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M1156 precision guidance kit

The M1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) is a GPS-guided system developed by the to convert existing conventional 155 mm high-explosive artillery projectiles into affordable precision-guided munitions, significantly improving accuracy while integrating multi-mode fuzing capabilities. Designed as a bolt-on replacement for standard fuzes, the PGK utilizes a (GPS) receiver with (SAASM) security, inertial navigation elements, and deployable canards to actively correct the projectile's trajectory in flight, reducing ballistic dispersion caused by environmental factors and firing errors. It is compatible with a range of 155 mm projectiles, including the M795, M549A1, XM1113, and XM1128, and supports firing from platforms such as the M109A6 , M109A7 PIM self-propelled s, and M777A2 towed . The kit achieves a (CEP) of less than 50 meters for its initial increment, enabling fewer rounds to neutralize targets compared to unguided artillery and minimizing . Development of the PGK, originally designated XM1156, began in the mid-2000s under the Joint Program Executive Office for Armaments and , leveraging prior guidance technologies to provide a cost-effective alternative to more expensive systems like the . The program progressed through increments: Increment 1 focused on basic GPS guidance for 155 mm shells with a 50-meter CEP threshold; subsequent versions aimed for 30-meter and 10-meter objectives. Qualification testing in 2010 demonstrated 100% safety and reliability under MIL-STD-331C standards, with production starting that year and initial fielding during in April 2013. Full Release for the baseline version (NA29) was achieved in early 2016, and as of 2023, over 100,000 units had been delivered to the Army by manufacturer . Ongoing modernization efforts include the PGK-Extended Range (PGK-ER) variant, which incorporates enhanced aerodynamics for greater reach and has seen recent international adoption such as by in 2024, and the M1156A1 (NA37) upgrade with military-code (M-code) GPS for improved anti-jamming resilience and accuracy in contested environments. The M1156E5 (NA38) variant further enhances GPS anti-jam capabilities as of 2025. The system also supports fuze modes such as point and height-of-burst, with a 20-year storage life and no requirement, making it suitable for integration into existing stockpiles without major logistical changes. These advancements ensure the PGK remains a vital component of modern forces, balancing precision, affordability, and deployability, with continued production contracts awarded in 2025.

Development

Program origins and timeline

The M1156 Precision Guidance Kit originated in the early as part of the U.S. Army's Precision Guidance Kit program, initially designated XM1156, aimed at improving the accuracy of existing unguided 155mm projectiles to mitigate in environments. The program sought to transform conventional high-explosive rounds, which typically achieved a (CEP) of around 200 meters, into precision munitions with a CEP of less than 50 meters by integrating guidance technology onto standard fuzes without requiring new projectile designs. This approach allowed the Army to leverage its existing stockpiles of M795 and M549A1 ammunition, reducing logistical burdens while enhancing effectiveness for maneuver units. Development began with a U.S. Army Sources Sought notice in 2005 for PGK concepts to guide technology maturation. In 2006, technology development contracts were awarded to (ATK), , and for initial demonstrations, with a downselect favoring ATK and by mid-year. ATK received the primary System Demonstration and Development (SDD) contract on May 18, 2007, valued at $18 million for an 18-month effort focused on hardware integration and testing. Early milestones included a successful divert by ATK in January 2007 and guided flight tests in April 2009, validating trajectory correction capabilities. The program faced a restructuring in January 2011 following reliability test shortfalls identified in 2010, which delayed timelines and shifted the Milestone C production decision to the second quarter of fiscal year 2013. This period also marked the official transition from XM1156 to the standard M1156 designation. Low-rate initial production commenced in early 2013, enabling initial operational capability by the third quarter of fiscal year 2014 and supporting urgent fielding to units. Full-rate production approval followed in the second quarter of fiscal year 2016, after demonstrating required reliability thresholds. These resources supported alignment with broader Army artillery modernization initiatives, emphasizing affordable precision for legacy systems. In 2015, Orbital Sciences acquired ATK, forming Orbital ATK and assuming program responsibilities; this entity later merged with Northrop Grumman in 2018, continuing production under the new parent company.

Testing and trials

Early trials of the XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK), the precursor to the M1156, began in 2008 with airgun and 155 mm projectile tests at , , to evaluate initial GPS acquisition and basic trajectory correction capabilities. These efforts progressed to guided flight tests in April 2009 and vertical gun tests in May 2009, demonstrating successful GPS and functionality during early developmental phases. In 2011, (ATK) conducted operational tests firing 48 PGK-equipped rounds from both the M109 Paladin self-propelled howitzer and the M777A2 towed howitzer, validating integration and performance across platforms. Subsequent 2012 evaluations at , including an Early User Assessment, confirmed the kit's accuracy, achieving a 32-meter (CEP) while meeting the threshold requirement of 50 meters CEP for standard variants. These tests also integrated the PGK with M777 howitzers at ranges up to approximately 24 km, demonstrating effective trajectory corrections against static and moving targets. Environmental testing focused on operational to ensure reliability in diverse conditions. Live-fire demonstrations in 2014 at utilized the M109A6 , verifying multi-option functions such as point detonating (PD), delay, and proximity modes during integrated firings. Recent validations from 2023 to 2024 emphasized enhanced anti-jam features for contested environments, incorporating simulations to test GPS resilience in the M1156E5 variant, building on prior qualifications to support full-rate production.

Production and manufacturers

The development and initial production of the M1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) were led by (ATK), which began work on the program in 2007. Following ATK's merger with Orbital Sciences in to form , production continued under this entity, reaching a milestone of 25,000 units by 2018. acquired Orbital ATK in 2018, assuming responsibility as the primary manufacturer thereafter. Production occurs at Northrop Grumman's facilities in , where assembly, testing, and integration take place. Annual output has ramped up significantly, with over 100,000 kits delivered to the U.S. Army by September 2022, reflecting a scaling from low-rate initial production in the mid-2010s to full-rate capabilities exceeding 20,000 units annually by the early 2020s. Key U.S. Department of Defense contracts have supported this expansion, including a $173 million award to in 2019 for additional PGK production. In 2025, received a $13 million contract to produce more kits compatible with 155mm projectiles. The unit cost is approximately $20,000, though it has declined with scaled production. The relies on specialized components to ensure integration with existing systems. Between 2022 and 2024, production faced challenges from surging demand driven by U.S. to , which depleted stockpiles and required rapid scaling while addressing shortages in electronic components.

Design and components

Guidance system

The M1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) utilizes a GPS-aided () as its primary guidance technology, incorporating Kalman filtering algorithms to fuse sensor data and enable real-time trajectory corrections via actuators. This system compensates for ballistic by continuously estimating the projectile's , , and during flight, allowing for precise adjustments to range and deflection errors inherent in unguided rounds. The integration of GPS with ensures robust even during short flight durations typical of 155 mm projectiles. Core components of the guidance system include a Selective Availability Anti-Spoofing Module (SAASM)-secure GPS receiver for encrypted satellite signal acquisition, a micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)-based inertial measurement unit (IMU) for attitude and acceleration sensing, and an onboard processor leveraging digital signal processing (DSP) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) architectures to perform error compensation calculations. The GPS receiver provides absolute positioning updates, while the IMU delivers high-frequency attitude data to bridge gaps in GPS availability, such as during initial launch maneuvers. These elements interface seamlessly with the projectile's fuze well, enabling the kit to replace standard fuzes without altering the shell's external aerodynamics. During flight, the PGK rotates with the spin-stabilized to maintain , with four deployable canards that actuate during flight for ; corrections are computed and applied rapidly, enabling corrections during flight to align the projectile with the . This operational relies on pre-launch coordinates set via the Enhanced Portable Inductive Artillery Setter (EPIAFS), allowing the system to predict and correct deviations in . Later variants include enhanced for improved anti-jam resilience. The PGK achieves a CEP of 50 meters or less at ranges up to 30 km, significantly enhancing accuracy without requiring extensive sensor fusion beyond the core GPS-INS integration, compared to over 200 meters for unguided projectiles.

Fuze functions

The M1156 Precision Guidance Kit features an integrated electronic multi-option fuze (MOF) that enables versatile detonation modes to enhance lethality against various targets. This fuze provides point detonating (PD) functionality for direct surface impact and proximity sensing for airburst detonation, allowing the projectile to explode at a predetermined height above the ground. Objective enhancements include delay mode for penetration through barriers or earth cover and time mode for controlled detonation after a set flight duration. These options support missions ranging from counter-battery fire to engagement of high-value or area targets. The replaces the standard M739 series fuze in 155 mm high-explosive , fitting directly into the existing fuze well without requiring modifications to the projectile body. is ensured through the incorporated M762 safe-and-arm (S&A) mechanism, which includes redundant interlocks activated by setback acceleration and rotational spin post-launch to prevent premature arming. Programming occurs pre-launch via the Enhanced Portable Inductive Artillery Fuze Setter (EPIAFS), where fire control systems input mission-specific settings such as PD for impact, proximity for airburst, delay for burrowing effects, or time for sensor-independent burst. This integration with the kit's GPS guidance enables precise synchronization of detonation timing with trajectory corrections. Reliability testing has shown the fuze achieving 100% function rates in developmental firings, exceeding the objective requirement of 97% while meeting Joint Requirements Oversight Council thresholds. The design complies with MIL-STD-331C for safety and incorporates insensitive munitions characteristics to minimize unintended responses to external stimuli. A key capability is the GPS-synchronized timing for proximity airburst, which adjusts burst height dynamically to optimize effects against moving or obscured targets.

Projectile compatibility

The M1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) is compatible with standard 155mm high-explosive projectiles, including the and the rocket-assisted M549A1. It can also be fitted to the legacy high-explosive round, enabling precision guidance for existing stockpiles without requiring new munitions development. The kit is designed for standard and rocket-assisted high-explosive shells, with compatibility limited to projectiles that do not significantly alter in ways incompatible with steering; future variants expand to additional types. Installation of the PGK involves replacing the projectile's standard nose fuze with the kit via a screw-on mechanism, which requires no structural modifications to the shell body. The is then programmed using the Enhanced Portable Inductive Artillery Fuze Setter (EPIAFS) for mission-specific parameters. This process ensures compatibility with key artillery platforms, such as the M777A2 towed howitzer and the M109A6 Paladin self-propelled howitzer. Key limitations include a maximum unaided range of 30 kilometers, beyond which rocket-assisted s like the M549A1 are necessary for extended reach. The PGK is restricted to 155mm calibers and is not suitable for sub-155mm projectiles in its baseline configuration. Additionally, the kit adds approximately 3 pounds (1.36 kg) to the overall projectile weight, resulting in a minor reduction in payload compared to unguided equivalents. Field integration emphasizes simplicity, with the PGK enabling quick swaps using standard artillery tools and maintaining with existing modular charge systems like the M203A1 and M232. This allows seamless incorporation into current operations without overhauling legacy fire direction procedures.

Variants

Standard M1156 PGK

The M1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) was designated as the in 2011 following successful developmental testing of its prototype, known as the XM1156, with initial fielding to U.S. Army units in 2012 and operational deployment in April 2013. It primarily retrofits existing standard 155 mm high-explosive (HE) projectiles such as the M795 and M549A1 rounds, transforming them into guided munitions without requiring new projectile production. This baseline variant serves as the foundational configuration, emphasizing affordability and compatibility with legacy artillery systems like the and M777 lightweight towed howitzer. Key features of the standard M1156 PGK include a combined GPS and (INS) guidance package with a course-correcting tail that deploys small canards to adjust the projectile's trajectory in flight, achieving a (CEP) of less than 50 meters at ranges up to 30 kilometers. It incorporates a multi-option capable of point detonating, proximity, time, and delay modes to enhance lethality against various targets, including personnel, structures, and light armor. As a cost-effective upgrade, each M1156 unit costs approximately $15,000 to $20,000, significantly lower than alternatives like the guided shell, allowing artillery units to leverage existing stockpiles for fires while minimizing logistical burdens. The operational envelope of the standard M1156 PGK is optimized for stationary targets within its of 24 to 30 kilometers, where GPS provides primary navigation, supplemented by for short-term autonomy in GPS-degraded or denied environments. This hybrid guidance enables continued functionality against fixed positions, though accuracy relies on GPS availability for optimal performance. As of 2023, production had exceeded 100,000 units, with the majority allocated to U.S. Army stockpiles to support rapid deployment in scenarios; as of 2025, total production has reached approximately 108,000 units.

Enhanced variants (A1, E2, E5)

The enhanced variants of the M1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) represent incremental upgrades to the baseline system, focusing on improved reliability, compatibility with advanced projectiles, and resilience against GPS-denied environments while maintaining core GPS-guided functions. These developments address evolving threats in , enabling sustained accuracy for 155mm projectiles without altering the fundamental design or range performance. The M1156A1 variant introduces hardware and software updates to enhance overall reliability and ensure compatibility with the M1128 high-explosive , building on the standard PGK's GPS acquisition and multi-option capabilities. In 2024, the U.S. approved a Foreign Military Sale to for 5,500 M1156A1 units, valued at approximately $70 million, to bolster the nation's . This upgrade supports integration with existing stockpiles like the M795 and M549A1, preserving the system's <50-meter (CEP) threshold. The M1156E2/A1 configuration, anticipated for release around 2025, further refines accuracy through software enhancements and expanded compatibility with extended-range rounds, allowing the kit to adapt to modern designs without compromising safety or processing efficiency. This variant maintains the baseline PGK's point and proximity modes while optimizing for broader operational scenarios. The M1156E5, scheduled for fielding in 2026, incorporates advanced anti-jam GPS technology, including M-code signals, to achieve an objective CEP of less than 30 meters even in contested environments, as developed in collaboration with L3Harris for the GPS anti-jam components. Integrated into the U.S. Army's Assured Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) programs, this variant enhances performance against electronic interference, supporting platforms like the M109A7 Paladin and M777A2 howitzer with no change to the 10% range reduction inherent to the PGK design. Northrop Grumman serves as the prime contractor, ensuring compatibility with projectiles such as the XM1113 and M1128.

Extended-range variants (PGK-ER, LR-PGK)

The Precision Guidance Kit – Extended Range (PGK-ER) represents Northrop Grumman's modernization effort for the M1156 system, designed to enhance compatibility with advanced 155mm projectiles while preserving the standard and GPS-guided precision capabilities of the original variant. Introduced as part of ongoing investments in extended-range systems, the PGK-ER integrates seamlessly with rocket-assisted and base-bleed projectiles such as the XM1113 and XM1128, enabling effective standoff distances of 30 to 40 kilometers from a 39-caliber barrel while maintaining high accuracy. This variant supports the U.S. Army's Extended Range Artillery (ERCA) platform, demonstrated through successful live-fire tests in 2023 that confirmed its performance in GPS-contested environments. The Long-Range Precision Guidance Kit (LR-PGK), developed by , extends the PGK family to support greater standoff ranges beyond 70 kilometers when paired with XM1113 projectiles fired from 58-caliber ERCA systems. It employs a hybrid GPS/ () with enhanced anti-jam features and a low-cost roll-stabilized guidance unit, including an integrated for course correction during flight. The LR-PGK is expected to undergo critical design review in the fourth quarter of 2025, with full release projected for 2030 following qualification testing. Key advancements in these extended-range variants include aerodynamic optimizations to minimize drag and improved integrations, such as compatibility with base-burner mechanisms, which collectively enable a 20-30% increase in effective range over standard PGK-equipped munitions. validations conducted between 2023 and 2024 substantiated these gains, particularly for the PGK-ER's fairing design when integrated with ERCA. Both variants retain the screw-on interface for rapid fielding on existing stockpiles, reducing through (CEP) thresholds below 50 meters. As of 2025, low-rate initial production for the PGK-ER and related M1156E5 configurations is slated to begin in the fourth quarter of fiscal year 2026, with as the prime contractor. The LR-PGK, led by in collaboration with Ordnance and Tactical Systems, is positioned for integration with Excalibur-compatible fire control systems, ensuring interoperability across U.S. Army precision fires networks.

Operational use

US military deployment

The M1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) was initially fielded to U.S. forces in Afghanistan in March 2013, with the 15th Field Artillery Regiment of the 2nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team, 2nd Infantry Division conducting new equipment training and achieving the first successful live-fire on April 2. This deployment focused on enhancing artillery precision to minimize collateral damage and protect troops during counter-improvised explosive device (IED) operations by reducing the volume of fire required for mission effects. Following initial operational testing and evaluation in 2013, the PGK entered full-rate production in 2016, enabling broader integration across U.S. field artillery units. By 2018, it had been adopted as a standard capability in active-duty artillery formations, supporting fire missions with improved accuracy from existing 155 mm stockpiles. In 2023, over 1,000 PGK kits were included in U.S. security assistance packages to under Presidential Drawdown Authority, drawn from inventories to bolster allied precision fires. Training on the PGK has been incorporated into U.S. Army Field Artillery School curricula since its early fielding, with hands-on instruction emphasizing fuze installation, fire direction integration, and mission planning. Advanced simulations at facilities like the National Training Center replicate GPS-denied environments using electronic jammers, allowing artillery crews to practice employment of the PGK under contested conditions to maintain effectiveness against jamming threats. Logistically, PGK units are stored separately from base projectiles in climate-controlled facilities, offering a 20-year without batteries and enabling on-demand assembly by crews using standard tools to configure munitions for specific missions. In 2025, the U.S. Army began upgrading to the M1156E5 , which incorporates enhanced GPS anti-jam features to improve resilience in high-threat theaters like the , where denial is anticipated. Beyond combat, the PGK supports non-combat roles in multinational training exercises, including NATO-led artillery drills such as Dynamic Front 2024, where U.S. units demonstrated interoperability in fire support coordination with allies.

International exports and adoption

The M1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) saw its first major international export to Australia, where the government signed a $57.8 million contract in August 2013 for 4,002 units to enhance 155mm artillery accuracy, with initial deliveries commencing in December 2015–January 2016. This sale included personnel training and technical support to facilitate integration with Australian forces' existing munitions stockpiles. In recent years, exports have expanded significantly among allies. In August 2024, the U.S. State Department approved a $70 million Foreign Military Sale (FMS) to for 5,500 M1156A1 PGK multi-option fuzes, adding to an existing defense agreement and aimed at bolstering medium-range precision. Similarly, received approval in August 2024 for up to 5,832 M1156 PGK units valued at $85 million, including ancillary equipment and training to support integration with Danish 155mm systems. The followed with a proposed $70 million FMS notified in December 2024 for up to 3,500 M1156 PGK units, further strengthening alliance . Ukraine has received M1156 PGK through U.S. packages since 2022, including a $400 million tranche announced in July 2023 that incorporated 1,000 precision-guided 155mm rounds equipped with the kit to support ongoing defensive operations. These transfers continued into 2025 as part of broader security assistance totaling over $66 billion since Russia's full-scale . Export versions of the PGK require strict compliance with (ITAR), which govern technical data sharing and end-use monitoring to prevent unauthorized . U.S. advisors provide specialized training to recipient nations, ensuring safe handling and operational effectiveness while addressing integration challenges with diverse platforms. By 2025, exports and approvals had expanded to multiple members.

Specifications and performance

Physical and integration specs

The M1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) is engineered to integrate seamlessly with standard 155 mm projectiles, such as the M795 and M549A1 high-explosive rounds, by replacing the conventional burster at the nose. It attaches via a threaded compatible with existing fuze wells, allowing field installation without modifying the projectile body, and is programmed using the Enhanced Portable Inductive Setter (EPIAFS) or similar inductive systems prior to firing. The kit adds 1.4 kg (3 lb) to the overall projectile weight, primarily due to its integrated guidance components, control surfaces, and power generation elements, while maintaining compatibility with howitzer systems like the and . Physically, the PGK extends 68.6 mm (2.70 in) beyond the length of a standard Multi-Option for (MOFA), ensuring it fits within the projectile's aerodynamic profile without altering external dimensions. It draws power from the projectile's spin-induced generator during flight, avoiding batteries to achieve a 20-year . Environmentally, the withstands launch accelerations of up to 8,000 g and has undergone sequential testing including 2.1 m drops in extreme hot and cold conditions to verify operational integrity. For safety and reliability, it complies with MIL-STD-331C requirements, achieving 100% success in impact, , and slow tests, and passes electromagnetic environmental effects () assessments for compatibility in operational electromagnetic environments.

Accuracy and range metrics

The M1156 Precision Guidance Kit (PGK) achieves a (CEP) of less than 50 meters at ranges up to 30 kilometers for standard 155 mm high-explosive projectiles, such as the M795 and M549A1, when using GPS guidance under nominal conditions. In degraded GPS environments, the system relies on an (INS) backup, resulting in reduced accuracy. Enhanced variants target a threshold of 30 meters CEP, with an objective of 20 meters. Optimal GPS performance in uncontested environments can yield as low as 10 meters CEP for enhanced variants. The kit's effective range varies with the projectile and propelling charge; standard configurations with M795 projectiles reach approximately 20-30 kilometers, while use of the M203A1 Zone 8S charge extends this to 40 kilometers from 39-caliber howitzers. Extended-range variants, such as the PGK-ER integrated with XM1113 projectiles, support ranges up to 70 kilometers when fired from advanced systems like 58-caliber barrels, as demonstrated in tests. Reliability metrics include a first-pass success rate meeting a 92 percent threshold and 97 percent objective. In contested environments with heavy GPS jamming, accuracy degrades without anti-jam enhancements; the M1156E5 variant, planned for fielding in 2026, incorporates improved and to maintain below 30 meters. Comparatively, the PGK reduces unguided projectile dispersion by about 80 percent; for instance, a standard M549A1 round's 267-meter CEP at maximum range drops to 50 meters with the kit. This correction is achieved through in-flight adjustments using deployable canards to compensate for errors in range and deflection.

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