Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

MSA

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, sporadic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the degeneration of multiple brain regions, including the basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem, and spinal cord, leading to impairments in motor control, balance, and autonomic functions such as blood pressure regulation and bladder control.^[1]^[2] Onset typically occurs in adulthood after age 30, with a mean age of 55-60 years, and it manifests through a combination of parkinsonian features like bradykinesia and rigidity, cerebellar ataxia, and early autonomic failure, distinguishing it from conditions like Parkinson's disease despite some symptomatic overlap.^[3]^[4] The pathology involves abnormal accumulation of alpha-synuclein protein in glial cells, forming inclusions that contribute to neuronal loss, though the exact etiology remains unknown and is not primarily genetic.^[5] MSA is subclassified into predominant parkinsonian (MSA-P) and cerebellar (MSA-C) variants, with prevalence estimated at 1.9-7.2 per 100,000 individuals and an incidence of approximately 0.5-0.7 per 100,000 person-years, predominantly affecting those in their 50s and 60s.^[3]^[6] Prognosis is poor, with median survival of 6-10 years from symptom onset due to rapid progression, complications like pneumonia, and lack of disease-modifying treatments, though symptomatic management can alleviate some motor and autonomic symptoms temporarily.^[7]^[8]

Medicine

Multiple system atrophy

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, sporadic, adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dysfunction of multiple neural systems, including autonomic, motor, and balance control pathways. It manifests clinically through a combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, autonomic failure, and corticospinal tract signs, distinguishing it from other synucleinopathies like Parkinson's disease. MSA typically onset in individuals aged 50-60 years, with a median survival of 7-10 years from symptom onset, driven by relentless neuronal loss and gliosis in affected brain regions.^[1]^[7]^[9] The disorder is subclassified into MSA-P (predominant parkinsonism, with bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability) and MSA-C (predominant cerebellar ataxia, with gait imbalance and intention tremor), though mixed features often emerge over time. Autonomic involvement, such as orthostatic hypotension, urinary incontinence, and erectile dysfunction in males, frequently precedes or accompanies motor symptoms, reflecting early degeneration in the intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and brainstem nuclei. Non-motor features include rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, stridor, and dysarthria, contributing to early diagnostic challenges as these overlap with other conditions. Incidence rates are estimated at 0.6-0.7 cases per 100,000 person-years, with prevalence around 4-5 per 100,000 in the population over 50.^[10]^[11]^[12] Pathophysiologically, MSA involves the accumulation of misfolded alpha-synuclein protein in glial cytoplasmic inclusions primarily within oligodendrocytes, leading to widespread oligodendroglial and neuronal degeneration. Key affected areas include the putamen, substantia nigra, cerebellum, pons, and spinal cord, resulting in alpha-synucleinopathy distinct from the Lewy body pathology of Parkinson's disease. Unlike genetic synucleinopathies, MSA is predominantly sporadic, with rare familial cases linked to mutations in genes like COQ2 or SNCA; environmental triggers remain unestablished, though oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction exacerbate protein aggregation and cell death. Recent studies highlight prion-like propagation of alpha-synuclein and impaired protein clearance as central mechanisms, informing ongoing biomarker research.^[13]00396-X/abstract)^[12] Diagnosis relies on established consensus criteria requiring progressive autonomic failure plus either parkinsonism or cerebellar ataxia, supported by neuroimaging and exclusion of mimics. Brain MRI often reveals the "hot cross bun" sign in the pons (MSA-C), putaminal rim hyperintensity or atrophy (MSA-P), and middle cerebellar peduncle atrophy, with diagnostic accuracy improving to over 90% in specialized centers using 2022 revised criteria. Autonomic function tests, such as tilt-table testing for orthostatic hypotension (systolic drop >30 mmHg), urodynamics for bladder dysfunction, and polysomnography for sleep issues, aid confirmation; cerebrospinal fluid neurofilament light chain levels show promise as a supportive biomarker for neuronal damage, though not yet definitive. Poor or transient response to levodopa (>30% improvement threshold unmet in most cases) differentiates MSA from Parkinson's.^[14]^[15]^[12] No disease-modifying treatments exist, with management focused on symptom palliation and supportive care. Levodopa-carbidopa provides limited, short-term benefit for parkinsonian features in about 30-40% of MSA-P patients, often waning due to non-dopaminergic pathology. Orthostatic hypotension is addressed with midodrine, droxidopa, or compression garments, targeting blood pressure stabilization without supine hypertension risks. Ataxia and balance issues may respond partially to physical therapy, while urinary symptoms require anticholinergics or intermittent catheterization; nocturnal stridor or sleep apnea necessitates continuous positive airway pressure. Multidisciplinary approaches, including speech therapy for dysphagia and occupational therapy for activities of daily living, improve quality of life amid inevitable progression to wheelchair dependence and respiratory failure. Experimental therapies targeting alpha-synuclein aggregation, such as antisense oligonucleotides or immunotherapy, remain in early-phase trials as of 2024, with no approved interventions halting underlying neurodegeneration.^[1]^[7]00396-X/abstract) Prognosis is guarded, with rapid deterioration leading to death typically from aspiration pneumonia, sudden cardiorespiratory arrest, or urosepsis within 6-9 years of motor onset. Factors worsening outcome include early autonomic failure, Pisa syndrome (axial dystonia), and inspiratory stridor; subtype does not significantly alter survival, though MSA-C may progress slower initially. Advances in diagnostic precision, including data-driven subtypes (e.g., cerebellar-dominant vs. rigid-akinetic), support stratified care and trial eligibility, but MSA's lethality underscores the urgency for causal therapies grounded in glial pathology.^[9]^[16]^[17]

Quality control and metrology

Measurement system analysis

Measurement system analysis (MSA) evaluates the variation introduced by a measurement process to ensure it reliably distinguishes true process variation from measurement error. It quantifies components such as equipment variation (repeatability), appraiser variation (reproducibility), and their interaction, typically through designed experiments involving multiple operators measuring selected parts multiple times.^[18]^[19] The approach originated in automotive quality standards, with the Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG) publishing its first MSA reference manual in the 1980s, endorsed by Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors, and updating to the fourth edition in 2010 to incorporate advancements like ANOVA methods for variable data.^[20]^[21] For continuous (variable) data, the primary method is gage repeatability and reproducibility (Gage R&R), which decomposes total gage variation into repeatability (variation under identical conditions by the same appraiser) and reproducibility (variation across appraisers). Studies are conducted as crossed designs (all appraisers measure all parts) for destructive testing infeasibility or nested designs otherwise, analyzed via average-and-range or analysis of variance (ANOVA) techniques to estimate variance contributions.^[22]^[23] Acceptability is assessed by %GR&R, calculated as the ratio of measurement variation to total variation or tolerance: less than 10% indicates an adequate system, 10-30% may be acceptable depending on application, and over 30% signals need for improvement, such as recalibration or operator training.^[18]^[24] Attribute MSA applies to discrete data (e.g., pass/fail), using methods like percent agreement or kappa statistics to measure appraiser consistency against a known standard.^[18] Additional MSA elements include linearity (consistency across measurement range), bias (systematic error from true value), and stability (variation over time), tested via regression or control charts.^[25] ASTM International's E2782 standard guide, revised in 2022, provides terminology and formulas for these analyses, emphasizing empirical validation over theoretical assumptions.^[25] In practice, MSA precedes process capability studies, as inadequate measurement systems can mask true defects, leading to misguided decisions in manufacturing and metrology.^[26]

Business and contract law

Master service agreement

A master service agreement (MSA) is a legally binding contract that establishes the overarching terms and conditions governing the provision of services between two parties, typically a service provider and a client, for an ongoing or potential future business relationship. Unlike project-specific contracts, an MSA provides a standardized framework that applies to multiple engagements without detailing individual deliverables or timelines, thereby facilitating efficiency in negotiations and execution.^[27]^[28] The primary purpose of an MSA is to mitigate risks associated with repeated transactions by predefining essential commercial and legal parameters, such as payment structures, confidentiality obligations, and liability limits, which reduces the need for renegotiating boilerplate terms for each new project. This approach is particularly prevalent in industries like information technology services, consulting, and outsourcing, where clients engage providers for varied, iterative work scopes over extended periods. By centralizing governance, MSAs promote consistency, lower administrative costs, and enable scalability in business partnerships.^[29]^[30] Key components of an MSA typically include definitions of the general scope of services, duration and termination provisions, pricing mechanisms (e.g., hourly rates or fixed fees), intellectual property ownership and licensing rights, confidentiality and data protection clauses, warranties of service quality, indemnification for third-party claims, limitations on liability, and mechanisms for dispute resolution such as arbitration or specified governing law. Payment terms often specify invoicing cycles, late fees, and conditions for adjustments, while termination clauses may allow for notice periods or immediate cessation upon material breach. These elements ensure enforceability and clarity, though parties must tailor them to jurisdictional requirements, such as compliance with data privacy laws like GDPR in Europe or CCPA in California.^[31]^[32] An MSA differs fundamentally from a statement of work (SOW), which serves as an attachment or addendum that outlines project-specific details like deliverables, milestones, timelines, and acceptance criteria, explicitly incorporating the MSA's terms by reference. While an MSA remains static unless amended, multiple SOWs can operate under its umbrella, allowing flexibility for discrete projects without altering the core relationship. This modular structure minimizes disputes over foundational issues but requires careful alignment to avoid conflicts, such as scope creep or mismatched performance metrics.^[33]^[34] In practice, MSAs have gained prominence in modern commercial law as businesses increasingly rely on long-term vendor relationships amid globalization and digital transformation, though they carry risks like over-reliance on standardized terms that may not suit evolving needs, potentially leading to litigation over ambiguities. Legal review by qualified counsel is essential to customize clauses for risk allocation, ensuring the agreement withstands challenges in courts, where interpretations favor explicit language over implied understandings.^[35]^[36]

Scientific and professional societies

Microscopy Society of America

The Microscopy Society of America (MSA) is a non-profit professional organization dedicated to the promotion, advancement, and application of microscopy and microanalysis techniques in biological and physical sciences.^[37] Founded on December 28, 1942, as the Electron Microscope Society of America during a meeting at the Sherman Hotel in Chicago, it initially focused on the emerging field of electron microscopy amid the limited availability of transmission electron microscopes in North America.^[38] The society later broadened its scope and adopted its current name to encompass diverse microscopy modalities, reflecting technological evolution and interdisciplinary growth.^[38] MSA's core mission emphasizes pioneering scientific discovery through microscopy, enabling research that impacts humanity via innovation, education, and collaboration.^[37] It organizes the annual Microscopy & Microanalysis (M&M) conference, a major international event featuring symposia, workshops, and exhibits; for instance, M&M 2025 is scheduled for July 27–31 in Salt Lake City, Utah.^[39] Membership, exceeding 1,800 individuals including researchers, educators, and industry professionals, provides access to networking, resources, and focused interest groups on specialized topics like correlative microscopy.^[40] The society supports scholarly communication through peer-reviewed publications, including the journal Microscopy & Microanalysis, published bimonthly by Cambridge University Press, which covers advances in instrumentation, techniques, and applications across scales from atomic to cellular.^[41] Additional outputs include Microscopy Today, an industry periodical with practical articles and news, as well as conference proceedings and educational webinars.^[42] MSA also administers the Certified Electron Microscopy Technologist (CEMT) program to standardize professional qualifications.^[37] Annually, MSA confers major awards to recognize excellence, such as the Distinguished Scientist Awards—one each for biological sciences (e.g., honoring contributions to cellular imaging) and physical sciences (e.g., for materials characterization)—targeting senior scientists with sustained impact.^[43] Other honors include the Burton Medal for mid-career achievements in physical sciences microscopy and the MSA Fellows program, which elects members for extraordinary contributions to the field, promoting leadership and mentorship.^[43] These initiatives underscore MSA's role in elevating standards and disseminating verifiable advancements in microscopy.^[43]

Mineralogical Society of America

The Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) is a scientific membership organization established to advance mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, and petrology through research, education, and dissemination of knowledge, while promoting applications in allied sciences, industry, and the arts.^[44] Membership includes professionals, students, and enthusiasts who benefit from access to publications, discounted meeting registrations, and networking opportunities.^[45] The society maintains a focus on rigorous empirical investigation, emphasizing structural, chemical, and physical properties of minerals derived from observational and experimental data. Initiated by Edward H. Kraus of the University of Michigan, who circulated a proposal letter to 51 mineralogists in February 1917, the MSA faced delays due to World War I but formalized on December 30, 1919, during an organizational meeting attended by 28 founders at the Harvard University Geological Museum.^[46] Early priorities included elevating the quality of mineralogical publications and securing financial stability, culminating in a pivotal endowment from collector Washington Roebling in 1927 that supported journal operations.^[46] This foundation aligned with contemporaneous advances, such as X-ray diffraction techniques emerging in the late 1910s, which enabled precise mineral structure determination and spurred the society's growth.^[47] Key publications include American Mineralogist, a peer-reviewed journal launched in July 1916 by mineralogists and collectors, which adopted MSA as its official organ in January 1920 to centralize high-quality research on mineral synthesis, stability, and properties.^[48] Complementing this is the Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry (formerly Reviews in Mineralogy) series, comprising over 100 volumes since 1969 that synthesize experimental and theoretical advancements in topics like mineral thermodynamics and isotope geochemistry.^[49] MSA also supports open-access resources and short courses on techniques such as electron microprobe analysis, fostering practical skills grounded in reproducible methodologies. The society administers awards recognizing empirical contributions, including the MSA Award for outstanding mineralogy by early-career researchers under age 35 and the Roebling Medal for lifetime achievements in mineral sciences.^[50] Grants, such as up to $5,000 annually for student research in mineralogy or petrology, prioritize projects advancing causal understanding of mineral formation and behavior.^[51] MSA convenes short courses and collaborates on annual meetings with groups like the Geochemical Society, emphasizing data-driven discussions over speculative narratives.^[45] Governance occurs via elected officers and council, ensuring decisions reflect membership input on priorities like publication standards.^[52]

Educational associations and accreditation

Magnet Schools of America

Magnet Schools of America (MSA) is a national nonprofit organization established in 1986 to represent and advocate for magnet schools, which are tuition-free public institutions of choice featuring specialized themes to foster educational innovation and student diversity. Formally incorporated as a 501(c)(3) educational association in 1994, MSA supports over 4,340 member schools serving approximately 3.5 million students nationwide.^[53]^[54]^[55] The association operates from Washington, D.C., emphasizing voluntary enrollment mechanisms like lotteries to promote access without mandatory zoning.^[56]^[57] MSA's core activities revolve around upholding five foundational pillars: diversity of student populations, rigorous curricula and teacher training, academic achievement, effective instructional frameworks, and robust parental involvement. It administers a national certification program, launched in 2016 via the National Institute for Magnet School Leadership, which evaluates schools against these standards to designate exemplars, with 38 schools certified as of recent recognitions.^[58]^[59]^[60] The organization also hosts annual conferences, professional development events, and merit-based awards to disseminate best practices and honor high-performing programs.^[53] In advocacy, MSA lobbies for sustained federal support, including the Magnet Schools Assistance Program and the 2022-introduced MAGNET Act aimed at bolstering desegregation-era goals of equity through choice-based models. It promotes National Magnet School Month each February to raise awareness of these schools' role in public education reform, tracing their origins to 1960s efforts addressing desegregation via themed attractions rather than forced busing.^[61]^[62]^[63] While official narratives highlight integration benefits, empirical outcomes vary, with studies attributing success to selective admissions and specialized focus amid broader debates on choice versus equity trade-offs.^[64]

Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools

The Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools, established in 1919, operates through distinct commissions focused on accreditation for higher education and K-12 institutions.^[65] Its higher education arm, the Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE), accredits degree-granting colleges, universities, and other postsecondary institutions primarily in Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands, with eligibility extended to freestanding entities worldwide.^[66] MSCHE conducts peer reviews to verify compliance with standards emphasizing mission achievement, ethical practices, student learning outcomes, and institutional resources, including self-studies, site visits, and periodic reaffirmations every eight years.^[67] Recognition by the U.S. Department of Education since 1952 affirms its role in ensuring federal student aid eligibility for accredited members, which numbered over 500 institutions as of recent directories.^[66]^[68] The association's K-12 counterpart, the Middle States Association Commissions on Elementary and Secondary Schools (MSA-CESS), accredits public, independent, faith-based, and international schools, emphasizing continuous improvement through self-study, peer evaluation, and adherence to 12 standards covering leadership, learning environments, and data-driven decision-making.^[69] Accreditation cycles typically span 2-5 years initially, with ongoing monitoring thereafter.^[69] Criticisms of MSCHE have centered on perceived leniency in enforcement, particularly amid federal scrutiny; for instance, in June 2025, the U.S. Department of Education urged action against Columbia University for alleged civil rights violations tied to campus unrest, highlighting tensions between accreditors' independence and accountability demands.^[70] Earlier internal divisions in 2010 reflected broader pressures on regional accreditors to balance institutional autonomy with rigorous oversight.^[71] Such issues underscore challenges in accreditation amid ideological biases in higher education, where bodies like MSCHE have faced calls for stricter free speech protections and outcome-based evaluations over procedural compliance.^[72]

Demographic and geographic terms

Metropolitan statistical area

A metropolitan statistical area (MSA) is a geographic entity defined by the United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to delineate regions consisting of a core urban area with a population of at least 50,000 inhabitants, along with adjacent communities that exhibit substantial economic and social integration, primarily measured through commuting patterns.^[73]^[74] These areas are delineated using decennial census data and updated periodically by the OMB, with the most recent standards issued in OMB Bulletin No. 23-01 on July 21, 2023, based on the 2020 Census.^[74] MSAs serve as standardized units for federal statistical agencies, including the U.S. Census Bureau and Bureau of Labor Statistics, to collect, analyze, and disseminate data on population, employment, and economic activity.^[75] The delineation criteria for an MSA require a central core formed by one or more urban areas—defined as densely settled territories with at least 50,000 people—encompassing contiguous census blocks.^[73] Adjacent counties are included if they demonstrate a high degree of integration with the core, quantified by an employment interchange measure where at least 25% of the employed residents in the potential county commute to jobs in the core counties, or vice versa, or if the county meets commuting thresholds relative to its own labor force.^[76] Contiguity is assessed via county boundaries or equivalent territories, and areas may merge if they form a continuous urbanized region with populations exceeding thresholds (e.g., combined urban areas over 2.5 million).^[74] These standards prioritize observable commuting data over subjective factors like shared media markets, ensuring delineations reflect empirical labor market ties rather than administrative or political boundaries.^[77] Standardized MSA definitions originated in 1949, when the Bureau of the Budget (OMB's predecessor) first issued criteria for metropolitan areas to improve consistency in federal data collection amid post-World War II urbanization.^[78] Early efforts date to the 1910 Census with rudimentary "metropolitan districts," but formal statistical areas evolved through iterations like Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSAs) in the 1950s and 1960s, which emphasized central cities of 50,000+ residents and outlying counties with 15%+ inbound commuting.^[78] The modern MSA framework emerged in 1990, replacing SMSAs and Primary Metropolitan Statistical Areas (PMSAs) with a core-based approach focused on urban clusters and employment interchange, formalized in OMB's 2000 standards and refined in subsequent bulletins to incorporate updated census geographies.^[77] As of the 2023 OMB delineations, there are 387 MSAs covering approximately 86% of the U.S. population, with updates reflecting 2020 Census commuting patterns and urban growth.^[79] MSAs enable precise tracking of regional economic indicators, such as the 73% of MSAs that recorded population growth from 2023 to 2024, driven by migration and natural increase in integrated labor markets.^[79] They inform federal resource allocation, including funding formulas under programs like Community Development Block Grants, but their statistical nature precludes direct governance or policy enforcement.^[75] Critics note that rigid county-based boundaries can understate true metropolitan sprawl in states with fragmented local governments, though OMB revisions, such as those anticipated for 2025 employment data, aim to refine accuracy using post-2020 trends.^[80]

Other specialized uses

Support organizations for multiple system atrophy

Mission MSA, formerly the Multiple System Atrophy Coalition and founded in 1989 as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit, serves as the primary U.S.-based organization dedicated to enhancing quality of life and instilling hope for individuals with multiple system atrophy (MSA) and their families. It operates a dedicated patient support line at 866-737-5999 for guidance, information, and resource referrals; maintains MSA Connect, an online platform for community engagement and peer support; and offers practical resources for building care teams, managing symptoms, and navigating the disease progression.^[81]^[82]^[83] The Multiple System Atrophy Trust in the United Kingdom, originating from the Sarah Matheson Trust established after a 1993 MSA diagnosis and formally incorporated as a charity in 2010, provides essential services including informational resources, emotional support, and expanded care options for patients, families, and caregivers. It also funds research initiatives aimed at advancing understanding and potential treatments for MSA.^[84]^[85]^[86] Defeat MSA Canada, a registered Canadian charity, emphasizes a multifaceted approach encompassing patient and caregiver support, educational programs, public awareness campaigns, research promotion, and advocacy to address gaps in MSA care within Canada.^[87]^[88] Globally, the MSA United Research Consortium coordinates efforts among charitable organizations from countries including the United States, Canada, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Australia, New Zealand, Denmark, and Mexico to deliver unified patient support programs, professional education, awareness initiatives, and research funding targeted at slowing MSA progression and improving outcomes.^[89] Complementary support is available through related entities such as CurePSP, which hosts over 15 virtual support groups and regional networks specifically including MSA alongside other atypical parkinsonian disorders, and Dysautonomia International, which maintains listings and maps of MSA-focused patient groups.^[90]^[91]

References

[1]
Multiple System Atrophy
Apr 7, 2025 · The symptoms of MSA reflect the progressive loss of function and death of different types of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. MSA is ...What is multiple system atrophy? · What are the latest updates on...
[2]
Multiple system atrophy - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic
Aug 2, 2024 · Multiple system atrophy, also called MSA, causes people to lose coordination and balance or become slow and stiff.
[3]
Multiple system atrophy - PMC - PubMed Central - NIH
Mar 16, 2023 · Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a sporadic, progressive, adult-onset (>30 years), degenerative disease that presents with a combination of parkinsonism, ...
[4]
Multiple System Atrophy: Practice Essentials, Background, Etiology ...
Oct 26, 2022 · Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is defined as an adult-onset, sporadic, rapidly progressive, multisystem, neurodegenerative fatal disease of undetermined ...Practice Essentials · Background · Etiology and Pathophysiology · Epidemiology
[5]
Multiple system atrophy - Genetics - MedlinePlus
Jul 1, 2016 · Multiple system atrophy is a progressive brain disorder that affects movement and balance and disrupts the function of the autonomic nervous system.
[6]
Estimating the prevalence and incidence of multiple system atrophy ...
This study estimates the prevalence and incidence of MSA in a large, healthcare database in the US. · The crude prevalence of MSA was 7.2/100,000 persons in 2021 ...
[7]
Multiple System Atrophy - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | NORD
May 22, 2025 · Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare sporadic progressive neurological disorder characterized by a varying combination of symptoms and signs.
[8]
Multiple system atrophy - Orphanet
Epidemiology. Prevalence ranges from 1/50,000-1/20,000. · Clinical description. MSA is an adult-onset disorder (>30 years, mean age 55-60 years). · Etiology.
[9]
The natural history of multiple system atrophy: a prospective ...
This multicentre prospective natural history study in a European cohort of MSA patients showed a reduced median survival of 9·8 years and rapid disease ...Missing: discovery | Show results with:discovery
[10]
Multiple system atrophy - parkinsonian type - MedlinePlus
Oct 23, 2024 · Multiple system atrophy- parkinsonian type (MSA-P) is a rare condition that causes symptoms similar to Parkinson disease.
[11]
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA): Symptoms & Treatment
Multiple system atrophy is a fatal disease that causes parts of your brain to deteriorate. As they do, it disrupts movement ability and automatic body ...
[12]
Multiple System Atrophy: Advances in Diagnosis and Therapy - PMC
This review summarizes recent developments in MSA research, clarifying the early pathophysiology, psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, diagnostic biomarker ...
[13]
Multiple system atrophy - PubMed
Aug 25, 2022 · Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by neuronal loss and gliosis in multiple areas of the central nervous ...
[14]
Multiple system atrophy - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic
Aug 2, 2024 · Diagnosing multiple system atrophy (MSA) can be challenging. Symptoms such as stiffness and trouble walking can happen in other diseases, ...
[15]
Current Landscape of Clinical Diagnosis in Multiple System Atrophy
Nov 12, 2024 · This study demonstrates an improvement in the PPV of MSA in recent years, potentially attributed to the increased use of brain MRI.
[16]
Data-Driven Subtypes of Multiple System Atrophy and Their ... - NIH
Jul 17, 2024 · We identified four clinical profiles of MSA: cerebellar symptom-dominant, sleep and mood disorder-dominant, rigid akinetic-dominant, and malignant diffuse.Missing: reviewed | Show results with:reviewed
[17]
Temporal Changes of Diagnostic Accuracy for Multiple System Atrophy
Apr 9, 2024 · This study demonstrates that diagnostic accuracy of MSA in recent years has improved over time. The increased use of brain MRI might have contributed to the ...
[18]
Measurement System Analysis (MSA) - Quality-One
MSA is defined as an experimental and mathematical method of determining the amount of variation that exists within a measurement process.
[19]
Measurement System Analysis (MSA) - MoreSteam
The purpose of Measurement System Analysis is to qualify a measurement system for use by quantifying its accuracy, precision, and stability.Purpose · Characterization · Repeatability And...<|separator|>
[20]
[PDF] measurement systems analysis - ANSI Webstore
This Reference Manual was developed by a Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA) Work Group, sanctioned by the Chrysler Group LLC, Ford Motor Company, and General ...
[21]
MSA-4 - Measurement Systems Analysis - AIAG
This guide will help you assess the quality of your measurement systems, providing a basis for recognizing where improvements can be made.
[22]
https://asq.org/quality-resources/gage-repeatability
[23]
Gage Repeatability and Reproducibility (GR&R)
It's a method to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of a measurement system. In other words, Gage R&R studies are carried out to discover how much of ...
[24]
Variable Measurement Systems – Part 4: Gage R&R - SPC for Excel
This tool measures the amount of variation in the measurement system arising from the measurement device and the people taking the measurements. This newsletter ...Planning the Gage R&R Study · Analyzing the Results · Interpreting the Results<|control11|><|separator|>
[25]
E2782 Standard Guide for Measurement Systems Analysis (MSA)
Jul 13, 2022 · This guide presents terminology, concepts, and selected methods and formulas useful for measurement systems analysis (MSA).
[26]
Measurement system analysis (MSA) - Dmaic.com
MSA helps organizations distinguish between process variation and measurement process variation, allowing for accurate interpretation of results and better ...
[27]
What is a Master Service Agreement (MSA)? - Icertis
Mar 12, 2025 · A Master Service Agreement (MSA) is a legal contract that establishes the general terms and conditions between two parties for an ongoing business relationship.Missing: components | Show results with:components
[28]
Master Service Agreement: What You Need to Know | Axiom Law
A Master Service Agreement (MSA) is a document that outlines the terms and conditions upon which work will be performed between two parties.Missing: aspects | Show results with:aspects
[29]
Master service agreement: Templates and resources for attorneys
Nov 21, 2024 · This legally binding agreement sets forth the terms and conditions of a service agreement, including services provided, pricing models, payment ...
[30]
What Is a Master Service Agreement? How MSAs Should Work
Jun 18, 2024 · At its most basic, an MSA is a contract between two or more parties that establishes what terms and conditions will govern all current and ...Missing: aspects | Show results with:aspects
[31]
Master Services Agreement: What is it? Key Sections
A master services agreement outlines the legally binding terms that parties must follow for ongoing and future tasks, obligations, and responsibilities.<|separator|>
[32]
The Ultimate Guide to The Master Service Agreement - Sizle
Key Components of a Master Service Agreement · Scope of Services: Clearly defining the services to be provided and the intended outcomes. · Term and Termination: ...
[33]
MSA vs SOW: Which One To Use When - Ironclad
Feb 18, 2022 · The major difference between them is that, while an MSA sets the legal framework for the relationship between contracting parties, an SOW deals ...What is a Master Service... · What is a Statement of Work?
[34]
MSA vs SOW: what's the difference? - Juro
Oct 14, 2022 · One of the biggest differences between a Master Services Agreement and a Statement of Work is the purpose of the agreements. The main ...What is a Master Services... · What is the difference between...
[35]
Master Service Agreements Are Exploding into Commercial ...
Apr 30, 2025 · Master service agreements, a/k/a master subcontract agreements, or “MSA's” have become increasingly popular in recent years.
[36]
What Is a Master Service Agreement and When Do You Need One?
Sep 15, 2022 · A master service agreement (MSA) is a contract that lays out a framework of general terms and conditions between two parties in an ongoing, working ...
[37]
MSA
The Microscopy Society of America (MSA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to enabling the discoveries that positively impact the course of humanity.EventsLoginCEMT Certification ProgramMicroscopy & MicroanalysisJoin MSA
[38]
History of the MSA - Microscopy Society of America
The Founding of the Society. Figure 2. Founding meeting, 1942, Sherman Hotel, Chicago. (A). The first transmission electron microscopes in North America. (A) ...
[39]
https://mmconference.microscopy.org/
[40]
MSA & Virtual Inc. Collaborate with Cadmium for Events
May 13, 2024 · While MSA has over 1,800 members, it was once run solely by volunteers. This is why they turned to a Professional Management Company (PMC) ...
[41]
Microscopy Society of America
The Microscopy Society of America (MSA) is a non-profit organization dedicated to the promotion and advancement of techniques and applications of microscopy ...
[42]
MSA | Publications
A collaborative publishing community from the biological and physical sciences dedicated to fostering research, innovation, and the advancement of microscopy.
[43]
Society Awards and MSA Fellows
These awards annually recognize a preeminent senior scientist from each of the Biological and Physical Sciences who has a long-standing record of ...
[44]
Mineralogical Society of America - Mineralogy, Petrology and ...
Society for the advancement of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, and petrology, and promotion of their uses in other sciences, industry, and the ...About MSA · Open Access Publications · RiM Volumes Listed by Titles · Rock Key
[45]
[PDF] Mineralogical Society of America - Elements Magazine
In addition to being part of a thriving scientific community, members receive discounts on MSA publications, Short Course and joint meeting registration fees, ...
[46]
A Brief History of MSA's Founding. - Mineralogical Society of America
The greatest benefit of such a society was said to be a dignified medium of an independent publication devoted exclusively to publishing of mineralogical papers ...
[47]
X-ray diffraction and the birth of the Mineralogical Society of America
Aug 5, 2025 · The founding of the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) in 1919 followed so closely on the heels of the discovery of X-ray diffraction ...
[48]
Founding of Mineralogical Society of America
"It was decided to publish a journal devoted to mineralogy, crystallography and the allied sciences which shall be the official organ of the society, and which ...
[49]
Publications – MSA - Mineralogical Society of America
MSA was founded in 1919 for the advancement of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, petrology, and promotion of their uses in other sciences, industry, ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[50]
MSA Award - Mineralogical Society of America
The Mineralogical Society of America Award is intended to recognize outstanding contributions to the science of mineralogy by relatively young individuals.Missing: size | Show results with:size
[51]
Awards & Grants – MSA - Mineralogical Society of America
The MSA offers awards and grants, including the Crystallography Grant and Petrology Grant, to professionals, students, and the public.Missing: size | Show results with:size
[52]
About MSA - Mineralogical Society of America
Apr 22, 2022 · The Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) was founded in 1919 for the advancement of mineralogy, crystallography, geochemistry, petrology, and promotion of ...
[53]
Magnet Schools of America
Magnet Schools of America is a nonprofit representing magnet schools, which are free public schools of choice. MSA supports these schools and their teachers.About · Conferences and Events · Awards · What are Magnet SchoolsMissing: history mission
[54]
Magnet Schools of America Inc - Mightycause
Magnet Schools of America (MSA) was founded in 1986 and authorized as a 501(c)3 not-for profit education association in 1994.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[55]
Home - Magnet Schools of America
Magnet schools are free public schools of choice. MSA is a national nonprofit representing 4,340 magnet schools and nearly 3.5 million students.Missing: website | Show results with:website
[56]
Contact Us - Magnet Schools of America
Magnet Schools of America 4005 Wisconsin Avenue NW #5997. Washington, DC 20016 ; Main number: 202.824.0672 ; Magnet Schools of America, Inc. P.O. Box 45739<|separator|>
[57]
What are Magnet Schools
Magnet schools are innovative, themed public schools open to all, often using a lottery system, and are free. They are based on five pillars.
[58]
https://magnet.edu/magnet-blueprint/pillars/
[59]
Magnet Schools of America Recognizes 29 Nationally Certified ...
Aug 25, 2021 · Magnet Schools of America's National Institute for Magnet School Leadership (NIMSL) developed the certification program in 2016 as a roadmap for ...
[60]
MSA Recognizes 38 Nationally Certified Schools
Founded in 1986, Magnet Schools of America is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit education association representing and serving the nation's thousands of magnet and theme- ...
[61]
MSA Gets Historic MAGNET Act Introduced
Mar 17, 2022 · The MAGNET Act doubles down on the original mission of the Magnet Schools Assistance Program (MSAP) to improve equity and diversity in public ...Missing: activities | Show results with:activities
[62]
How You Can Celebrate National Magnet School Month
Magnet Schools of America is proud to announce that the month of February is the annual celebration of National Magnet Schools Month.
[63]
A Brief History of Magnet Schools
The history of magnet schools is tied to the 1960's protest over school desegregation and the educational reform model of public school choice.Missing: mission activities
[64]
Advancing Integration and Equity Through Magnet Schools
Feb 15, 2023 · Magnet schools are public elementary or secondary schools that seek to achieve voluntary desegregation through parental choice, rather than ...
[65]
1919-2019: The 100-Year History of the Middle States Commission ...
The Association created the Commission on Higher Education in 1919, known then and until December 1969, as the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education.
[66]
About Us - Middle States Commission on Higher Education
The Middle States Commission on Higher Education (MSCHE) is a global institutional accreditor recognized by the United States Secretary of Education since 1952.
[67]
Accreditation - Middle States Commission on Higher Education
MSCHE is a USDE-recognized accreditor that establishes standards, evaluates all aspects of institutions, and verifies quality through peer review.Application and Candidacy · Annual Institutional Update · Self-Study Guides
[68]
Institutions Archive - Middle States Commission on Higher Education
1919-2019: The 100-Year History of the Middle States Commission on Higher Education · Meet the President · Commissioners · Call For Commissioner Nominations.
[69]
Accreditation Process and Standards - MSA-CESS
Accreditation involves a self-study, peer review, and meeting standards. It takes 2-5 years, and schools must meet specific standards for accreditation.
[70]
ED Pressures Accreditor to Act on Columbia - Inside Higher Ed
Jun 4, 2025 · The Trump administration called on Middle States to take action against Columbia for alleged civil rights violations, arguing it is out of ...
[71]
Middle States Divided - Inside Higher Ed
May 19, 2010 · Accrediting agencies are facing significant outside pressure over their independence and performance, raising questions in some quarters ...
[72]
[PDF] September 26, 2024 Middle States Commission on Higher ... - FIRE
Sep 6, 2024 · NYU continued a pattern of punishing community members for protected political expression in December 2023, with its suspension of Professor ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[73]
About - U.S. Census Bureau
Jul 25, 2023 · Each metropolitan statistical area must have at least one urban area of 50,000 or more inhabitants. Each micropolitan statistical area must have ...
[74]
[PDF] OMB BULLETIN NO. 23-01 | The White House
Jul 21, 2023 · If specified criteria are met, adjacent Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas, in various combinations, may become the components ...
[75]
Metropolitan and Micropolitan - U.S. Census Bureau
Sep 8, 2025 · Metropolitan and micropolitan areas are geographic entities used by Federal statistical agencies in collecting, tabulating, and publishing ...
[76]
OMB's Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan ...
Aug 7, 2019 · Metropolitan Statistical Areas will be based on urbanized areas of 50,000 or more population and Micropolitan Statistical Areas will be based on ...
[77]
Standards for Defining Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas
Dec 27, 2000 · OMB modified the criteria used to define Metropolitan Divisions within Metropolitan Statistical Areas as well as NECTA Divisions within ...Summary of Comments... · OMB's Decisions Regarding... · Standards for Defining...<|separator|>
[78]
History of Metropolitan Areas - U.S. Census Bureau
Sep 3, 2024 · Standard definitions of metropolitan areas were first issued in 1949 by the then Bureau of the Budget (predecessor of Office of Management and ...Early Attempts To Define... · 1930 Metropolitan Districts · Eastern United States: 1980
[79]
CBSAs | Fastest Growing Metros | Metropolitan Area Demographic ...
Approximately 73% of the nation's 387 metro areas (Metropolitan Statistical Areas - MSAs) experienced population growth between 2023 and 2024.
[80]
Upcoming Changes to Metropolitan Statistical Area Delineations
With the release of January 2025 data in March 2025, the Current Employment Statistics (CES) metropolitan statistical area (MSA) estimates will be updated ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[81]
About Us - Mission MSA
Mission MSA is devoted to improving quality of life and building hope for people affected by multiple system atrophy (MSA)
[82]
Finding Support - Mission MSA
Discover MSA Connect, an online hub uniting those impacted by multiple system atrophy (MSA). Join now to engage with a compassionate community, share personal ...
[83]
Multiple Systems Atrophy Coalition | Section of Movement Disorders
The Multiple System Atrophy Coalition founded in 1989, is a 501(c)(3) charitable organization devoted to improving the quality of life and building hope for ...
[84]
The MSA Trust | ACNR Journal
The MSA Trust (previously the Sarah Matheson Trust), was created after the founder Sarah Matheson was diagnosed with MSA in 1993.
[85]
MULTIPLE SYSTEM ATROPHY TRUST - Charity Commission
We strive to protect the public health; Providing information, support & extending the range of services available to people with MSA, their families & carers.
[86]
Multiple System Atrophy Trust
No readable text found in the HTML.<|separator|>
[87]
Support for MSA Patients in Canada
We promise to help create a network of support for patients living with Multiple System Atrophy and their caregivers.
[88]
defeat-msa-multiple-system-atrophy-canada | Donate Online
Defeat MSA/Vaincre AMS Canada is a registered charity that aspires to balance support, education, awareness, research and advocacy.
[89]
MSA United Research Consortium
Multiple System Atrophy United Research Consortium is a global consortium of charitable groups ... patient support, medical education, public awareness ...Our Mission · Our Vision · Our Goal
[90]
Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) - CurePSP
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, adult-onset, neurological disease that impacts movement, coordination and the autonomic nervous system.Missing: epidemiology | Show results with:epidemiology
[91]
MSA Support Groups - Dysautonomia International
To find an MSA support group near you, you can check the Dysautonomia International support group listings and our Interactive Global Dysautonomia Map.