MPS
The Mont Pelerin Society (MPS) is an international forum of scholars, economists, and intellectuals dedicated to advancing classical liberal principles, founded on April 10, 1947, by Friedrich Hayek at Mont Pèlerin, Switzerland, in response to the rising dominance of collectivist ideologies in post-war Europe.[1][2] The society's foundational Statement of Aims emphasizes the threats posed by central planning, protectionism, and suppression of individual initiative, advocating instead for decentralized markets, the rule of law, and peace through voluntary international exchange among independent nations.[2] Early participants included prominent figures such as Ludwig von Mises, Milton Friedman, George Stigler, Karl Popper, and Lionel Robbins, who gathered to renew intellectual defenses of free society amid the era's socialist ascendancy.[3][4] Over decades, the MPS has organized biennial general meetings, regional conferences, and specialized workshops to facilitate rigorous debate and idea exchange, contributing to advancements in economic theory, monetary policy analysis, and critiques of interventionism without direct policy advocacy.[5] Its members' independent works—such as Hayek's Nobel Prize-winning contributions to knowledge theory and Friedman's challenges to Keynesianism—have shaped global discourse on limited government and spontaneous order, influencing reforms in trade liberalization and deregulation observed in the late 20th century.[3][4] Critics, often from academia and media outlets exhibiting systemic ideological skews toward interventionist frameworks, have controversially linked the MPS to the rise of "neoliberalism" and purported increases in inequality, portraying its emphasis on market processes as ideologically driven rather than grounded in empirical observation of incentives and coordination failures under state control.[6] Such attributions typically understate the society's non-partisan, scholarly orientation and overlook how its principles align with historical evidence of prosperity under freer institutions, as evidenced by comparative post-war economic outcomes in liberal versus planned regimes.[4] Internal debates, like those over the scope of liberalism's compatibility with cultural traditions, have also arisen but reinforced the MPS's commitment to open inquiry over orthodoxy.[7]Science and technology
Computing
In optimization and operations research within computing, MPS denotes the Mathematical Programming System file format, a columnar standard for specifying linear programming (LP) and mixed-integer programming (MIP) problems. Originating in the 1970s at IBM, it structures input as fixed-width fields mimicking punch cards, with sections including NAME (problem identifier), ROWS (constraints), COLUMNS (variables and coefficients), RHS (right-hand sides), BOUNDS (variable limits), and ENDATA (termination).[8][9] This format persists in solvers like CPLEX and Gurobi due to its simplicity and interoperability, though it lacks support for modern extensions like quadratic terms without extensions.[10] JetBrains MPS (Meta Programming System) is a language workbench for developing domain-specific languages (DSLs) via projectional editing, where code is manipulated as abstract syntax trees (ASTs) rather than text strings, obviating parsers and enabling multi-notation representations (e.g., textual, tabular, diagrammatic). Launched in 2008 as an extension of IntelliJ IDEA, it facilitates language-oriented programming by allowing modular language definitions with type systems, generators, and incremental compilation.[11] By 2025, MPS 2025.2 supports integration with Kotlin and other JVM languages, targeting complex software engineering domains like simulations and data modeling.[12] In parallel computing, NVIDIA's Multi-Process Service (MPS) provides a binary-compatible layer atop the CUDA API, allowing multiple host processes to share a single GPU device context via Hyper-Q hardware on Kepler (2012) and subsequent architectures, thereby reducing context-switching overhead and enhancing utilization for fine-grained workloads.[13] Enabled vianvidia-cuda-mps-control daemon, it multiplexes streams across processes while maintaining isolation, with performance gains up to 40% in MPI applications on Tesla GPUs as of 2012 benchmarks; however, it requires compatible drivers and does not support all CUDA features like cooperative groups.[13]
In quantum computing, matrix product states (MPS) form a tensor network representation for efficiently approximating low-entanglement one-dimensional quantum states, decomposing the wavefunction into a chain of matrices whose bond dimensions scale with entanglement entropy rather than Hilbert space size (exponential in qubits). Introduced in the 1990s for density matrix renormalization group methods, MPS enable variational simulations of quantum many-body systems on classical hardware, with algorithms like DMRG and TEBD achieving near-exact results for gapped 1D Hamiltonians up to hundreds of sites.[14] Recent extensions, as in PennyLane's 2024 implementation, integrate MPS with differentiable quantum circuits for hybrid quantum-classical optimization.[14]