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Mer

Mer (also known as Maher or Mehar) is a caste community originating from the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, with concentrations in Porbandar district's Ghēḍ and Barḍā areas. Tracing roots to Kshatriya warriors possibly migrating from Sindh via Rajasthan, the Mer historically held landlord roles in the Porbandar Jethwa state and resisted invasions, reflecting martial traditions linked to Rajput lineages such as Chauhan, Parmar, and Solanki. Today, they primarily work as farmers, though subgroups like Rajsakha maintain claims to elevated social status amid debates over Scheduled Caste classifications in some northwestern Indian contexts. Their origins remain debated among historians, with community lore emphasizing ancient Iranian or Baluchistan connections, underscoring a transition from warrior elites to agrarian society without documented major controversies beyond caste dynamics.

Names and people

Individuals named Mer

Francis Mer (25 May 1939 – 1 November 2023) was a industrialist and politician who served as of the , , and from June 2002 to March 2004. Prior to entering government, he directed Usinor, a major steel producer that merged into in 2002, overseeing industrial restructuring amid global competition. His tenure as minister emphasized fiscal reforms, including pension adjustments and deficit reduction, drawing on his engineering background from . Gideon Mer (1894–1961) was an Israeli malariologist instrumental in eradicating malaria from the region through systematic campaigns involving larvicides and indoor residual spraying with starting in the . Working under the Hebrew University and later the Israeli Ministry of Health, he adapted British and WHO techniques to local vectors like Anopheles sergenti, achieving near-elimination by 1958 via village-level surveillance and treatment. Mer consulted internationally, including in and , influencing global strategies. M. E. R. (Maria Elizabeth Rothmann, 28 August 1875 – 7 September 1975) was a South African author and whose novels, such as Die bewys van die gees (1923) and Straatpraatjies (1926), examined interpersonal relationships and cultural tensions in Afrikaner . Active from the early , she critiqued rigid social conventions through character-driven narratives, contributing to the development of prose amid post-Anglo-Boer War reconstruction. Rothmann also edited Die Burger briefly and founded the Voortrekkers youth organization in 1931 to instill moral and national values.

Meriam people (Torres Strait Islanders)

The Meriam people are the inhabitants of Murray Island (Mer), the easternmost island in the between and , comprising eight traditional tribes: Komet, Zagareb, Meuram, Magaram, Geuram, Peibre, Meriam-Samsep, Piadram, and Dauer Meriam. Their society has maintained continuous occupation of the island for thousands of years, with cultural practices emphasizing communal systems, marine resource exploitation including and shellfish gathering, and small-scale such as yam cultivation. The Meriam speak Meriam Mir, a Papuan of the Eastern Trans-Fly family, distinct from the Austronesian-influenced languages of western , though it incorporates some loanwords from neighboring tongues. In 1992, the ruled in Mabo v Queensland (No 2) on June 3, recognizing the Meriam's native title to their and waters based on evidence of pre-colonial occupation, traditional laws, and customs that had persisted despite European contact. Led by , a Meriam and activist, the case presented anthropological and historical demonstrating eight Meriam tribes' inheritance-based and practices, directly challenging the of terra nullius that had denied since British annexation in 1879. The 6-1 decision established that native title could survive if not extinguished by valid Crown acts, applying specifically to inhabited islands like Mer while excluding uninhabited ones, and prompted legislative responses including the to formalize claims nationwide. Today, approximately 400 Meriam reside on Murray Island, with others dispersed to , governed locally through community structures under the Torres Strait Islander Act frameworks that devolved authority for island affairs since 1939. Economic activities center on subsistence and small-scale , leveraging traditional maritime knowledge for species like and turtle, supplemented by emerging focused on cultural sites and ecotours, alongside transfers from Australian federal and state programs. These efforts support self-governance in resource use, though challenges persist from climate impacts on marine habitats and out-migration reducing on-island labor for customary practices.

Mer community (India)

The Mer, also known as Maher or Mehar, is a Hindu community originating from the Saurashtra region of Gujarat, India, with primary concentrations in Porbandar district and surrounding areas of the Kathiawar peninsula. They are classified as a socially and educationally backward class (SEBC), qualifying for affirmative action benefits under Gujarat state policy, rather than as a scheduled tribe. The community claims descent from Kshatriya lineages, with historical ties to regional rulers, including land grants from the Jethwa Ranas of Porbandar for military service. Traditional occupations center on and warfare, reflecting their purported heritage, though engagement in occurs among some members in coastal locales like due to geographic proximity to . The extent to which qualifies as a core traditional pursuit remains contested in ethnographic accounts, as primary self-identifications emphasize agrarian and martial roles over maritime ones. revolves around exogamous clans such as Keshvala, Rajsakha, Modhvadia, and Odedara, which often overlap with gotras, enforcing at the subcaste level to preserve lineage purity. In modern contexts, the Mer community navigates urbanization and economic migration, with members participating in Porbandar's fisheries sector alongside other groups, contributing to the district's marine economy despite not being predominantly identified as fishermen. Political representation remains limited at higher levels, though local electoral dynamics in fishing-dependent areas highlight their influence within broader coalitions. Specific population figures are not distinctly enumerated in national census data, reflecting their integration within larger OBC categories rather than separate tribal scheduling.

Places

Murray Island (Mer)

Murray Island, locally known as Mer, is located in the eastern , approximately 225 kilometers northeast of , , , as part of the Murray Islands Group within the Region. The island spans 406 hectares and rises from a volcanic base, featuring a with surrounding fringing reefs that harbor diverse and populations, as identified in biodiversity surveys conducted in 2013 and 2014. In the , the resident population was recorded at 406, predominantly Meriam people engaged in local resource management. European contact occurred in 1791 when Captain Edward Edwards of HMS Pandora surveyed the area and named the island Murray Island after a member, marking the first documented naming by outsiders. By the late , the island contributed to the Torres Strait's pearling industry, which began around 1868 with the discovery of pearl oysters and expanded to over 100 vessels by the mid-1870s, supplying a significant portion of global pearl shell demand; local residents acquired boats and participated in diving operations during the 1880s. Archaeological investigations from 1998 to 2000 on Mer revealed evidence of pre-colonial settlement patterns and subsistence practices, including sites indicating long-term human occupation tied to . The island served as the focal point for the 1992 High Court case Mabo v Queensland (No 2), where justices determined that the Meriam people's traditional rights to land had not been extinguished by British annexation in 1879, establishing native title precedent grounded in proof of pre-sovereignty occupation across defined clan territories for centuries. This ruling relied on presented evidence of continuous habitation, including archaeological and historical records predating European arrival, thereby overturning the doctrine for non-extinguished Indigenous interests.

Space exploration

Mars Exploration Rovers (MER)

The Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) mission, managed by NASA's , deployed two identical six-wheeled rovers, and , to assess the geological record of and evaluate its past potential through in-situ analysis of rocks and soils. launched on June 10, 2003, aboard a Delta II rocket from , while followed on July 7, 2003, after minor launch delays. The rovers touched down three weeks apart in January 2004— in Gusev Crater on (UTC) and in Meridiani Planum on (UTC)—using airbag-protected landings to survive the planet's thin atmosphere and rugged terrain. Each rover carried a suite of instruments, including a panoramic camera, miniature thermal emission spectrometer, , Mössbauer spectrometer, and Rock Abrasion Tool, enabling , chemical composition analysis, and microscopic imaging to test hypotheses about aqueous alteration from orbiters like . Designed for 90-sol (Martian day) prime missions, the solar-powered rovers demonstrated exceptional longevity and mobility, with operating until March 22, 2010 (2,210 sols), traversing 7.73 kilometers before succumbing to winter power shortages and wheel immobility, and functioning until June 10, 2018 (5,111 sols), covering 45.16 kilometers despite dust storms and mechanical wear. Key scientific outcomes included 's detection of hematite-rich spherules ("blueberries") and sulfate-rich sedimentary outcrops in Endurance Crater, providing direct mineralogical evidence of prolonged acidic liquid water interactions on the surface billions of years ago, which complemented orbital but offered ground-verified context unattainable from afar. 's findings in Gusev, including basaltic rocks altered by hydrothermal processes, indicated episodic water flows, though less pervasive than at Meridiani; collectively, the rovers analyzed over 100 sites, confirming Mars' wetter ancient climate while highlighting the challenges of interpreting sparse, localized data for global inferences. Engineering feats encompassed autonomous hazard avoidance via stereo cameras and software for path planning, enabling safe navigation across rocky plains and craters, though real-world limitations emerged, such as Spirit's front wheel failure by 2006, forcing five-wheel driving, and recurrent dust accumulation on solar panels that reduced power output until serendipitous wind cleanings extended operations. The mission's total cost exceeded $800 million, including development and extended operations, yielding high-resolution datasets that advanced for future missions but faced scrutiny for the resource intensity relative to orbital alternatives, which could map water-related minerals broadly at lower expense—yet rover-derived in-situ validation proved causally essential for calibrating remote observations and refining models of Mars' hydrological evolution. Despite these efficiencies, the program's empirical successes in durability and discovery underscored the value of mobile laboratories over static landers, informing trade-offs like power management in dust-prone environments.

Biology and medicine

Mer tyrosine kinase receptor

The , also known as MERTK, is a single-pass transmembrane encoded by the MERTK located on 2q14.1. It belongs to the family of s, alongside Tyro3 and , and is activated by binding to ligands such as growth arrest-specific protein 6 (Gas6) or , which facilitate its role in downstream signaling pathways including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and phospholipase C-γ2. Physiologically, MERTK promotes the of apoptotic cells by macrophages, dendritic cells, and epithelial cells, thereby maintaining immune and preventing through . It also contributes to platelet aggregation and tissue repair processes. MERTK was first identified in 1992 as a truncated (v-ryk or v-eyk) from the reticuloendotheliosis virus in avian models, with the full ortholog cloned shortly thereafter through expression screening in neoplastic cells. Early research in the and established its essential function in apoptotic cell clearance, as demonstrated in Mertk-knockout mice exhibiting defective and heightened inflammation. Mutations in MERTK, including frameshift and nonsense variants, have been empirically linked to autosomal recessive (RP), a rod-cone dystrophy characterized by impaired retinal pigment epithelium of photoreceptor outer segments, as confirmed in pedigrees and the Royal of Surgeons rat model. Genetic studies also associate MERTK variants with autoimmune conditions, such as systemic , where dysregulated expression alters via altered function. In cancer, MERTK overexpression occurs in acute leukemias, including subtypes, where it enhances tumor cell survival, efferocytosis-mediated immune evasion, and resistance to through ligand-dependent activation. Preclinical models show that small-molecule inhibitors like UNC2025 block MERTK kinase activity, reducing burden in xenograft studies and increasing chemosensitivity by inhibiting prosurvival signaling. However, clinical trials of MERTK-targeted inhibitors remain in early phases (phase I/II as of 2024), with limited demonstrated efficacy in solidifying therapeutic outcomes beyond preclinical promise, partly due to compensatory pathway activation and off-target effects.

Computing and software

Mer software distribution

Mer is a and open-source Linux-based designed primarily as a platform for hardware vendors developing mobile-oriented operating systems on devices such as smartphones, tablets, and (IoT) hardware. It originated as a of the operating system in 2011, following MeeGo's discontinuation by and , with initial development driven by former MeeGo contributors seeking to maintain a fully open-source core independent of proprietary dependencies. The project emphasized compatibility with MeeGo's application programming interfaces (APIs) while prioritizing principles, positioning itself as a stable base layer for custom user interfaces and device-specific adaptations. Key technical features of Mer include support for the display server protocol as its graphics stack, integration with Qt5 for user interface development, and promotion of HTML5-based applications to enable cross-platform compatibility without native app recompilation. These elements facilitated its use as the foundational core for operating systems like , developed by —a formed by ex-Nokia MeeGo engineers—which layered a gesture-based interface atop Mer's middleware. Mer's architecture focused on modularity, allowing vendors to avoid Google-dependent components like Android's HAL while leveraging drivers and for hardware abstraction on ARM-based devices. Despite its technical merits in providing a de-Googled, customizable alternative for vendors wary of ecosystems, Mer's adoption remained limited, with device shipments confined to niche markets rather than achieving broad commercial scale. devices, such as Jolla's own handsets and community ports, numbered in the low thousands cumulatively, far below Android's billions of annual shipments, due to challenges in app ecosystem development and partnerships. In April 2019, the Mer project merged operations with under Jolla's umbrella to consolidate resources amid ongoing mobile Linux fragmentation, where competing distributions like and post-MeeGo forks diluted developer focus and market viability. This fragmentation, evidenced by disparate efforts without unified support, underscored Mer's strengths in but highlighted its limited penetration against dominant platforms.

Engineering and technology

Modulation error ratio (MER)

The modulation error ratio (MER) quantifies the quality of a digitally modulated signal by measuring the ratio of the average power of the ideal constellation symbols to the average power of the errors between the received symbols and their ideal positions, expressed in decibels as MER (dB) = 10 log₁₀ (average symbol power / average error power). This metric applies primarily to modulation schemes such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase-shift keying (PSK) used in cable television, satellite broadcasting, and data over cable service interface specification (DOCSIS) networks. MER assesses overall impairments including noise, distortion, and linear effects but excludes certain nonlinear distortions like in-band ingress in some measurement contexts. Measurement of MER involves demodulating the received signal, symbols to the constellation, and the root-mean-square error vectors, typically over a large number of symbols (e.g., thousands) to achieve statistical reliability. Standards such as Recommendation J.142 (May 2000) outline procedures for MER evaluation in television signals employing PSK, QAM, and (OFDM), recommending constellation-based analysis for accuracy. In DOCSIS networks, MER serves as a diagnostic tool at cable modem termination systems (CMTS) and modems, where it correlates inversely with bit error ratio (BER); for instance, RxMER directly predicts pre-forward error correction (FEC) BER for a fixed modulation order, enabling proactive fault isolation in (HFC) systems. Typical targets for reliable operation exceed 30 dB for 64-QAM in downstream paths, rising to 35-38 dB at headends or for 256-QAM to minimize uncorrectable codeword errors and sustain low BER (e.g., post-FEC BER < 10⁻⁸ per DOCSIS specifications). Despite its utility, MER has limitations in impairment specificity; it aggregates errors without distinguishing sources, rendering it insensitive to phase jitter or certain nonlinear distortions that separate measurements can detect, as noted in ITU guidelines requiring supplementary tests. Empirical field data from HFC networks indicate that MER drops below modulation-specific thresholds (e.g., 3-6 dB margin above failure) reliably predict service outages, such as increased or instability, but require complementary metrics like equalizer stress for full diagnostics. Operational MER is influenced by factors like transmitter , low signal levels, or path distortions, often necessitating device replacement if below viable levels.

Mechanical equipment room (MER)

A mechanical equipment room (MER) is an enclosed, dedicated space in buildings designed to house , electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems, including heating, ventilation, (HVAC) equipment, boilers, chillers, pumps, electrical panels, and piping distributions. These rooms centralize utility infrastructure to facilitate maintenance, ensure operational efficiency, and comply with building codes requiring separation from occupied areas for fire safety, , and access. Functional requirements emphasize clear access paths, with minimum clearances of 42 inches around for , adequate at 40 foot-candles, and floor drains at a rate of one per 144 square feet to manage condensate and leaks. standards, such as Standard 15, mandate rates of 0.5 cubic feet per minute per square foot for normal operation in rooms with , escalating to higher rates during emergencies to dilute hazardous gases and maintain air quality. Noise and vibration control measures, per Handbook guidelines, include isolators for and barriers to limit transmission to adjacent spaces, addressing causal factors like that can exceed 80 decibels if unmitigated. Building codes, including Code provisions, enforce fire-rated enclosures and separation distances to prevent propagation of hazards from high-heat or electrical sources. MER sizing typically ranges from 3% to 10% of the total building for medium to large structures using air-based HVAC systems, scaled to accommodate equipment loads and future expansions. This allocation supports , such as duplicate pumps or backup power integration, essential for critical facilities like hospitals where downtime risks operational failure. In practice, under-sizing leads to cramped layouts hindering maintenance, as evidenced by cases where inadequate aisles and lighting compromise protocols. While enhance system reliability through centralized control and code-mandated protections, they draw criticism for space inefficiency in high-density developments, where premiums amplify the of dedicating 3-10% to non-revenue-generating utilities. Proponents counter that dispersed alternatives increase runs, losses, and complexity, justifying the footprint for long-term causal benefits in and fire compartmentalization under codes like NFPA 70 and IBC. Empirical data from facility audits underscore that compliant reduce unplanned outages by enabling proactive servicing, outweighing spatial trade-offs in lifecycle cost analyses.

Finance and business

Management expense ratio (MER)

The management expense ratio (MER) represents the total annual costs of operating an investment fund, expressed as a percentage of its average net assets under management (AUM), and includes management fees paid to the fund company, administrative expenses such as auditing and legal costs, and any applicable taxes, but excludes initial sales charges or redemption fees. These costs are deducted directly from the fund's assets, reducing the net asset value available to investors and thereby eroding returns on a continuous basis. The MER is computed annually using the formula: MER = (total fund operating s for the year / average net assets) × 100, where average net assets are typically the daily average over the period. In practice, higher MERs impose a direct causal drag on compounded returns; for instance, a 2% MER on a fund returning 7% gross yields only 5% net annually, amplifying to substantial opportunity costs over decades through the mathematics of . Empirical analyses confirm this effect, with Morningstar data showing that expense ratios explain a significant portion of performance variance, where funds with MERs exceeding 1% consistently deliver lower net returns relative to lower-cost peers tracking similar benchmarks. In , where MER disclosure is mandated for mutual funds and ETFs, average for actively managed mutual funds have typically ranged around 2%, incorporating embedded advisor commissions that inflate costs beyond pure management fees, while asset-weighted averages for long-term listed ETFs stood at 0.32% in 2023, reflecting and passive strategies. Longitudinal studies by Morningstar reveal that over 10-year horizons ending in , fewer than 50% of active equity and fixed-income funds survived and outperformed passive indices after fees, with success rates dropping to 33% across broader categories, underscoring how elevated in active products systematically hinder net performance against efficient benchmarks. This pattern persists despite industry claims of fee reductions, as high-MER structures in advisor-sold funds often prioritize incentives over outcomes, contravening that low-cost indexing captures returns more reliably without the burden of unproven active bets.

Marketing efficiency ratio (MER)

The (MER) measures the effectiveness of investments by dividing incremental attributable to efforts by total spend, typically expressed as a multiple (e.g., per spent). This focuses on scalable, causal contributions rather than total , which may include baseline sales unaffected by campaigns. Accurate calculation requires attribution models or experimental methods like randomized controlled trials to isolate incrementality, avoiding overestimation from correlated but non-causal factors. In practice, MER targets of 3x to 5x indicate sustainable growth, where each dollar spent generates three to five dollars in additional , allowing reinvestment without eroding margins. Empirical benchmarks in , derived from aggregated platform data, show paid search often achieving higher MER than in mature markets; for instance, paid search accounts for over 57% of with stronger paths, while social channels exhibit 41% higher rates, signaling lower . These disparities highlight the need for channel-specific optimization, integrating attribution to credit interactions across touchpoints like search queries and engagements. Critics note MER's limitations in capturing long-tail effects, such as deferred or organic lift, which attribution models undervalue without rigorous testing. High-level aggregates mask waste in underperforming tactics, and reliance on observational can perpetuate inefficient spends justified by unverified "" effects; true causal realism demands geo-experiments or holdout tests to validate incrementality, debunking holistic rationales for low-MER activities lacking empirical uplift.

Linguistics

Mer language

The Mer language, also known as Muri or Miere, is a Papuan language of the Mairasi family spoken in the Etna Bay region of West Papua province, Indonesia. It is used by communities divided into two main groups: the Gunung (mountain) or Kakak (elder) speakers in Yabore village, Naikere District, and the Pantai (beach) or Adik (younger) speakers nearby. With approximately 85 speakers as of recent assessments, Mer exhibits limited mutual intelligibility with neighboring languages due to its distinct Mairasi affiliation within the broader Papuan phylum. Linguistic documentation of Mer remains sparse, consisting primarily of basic lexical surveys and numeral lists collected during 1970s-1980s fieldwork in the Bird's Neck area. These include wordlists and phonological sketches from expeditions, such as the Etna Bay survey, which confirmed its placement in the Mairasi family alongside languages like Mairasi and Semimi. No comprehensive grammar or full exists, and dialectal variation between the mountain and beach groups is minimal, with shared core vocabulary but potential influences from Austronesian contact languages. Mer is classified as endangered, with intergenerational transmission disrupted by the dominance of as the and medium of , leading to empirical declines in fluent adult speakers. UNESCO-aligned assessments highlight its vulnerability, as children increasingly shift to , and no complete translation or standardized orthography has been developed to support literacy efforts. This shift reflects broader patterns in small , where isolation and low speaker numbers exacerbate loss absent targeted documentation.

Other uses

Project Mer (U.S. Navy)

Project Mer was a U.S. Navy initiative proposed in April 1958 by the Bureau of Aeronautics for a manned , representing one of the most ambitious concepts amid escalating tensions following the Soviet Sputnik launch in October 1957. The design centered on orbiting a single pilot in a compact, folding-wing glider capsule capable of , boosted to orbital velocity by a large solid-propellant intended for rapid responsiveness. This approach leveraged Navy expertise in solid rockets for quicker development cycles compared to liquid-fueled systems, with initial studies tracing back to 1956. The featured a collapsible pneumatic glider for atmospheric reentry and potential recovery, emphasizing low-cost, deployable hardware over sustained orbital endurance. However, feasibility assessments revealed substantial challenges, including imprecise inherent to propellants, which offered lower (around 250-300 seconds) versus liquid alternatives (over 300 seconds), complicating accurate orbital insertion and endangering pilot safety. These risks, coupled with the unproven scalability of boosters for manned payloads exceeding 1,000 kg to low Earth orbit, positioned Project Mer as inferior to emerging liquid-rocket designs like the Atlas ICBM adapted for 's Mercury program. Submitted to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) alongside competing Air Force proposals, Project Mer was effectively shelved after President Eisenhower's July 1958 directive creating NASA, which centralized U.S. manned space efforts under civilian oversight to avoid inter-service rivalries. Declassified NASA chronologies confirm the Navy's solid-fueled vector was abandoned in favor of Mercury's hybrid suborbital (Redstone liquid) and orbital (Atlas liquid) architecture, achieving the first U.S. manned suborbital flight on May 5, 1961—over two years after Mer's conceptualization but still trailing Yuri Gagarin's April 1961 orbital mission. The project's demise highlighted systemic U.S. rocketry delays, where fragmented military-industrial development lagged Soviet centralized advances, with American orbital capabilities not realized until February 1962.

Fictional entities named Mer

In the animated adventure series (1991–1993), Mer designates the central planet, a water-dominated world encompassing the Twenty Seas teeming with fantastical creatures like monkey-birds and leviathans, where protagonists undertake a quest to assemble thirteen magical treasures to repel the encroaching Dark Water plague. In video game franchise, spanning titles from (1994) to (2011) and beyond, Mer serves as the Tamrielic term for the elven kindred, encompassing sub-races such as the Altmer (High Elves), Bosmer (Wood Elves), and Dunmer (Dark Elves), marked by extended lifespans averaging several centuries and cultural emphases on arcane mastery and ancestral reverence. Merfolk variants, often abbreviated as "mer" in fantasy settings, appear sporadically in and media as aquatic humanoid societies, such as the seal-descended mer in Helen Dunmore's Ingo series (2005–2010), who navigate submerged realms with abilities to shift between human and aquatic forms amid conflicts with surface dwellers.

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