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MSP

A managed service provider (MSP) is a third-party firm that remotely manages a client's information technology (IT) infrastructure, end-user systems, networks, applications, and security through proactive monitoring, maintenance, and support, typically delivered via subscription-based contracts.^[1]^[2] MSPs emerged in the late 1990s alongside advancements in remote monitoring tools and the shift toward outsourcing IT operations, enabling businesses to reduce in-house staffing costs, access specialized expertise, and achieve scalable infrastructure without direct ownership.^[3] Key services often encompass cybersecurity threat detection, cloud resource optimization, help desk support, and data backup, with the model gaining prominence amid rising cyber risks and the adoption of hybrid work environments post-2020.^[4]^[5] While MSPs offer predictable pricing and operational efficiency, notable challenges include potential vendor lock-in, varying service quality across providers, and risks of data breaches if oversight lapses, underscoring the need for rigorous vendor selection based on verifiable performance metrics rather than marketing claims.^[6]^[7]

Business and organizations

Managed service providers

A managed service provider (MSP) is a third-party firm that remotely manages a client's information technology (IT) infrastructure and end-user systems, typically through contractual agreements emphasizing proactive monitoring, maintenance, and support to ensure operational reliability.^[1]^[2] These providers handle core functions such as network administration, application management, infrastructure oversight, and helpdesk support, often delivering services via subscription-based models that shift from reactive break-fix approaches to predictive analytics and automation.^[6] Key offerings include cybersecurity protections against evolving threats, cloud resource optimization for scalability, and endpoint management to minimize downtime.^[4] The global managed services market, encompassing MSP activities, reached approximately $335 billion in 2024 and is projected to expand to $731 billion by 2030, driven by increasing demand for outsourced IT amid digital transformation pressures on enterprises.^[8] In 2024 and 2025, prominent trends include the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) for automating routine tasks like threat detection and incident response, heightened emphasis on cybersecurity amid rising ransomware incidents, and a shift toward platform consolidation to counter margin pressures from competitive ecosystems.^[9]^[10] These developments reflect broader IT sector dynamics, where MSPs leverage AI-driven tools to enhance efficiency, such as real-time adaptive security models that predict and mitigate threats faster than traditional methods.^[11] For small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), MSPs offer cost efficiencies by providing scalable IT expertise without the overhead of maintaining in-house teams, enabling focus on core operations while outsourcing specialized monitoring that reduces unplanned outages.^[12] However, drawbacks include the potential for vendor lock-in, where proprietary tools or long-term contracts create dependency and complicate transitions to alternatives, potentially leading to inflated renewal costs or reduced negotiating power.^[13] Service quality can vary across providers, with some failing to deliver consistent proactive support, underscoring the need for rigorous vendor evaluation based on verifiable performance metrics rather than promises.^[14] This trade-off highlights a causal dynamic: while outsourcing lowers fixed costs for resource-constrained SMEs, over-reliance on external providers can introduce risks of suboptimal customization or responsiveness if internal oversight lapses.^[12]

Other businesses and organizations

MSP Inc., a manufacturing firm founded in 2002, designs and builds custom equipment for industrial applications, particularly in the roofing sector, including electrical and mechanical systems engineered for harsh conditions.^[15]^[16] Martha Schwartz Partners (MSP), established in 1990, operates as an international design practice specializing in landscape architecture, urban projects, and site-specific installations that integrate art, nature, and climate adaptation strategies.^[17]^[18] MSP Real Estate, Inc., founded in 1988 by Milo Pinkerton, focuses on property development, construction, and management of multi-family housing units, primarily in the upper Midwest region of the United States.^[19] MSP Corporation manufactures precision instruments and equipment for scientific research and industrial uses, including cascade impactors and aerosol sampling devices.^[20]

Government and politics

Legislative roles

A Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) is an elected representative serving in the devolved unicameral legislature of Scotland, established under the Scotland Act 1998 and operational since 6 May 1999 following the 1997 devolution referendum, in which 74.3% of voters approved the creation of a parliament with limited tax-varying powers.^[21]^[22] The Scottish Parliament comprises 129 MSPs, elected for fixed five-year terms to scrutinize the Scottish Government, pass legislation on devolved matters, and represent constituents.^[23] MSPs are selected through the Additional Member System, a mixed-member proportional representation method combining 73 first-past-the-post constituency seats with 56 regional list seats allocated to achieve overall proportionality across eight electoral regions.^[24] Legislative authority extends to devolved areas such as health (including NHS Scotland management), education (from primary to higher levels), justice, environment, and rural affairs, allowing Scotland to enact policies diverging from UK-wide approaches, like the early 2006 smoking ban in public places and sustained free university tuition for Scottish residents since 2008.^[25]^[26] Reserved powers, including foreign policy, defense, and macroeconomic fiscal policy, remain with the UK Parliament at Westminster.^[21] As of October 2025, the party composition reflects the 2021 election results adjusted for subsequent changes, with the Scottish National Party holding 60 seats, the Scottish Conservative and Unionist Party 28, Scottish Labour 21, the Scottish Green Party 7, and the Scottish Liberal Democrats 4, alongside independents and minor adjustments to total 129.^[23]^[27] Devolution has facilitated regional autonomy by enabling tailored legislation, such as free personal care for the elderly introduced in 2002, which contrasts with England's means-tested system and has been credited with reducing institutionalization rates, though implementation costs strained budgets.^[28] Critics, including analyses from the Institute for Fiscal Studies, argue that fiscal dependency persists, as the block grant from the UK Treasury—covering approximately 90% of the Scottish Government's budget despite post-2016 income tax devolution—limits genuine independence and exposes Scotland to Westminster's spending decisions without equivalent borrowing or revenue-raising flexibility.^[29]^[30] This structure has fueled debates on full fiscal autonomy, with proponents highlighting potential for growth-oriented policies but skeptics noting risks of deficit volatility given Scotland's oil revenue fluctuations and higher per-capita public spending relative to the UK average.^[31]

Law enforcement agencies

The Minnesota State Patrol (MSP) serves as the primary state-level law enforcement agency in Minnesota, established by the state legislature in 1929 as the Minnesota Highway Patrol in response to the rapid increase in automobile usage and associated safety concerns.^[32] Its foundational mandate focused on highway enforcement, evolving to encompass broader statewide responsibilities including traffic regulation, commercial vehicle inspections, crash investigations, and assistance to local agencies in criminal probes. MSP troopers hold full arrest authority across the state, with operational structure divided into eight districts covering over 86,000 miles of roadways, supported by specialized units for aviation, watercraft, and tactical response. In terms of traffic enforcement efficacy, MSP conducts targeted campaigns yielding measurable outcomes, such as over 3,400 citations for distracted driving during a single April initiative involving multiple agencies, contributing to broader reductions in roadway fatalities.^[33] Statewide data reflects an 8% drop in traffic deaths in 2023 compared to prior years, amid sustained MSP-led patrols emphasizing speed and impairment violations, which accounted for significant portions of 151 summer fatalities in 2024 including 44 speed-related cases.^[34] ^[35] Post-2020 policing scrutiny, including MSP involvement in unrest response, prompted reviews of practices, yet empirical metrics indicate restrained force application: statewide law enforcement use-of-force incidents fell from 45 in 2020 to 30 in 2021, with MSP's highway-focused arrests—predominantly for traffic offenses—maintaining high clearance rates relative to reported violations without evidence of disproportionate escalation.^[36] Resource allocation prioritizes patrol visibility, correlating with deterrence effects as arrests for highway-related crimes align closely with incident reports, countering claims of overreach through verifiable enforcement-to-outcome ratios tracked via official dashboards.^[37]

Correctional facilities

The Mississippi State Penitentiary (MSP), a maximum-security prison in Parchman, Sunflower County, Mississippi, was established in 1901 and operates under the Mississippi Department of Corrections on approximately 18,000 acres.^[38] It houses male inmates in protective custody, close custody, restrictive housing, and death row, with a capacity of 2,690 beds across seven units and support buildings, including an on-site hospital providing 24/7 medical services.^[39] Administrative management emphasizes inmate labor through Mississippi Prison Industries Corporation programs in textile and metal fabrication, as well as agricultural operations supplying food to state facilities, alongside approximately 100,000 annual hours of free labor for public entities.^[38] The Maine State Prison (MSP) in Warren, Maine, functions as a medium- and maximum-security facility governed by the Maine Department of Corrections, with a capacity of 993 adult male residents.^[40] It serves as a reception site for inmates unsuitable for lower-security centers and maintains populations below full capacity, focusing on structured management via an Intensive Mental Health Unit and rehabilitation initiatives such as vocational training, substance use disorder treatment, and parenting education.^[40] Montana State Prison (MSP), located in Deer Lodge within a 68-acre secure compound, is administered by the Montana Department of Corrections and houses nearly 1,600 male inmates across various custody levels.^[41] Operational challenges include overcrowding, with a population of 1,562 reported in February 2024, exceeding rated capacity and prompting transfers to out-of-state facilities.^[42] Historically, the Missouri State Penitentiary (MSP) in Jefferson City operated from 1836 to 2004 under the Missouri Department of Corrections, functioning as the state's principal male inmate facility until decommissioning, after which 1,355 inmates were relocated to a new Jefferson City Correctional Center.^[43]

Other governmental entities

The Medicare Secondary Payer (MSP) program, administered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS), coordinates benefits under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to prevent Medicare from serving as the primary payer when other insurers or entities bear primary responsibility.^[44] Enacted initially through the Social Security Disability Amendments of 1980, which made Medicare secondary to employer group health plans for end-stage renal disease beneficiaries, the program expanded via the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 and subsequent laws to include liability insurance (including self-insurance), no-fault insurance, and workers' compensation as primary payers in applicable cases.^[45] This framework mandates recovery of conditional payments Medicare makes when primary coverage exists but has not yet been identified or reimbursed, with CMS pursuing demands against beneficiaries, providers, suppliers, or primary payers.^[46] Mandatory insurer reporting requirements, established under Section 111 of the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Extension Act of 2007 (MMSEA), require applicable responsible reporting entities—such as insurers and self-insured entities—to submit data on Medicare beneficiaries involved in settlements, judgments, awards, or payments exceeding specified thresholds. For non-group health plans in 2025, CMS maintained the low-dollar recovery threshold at $750 for physical trauma-based liability insurance settlements, judgments, awards, or other payments, below which routine recovery actions are generally not pursued due to collection costs outweighing recoverable amounts.^[47] Similarly, the reporting threshold for total payment obligation to the claimant (TPOC) remains aligned with this level to balance compliance burdens against fiscal recovery.^[48] These updates, announced December 16, 2024, reflect CMS's annual computation considering administrative costs, inflation adjustments, and historical data on small settlements.^[49] The MSP program's empirical outcomes include CMS recoveries that bolster Medicare Trust Fund solvency, though exact annual figures fluctuate based on litigation volumes and compliance rates; for instance, thresholds are calibrated to avoid pursuing cases where collection expenses approximate $306 per low-value claim.^[50] Critics, including healthcare providers and insurers, highlight administrative burdens from Section 111 reporting, such as data submission via CMS's Coordination of Benefits Agreement (COBA) or direct systems, which can involve ongoing query processes and potential civil monetary penalties up to $1,000 per day per unreported claimant (inflation-adjusted).^[51] These penalties, clarified in 2023 rulemaking, cap at $365,000 annually per individual but underscore tensions between recovery enforcement and operational efficiency for entities handling thousands of claims.^[52] Outside the United States, the Medical Services Plan (MSP) of British Columbia operates as a provincial government-administered health insurance program, covering medically necessary services for residents since its establishment in 1965 under the Medical Services Act, with premiums phased out by 2020 in favor of general taxation funding. This entity processes claims and reimburses physicians, distinct from U.S. MSP coordination but similarly focused on public payer administration without primary/secondary layering.

Transportation

Airports

Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport (MSP), located in Minneapolis, Minnesota, serves as the primary commercial airport for the Twin Cities metropolitan area and functions as a major hub for Delta Air Lines, facilitating extensive domestic and international connectivity across the Upper Midwest.^[53] The airport spans 2,930 acres and operates two terminals: the larger Lindbergh Terminal for mainline flights and the Humphrey Terminal for low-cost carriers and some international arrivals.^[54] As the busiest airport in the region, MSP handles significant passenger, cargo, and logistics traffic, supporting regional economic activity through its role in air freight and business travel.^[55] In 2024, MSP recorded 37.2 million passengers, a 6.9% increase from 34.7 million in 2023 and approaching its pre-pandemic peak of 39.5 million in 2019.^[56] ^[57] The facility ranks as the 18th-busiest airport in North America by passenger volume and has demonstrated high operational efficiency, earning top rankings in customer satisfaction surveys for mega-airports.^[58] Cargo operations complement passenger services, with MSP serving as a key node for Upper Midwest logistics, including freight handled by carriers like FedEx and UPS, though specific annual cargo tonnage figures vary with economic conditions.^[59] Ongoing expansions address capacity demands, including the $263 million Terminal 2 North Expansion initiated in August 2024, which adds 168,000 square feet, two new gates, expanded concessions, and improved passenger amenities to accommodate growth through 2040.^[60] Terminal 1 has undergone a decade of renovations by 2025, modernizing departures and arrivals halls for enhanced security screening and future traffic.^[61] These projects, part of the MSP 2040 Long-Term Plan, aim to double Terminal 2's size from 14 to 36 gates while maintaining Terminal 1's gate count, balancing efficiency amid occasional criticisms of construction-related delays.^[62] Economically, MSP generates approximately $16 billion annually for the Twin Cities economy and sustains around 87,000 jobs through direct operations, visitor spending, and induced effects, positioning it as Minnesota's largest aviation-driven economic engine.^[63] Statewide, Minnesota airports including MSP contribute $18.2 billion yearly, underscoring the facility's role in fostering trade and tourism connectivity.^[64]

Rail stations

The primary intercity rail station serving the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area is St. Paul Union Depot, located at 169 Western Avenue in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota, with the Amtrak station code MSP.^[65] Opened for Amtrak service on May 7, 2014, following the restoration of the 1926 neoclassical structure, it functions as an intermodal hub connecting Amtrak trains to local light rail and bus services.^[66] The station handles all long-distance and regional passenger rail traffic for the Twin Cities, with no dedicated Amtrak stop in Minneapolis proper; trains previously serving a temporary Minneapolis facility were consolidated here to streamline operations.^[67] St. Paul Union Depot accommodates two daily Amtrak routes: the Empire Builder, which provides one eastbound train to Chicago (departing around 8:00 p.m., arriving approximately 8:00 a.m. the next day) and one westbound train toward Seattle and Portland (departing around 10:00 p.m., with connections via Fargo and other stops), covering over 2,200 miles westward; and the Borealis, a regional service launched on May 21, 2024, offering one daily round-trip to Chicago (midday departure from St. Paul, arriving evening; return departs Chicago late morning). These routes connect to the national Amtrak network, facilitating travel to major Midwest hubs like Milwaukee, Fargo, and beyond, with the Empire Builder linking to transcontinental lines.^[68] Ridership at the station reflects growing demand for rail travel in the region. The Borealis exceeded projections in its inaugural year, carrying 205,800 passengers and driving a 227% overall increase in St. Paul–Chicago corridor ridership when combined with Empire Builder eastbound service.^[69] The Empire Builder stop at MSP supports broader national long-distance travel, though exact station-specific figures for FY2024 totaled around 293,000 passengers across both routes serving the depot.^[70] Prior to the 2014 relocation, Amtrak operated from Midway Station (also in Saint Paul, at 730 Transfer Road), a purpose-built facility from 1978 that served as the area's primary stop until closure, handling routes like the Empire Builder with comparable frequencies but lower infrastructure integration. The shift to Union Depot improved accessibility and ridership potential through better urban connectivity.^[66]

Other transportation uses

The Maritime Security Program (MSP) is a U.S. federal initiative administered by the Maritime Administration (MARAD) under the Department of Transportation, designed to sustain a fleet of privately owned, U.S.-flagged commercial vessels capable of supporting national defense sealift needs during contingencies.^[71] Enacted by Congress in 1996 as part of the National Defense Authorization Act, the program offers annual retainer payments to operators of eligible vessels—primarily roll-on/roll-off ships, container ships, and liquid tankers active in international commerce—in exchange for their commitment to make the ships available for military use upon activation by the Department of Defense.^[72] This ensures surge sealift capacity beyond peacetime commercial operations, with vessels required to be crewed by U.S. citizens and maintained to Department of Defense standards.^[73] As of 2024, the MSP fleet comprises 60 vessels operated by 13 private carriers, transporting cargo in global trade routes while remaining on standby for rapid deployment, such as delivering equipment and supplies in support of military operations.^[74] The program directly employs about 2,700 U.S. mariners at sea and sustains roughly 5,000 additional shore-side positions in related logistics and support roles.^[75] Annual per-vessel payments stood at $5 million through fiscal year 2021, rising to $5.3 million thereafter, with total funding authorized at approximately $318 million for fiscal year 2025 to cover operations amid fleet modernization efforts.^[72]^[76] Participation is competitive, selected based on vessel utility for sealift, commercial viability, and operator reliability, excluding ships primarily engaged in domestic or non-international trades.^[77]

Science, technology, and medicine

Computing and information technology

The MSP430 is a family of 16-bit mixed-signal microcontrollers developed by Texas Instruments, designed for ultra-low-power embedded applications such as sensors, metering devices, and portable instruments.^[78] Introduced in 1992, these processors integrate a RISC CPU with analog peripherals like ADCs and DACs, enabling efficient handling of both digital and analog signals while consuming minimal power—often in the microwatt range during active modes.^[79] The architecture supports up to 25 MHz clock speeds in later variants, with features like ferroelectric RAM in some models for non-volatile data storage, and has been adopted in over billions of units for industrial and consumer electronics due to its balance of performance and energy efficiency.^[80] In networking protocols, MSP refers to the Message Send Protocol, an early internet protocol operating on TCP/UDP port 18 for delivering short messages between users across interconnected hosts, akin to Unix's write command but network-extended.^[81] Defined in historical RFCs and IANA assignments, it facilitated basic real-time notifications in pre-web environments but saw limited adoption due to security vulnerabilities and the rise of more robust messaging standards like SMTP.^[82] Separately, the Metadata Security Protocol (MSP), implemented in Azure Virtual Machines since around 2023, secures instance metadata endpoints against unauthorized access by requiring attestation-based validation, mitigating risks like the SSRF exploitation seen in cloud environments.^[83] In algorithmic contexts, MSP denotes the Multi-Stopover Problem, a variant of the traveling salesman problem focused on asymmetric routing with multiple intermediate stops under turn restrictions, solvable via deterministic heuristics for up to 10 stopovers in real-time applications like fleet management.^[84] Multistage Stochastic Programming (MSP) frameworks, used in optimization software, model sequential decisions under uncertainty via nested value functions and scenario trees, with applications in supply chain simulations and implemented in tools like algebraic modeling languages for large-scale computations.^[85] These technical uses contrast with broader service-oriented interpretations, emphasizing hardware, protocol, and computational primitives verifiable through vendor datasheets and peer-reviewed implementations.^[86]

Biology, ecology, and medicine

Marine spatial planning (MSP) refers to a science-based, collaborative process for analyzing and organizing human activities in marine environments to balance ecological sustainability, economic development, and social needs while minimizing conflicts and environmental degradation.^[87] This approach integrates spatial data on biodiversity, fisheries, shipping routes, renewable energy installations, and protected areas to designate zones for specific uses, informed by ecosystem-based management principles that prioritize natural processes and resilience.^[88] Empirical assessments, such as those evaluating MSP implementation in regions like the European Union under the 2014 MSP Directive, demonstrate measurable outcomes including a 15-20% reduction in user conflicts in pilot areas like the North Sea and enhanced habitat protection for species like seabirds and marine mammals through zoning that limits destructive activities.^[89] In biological contexts, major sperm protein (MSP) is a 14-kDa polypeptide unique to nematode sperm cells, forming non-polar filaments that drive amoeboid locomotion independent of actin-myosin systems found in most eukaryotic cells.^[90] MSP polymerization and depolymerization enable pseudopod extension and retraction, facilitating motility in species like Caenorhabditis elegans, where mutants lacking functional MSP exhibit infertility due to immotile sperm; studies quantify MSP comprising up to 40% of sperm protein content, with dynamics visualized via fluorescence microscopy showing filament assembly rates of approximately 1-2 μm/s.^[90] Macrophage-stimulating protein (MSP), also known as hepatocyte growth factor-like protein, is a plasminogen-related serum glycoprotein that binds the RON receptor tyrosine kinase, triggering signaling cascades promoting epithelial cell migration, phagocytosis in macrophages, and tissue repair.^[91] Primarily produced by hepatocytes, MSP concentrations in human plasma average 200-500 ng/mL, with elevated levels observed in inflammatory conditions; research links dysregulated MSP-RON signaling to liver fibrosis progression, where knockout models in mice show 30-50% reduced hepatic inflammation post-injury compared to wild-type, underscoring its role in causal pathways of pathogenesis rather than mere correlation.^[91] In oncology, aberrant MSP activation correlates with increased metastasis in cancers like colorectal adenocarcinoma, supported by in vitro assays demonstrating 2-3 fold enhanced invasion in RON-overexpressing cells.^[91]

Other scientific and technical uses

In astrophysics, MSP refers to a millisecond pulsar, a rapidly rotating neutron star with a spin period typically under 10 milliseconds, characterized by low magnetic fields (around 10^8 to 10^10 gauss) compared to normal pulsars.^[92] These objects form through accretion of material from a companion star in a binary system, which transfers angular momentum and "recycles" the pulsar to high spin rates.^[93] MSPs serve as precise astrophysical clocks due to their stability, enabling applications in pulsar timing arrays for detecting nanohertz gravitational waves from supermassive black hole binaries, with arrays like NANOGrav utilizing over 60 MSPs for such observations as of 2023.^[94] In thermal power engineering, MSP stands for main steam pressure, the pressure of superheated steam supplied from the boiler to the high-pressure turbine inlet in steam turbine systems.^[95] This parameter, often controlled to maintain turbine efficiency and load, is critical in fossil fuel and nuclear plants, where deviations can trigger protective actions like load reduction to prevent overheating or instability; for instance, in coal-fired units, MSP is typically maintained around 16-25 MPa under rated conditions.^[96] Control systems adjust fuel input and throttle valves to stabilize MSP against fluctuations in demand or supply, with advanced algorithms incorporating fuzzy inference for predictive corrections based on historical operational data.^[95] In scientific instrumentation, MSP designates the Movable Sample Plate, a device used in microscopy setups to enable precise X-Y positioning of biological or material samples under observation, facilitating automated scanning and alignment in electrophysiology or imaging experiments.^[97] This component integrates with microscope stages to minimize vibration and ensure sub-micron accuracy, supporting applications in neuroscience research where sample stability is paramount for long-duration recordings.^[97]

Economics and agriculture

Minimum support price

The minimum support price (MSP) constitutes a state-imposed price floor for designated agricultural commodities, under which the government commits to procuring output at the stipulated rate to insulate producers from precipitous market declines. In India, MSP originated in 1966-67 as a cornerstone of the Green Revolution, aimed at spurring yields of staple cereals like wheat and rice to combat chronic food shortages and attain self-sufficiency.^[98]^[99] MSP levels for 22 crops—spanning 14 kharif varieties (e.g., paddy, bajra), 6 rabi types (e.g., wheat, gram), and 2 commercial ones (e.g., raw jute, copra)—are proposed by the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP), incorporating production expenses (A2+FL costs since 2018-19), domestic and global price signals, and supply-demand equilibria, before Cabinet ratification.^[100]^[101] Procurement, executed chiefly by the Food Corporation of India (FCI) and state agencies, has amassed vast buffer stocks, underwriting food security through the Targeted Public Distribution System that rations subsidized grains to approximately 800 million low-income households annually.^[102] Volumes procured have expanded from 761 lakh metric tonnes in 2014-15 to 1,175 lakh in 2024-25, with payments to farmers for paddy and wheat alone escalating from ₹6.67 lakh crore (2004-13 average) to over ₹20 lakh crore by 2023-24, thereby anchoring revenues in procurement-heavy states like Punjab, where wheat MSP realization approaches 100%.^[103]^[104] Notwithstanding these gains, MSP induces allocative distortions by subsidizing water-intensive staples, locking 260 million farmers into rice-wheat cycles that deplete aquifers—India's annual groundwater draft hits 251 billion cubic meters, with overexploitation exceeding 100% in Punjab-Haryana groundwater blocks, per Central Ground Water Board assessments—while curtailing shifts to drought-resistant alternatives amid rising climate vulnerabilities.^[105] Fiscal tolls mount, as food subsidies (encompassing procurement, storage, and consumer handouts) ballooned toward ₹2.5 lakh crore in 2024-25 against budgeted ₹2.05 lakh crore, compounded by inefficiencies like excess stockpiling and leakages that strain budgets and crowd out R&D investments.^[106] Benefit incidence skews narrowly: only 6% of total farmers access procurement, with 15% of paddy growers and 9.6% of wheat cultivators realizing MSP between 2021-24, per CACP data, as smallholders outside Punjab-Haryana mandis offload below thresholds, perpetuating debt traps where input costs outstrip net returns by 20-30% in non-supported regions.^[107]^[108] The 2020-21 protests, mobilizing over 250,000 farmers against liberalization laws perceived to erode MSP safeguards, exposed implementation chasms—official tallies cite 1.84 crore beneficiaries in 2024-25, yet surveys document widespread underselling and arrears, fueling calls for statutory procurement mandates from farmer unions, often aligned with left-leaning agrarian outfits skeptical of market reforms.^[109] Counterarguments, grounded in causal evidence from state-level variances (e.g., higher wheat price volatility sans robust procurement in Uttar Pradesh versus stabilized Punjab), advocate deregulation akin to post-1990s international shifts in the US and EU, where decoupled direct payments supplanted floors to minimize overproduction and environmental externalities.^[110] Analyses affirm income supports outperform MSP by averting crop-specific biases and fiscal bloat, delivering equivalent stabilization—e.g., 23% income uplift via MSP for beneficiaries but broader efficacy through transfers—without entrenching inefficiencies, though entrenched interests in procuring states resist pivots toward market-oriented alternatives.^[111]^[112]

Other uses

[Other uses - no content]

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3427 Drivers Cited For Distracted Driving During April Enforcement ...
3,427 drivers were cited for hands-free cell phone violations. 275 Minnesota agencies participated. The Minnesota Department of Public Safety Office of Traffic ...Missing: statistics | Show results with:statistics
[34]
[PDF] A Report on the State of Traffic Safety in Minnesota in 2023
Jan 15, 2024 · Minnesota saw an approximate 8% reduction in fatalities in 2023, but fatal crashes are almost always preventable. The state is working to ...
[35]
Extra Law Enforcement on Minnesota Roads to Target Speeding ...
Apr 30, 2025 · Statistics from the OTS say that during the summer of 2024 alone, Minnesota saw 151 traffic fatalities, including 44 speed-related deaths. From ...
[36]
DPS NEWS: BCA Releases 2021 Uniform Crime Report - GovDelivery
Aug 12, 2022 · Minnesota agencies reported 30 use-of-force incidents in 2021, down from 45 in 2020. 13 persons died; 11 incidents resulted in serious injury ...
[37]
Enforcement dashboard | Minnesota Department of Public Safety
The Minnesota State Patrol enforces traffic laws to keep Minnesota's roads safe. Learn more about our ongoing enforcement efforts, including statistics ...
[38]
Mississippi State Penitentiary
The Mississippi State Penitentiary (MSP) is the state's oldest Institution, opening in 1901. ... MSP is also home to Mississippi Prison Industries Corp. (MPIC)'s ...
[39]
[PDF] September 2025 - Mississippi Department of Corrections
Mississippi Department of Corrections. Daily Inmate Population. September 2025. Location. Capacity. Mississippi State Penitentiary. 2,690.
[40]
Maine State Prison | Department of Corrections
The Maine State Prison, located in Warren, is a medium and maximum security facility with a capacity of 993 adult male residents.MSP Programs & Services · MSP - Contacts · MSP - Volunteer Program
[41]
Secure Facilities - Montana Department of Corrections
Montana State Prison (MSP), located in the Deer Lodge valley, houses nearly 1,600 male inmates in a secure, 68-acre compound. The facility serves inmates ...Department of Corrections · Careers · Contracted Secure Facilities
[42]
Montana prisons still overcrowded after Arizona inmate transfer
Feb 21, 2024 · As of Tuesday, the Montana State Prison has an inmate population of 1,562, almost 40 prisoners more than its operational capacity. The ...
[43]
History - Missouri State Penitentiary
The prison housed inmates for 168 years and was the oldest continually operating prison west of the Mississippi until decommissioned in 2004. The Jefferson ...History Tours · Infamous Inmates Learn More · Executions Learn MoreMissing: capacity | Show results with:capacity
[44]
Medicare Secondary Payer - CMS
Sep 10, 2024 · When Medicare began in 1966, it was the primary payer for all claims except for those covered by Workers' Compensation, Federal Black Lung ...
[45]
[PDF] MM12765 - CMS
Aug 15, 2022 · In 1980, Congress enacted the first in a series of provisions that made Medicare the secondary payer to certain primary plans.
[46]
[PDF] Medicare Secondary Payer (MSP) Manual - CMS
The Medicare Secondary Payer (MSP) program ensures that Medicare is aware of situations where it should not be the primary (the first) payer of claims. If a ...
[47]
CMS Retains its $750 Low Dollar Threshold for 2025 - Verisk
Dec 19, 2024 · The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) has released its 2025 low dollar reporting and recovery thresholds via a new alert dated December 16, 2024.
[48]
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Maintains ...
Dec 16, 2024 · The threshold amount for 2024 was $750.00. On December 16, 2024, CMS announced the same threshold will apply for 2025.Missing: MSP | Show results with:MSP
[49]
[PDF] Computation of Annual Recovery Thresholds for Certain Liability ...
Dec 13, 2022 · Based on this information, CMS determined that it should maintain a $750 threshold for 2023 so that physical trauma-based settlements of $750 or ...
[50]
Medicare Secondary Payer: Coordination of Benefits - Congress.gov
... annual-recovery-thresholds-nghp-2023.pdf. As part of the calculation, CMS determined that the cost of collection in such cases would be approximately $306.
[51]
New Rule Specifies Medicare Secondary Payer Penalties for Failure ...
Oct 26, 2023 · Therefore, the CMP amount for GHPs under the Final Rule is $1,000 (as adjusted annually under 45 C.F.R. part 102) per day per reportable ...
[52]
New CMS Rules on Medicare Reporting Penalties - Bim Group
Nov 20, 2024 · The total penalty for any one individual will not exceed $365,000 per year. Penalties will be adjusted annually for inflation. CMS clarified ...
[53]
MSP - Wikipedia
MSP often refers to: Managed service provider, a business model for providing information-technology services, outsourcing IT services.Businesses and organizations · Government and politics · Science and technology
[54]
MSP Airport: Homepage
... Airport(MSP). Thank you for making msp #1. Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport was ranked best in customer satisfaction for mega airports by J.D. Power!Maps · Flights · Terminal Information · Flights & Airlines
[55]
MSP Airport | Metropolitan Airports Commission
Minneapolis-St Paul International Airport (MSP) is the Metropolitan Airports Commission's flagship facility. ... Navigation Info. Airport Code. MSP. Airnav.com.
[56]
Economic Impact | Metropolitan Airports Commission
Recent studies of the airports' economic impact quantify the employment and commercial activity fueled by aviation activity.
[57]
MSP Airport logs 6.9% increase in passenger growth in 2024
Jan 28, 2025 · Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP) passenger traffic totaled 37.2 million in 2024, marking a 6.9% increase over 2023.
[58]
MSP Airport passenger numbers up 11 percent in 2023
Feb 5, 2024 · Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP) surpassed 34.7 million total passengers in 2023, closing in on its all-time record of 39.5 million passengers ...
[59]
MSP Airport is No. 1 again in major survey - Star Tribune
Sep 17, 2025 · MSP, the 18th-busiest airport in North America, saw a total of 37.2 million passengers in 2024, according to the MAC. The airport saw total ...
[60]
MSP Passenger and Operations Reports
The links below provide access to monthly reports on passenger traffic, aircraft operations and cargo data. Scroll down the page to find full-year summaries ...
[61]
MSP Airport's Terminal 2 North Expansion gets underway
Aug 1, 2024 · The $263 million Terminal 2 North Expansion project will add two additional airline gates and increase spacing and passenger seating for H13 and H14.Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[62]
MSP Terminal 1: A leap into the modern era
Sep 9, 2025 · The MAC completes a decade of renovations in departures and arrivals halls to elevate customer service, accommodate for future growth.Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[63]
Long-Term Planning - MSP Airport
The MSP Airport 2040 Long-Term Plan (Plan) is a forward-looking planning tool that studies facility and infrastructure needs based on projected passenger and ...Missing: 2020s | Show results with:2020s
[64]
New Study: Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport Generates ...
Sep 29, 2017 · Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport (MSP) supports 86,900 jobs, creates $2.5 billion in annual spending by visitors to the area and ...
[65]
Minnesota Statewide Airport Economic Impact Study - MnDOT
Minnesota airports contribute $18.2 billion annually to the state economy. Summary and detailed reports. Executive summary (PDF) · Fact sheet (PDF); Individual ...
[66]
St. Paul-Minneapolis, MN - Union Depot (MSP) - Amtrak
Amtrak Train Station St. Paul, MN has an enclosed waiting area, without Wi-Fi, with parking, with accessible platform and wheelchair available.
[67]
St. Paul-Minneapolis, MN – Union Depot (MSP)
Completed in 1926, the neoclassical Union Depot is a Lowertown landmark and bustling intermodal center served by Amtrak, intercity and local buses and light ...<|separator|>
[68]
Why do all Amtrak trains stop in St. Paul but not Minneapolis ... - Reddit
Sep 18, 2024 · The old stations in both Minneapolis and St. Paul shut down. Amtrak moved service to a small station in an industrial area of St. Paul roughly between the two ...St. Paul Station is Beautiful : r/AmtrakHow can I reach Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport ...More results from www.reddit.com
[69]
Train Routes Serving the Midwest | Amtrak
Midwest Routes ; Borealis. St. Paul/Minneapolis; Chicago ; California Zephyr. Chicago; Denver; Glenwood Springs; Emeryville (San Francisco) ; Cardinal. New York • ...Borealis · Michigan Services · Illinois Service · Hiawatha
[70]
Borealis Tops 205,800 Guests at First Anniversary - Amtrak Media
May 21, 2025 · Total Amtrak St. Paul - Chicago Ridership Up 227 percent ST. PAUL, Minn., and CHICAGO – Robust ridership demand for the state-sponsored ...
[71]
[PDF] Amtrak FY24 Fact Sheet - State of Minnesota
Note that certain frequencies may not serve every station listed. 3 Borealis service was new in FY 2024, and began operating on May 21. 4 Unlike state- / ...
[72]
Midway station (Minnesota) - Wikipedia
Midway (Saint Paul/Minneapolis) is a former Amtrak intercity train station in the Midway neighborhood of Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States.Description · History · Gallery
[73]
Maritime Security Program (MSP) | MARAD
Jul 16, 2025 · The MSP program provides a retainer incentive to vessels in exchange for their availability during times of need · MSP vessels are U.S.- ...
[74]
Maritime Security Program Extended | Seafarers International Union
Dec 30, 2019 · Sixty ships are included in the MSP. The current stipend of $5 million per vessel will increase to $5.3 million beginning in fiscal year 2022.
[75]
46 CFR Part 296 -- Maritime Security Program (MSP) - eCFR
MSP Payments means the payments made for the operation of U.S.-flag vessels in the foreign commerce. Noncontiguous Domestic Trade means transportation of ...
[76]
Maritime Security Program Fleet 2024 | MARAD
Jan 17, 2024 · Maritime Security Program (MSP) is a fleet of commercially viable, militarily useful merchant ships active in international trade available to support US ...
[77]
Maritime Security Program (MSP)
The 60 U.S.-flag vessel MSP fleet directly supports the employment of approximately 2,700 U.S. mariners and an additional 5,000 shore-side jobs while ensuring ...
[78]
Review of Fiscal Year 2025 Maritime Transportation Budget ...
Apr 30, 2024 · The FY 2025 Budget request for MARAD includes $3.7 million for the Federal Ship Financing Program (Title XI) to provide the salaries and ...<|separator|>
[79]
Assistance Listings Maritime Security Fleet Program or ... - SAM.gov
The MSP provides participating carriers with annual per-ship retainer payments to maintain a fleet of 60 US flag commercial vessels, active in international ...
[80]
MSP430 microcontrollers | TI.com - Texas Instruments
Our 16-bit MSP430™ microcontrollers (MCUs) provide affordable solutions for all applications. Our leadership in integrated precision analog enables designers to ...MSP430™ MCU design... · MSP430-Mikrocontroller · Products
[81]
Introduction to MSP430 Microcontroller - Utmel
Dec 24, 2021 · MSP430 microcontroller is a 16-bit ultra-low power, RISC mixed-signal processor marketed by Texas Instruments (TI) in 1996.I Msp430 Microcontroller... · D. Ultra-Low Power... · G. Convenient And Efficient...
[82]
[PDF] MSP430G2x53, MSP430G2x13 Mixed Signal Microcontroller ...
The MSP430G2x13 and MSP430G2x53 series are ultra-low-power mixed signal microcontrollers with built-in 16- bit timers, up to 24 I/O capacitive-touch enabled ...
[83]
Port 18 (TCP UDP) for Message Send Protocol, detailed network ...
Message Send Protocol (MSP) operates over TCP and UDP port 18. It was created to provide straightforward message delivery across interconnected hosts.
[84]
msp
msp provides a service to notify a user of something via the network, similar to the unix write command, or the VMS SEND command, except over the network.
[85]
Metadata Security Protocol (MSP) - Azure Virtual Machines
Metadata Security Protocol (MSP) is a feature in the Azure Virtual Machines and Azure Virtual Machine Scale Sets services. It enhances the security of the ...Missing: networking | Show results with:networking
[86]
(PDF) AMSP and ATSP - Asymmetric Multi-Stopover and ...
This paper describes two deterministic algorithms, each of them efficiently solving the Asymmetric Multi-Stopover Problem AMSP as well as the Asymmetric ...
[87]
"Multistage Stochastic Programming: Algorithms, Modelling and ...
This dissertation comprises four different topics related to multistage stochastic programming (MSP) algorithms, modeling, and applications.
[88]
MSP: Multiple Sub-graph Query Processing using Structure-based ...
In this paper, we design a novel Map-Reduce based multiple subgraph query processing framework, namely MSP. MSP processes multiple graph queries using ...Missing: protocol software
[89]
Marine Spatial Planning
Apr 20, 2023 · Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) is a public process of analyzing and allocating the spatial and temporal distribution of human activities in marine areas.
[90]
Marine spatial planning - Washington State Department of Ecology
Marine spatial planning is an integrated approach for managing human activities in the marine environment to ensure a resilient and healthy Pacific Ocean ...
[91]
The Marine Spatial Planning Index: a tool to guide and assess ...
Sep 26, 2023 · Marine spatial planning (MSP) is a process for analyzing and informing the spatial and temporal distributions of ocean uses to achieve ...
[92]
MSP Dynamics Drives Nematode Sperm Locomotion - PMC
MSP Dynamics Drives Nematode Sperm Locomotion · INTRODUCTION. Fibroblasts crawl to close wounds, neutrophils track down pathogens, and metastatic cancer cells ...Missing: acronym | Show results with:acronym
[93]
MSP-RON signaling in liver pathobiology and as an emerging ...
Aug 28, 2025 · As the predominant source of MSP in humans, the liver establishes a liver-specific MSP‒RON autocrine‒paracrine signaling axis that contributes ...
[94]
Millisecond Pulsars - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
Millisecond pulsars (MSPs) are objects in binary systems with periods between 1.56 ms and 100 ms, spun up to millisecond periods through accretion.Pulsars · The Nature Of The Diffuse... · Ii. D Pulsar Timing
[95]
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967066101000752
[96]
Millisecond Pulsar (MSP) - NANOGrav
Millisecond Pulsar (MSP). A pulsar which has been “spun up” by accumulating material from a companion star; this process is sometimes called “recycling”.
[97]
Automatic realization of human experience for controlling variable ...
In this paper, automatic determination of BIR for the control of main steam pressure (MSP) and main steam temperature (MST) of the boilers in the thermal ...
[98]
[PDF] Maximizing Steam Turbine Efficiency in Coal Fired Power Plant ...
Sep 12, 2024 · Nevertheless, at the same SFC, the main steam pressure. (MSP) exhibits distinct values with a gap of up to 1.5 MPa. Fig.5. Main steam pressure ...
[99]
Scientifica Movable Sample Plate (MSP)
Scientifica Movable Sample Plate (MSP) allows you to reliably position your in vivo or in vitro sample in X and Y on any microscope.<|separator|>
[100]
Minimum Support Price (MSP) Crops List - Vajiram & Ravi
The Minimum Support Price (MSP) was introduced in 1966-67 by the Government of India during the Green Revolution to support farmers and ensure food security.
[101]
The Role of Minimum Support Price in India's Agricultural Economy
Jan 18, 2024 · The concept of MSP was introduced in India in the 1960s during the Green Revolution. The primary aim was to ensure that farmers had a guaranteed ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
[102]
Organisation - Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices
As of now, CACP recommends MSPs of 23 commodities, which comprise 7 cereals (paddy, wheat, maize, sorghum, pearl millet, barley and ragi), 5 pulses (gram, tur, ...
[103]
Minimum Support Prices (MSP) (Rs. per quintal) - PIB
Feb 6, 2024 · ₹12000.00 per quintal for 2024 season. To realize the objectives of MSP Policy, Government extends price support for paddy and wheat through the ...
[104]
https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2098424
[105]
How India's MSP policy is transforming farm incomes ... - DD News
Oct 10, 2025 · Between 2014–15 and 2024–25, the volume of food grains procured at MSP grew substantially from about 761 lakh metric tonnes to over 1,175 lakh ...
[106]
Strengthening India's Agricultural Backbone - PIB
Feb 1, 2025 · Additionally, the total MSP paid to farmers for paddy and wheat has surged from ₹4.40 lakh crore and ₹2.27 lakh crore in 2004-13 to ₹12.51 lakh ...
[107]
The role of farm subsidies in changing India's water footprint - PMC
The study shows that India's agricultural subsidies have driven significant groundwater depletion by incentivizing overproduction of water-intensive crops like ...Missing: overuse | Show results with:overuse
[108]
Food subsidy bill likely to go up from budgeted estimate driven by ...
Jul 24, 2024 · NEW DELHI: The govt's food subsidy bill in 2024-25 is likely to increase against budgeted estimate of little over Rs 2 lakh crore because of ...<|separator|>
[109]
Minimum Support Prices in India: Distilling the Facts
This article focuses on three main issues. These pertain to how many farmers have benefited from the MSP, the economic categories these farmers belong to, and ...Missing: unsold | Show results with:unsold
[110]
Only 15% paddy, 9.6% wheat farmers benefit from MSP system ...
Mar 4, 2025 · Only 15% paddy, 9.6% wheat farmers benefit from MSP system, says paper. However, the MSP system also gives farmers a 23.2 per cent income bump ...
[111]
Minimum Support Prices: From Safety Net to Self-Sufficiency - PIB
Oct 10, 2025 · The number of farmers benefitting from MSP procurement increased from 1.63 crore in 2021–22 to 1.84 crore during 2024-25 (from July to June).
[112]
Minimum Support Prices for Agricultural Commodities in India
Dec 29, 2022 · This article considers the impact of MSP on agricultural market price volatility using a simple comparison for one commodity, wheat, between two states, Uttar ...Missing: unsold | Show results with:unsold
[113]
[PDF] Price or income support to farmers? - Institute of Economic Growth
The study finds that direct income transfers have several advantages over MSP-procurement system. However, given the crucial role of food stocks for food ...
[114]
The question of MSP: Is income support for farmers better than ...
Jan 8, 2024 · Price versus income support Cost-plus MSPs that are oblivious to demand conditions will distort farmers' production decisions, resulting in the ...