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Letterlocking

Letterlocking is the practice of folding, cutting, tucking, and sealing a writing substrate—such as a single sheet of paper—into a secure, self-contained packet that functions as its own envelope, providing tamper-evident protection for private correspondence without relying on separate enclosures. This analog security method, distinct from origami or modern envelopes, encompasses a diverse array of techniques developed over millennia to safeguard messages from unauthorized access, serving as an early form of encryption in epistolary communication.^[1]^[2] Originating as part of a 10,000-year tradition of document security across cultures, letterlocking gained prominence in early modern Europe between 1500 and 1700, coinciding with a boom in letter-writing facilitated by the widespread availability of paper. Techniques varied by region, social status, and purpose, ranging from simple folds for everyday merchants and soldiers to elaborate designs that signaled prestige or urgency, often incorporating sealing wax, threads, or adhesives for added security. Notable examples include the spiral lock, a highly complex method involving slits and threading that spirals around the letter for robust tamper resistance, employed by figures such as Queen Elizabeth I in a 1573 diplomatic missive to Henri III of France.^[3]^[1]^[2] In 18th-century France, royal correspondents like Marie Antoinette refined removable lock variants, which used dagger-shaped paper tabs inserted through slits and secured with red adhesive, allowing for non-destructive opening while maintaining high security through layered seals. The Brienne Collection, a 17th-century archive of over 2,600 undelivered letters held at the French National Archives, preserves around 600 unopened examples, offering invaluable insights into everyday letterlocking practices among ordinary people. These historical artifacts demonstrate how letterlocking not only protected sensitive information—such as espionage, personal affairs, or state secrets—but also conveyed social and cultural nuances through decorative or personalized formats.^[4]^[2] Contemporary scholarship, led by initiatives like the Unlocking History Research Group at MIT Libraries and King's College London, has revitalized interest in letterlocking through virtual unfolding techniques and the creation of historical simulacra (replicas). A key output is the 2025 book Letterlocking: The Hidden History of the Letter by Jana Dambrogio and Daniel Starza Smith (MIT Press).^[5] This work highlights parallels to modern cybersecurity, such as tamper-evident protocols and privacy engineering, while cataloging over 250,000 letters to decode the "hidden history" of pre-envelope communication. Ongoing projects continue to explore global variants, from Ottoman Tunisian methods to Japanese feudal designs, underscoring letterlocking's enduring legacy as a foundational technology of secure messaging.^[1]^[2]

History

Origins and Early Use

Letterlocking refers to the practice of folding a written message on paper, parchment, or similar substrates into a self-contained, secure packet that functions as its own envelope, thereby protecting the contents without relying on separate enclosures or modern adhesives. This method emerged in Western Europe during the 13th century, aligning with the increasing availability of flexible writing paper, which allowed for intricate folding techniques to ensure privacy and tamper resistance. Evidence from the 13th century is scarce, with more abundant examples surviving from the 15th century onward.^[6]^[7] The earliest evidence of letterlocking appears in 13th-century manuscripts from Italy and France, where simple folding and sealing methods were employed to secure correspondence. These include folded missives from the Crusades era, which demonstrate early attempts to safeguard sensitive diplomatic and military communications during long-distance travel. Such practices were essential in an era when letters were carried by unreliable couriers, and any breach in security could compromise vital information.^[6]^[1] Precursors to letterlocking can be traced to ancient cultures, where similar security measures were used for documents. In ancient Rome, tabellae—wax-coated wooden tablets—were folded, tied with string, and sealed with wax to send messages, including love letters, providing a foundational model for protecting written content. These early methods laid the groundwork for the more refined paper-based techniques that developed in medieval Europe.^[1] The primary motivations for these initial forms of letterlocking were to prevent unauthorized access and detect tampering during transit, as letters often passed through multiple hands without guaranteed privacy. Without adhesives or envelopes, senders relied on folds, slits, and seals to create tamper-evident packets, emphasizing security in a time when espionage and interception posed significant risks to personal, political, and commercial correspondence.^[7]^[8]

Evolution Through Centuries

Letterlocking expanded significantly during the 15th and 16th centuries alongside the burgeoning culture of personal correspondence in the Renaissance, driven by humanist ideals that emphasized intellectual exchange and the growing literacy among Europe's educated classes. As postal networks developed and the volume of private letters increased, letterlocking techniques evolved to meet the demand for secure communication, transforming simple folds into more intricate methods to protect sensitive content from unauthorized access.^[9]^[10] A notable example from this era is the use of the spiral lock by Mary Queen of Scots in her correspondence during her imprisonment from 1567 to 1587, such as her final letter to Henri III in 1587, where the paper was folded into a spiral shape secured by a wax seal to deter tampering amid intense political surveillance.^[11] In the 17th century, amid heightened political intrigue such as the English Civil War (1642–1651), letterlocking innovations proliferated to conceal diplomatic secrets and espionage messages, with techniques like interlocking slits and threads becoming common among courtiers and spies to safeguard information in an era of civil unrest and royalist-parliamentarian conflicts.^[9] However, by the 19th century, letterlocking began to decline with the advent of adhesive envelopes, patented as a steam-driven folding machine in 1845 by Edwin Hill and Warren de la Rue, which enabled mass production and simplified sealing, rendering traditional folding techniques largely obsolete by the 1840s following Rowland Hill's uniform penny post reforms of 1840.^[12]

Techniques

Folding Methods

Letterlocking begins with the preparation of a single sheet of paper, upon which the message is written in a layout that accounts for subsequent folds to conceal the text. The basic folding sequence involves creasing the edges inward to form protective flaps, typically folding the bottom and sides toward the center to cover the writing surface, followed by additional creases along the top and sides to create a compact packet. This process, documented in historical examples from the 13th to 18th centuries, ensures the interior remains inaccessible without damaging the structure.^[13]^[14] Among the common types of folds, the roll-up method entails rolling the sheet longitudinally into a tight tube, often starting from one end and securing the roll with overlapping edges to form a cylindrical packet suitable for short messages. This technique, prevalent in early European correspondence from the 13th century, relies on the paper's flexibility to maintain closure through tension alone. The triangular fold, by contrast, involves folding the rectangular sheet diagonally from one corner to create a tapered shape, with the excess forming a flap that is creased and tucked into a slit for containment; a step-by-step process includes first folding the short edges inward, then cutting or creasing a triangular tab at the base to interlock with a corresponding incision. Used widely from the 1400s to 1700s across Europe, this method accommodated small notes and emphasized compactness. Accordion-style folding, suitable for multi-page letters, alternates mountain and valley creases to pleat the sheet into parallel panels, resembling a bellows, which can then be stacked and aligned for enclosure; historical instances include a 17th-century Italian example (1601) with pleats forming a 'dagger trap' to hide a security strip, without requiring cuts, as found in British intelligence archives.^[7]^[14]^[15] Geometric principles underpin these methods, employing precise creases—designated as mountain (upward) or valley (downward)—to interlock panels and prevent unauthorized access. For instance, folding a sheet to one-third or one-half its length ensures even alignment, where edges meet without gaps, creating tamper-evident structures; 13th- to 18th-century diagrams from archival collections illustrate these patterns, such as quartered folds dividing the sheet into four equal sections via perpendicular creases. Alignment of folds is crucial, as misalignment would allow unfolding without tearing, thus compromising security; measurements like folding to exact thirds facilitate this by matching flap dimensions to packet edges. These principles, evident in over 250,000 studied letters, prioritize structural integrity over complexity.^[14]^[7]^[13]

Securing Mechanisms

Letterlocking employs various securing mechanisms to enclose and protect folded letters, ensuring they remain tamper-evident and inaccessible without visible damage. These methods, applied after the initial folding, interlock the paper structure or affix it with additional elements, transforming the letter into a secure packet suitable for transport. Historical examples from Europe demonstrate their evolution as alternatives to modern envelopes, relying on the paper's integrity for security.^[16] Tuck-and-slit techniques involve inserting a folded flap or paper strip into precisely cut slits in the letter's body, creating an interlocking hold without adhesives. This method, evident in early modern European correspondence, secures the packet by tension; for instance, a dagger-shaped lock is threaded through a slit and tucked to prevent unfolding. In the 16th century, Mary Queen of Scots utilized tuck-and-slit in letters like one to Sir Francis Knollys (1568), where flaps were inserted into slits to bind the structure. Tamper-evidence arises as opening the packet tears the slits or creases, alerting the recipient to interference. Similarly, 18th-century French letters from Marie Antoinette (1775–1787) employed removable paper locks inserted via slits and secured with adhesive, allowing for non-destructive opening while providing tamper evidence through layered seals.^[11]^[4]^[17] Adhesive applications, prevalent from the 16th century onward, fix flaps or locks using substances like wafer seals or gum arabic to enhance closure. Wafer seals, thin discs of paper coated with adhesive and sometimes wax, were pressed onto folded edges to bind layers, common in diplomatic letters for their quick application and breakage upon tampering. Gum arabic, a natural resin, was applied directly to secure tucks, leaving residue if disturbed, as seen in 17th-century French postal archives. Elizabeth I's correspondence, such as a 1573 letter, combined adhesives with locks for added security, where the adhesive fixed the lock tip. These methods provided tamper-evidence through seal fracture or adhesive failure, visible to recipients.^[16]^[17]^[11] String or cord bindings involved passing a cord through punched holes in the folded packet, then knotting and sealing it over the knot for final security. This technique, used in 17th-century Italy, such as a 1689 letter from Maggioni to della Vernaccia sewn with cord and sealed, allowed bundling multiple letters while protecting individual contents. Tampering would loosen the knot or damage the seal and holes, indicating unauthorized access. Such bindings were particularly effective for thicker packets, combining mechanical tension with adhesive seals.^[18] Overall, these securing mechanisms incorporate tamper indicators inherent to their design, such as broken creases, torn slits, or disrupted seals, ensuring the letter's integrity from sender to recipient. In the Brienne Collection (17th century), unopened letters preserved these features, revealing how unfolding inevitably altered the structure. This tamper-evidence was crucial in eras of espionage, as in the letters of Elizabeth I and Mary Queen of Scots, where security relied on the packet's self-destruction upon breach.^[16]^[11]

Varieties

Common Historical Types

Letterlocking practices in Europe from the medieval to early modern periods encompassed several widespread formats designed to secure correspondence without separate envelopes. These methods relied on folding techniques that transformed the writing substrate into a self-contained packet, often supplemented by tucks, slits, or seals to prevent unauthorized access. Among the most ubiquitous were the roll-lock, diamond lock, and booklet format, each adapted to the needs of merchants, officials, and legal communicators.^[5] The roll-lock involved folding a single sheet into a simple cylindrical shape, with the ends tucked or rolled tightly to secure the contents, providing a straightforward method for everyday use. This technique was particularly prevalent in 14th- to 16th-century merchant correspondence, where speed and economy were essential for commercial exchanges across trade routes. Examples from Italian and German archives demonstrate its reliability for protecting business secrets during transit.^[7]^[19] In contrast, the diamond lock featured folding the sheet into a compact diamond shape, with interlocking corners created through precise tucks and folds to form a tamper-evident structure. Commonly employed for official documents in the 17th century, this format appeared in diplomatic and administrative letters, such as those in the Brienne Collection of undelivered European correspondence. Its geometric design enhanced security by making unfolding without damage difficult, suitable for state matters requiring discretion.^[20]^[21] The booklet format utilized multiple sheets folded together to mimic a small book, with the spine tied using thread or secured by adhesive tabs for cohesion. This approach was common for legal letters in the 18th century, allowing for extended content in contracts or court documents while maintaining integrity. Archival specimens from French and English collections highlight its use in formal legal contexts, where durability and organized presentation were prioritized.^[5]^[18] While regional adaptations existed, such as variations in sealing materials, these core types formed the foundation of letterlocking practices.^[5]^[22]

Regional and Specialized Variants

In the Islamic world, letterlocking practices adapted to local diplomatic and mercantile needs, particularly in Ottoman North Africa. A notable example is the intricate folding techniques used in early 19th-century Tunisian correspondence, where letters were secured with complex tucks, slits, and folds to prevent forgery and tampering during transit across the Mediterranean. These methods served as an antiforgery mechanism in exchanges between the Ottoman regency of Tunis and foreign powers, such as the 1817 letter from the Bey of Tunis to U.S. President James Monroe, which addressed trade violations and ceremonial protocols.^[23] East Asian letterlocking incorporated folding traditions influenced by paper arts, emphasizing security without extensive cutting. In Japan, the kirifu (cut seal) technique, documented in a 1569 letter from daimyo Ōtomo Sōrin to his retainer Wakabayashi Danjōnojō, involved precise folds and a slit for sealing to protect sensitive samurai communications. Similarly, the hexagon format, observed in preserved Japanese examples, used symmetrical folding to create a tamper-evident packet, reflecting origami-like precision during the late 16th and into the Edo period (1603–1868). These variants prioritized aesthetic integrity alongside security, adapting to cultural norms of paper conservation.^[24]^[25] Colonial American letterlocking often built on European foundations but evolved for transatlantic rigors, with folds designed to withstand sea voyages and rough handling. Letters from the 17th and 18th centuries, such as those in early U.S. diplomatic archives, employed reinforced tucks and wax seals to secure contents against moisture and interception during mail packet shipments. This adaptation ensured reliability in the expanding postal networks of the Americas, where envelopes were scarce.^[26] Specialized espionage variants during periods of conflict, like the early 17th century amid rising European tensions leading to the Thirty Years' War, featured booby-trapped designs to deter spies. The dagger-trap pleated letter, used by English intelligencer Simeon Foxe in 1601 from Venice to Sir Robert Cecil, incorporated a sharp paper "dagger" lock that tore upon unauthorized opening, revealing tampering in a pleated format with hidden slits. This technique, preserved in the UK National Archives, exemplified high-stakes security for intelligence reports.^[27]

Materials and Tools

Paper and Writing Substrates

Letterlocking relied on flexible writing substrates that could withstand folding, cutting, and securing without compromising integrity or legibility. In medieval Europe, prior to the widespread adoption of paper, letters were commonly composed on parchment, a durable material derived from the processed skins of sheep and goats, which provided a smooth surface for writing but was costly to produce.^[28] This substrate's thickness and resilience made it suitable for basic folding techniques in early secure correspondence, though its expense limited use to elite or official documents. By the 13th century, as papermaking mills proliferated in Europe—beginning in Spain around 1144—rag-based paper, made from recycled linen and cotton fibers, emerged as the primary medium, offering greater affordability and flexibility for intricate letterlocking designs.^[29]^[6] Rag paper dominated European letter writing from the late Middle Ages through the 18th century, prized for its strength and ability to hold creases without tearing, which was essential for repeated folds in locking mechanisms. Typical sheets, such as foolscap size measuring approximately 8 by 13 inches, allowed for efficient transformation into self-contained packets, with weights ranging from 80 to 120 grams per square meter (gsm) providing the optimal balance of pliability and durability.^[30] These properties enabled techniques like tuck-and-slit locks, where paper's tensile strength prevented premature rupture during handling or transit. In contrast, the shift to wood-pulp paper in the mid-19th century introduced more brittle material prone to cracking along fold lines, contributing to the decline of letterlocking as envelopes became standard.^[31]^[32] Writing inks, predominantly iron-gall formulations from the 5th to 19th centuries, were applied before folding to ensure the document's secrecy, but their corrosive nature required careful drying to avoid bleeding into creases, which could obscure text or weaken the substrate.^[33] This ink, made from iron salts and tannin-rich galls, produced dark, permanent lines but posed risks in humid conditions, prompting writers to adopt techniques like partial drying or protective linings in high-stakes letters.^[34] Beyond paper, parchment saw occasional use in 15th-century high-security diplomatic correspondence, where its robustness suited formal treaties and state missives demanding tamper-evident folding.^[35] Vellum, a finer variant from calfskin, offered similar advantages but was even rarer, reserved for the most critical exchanges due to production costs. These non-paper substrates influenced simpler locking variants, as their lesser flexibility compared to rag paper limited complex manipulations.

Seals, Adhesives, and Auxiliary Items

In letterlocking, wax seals served as a key mechanism to authenticate and secure folded packets, typically composed of beeswax combined with shellac, rosin, turpentine, and pigments—often vermilion for a red hue—to create a durable, malleable material that could be melted over a flame and applied directly to the paper.^[28] Once cooled, the wax was impressed with signet rings engraved with personal crests or heraldic symbols, providing tamper-evident closure; for instance, 16th-century royal correspondents like Queen Elizabeth I employed such seals to safeguard diplomatic missives.^[36]^[37] Adhesives complemented these seals by affixing internal locks or flaps, with natural options like flour-based pastes—made by mixing wheat flour with water—or vegetable gums such as tragacanth applied in thin layers to avoid compromising the paper's integrity.^[38]^[39] These were particularly useful in early modern practices where starch-derived substances ensured reversible bonds. By the late 17th and 18th centuries, wafers emerged as a standardized alternative: thin, colored discs of baked starch, binders, and pigments that were moistened for adhesion, offering a convenient, non-messy option for sealing without heat.^[28]^[40] Auxiliary items facilitated the precise manipulations required for letterlocking, including bone folders for creasing folds without damaging the substrate and sharp blades or knives for incising slits to insert locks. Hemp-derived strings provided additional binding for multi-sheet packets or to cinch closures, enhancing security in archival or bundled correspondence.^[41]^[42] Over time, these materials evolved with commercialization; organic adhesives and custom-mixed waxes yielded to mass-produced wafers in the 19th century, which were widely adopted from the 1830s onward for their efficiency until pre-gummed envelopes largely supplanted letterlocking techniques by mid-century.^[43]^[28]

Historical Significance

Role in Secure Communication

Letterlocking played a pivotal role in historical secure communication by transforming flat sheets of paper into self-contained, tamper-evident packets that functioned as both message and envelope, predating the widespread use of mass-produced envelopes until the 1830s. This method, emerging in Europe alongside the adoption of flexible paper in the 13th century, allowed correspondents to protect sensitive information during transmission through emerging postal networks reliant on riders and couriers for long-distance delivery. By integrating folding techniques with seals and slits, letterlocking ensured that unauthorized access would leave visible evidence, such as torn flaps or broken wax, thereby deterring casual interception and enabling safe conveyance across vast distances, from local messengers to international trade routes.^[21]^[13] A key privacy feature of letterlocking was the concealment of the letter's interior content while placing the address and endorsements, including recipient details and postage marks, on the visible exterior panels designed to show evidence of tampering upon forcible opening, minimizing unauthorized access by handlers or thieves en route. This design was particularly vital in pre-modern postal systems, where letters passed through multiple couriers without standardized security, as seen in 17th-century European collections like the Brienne archive of undelivered correspondence. Such practices not only obscured sensitive details but also incorporated tamper-evident mechanisms, like interlocking tabs that ripped upon forcible entry, alerting recipients to potential breaches.^[7]^[21] In Elizabethan England, letterlocking secured intimate exchanges, such as the spiral-locked missive penned by Mary, Queen of Scots, on the eve of her 1587 execution, which employed over 30 intricate folds, slits, and adhesive points to safeguard her final words from spies and rivals. These applications underscore letterlocking's utility across personal and professional spheres, adapting to the logistical demands of era-specific delivery systems.^[7]^[13] Despite its effectiveness against opportunistic tampering, letterlocking had limitations, particularly its vulnerability to skilled forgers who could replicate seals or reinstate folds without detection, as evidenced by historical instances of intercepted and resealed diplomatic packets. While tamper-evident for casual interference, advanced techniques like steaming wax or precise recutting allowed determined adversaries to access contents undetected, rendering it less secure than modern encryption but sufficient for most historical contexts reliant on physical deterrence.^[21]^[7] Letterlocking played a pivotal role in evolving concepts of privacy during the early modern period, transforming personal correspondence into a tamper-evident medium that cultivated a culture of secrecy and discretion. By integrating folds, slits, and seals directly into the letter's substrate, practitioners created physical barriers against unauthorized access, fostering trust in intimate exchanges and diplomatic negotiations across Europe. This practice influenced literary representations of concealed communication, as seen in the coded and secured letters alluded to in Shakespeare's works, where themes of hidden motives and private intrigue mirror the era's reliance on such techniques for safeguarding sensitive information.^[21]^[44] In terms of gender dynamics, letterlocking empowered women in restricted social environments, particularly in 16th-century royal courts, where it facilitated clandestine correspondence amid surveillance and political intrigue. Elite women, such as Mary, Queen of Scots, employed intricate spiral locks to secure their messages, often with assistance from female attendants, demonstrating agency in document production and highlighting gendered collaborations in maintaining privacy. These methods allowed women to navigate patriarchal constraints by encoding personal and political secrets, underscoring letterlocking's role in enabling subversive communication networks.^[11] Socially, letterlocking reflected class distinctions in historical societies, with elaborate techniques signaling status among the nobility—such as ornate folds and colored wax seals—contrasting with simpler tucks used by merchants and commoners for everyday exchanges. Across strata, from soldiers to royals, it democratized basic security but amplified hierarchies through material choices, like high-quality paper for the elite, thereby reinforcing social identities in written interactions.^[1] The legacy of letterlocking endures in modern sealed communication paradigms, prefiguring digital encryption by establishing principles of end-to-end security and tamper detection that resonate in contemporary metaphors for data protection. As a precursor to cryptographic practices, it bridged analog and digital eras, influencing how privacy is conceptualized in an age of electronic correspondence.^[45]

Collections and Preservation

Notable Historical Archives

One of the most significant collections of letterlocked documents is the Brienne Collection, housed at the museum Sound & Vision in The Hague, Netherlands. This 17th-century archive consists of approximately 600 unopened letters, undelivered due to incomplete addresses or payment issues, spanning the period from 1689 to 1707 and originating primarily from France and other European regions. The letters include a mix of personal correspondence, business matters, and diplomatic communications, preserved in their original sealed states to demonstrate various letterlocking techniques such as tucks, slits, and adhesive locks.^[46] The Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C., maintains a notable holding of letterlocked items from 16th- and early 17th-century England, reflecting the era's political intrigue and cultural life. These include folded letters tied to prominent figures in theater and governance, such as a 1601/1602 missive from poet and politician John Donne to Sir Thomas Egerton, secured with intricate folds and seals to ensure privacy during sensitive negotiations. The collection highlights letterlocking's role in Elizabethan and Jacobean communication, with examples featuring wax seals and custom enclosures amid the absence of standardized envelopes.^[47]^[48] The Vatican Apostolic Archives in Vatican City preserve early examples of letterlocking, including early modern documents from the 16th century onward, where papal bulls and other official parchments were folded and secured with laces or seals for tamper-evident protection during transmission. Discovered in the archives' conservation lab around 2000, these items reveal folding methods adapted for ecclesiastical and diplomatic security, predating printed envelopes and emphasizing the technique's longevity in institutional correspondence.^[7] Globally, scholars have studied approximately 250,000 historical letters for evidence of letterlocking practices, with intact locks that preserve original folds and seals in many cases. Key archives like those mentioned contribute to this inventory, alongside collections in over 70 institutions worldwide, enabling comparative analysis of regional variations.^[49]

Modern Conservation Efforts

Letterlocked artifacts, particularly those from the 18th and 19th centuries, face significant deterioration challenges due to the inherent acidity in historical paper substrates, which promotes hydrolysis of cellulose fibers, leading to embrittlement and discoloration.^[50] This degradation is exacerbated by iron gall inks commonly used during that period, whose acidic components and iron ions cause localized corrosion, resulting in brittle folds and potential structural failure along creases and locks.^[51]^[52] To mitigate these issues, modern conservation employs acid-free housing materials, such as lignin-free folders and custom enclosures, to prevent acid migration and further breakdown of the paper.^[53] Storage environments maintain relative humidity between 40% and 50% to balance flexibility and prevent cracking in folded structures, while temperatures are kept stable at 18–22°C to minimize thermal stress on the three-dimensional forms.^[54]^[55] These conditions are particularly crucial for letterlocked items, where repeated handling could fracture seals or tucks, and artifacts are often stored in upright, flip-top boxes to support their locked configurations without flattening.^[53] Ethical handling protocols prioritize non-invasive approaches to preserve the original locking mechanisms, adhering to the International Council of Museums (ICOM) Code of Ethics, which has emphasized minimal intervention and integrity of cultural objects since its 2004 revision.^[56] Conservators avoid unfolding or repairing letterlocks, instead using surrogate models or replicas for study, as demonstrated in the Boncompagni Ludovisi Archive where originals remain untouched to retain evidential value.^[1]^[57] Recent initiatives include digitization efforts employing 3D modeling to document and preserve letterlocks without physical alteration, such as the 2021 Unlocking History project, which utilized computed tomography scans to create volumetric reconstructions of sealed letters from collections like the Brienne trunk. In 2025, the publication of Letterlocking: The Hidden History of the Letter further advanced preservation through detailed cataloging and 3D modeling of techniques from global collections.^[21] These non-destructive techniques, supported by international collaborations, enable long-term monitoring and access while addressing the fragility of acidic and ink-damaged artifacts.^[58]^[13]

Research and Analysis

Traditional Scholarship

Early scholarship on letterlocking emerged primarily within the field of postal history during the 19th century, where historians documented the practical methods of folding and securing correspondence as integral to the evolution of mail systems. William Lewins, in his seminal 1865 work Her Majesty's Mails: A History of the Post-Office, and an Industrial Account of Its Present Condition, provided one of the first detailed descriptions of these techniques, noting that Tudor-era letters were folded using paper straps and sealed with wax, often reinforced with string, silk thread, or straw to prevent tampering during transit.^[59] Lewins emphasized how such methods ensured security without separate enclosures, drawing on archival examples like Archbishop Matthew Parker's 1566 letter, which bore postmaster endorsements on its folded exterior.^[59] Similarly, Herbert Joyce's The History of the Post Office from Its Establishment down to 1836 (1893) analyzed pre-envelope practices, highlighting how letters in the penny post system introduced by William Dockwra in 1680 were routinely tied, folded compactly, and sealed for protection during frequent urban deliveries.^[60] Despite these advances, traditional scholarship exhibited significant gaps, particularly in its Eurocentric scope, with limited attention to non-European variants—such as Islamic or East Asian folding traditions—until the 1970s, when global archival comparisons began to highlight diverse security practices beyond Western postal systems.^[1] This oversight stemmed from the focus on institutional postal histories, leaving cross-cultural typologies underdeveloped until later interdisciplinary efforts.

Contemporary Methods and Discoveries

Contemporary research on letterlocking has advanced through interdisciplinary efforts, notably the Letterlocking Project, a collaboration between King's College London and MIT Libraries initiated in the early 2010s. This initiative has systematically examined over 250,000 archival documents worldwide, cataloging historical examples and identifying hundreds of distinct letterlocking variations, from simple folds to intricate locks involving slits, tucks, and adhesives. By developing a standardized classification system encompassing 64 categories based on manipulation techniques, the project has established a comprehensive framework for analyzing letterlocking as both an art and a security method, preserving physical evidence while enabling digital documentation and reconstruction.^[61]^[18]^[11] In 2025, project leads Jana Dambrogio and Daniel Starza Smith published Letterlocking: The Hidden History of the Letter (MIT Press), an authoritative guide with over 300 images and diagrams, exploring global practices and techniques across centuries.^[13] A pivotal contemporary method is virtual unfolding, which allows non-destructive access to sealed letters' contents using advanced imaging and computational tools. In a 2021 study by MIT researchers, X-ray phase-contrast microtomography (XMT) was applied to unopened 17th-century Dutch letters from the Brienne Collection, a trove of over 3,100 undelivered items held at the Dutch National Archives. This technique generates high-resolution volumetric scans that penetrate the folded paper without physical intervention, revealing layered structures and text hidden within complex folds. Automated algorithms then segment the creases, simulate unfolding, and flatten the surfaces to produce readable images, successfully decoding four such letters for the first time.^[62]^[21]^[63] These discoveries have illuminated letterlocking's prevalence and sophistication in early modern communication, far exceeding prior estimates of its use as a niche practice. Analysis of the Brienne Collection indicates that about 18% of its letters (577 out of 3,100) remained unopened and letterlocked, underscoring its role as the dominant secure mailing method across Europe before the widespread adoption of envelopes in the 19th century. The revealed contents, such as a 1697 letter from Jacques Sennacques to his cousin Pierre Le Pers requesting a certified copy of a death notice for his brother-in-law, provide intimate glimpses into daily life, while the method's scalability promises further revelations from global archives.^[21]^[64]^[65] Interdisciplinary collaborations, particularly with computer scientists, have integrated artificial intelligence into letterlocking research to enhance fold simulations and reconstructions. Machine learning models process XMT data to predict and model folding sequences, enabling virtual recreations that aid in identifying variants and testing historical security features. This fusion of conservation science, history, and computational geometry not only accelerates analysis but also supports educational tools, such as printable models for recreating locks, broadening access to this obscured aspect of epistolography.^[21]^[66]^[67]

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We define the visual “letterlocking format” as a classification system for locked letterpackets according to their number of edges on the silhouette of a ...Missing: types archival
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Deter Prying Eyes by Locking Your Own Letters - Atlas Obscura
May 27, 2021 · The Brienne Collection, as it's known, contains roughly 600 unopened letters—a treasure trove of historical data for letterlocking scholars.
[22]
Unlocking history through automated virtual unfolding of sealed ...
Mar 2, 2021 · We present a fully automatic computational approach for reconstructing and virtually unfolding volumetric scans of a locked letter with complex internal ...
[23]
Letterlocking: The Hidden History of the Letter - Voltaire Foundation
Aug 21, 2025 · This process, known as letterlocking, was a commonplace practice in the eighteenth century and Voltaire was consequently no stranger to this ...
[24]
Unlocking History: Tunisian Letterlocking with Jana Dambrogio
Oct 21, 2025 · Offering a glimpse into a new collaborative project on letterlocking from Ottoman Tunis in the early nineteenth century, this talk will ...
[25]
切封 Kirifu: Ōtomo Sōrin's, 大友宗麟letter to Wakabayashi ... - YouTube
Dec 20, 2017 · Letterlocking: 切封 Kirifu: Ōtomo Sōrin's, 大友宗麟letter to his retainer Wakabayashi Danjonojo 若林弾正忠, Japan (August 16, 1569) Modelled ...Missing: East Asian Edo
[26]
Letterlocking: Hexagon format, Japan (UH0059) - YouTube
May 2, 2016 · Modelled after the example Ayako Letizia documented, now in the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Libraries (MIT), Unlocking History ...Missing: East Asian ori Edo
[27]
Try Letterlocking with The Hamilton Military Museum - YouTube
Feb 16, 2022 · Secrets of Handwriting, Ink, and Quill: Letter Writing in Early America. Townsends•169K views · 11:59 · Go to channel · Letterlocking at ...Missing: colonial | Show results with:colonial
[28]
Intelligencer Simeon Foxe's Dagger-Trap Pleated Letter ... - YouTube
Oct 19, 2016 · To open the letter, the attached "dagger"-shaped paper lock tears ... intelligence/spy letters. Simeon Foxe's letters fall in this last ...Missing: Thirty War
[29]
Exhibit Room 5 - Letterlocking
In medieval times, letters were often written on parchment, which was made of the skin of sheep and goats. But although very durable, it was also very expensive ...Missing: types | Show results with:types
[30]
European Papermaking Techniques 1300-1800 - Paper Through Time
The following essay describes the materials and techniques used to make paper by hand in Europe between 1300 and 1800 CE.
[31]
[PDF] PAPER SIZES Until the early 1970s, the most common stationery ...
Until the early 1970s, the most common stationery paper sheet sizes in Britain were "foolscap" (8"x13") and. "quarto" (8"x10") and the most common size in ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[32]
Preservation Self-Assessment Program (PSAP) | Paper
Rag was predominantly the only form of paper used in Europe and the Americas, however, until the invention of wood pulp papers in 1843 and the successful ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[33]
Paper: Cotton vs. Wood Pulp - Antique Book Collecting
Mar 30, 2013 · Although cotton paper is in many ways superior, the historical and practical significance of wood pulp paper is extremely important as well.
[34]
Iron Gall Ink - IFLA
Iron-gall ink was made with four basic ingredients: iron sulphate, tannins, water, and a gum binder. The ink forms when iron sulphate and tannins are combined ...
[35]
Iron gall ink - History
The earliest use of iron gall ink is hard to establish. The reaction between tannin and iron salt to create a colored product was already known in Antiquity.
[36]
The Making of a Medieval Book (Getty Exhibitions)
Most medieval manuscripts were written on specially treated animal skins, called parchment or vellum (paper did not become common in Europe until around 1450).
[37]
The art and science of letterlocking - MIT News
Apr 23, 2014 · Well-known historical figures such as Queen Elizabeth I of England, Marie Antoinette, and even MIT's founder, William Barton Rogers, used locked ...Missing: string ties hemp
[38]
The History of Signet Rings | by Rachel Church - Victor Mayer
Jul 17, 2024 · They were made to be pressed into wax or clay to seal a letter or package. The seal acted as a legal signature and proof of authenticity.Missing: 16th | Show results with:16th
[39]
Wheat-Based Glues in Conservation and Cultural Heritage - PMC
Wheat-based glues, made from flour or starch, are used in conservation. Flour paste uses gluten proteins, while starch paste is made from starch granules.Missing: letterlocking gum tragacanth
[40]
A Practical Guide To Medieval Adhesives | PDF - Scribd
Rating 3.0 (2) We know it as Library Paste and Wallpaper Paste. 4. Vegetable Gums Gum solutions such as Gum Arabic and Gum Tragacanth were used to bind the lightest of ...Missing: letterlocking | Show results with:letterlocking
[41]
Holding It Together: A Seal—Or Not? - Pieces of History
Oct 5, 2021 · Wafers are thin, flat, baked adhesive discs made from starch, binders, and pigment that were used for joining and sealing documents during the 17th through 19 ...
[42]
The lost art of letterlocking - Penfount • Pen Community
Sep 23, 2024 · Letterlocking is using the letter itself as the envelope, achieved by folding and cutting the letter in various patterns to secure ...
[43]
Hugh de Calais: Quest for the Foundling
The Order to the Collectors of Customs is based on one issued in 1370 and, being a letter patent, no seal is used to close the item. Richard uses a hemp tie and ...
[44]
Wafers Seals on U.S. Folded Letters & Covers, 1840–1860, by Dr ...
Wafer seals were small, colored, gummed paper pieces used to seal letters, initially in Britain, and in the US from the 1830s until the 1860s.
[45]
Shakespeare's Letterlocking
What private codes and security features could they have used to build secrecy and privacy into the very materials of their correspondence, and how might we ...Missing: literature | Show results with:literature
[46]
Secrets of sealed 17th century letters revealed by dental X-ray ...
Mar 2, 2021 · Letterlocking was common practice for secure communication before modern envelopes came into use, and is considered to be the missing link ...
[47]
Sealed letters from the 17th century give away their secrets, without ...
Mar 2, 2021 · 600 sealed letters in the Brienne collection. The letter was stored by a post office in The Hague operated by postmasters Simon de Brienne and ...Missing: nationale | Show results with:nationale<|control11|><|separator|>
[48]
Manuscripts | Folger Shakespeare Library
Love letters, deeds, and news from family and court are all found among the large 16th- and 17th-century collections of papers from the Bagot, Bacon–Townshend, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[49]
Let's make a model! | Folger Shakespeare Library
Jun 19, 2014 · Jana refers to this process of securing a letter for sending as letterlocking, a process by which a substrate (such as papyrus, parchment, or ...
[50]
Scientists Peek Into Secret Correspondence From the Past - AIP.ORG
Mar 2, 2021 · After studying 250,000 historical letters, Dambrogio and her colleagues devised the first system to categorize letterlocking techniques, a kind ...
[51]
The Deterioration and Preservation of Paper: Some Essential Facts
In other words, what makes some papers deteriorate rapidly and other papers deteriorate slowly? ... paper contributes to acid hydrolysis and paper deterioration.
[52]
Iron-gall inks: a review of their degradation mechanisms and ...
Sep 16, 2022 · Work standard for the treatment of 18th- and 19th-century iron gall ink documents with calcium phytate and calcium hydrogen carbonate.Missing: letters | Show results with:letters
[53]
Iron Gall Ink — NYC Department of Records & Information Services
Mar 29, 2019 · Iron gall ink was the ink of choice in the Western world for well over a millennium. Its indelibility and rich dark tone were desirable traits ...
[54]
4.1 Storage and Handling for Books and Artifacts on Paper - NEDCC
Letter-sized documents should be housed in acid-free, lignin-free, buffered file folders and placed vertically in a flip-top storage box in a manner that ...
[55]
2.1 Temperature, Relative Humidity, Light, and Air Quality - NEDCC
Basic guidelines for preservation include controlling temperature, relative humidity, light, and air quality, as these factors interact to impact collection ...
[56]
How can I preserve an important edition of a newspaper?
Oct 11, 2017 · Store newspapers flat in a rigid box at 60-70F, 40-50% RH, protected from light, and interleaved with alkaline tissue. Avoid laminating. For ...
[57]
Code of Ethics - International Council of Museums
The ICOM Code of Ethics for Museums sets minimum professional standards and encourages the recognition of values shared by the international museum community.Missing: letterlocking | Show results with:letterlocking
[58]
[PDF] Historic Letterlocking: The Art and Security of Letter Writing
In this format, the paper lock is not cut from the same piece of paper the sender used to write the letter, a requisite for the most secure letterlocking.
[59]
Unlocking History — Holly Jackson
Our new technology enables conservators to preserve a letter's intricate internal engineering while allowing historians to read its words. Check out our work in ...
[60]
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Her Majesty's Mails, by William ...
The Project Gutenberg eBook, Her Majesty's Mails, by William Lewins. Note: Images of the original pages are available through Internet Archive/Canadian ...
[61]
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The History of the Post Office, by ...
Dec 17, 2011 · The Project Gutenberg eBook, The History of the Post Office, by Herbert Joyce. This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at ...
[62]
Letterlocking | King's College London
A letterlocker takes a flat sheet of a writing substrate, such as paper, writes a message, and then manipulates the paper so that it becomes its own envelope.
[63]
Researchers virtually open and read sealed historic letters | MIT News
Mar 2, 2021 · The senders of these letters had closed them using “letterlocking,” the historical process of folding and securing a flat sheet of paper to ...
[64]
Unlocking history through automated virtual unfolding of sealed ...
X-ray phase contrast tomography has recently begun unlocking their secrets. However, only small portions of the text hidden inside the scroll have been recover.
[65]
Renaissance-era letter sealed for centuries just virtually unfolded ...
Mar 2, 2021 · X-ray scans and digital reconstructions revealed the contents of undelivered letters that were sealed more than 600 years ago.
[66]
Scientists read 300-year-old letters without opening them - ABC News
Mar 7, 2021 · Unopened letters more than 300 years old that were folded using mysterious techniques have now been read for the first time without opening them, a new study ...
[67]
X-rays and Machine Learning Unfold Historical "Letterlocked ...
High-resolution X-rays and some clever computation allow letters hundreds of years old to be unfolded and read without damage.Missing: simulations collaboration
[68]
IMAGING - Letterlocking
Feb 24, 2025 · Images and animations of letters including XMT scanned and virtually unfolded letters from the Brienne Collection, and models you can print out and fold at ...Missing: phase- | Show results with:phase-