancient civilizations. In ancient Egypt, tomb depictions from sites such as Gebelein during the First Intermediate Period (c. 22nd-21st century BCE) illustrate the transport of grain in sacks along the Nile River, facilitating the movement of agricultural surpluses essential for economic stability and monumental projects.^[12] During the medieval period in Europe, sacks were commonly used to transport salt along trade routes, with salt peddlers carrying loads in coarse cloth sacks to support regional commerce and preservation needs.^[13] In the transatlantic slave trade era, sacks stored commodities like cotton produced through enslaved labor, enabling the export of raw materials from American plantations to European markets.^[14] By the 19th century in the American West, pioneers relied on canvas sacks for provisions such as flour during wagon treks, while miners used them to haul ore from sites like those in Idaho Territory.^[15]^[16] In the 20th century, sacks adapted to socioeconomic challenges, exemplified by the repurposing of printed cotton flour sacks into dresses during the Great Depression in the 1930s United States, where families sewed garments from the fabric to conserve resources amid widespread poverty.^[17] Today, sacks remain integral to agriculture, with burlap or gunny varieties used to transport potatoes and coffee beans, protecting crops during harvest and shipping while allowing breathability to prevent spoilage. In construction, sandbags filled with earth or sand form temporary barriers for flood control, as recommended by agencies like FEMA for emergency protection against water intrusion.^[18] Retail applications include paper or reusable sacks for groceries, though single-use plastic versions have declined due to environmental concerns over marine pollution and landfill waste, prompting shifts toward alternatives.^[19] The economic significance of sacks persists in global trade, where jute-based varieties facilitate the handling of bulk goods like grains and fertilizers; the jute industry, centered in India and Bangladesh, supported global production of approximately 3 million metric tons as of FY23, with India exporting 177,270 metric tons of jute goods that year.^[20] Additionally, sacks are increasingly recycled and upcycled into clothing, bags, and art installations, reducing waste and promoting sustainability in creative industries.^[21]

Plunder and Looting

Etymology and Concept

The term "sack" in the context of plunder and looting originates from the Middle French phrase mettre à sac, meaning "to put to sack," which referred to the act of filling bags with stolen goods during military campaigns.^[3] This expression entered English in the 16th century, specifically around the 1540s, through military terminology associated with the Italian Wars, where it described the systematic pillaging of captured territories.^[3] The word draws directly from the earlier meaning of "sack" as a large bag or container, evoking the image of soldiers loading loot into sacks for transport.^[2] Conceptually, a sack represents the organized devastation of a captured city or town, encompassing not only the seizure of valuables but also widespread arson, violence against non-combatants, and the disruption of civilian life, distinguishing it from simple military occupation by its focus on troops' personal gain as a reward for siege efforts. Historically, this practice was permitted as a customary right under the laws of war following the storming of a defended town, often justified under the right of conquest, though just war theory increasingly sought to constrain such devastation.^[22] In literature, the sack symbolizes unchecked barbarism, as vividly depicted in Virgil's Aeneid, where the fall of Troy illustrates the horrors of looting and slaughter following a city's breach. In modern international law, sacking is unequivocally condemned as a war crime, with the Geneva Conventions explicitly prohibiting pillage in all forms, including the appropriation of private or public property during armed conflict. Article 33 of the Fourth Geneva Convention states that "pillage is prohibited," extending protections to civilians and their possessions, a principle reinforced by customary international humanitarian law to prevent the systematic enrichment through destruction.^[23] This shift marks a departure from earlier justifications, emphasizing ethical constraints on warfare over historical norms of conquest.^[24]

Notable Historical Events

One of the earliest legendary instances of a sack, the destruction of Troy around 1180 BCE, is depicted in ancient Greek mythology as the culmination of the Trojan War, where Greek forces breached the city's walls using a wooden horse ruse, leading to widespread plunder, slaughter, and the city's fiery ruin. Archaeological evidence from Troy VIIa supports a violent end through conflagration and unburied human remains, suggesting a real historical event that inspired Homeric epics, though the attackers' identity remains debated.^[25] In contrast, the fall of Babylon to Cyrus the Great in October 539 BCE represented a relatively bloodless conquest rather than a destructive sack, as Persian forces diverted the Euphrates River to enter the city undetected during a festival, allowing Cyrus to capture it with minimal resistance and subsequently restore temples and permit the return of exiles. This event marked the end of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and the rise of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, emphasizing strategic takeover over pillage.^[26] During the Fourth Crusade, Constantinople faced a brutal sack in April 1204, when Latin Christian forces, originally bound for the Holy Land, diverted to the Byzantine capital, breaching its defenses and subjecting the city to three days of unchecked looting, rape, and massacre of inhabitants, including civilians in churches. The plunder included invaluable relics and treasures, with chroniclers estimating thousands dead and the city economically crippled, ultimately leading to the establishment of the short-lived Latin Empire and a permanent weakening of Byzantine power.^[27] The Sack of Rome in 1527 epitomized Renaissance-era devastation, as mutinous troops of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V—comprising around 20,000 German Landsknechts, Spanish soldiers, and Italians—breached the walls on May 6, overwhelming papal defenses and pillaging the city for over a month until Pope Clement VII's surrender on June 6. An estimated 6,000 to 12,000 residents perished amid indiscriminate killings, with 147 Swiss Guards dying heroically while protecting the pope's escape to Castel Sant'Angelo; the occupation lingered into early 1528, exacerbating famine and disease that halved Rome's population from 55,000. This event shattered the High Renaissance's cultural zenith, displacing artists and scholars while accelerating the Counter-Reformation's emphasis on doctrinal art over classical humanism.^[28] In the Thirty Years' War, the Sack of Magdeburg on May 20, 1631, stood as one of Europe's most infamous atrocities, when Imperial forces under Count Tilly stormed the Protestant stronghold after a prolonged siege, igniting fires that consumed the city and enabling soldiers from diverse nationalities to massacre civilians in a rampage lasting days. Of Magdeburg's 30,000 inhabitants, approximately 20,000 were killed through slaughter, burning, or starvation, with irreplaceable libraries, artworks, and buildings lost, galvanizing Protestant resistance and symbolizing the war's religious ferocity.^[29] Twentieth-century warfare saw traditional sacks curtailed by international conventions like the Hague rules, yet echoes persisted in systematic lootings such as the Nazis' theft of over five million cultural objects across Europe from 1933 to 1945, targeting Jewish collections and "degenerate" art to fund the regime and affirm Aryan supremacy. This plunder, orchestrated through entities like the Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg, devastated private and public holdings in occupied nations, with postwar restitution efforts recovering only a fraction while underscoring the enduring trauma of cultural erasure.^[30]

Sports and Games

American Football Tackle

In American football, a sack is a defensive statistic awarded when a player tackles the quarterback (or another player attempting a pass) behind the line of scrimmage before a forward pass can be thrown, resulting in a loss of yardage for the offense, typically 5 to 10 yards depending on the distance from the line.^[31]^[32] This play counts as a tackle for loss, effectively moving the ball backward and often stalling offensive momentum by shortening the potential gain on the down or forcing a punt. The quarterback may avoid a sack by releasing the pass, scrambling for positive yardage, or going out of bounds, but intentional grounding rules prevent improper avoidance attempts.^[33] The National Football League (NFL) began officially recording sack statistics in the 1982 season to quantify this critical defensive contribution, with prior plays retroactively estimated where possible.^[34] Sacks originated as a term popularized in the 1960s by Hall of Fame defensive end Deacon Jones, who likened the forceful takedown to "sacking" a city in historical plunder, capturing the play's disruptive aggression.^[35] By interrupting the passing game, sacks alter offensive strategies, increase third-down difficulty, and can lead to turnovers, making them a cornerstone of pass-rush defenses. However, excessive force in executing sacks draws penalties; for instance, the horse-collar tackle—grabbing the back collar of an opponent's jersey or shoulder pads to pull them downward—was banned league-wide in 2005 following votes by NFL owners to prioritize player safety amid rising injury concerns.^[36] Bruce Smith holds the NFL's all-time sack record with 200, amassed over 19 seasons primarily with the Buffalo Bills from 1985 to 2003.^[37] In modern play, NFL teams average approximately 1 to 2 sacks per game, underscoring the statistic's role in evaluating defensive line performance and game control.^[38]

Sack Race and Footbag

The sack race is a traditional children's game in which participants insert both legs into a large burlap or potato sack, typically reaching from the feet to the waist, and hop or jump toward a finish line while keeping their feet inside the sack.^[39] Originating as a popular rustic pastime in England by the late 18th century, it was documented in Joseph Strutt's Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (1801) as "sack running," where competitors were confined in sacks to race for amusement at fairs and community events.^[39] By the 19th century, the game had become a staple of British sports days and village fairs, emphasizing balance, coordination, and lighthearted competition among participants of all ages.^[40] In the United States, sack races gained widespread popularity in the early 1900s, particularly in schoolyards and rural settings, where they were adapted from farm activities using readily available potato sacks.^[41] Historical photographs from events like the 1909 Kentfield May Day Celebration in California illustrate its integration into community gatherings.^[42] Culturally, sack races hold enduring significance as a symbol of simple, inclusive fun at picnics, family reunions, and school sports days, fostering teamwork and physical activity without the need for specialized equipment.^[43] They promote aerobic exercise and hand-eye coordination while encouraging laughter through inevitable stumbles, making them a timeless feature of outdoor leisure across generations.^[44] In modern iterations, safety adaptations include using durable, hole-free sacks; clearing the racecourse of obstacles; maintaining short distances (e.g., 10-20 meters for children); and requiring adult supervision to prevent tripping injuries, with participants encouraged to hop steadily rather than run.^[45] These measures ensure the game's accessibility and low-risk nature, distinguishing it from more intense athletic pursuits. Footbag, commonly known as Hacky Sack, is a recreational sport invented in 1972 by John Stalberger and Mike Marshall in Oregon, USA, as a knee rehabilitation exercise that evolved into a full-fledged game.^[46] Players use their feet to kick a small, beanbag-like sack—typically weighing 40-65 grams and measuring about 5-6 cm in diameter—keeping it airborne without using hands, often in solo or group settings.^[47] The original design featured 32 crocheted or sewn panels of leather or synthetic suede, filled with plastic pellets, sand, or metal for optimal flight and control, allowing for precise stalls and kicks.^[47] Variants include freestyle footbag, where individuals perform acrobatic tricks and routines emphasizing dexterity and creativity, and circle play, in which 3-10 participants stand in a loose ring, passing the footbag through continuous volleys to maximize sequence length.^[48] Hacky Sack emerged within 1970s counterculture circles, particularly among hippies and college students, as a non-competitive, communal activity that embodied free-spirited expression and social bonding, often played barefoot in parks or at festivals.^[49] Its cultural impact persists in modern wellness and outdoor recreation trends, with world records highlighting endurance feats, such as the doubles consecutive kicks mark of 132,011 achieved by Gary Lautt and Tricia George in 1998.^[50] This cooperative ethos, combined with its portability and minimal setup, has sustained footbag's appeal as a meditative and skill-building pursuit across global communities.

Clothing and Fashion

Sack Dress

The sack dress emerged as a pivotal innovation in mid-20th-century fashion, characterized by its loose, unstructured silhouette that fell straight from the shoulders to the hem without defining the waist. Introduced by renowned Spanish couturier Cristóbal Balenciaga in his 1957 haute couture collection, the garment—also referred to as the chemise or sack silhouette—marked a bold rejection of the cinched waists and full skirts popularized by Christian Dior's 1947 New Look. Typically crafted from wool with a silk lining, it featured practical elements such as a round neckline, diagonal inset pockets at waist level, three-quarter-length sleeves integrated with a yoke for subtle adjustability, and a center back zipper for ease of wear. This design hung suspended like an envelope over the body, prioritizing volume and fluidity over form-fitting contours.^[51]^[52]^[53] The sack dress reflected broader post-World War II shifts toward casual, comfortable women's attire, aligning with evolving social attitudes that favored practicality over ornate restriction in daily life. Balenciaga drew partial inspiration from the loose, draped looseness of the Japanese kimono, evident in variations with wide, stand-away collars and soft gathers at the neckline and shoulders. The style gained prominence through its adoption by cultural icons, including actress Audrey Hepburn, who wore analogous sack-line dresses by Hubert de Givenchy in the late 1950s, amplifying its visibility in films and public appearances. Balenciaga's 1957–1958 iterations, often in wool crepe, exemplified this trend, with the design's simplicity allowing for versatile day-to-evening transitions.^[53]^[54]^[55] A key variation, the trapeze dress, appeared in Balenciaga's 1958 collections as a shorter, more dynamic evolution of the sack, flaring outward from the shoulders in a triangular shape for added movement and playfulness. Despite its innovation, the sack dress provoked cultural debate, derided by critics as "shapeless" for obscuring the female figure and challenging traditional ideals of feminine elegance. Yet, it was simultaneously celebrated as liberating, freeing women from the corseted constraints of prior decades and promoting comfort in an era of increasing gender role fluidity.^[56]^[57] By the early 1960s, the sack dress waned in favor as miniskirts and body-skimming shifts rose to dominance, driven by youth culture and designers like Mary Quant who emphasized shorter, more revealing hemlines. Nonetheless, its influence endured, paving the way for the unstructured lines that defined mod fashion and beyond.^[58] The sack coat emerged in the mid-19th century as a loose-fitting, single-breasted frock coat designed for everyday informal wear, serving as a practical alternative to the more structured and fitted tailcoats prevalent in formal attire. Introduced in the United States during the 1850s, it featured a straight hemline that fell to the hips, minimal tailoring with no waist seam or back darts, and a relaxed silhouette that prioritized comfort over the rigid shaping of European styles. This garment originated from French influences, where it was known as the "sacque" coat for its sack-like drape, and quickly gained traction in America as industrial manufacturing made it accessible for the growing middle class.^[59]^[60]^[61] Closely related to the sack coat, the sack suit developed as an unstructured business ensemble in the late 1880s, consisting of a matching jacket, trousers, and often a vest, which laid the groundwork for contemporary men's suits by emphasizing simplicity and mass producibility. Unlike the more contoured European lounging suits, which retained some waist suppression and fuller cuts for a polished appearance, the American sack suit was distinguished by its straight-hanging lines and informality, reflecting a cultural preference for egalitarian, no-fuss dressing suitable for diverse body types. Brooks Brothers played a pivotal role in its popularization during the 1890s and early 1900s, introducing their iconic No. 1 Sack Suit in the 1910s as a ready-to-wear staple in wool flannel or serge, which became synonymous with American professional attire.^[62]^[61]^[63] The sack suit reached its zenith during the Gilded Age (roughly 1870–1900), when it symbolized rising industrial prosperity and was commonly crafted from durable materials like wool or tweed for year-round versatility. By the 1920s, its influence extended into casual adaptations, evolving into unstructured blazers favored in Ivy League circles for their natural shoulder line and three-roll-two button stance, which promoted a relaxed yet refined aesthetic that persisted into mid-20th-century menswear. This progression paralleled the looseness seen in contemporaneous women's sack dresses, though the men's version maintained a focus on tailored outerwear functionality.^[64]^[65]^[66]

Other Meanings

Dismissal from Employment

In employment contexts, "sack" serves as informal slang, primarily in British and American English, for the abrupt termination of a job, often phrased as "to get the sack" or "to give someone the sack." This expression conveys the suddenness of dismissal, evoking the image of an employee being handed their personal belongings bundled in a sack to leave immediately.^[67] It is commonly used in everyday language and media, such as reports of a sports team owner who "sacked the coach" after a poor season, highlighting its versatility beyond formal business settings.^[68] The etymology of "sack" in this sense traces to early 19th-century practices among tradesmen and journeymen, who carried their own tools in a personal sack or bag while working; upon dismissal, they would retrieve and depart with it, symbolizing the end of employment.^[67] This usage first appears in English records around 1825, as in Charles Westmacott's The English Spy, where a character warns of getting "the zack" for indiscretion.^[67] An alternative theory links it to 17th-century French slang, "se faire mettre à sac" (to be put in a sack), possibly referring to receiving final pay in a bag, though the tool-sack explanation is more widely accepted for the English variant.^[68] Earlier parallels exist with "bag" or "canvas" in phrases like "to give the bag," attested as far back as 1592.^[68] Culturally, the term underscores the precarious nature of work, particularly in at-will employment systems like the United States, where employers can terminate staff without cause, contrasting with unionized or protected roles requiring documented justification for dismissal. In the U.S., the Bureau of Labor Statistics' Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) reports that layoffs and discharges—encompassing firings—have averaged a monthly rate of about 1.2% in the early 2020s, affecting roughly 1.6 million workers per month and contributing to an annual involuntary turnover impacting over 10% of the workforce when scaled.^[69] This reflects broader economic dynamics, where such terminations often tie back to the bundled-possessions imagery of the sack.^[67]

Musical Instrument (Sackbut)

The sackbut is a historical brass wind instrument that served as the primary predecessor to the modern trombone during the Renaissance and early Baroque periods, characterized by its telescoping slide mechanism that allows for variable pitch control through extension and retraction.^[70] Unlike fixed-pitch brass instruments, the sackbut's slide enables smooth glissandi and precise intonation, producing a mellow, vocal-like tone suitable for blending with voices and other instruments.^[71] The name "sackbut" derives from the Old French "saqueboute," a combination of "sacquer" (to pull) and "bouter" (to push), directly describing the instrument's operational motion; despite a phonetic resemblance to the English word "sack," it bears no etymological relation to bags or sacks.^[72] In design, the sackbut features a predominantly conical bore, a narrower diameter (approximately 10 mm) than the modern trombone, and a smaller, less flared bell (under 10.5 cm), which contributes to its softer, more restrained sound compared to later developments.^[70] Constructed primarily from thin brass sheet metal, it lacks modern features such as thumb valves, tuning slides, or water keys, relying instead on interchangeable crooks and shanks for pitch adjustment.^[73] The slide mechanism typically spans four diatonic positions for basic operation, though skilled players could achieve chromatic notes through lipping techniques, with the tenor variant offering a range of nearly three octaves.^[71] Variants include the alto sackbut (pitched in D or E, higher and brighter), the most common tenor (in A, versatile for ensemble work), the bass (in E or D, deeper and requiring a slide handle for extension up to about 2 meters), and rarer forms like the soprano or double bass (an octave below the tenor).^[72] The sackbut played a central role in European music from the 15th to the 17th centuries, integral to both sacred and civic ensembles where it provided harmonic support and contrapuntal lines.^[70] In sacred contexts, it accompanied vocal polyphony in churches, such as at Venice's St. Mark's Basilica, appearing in works by composers like Josquin des Prez and Giovanni Gabrieli; in civic settings, it featured in outdoor bands (e.g., Stadtpfeifer or waits guilds) for ceremonial fanfares and processions.^[73] It often paired with cornetts in alta cappella groups for balanced timbre and was employed in early operas, including Claudio Monteverdi's Vespro della Beata Vergine (1610) and stage works.^[72] By the late 17th century, the sackbut began to decline in favor of the evolving modern trombone with its wider bore and greater projection, largely fading from use by the 1700s except in isolated sacred traditions in Austria and Germany.^[70] Invented around 1450 in the Flanders region of northern Europe, the sackbut quickly spread across the continent, with its earliest documented uses in German and Italian ensembles by the mid-15th century.^[73] Modern revivals emerged in the 20th century through the early music movement, with period instrument makers reproducing authentic designs since the 1960s, and groups like Hespèrion XX (founded in 1974 by Jordi Savall) incorporating sackbuts into performances of Renaissance and Baroque repertoire to recreate historical sonorities.^[71]

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May 24, 2005 · WASHINGTON (May 24, 2005) -- NFL owners eliminated the horse-collar tackle, then maintained the suspense for at least one more day regarding ...
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NFL All-Time Sacks Leaders - National Football League - ESPN
Bruce Smith leads with 200 sacks, followed by Reggie White (198), Kevin Greene (160), Julius Peppers (159.5), and Chris Doleman (150.5).
[39]
NFL Football Stats - NFL Team Sacks per Game | TeamRankings.com
The stats on this page exclude preseason games, but include data from all other games, including the regular season and postseason.
[40]
Sack racing - Oxford Reference
Joseph Strutt's Sports and Pastimes of the People of England (1801) identified sack running as a popular rustic pastime: 'that is, men tied up in sacks, every ...
[41]
The Manchester Milers 1850-1870 | Playing Pasts
May 15, 2020 · Popular activities included field sports, such as mob-football and steeple chasing, traditional festival games such as sack races, archery and running contests.
[42]
https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/13030/kt1z09q75f/
[43]
Potato sack race, Kentfield May Day Celebration, 1909 [photograph]
Depicts spectators and participants in the sack races at the Tamalpais Centre, Kentfield, California. May Day, 1909, marked the opening of the Tamalpais Centre, ...
[44]
The Fascinating History of Picnics in the US - Picnic People
Corporate picnics began as BBQ events in public parks, featuring food and socializing. Competitive games like the potato sack race, water balloon toss, and ...
[45]
What is a Sack Race? - Twinkl
They are a great form of aerobic exercise. · You can easily differentiate by changing the length of the race. · They require children to work on their hand-eye ...
[46]
Official Potato Sack Race Rules - Official Game Rules
Safety Tips: · Use burlap sacks in good condition with no holes or tears. · Ensure the racecourse is clear and free of tripping hazards. · Encourage players to hop ...Missing: modern | Show results with:modern
[47]
The History of Hacky Sack - ThoughtCo
May 5, 2019 · Mike Marshall and John Stalberger invented hacky sack (footbag) in the early 1970s as a way for Stalberger to rehab from a knee injury.
[48]
How footbag is made - material, history, used, parts, product ...
The footbag is turned inside out. About 1.1-1.8 oz (32-50 g) of plastic pellets (or other filling material) is measured and inserted by hand through the space ...Missing: grams | Show results with:grams
[49]
https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-09-18-ls-47238-story.html
[50]
The Goodwill Game : You can't win at Hacky Sack - Los Angeles Times
Sep 18, 1995 · Even though it had not been invented in the '60s, Hacky Sack borrows from hippie culture: Many people play barefoot, which is more difficult; ...Missing: significance | Show results with:significance
[51]
Most consecutive footbag kicks - doubles - Guinness World Records
The doubles record is 132,011 consecutive kicks by Gary Lautt and Tricia George (both USA), at Chico, California, USA on March 21, 1998.
[52]
Dress | Cristóbal Balenciaga | V&A Explore The Collections
Feb 14, 2005 · This 1957-58 Balenciaga 'sack' dress, made of wool with silk lining, has a round neckline, diagonal pockets, and a straight line, hanging from ...
[53]
Cristóbal Balenciaga's Signature Looks - L'Officiel
Jan 18, 2024 · The Sack Dress. A model in a loose dress that tightens at the ... In 1957, Balenciaga introduced the baby doll dress, a look that has ...
[54]
House of Balenciaga - Dress - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
While still structured, but floating over the body, the fluid effect of the chemise became in Balenciaga's exaggeration the sack dress, forsaking the waist and ...Missing: trapeze variation
[55]
1950-1959 | Fashion History Timeline
Balenciaga shows the sack dress, an early stylistic move toward looser-fitting garments, which appear in the late 1950s and 60s, and include cocoon coats and ...
[56]
Hubert de Givenchy: Parisian Chic - Fabrics-Stores Blog
Jan 23, 2020 · ... Audrey Hepburn in a Givenchy “Sack Dress”. In 1953, an appointment was made at Givenchy's fashion house with a Ms. Hepburn. Expecting the ...Missing: films | Show results with:films
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https://euppublishing.com/doi/full/10.3366/cost.2024.0307
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https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/the-miniskirt-myth
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https://fashionhistory.fitnyc.edu/1850-1859/
[60]
1850-1859 | Fashion History Timeline
For casual or sporting events, the sack or lounge jacket was a new choice, introduced in the 1840s.
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https://www.keikari.com/english/a-history-of-the-sack-cut/
[62]
A history of the sack cut - Keikari.com
Aug 28, 2014 · The sack cut, you see, is one of the oldest forms of the suit, which enabled industrial clothing manufacture and dressing the American nation ...Missing: United States
[63]
History Of The Suit: The Evolution Of Menswear From 1800 To Today
Mar 12, 2020 · Another example of this rebellion, maybe so in a more subtle way, was the Ivy League style which was epitomized by the sack suit style jacket.
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https://www.acontinuouslean.com/2008/03/04/classic-american-style/
[65]
The Debate | Classic American Style - A Continuous Lean.
Mar 4, 2008 · Sack suits first gained popularity among Ivy League students in the 1920s but remained an insider style until after World War II and a fashion ...
[66]
Brooks Brothers - The History Of An American Haberdashery
Jan 5, 2020 · In 1870, the company was the first to introduce seersucker suits, but they wouldn't really see popularity for another 30 years or so. Also, ...Missing: 1890s | Show results with:1890s
[67]
The Evolution of the American Sack Suit: A Thread on Men's ...
May 25, 2024 · Sometime around the turn of the 20th century, Brooks Brothers debuted their No. 1 Sack Suit. At this time, the suit was just starting to pick up ...Missing: origins 1890s
[68]
Get The Sack - Meaning & Origin Of The Phrase
This phrase is an allusion to tradesmen, who owned their own tools and took them with them in a bag or sack when they were dismissed from employment.
[69]
origin of 'to sack' (to dismiss from employment) - word histories
Jul 14, 2016 · The verb to sack is from to give the sack, to dismiss from employment, and to get the sack, to receive one's dismissal. Earlier versions used ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[70]
Job Openings and Labor Turnover Summary - 2025 M08 Results
Sep 30, 2025 · The number of layoffs and discharges in August was little changed at 1.7 million and the rate remained unchanged at 1.1 percent. Layoffs and ...JOLTS technical note · Table A. Job openings, hires... · Table 5. Layoffs and...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[71]
[PDF] 6 'Sackbut': the early trombone - - RCM Research Online
Oct 26, 2020 · Another slide instrument was being used in England at the end of the seventeenth century. This, thecflatt trumpet', is one of a number of brass.
[72]
Sackbut: A Genius Design - Chicago - Bach + Beethoven Experience
Sep 5, 2017 · The early trombone (also called a sackbut) has remained relatively unchanged since it was invented in the 15th century.
[73]
Sackbut - Organology: Musical Instruments Encyclopedia
During the Renaissance period, the sackbut played a crucial role in both secular and sacred music. It was commonly used in ensembles, alongside other wind ...
[74]
Sackbut (Renaissance) – Early Music Instrument Database
The sackbut has changed perhaps the least of any instrument in common use today. Its earliest ensemble use seems to have been as a regular member of the shawm ...Missing: musical design variants scholarly sources