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Expense

An expense is a cost incurred by a business or individual in the course of operations to generate revenue or achieve a specific objective, representing an outflow of assets or incurrence of liabilities.^[1]^[2] In accounting, expenses are distinguished from costs in that they are specifically tied to the generation of revenues and are recognized in the period when those revenues are earned, rather than when cash is paid.^[3] This recognition follows the matching principle, ensuring that expenses are recorded alongside the related income to accurately reflect financial performance.^[4] Expenses are broadly categorized into operating expenses, which are essential costs directly related to core business activities such as salaries, rent, and utilities, and nonoperating expenses, which arise from peripheral or incidental activities like interest payments or losses from asset sales.^[1]^[5] Within these categories, expenses can further be classified as fixed (unchanging with production levels, e.g., lease payments), variable (fluctuating with activity, e.g., raw materials), mixed (combining fixed and variable elements, e.g., utility bills), or step (remaining constant over a range but jumping at certain thresholds, e.g., additional equipment for expanded capacity).^[3] For tax purposes, allowable business expenses must be ordinary, necessary, and directly connected to the trade or business, as outlined by the Internal Revenue Service, enabling deductions that reduce taxable income.^[6] In financial statements, expenses are reported on the income statement (or profit and loss statement) to calculate net profit, with proper accrual accounting ensuring that expenses like accrued wages or prepaid insurance are recorded in the appropriate period.^[1]^[4] Effective expense management is crucial for profitability, involving tracking, budgeting, and control to minimize waste while complying with standards such as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).^[7]^[8] Non-compliance with expense recognition can lead to distorted financial reporting, affecting investor decisions and regulatory compliance.^[4]

Definition and Classification

Definition

An expense, in accounting terms, is defined as outflows or other using up of assets or incurrences of liabilities (or a combination of both) from delivering or producing goods, rendering services, or carrying out other activities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations.^[9] Under international standards, expenses are similarly described as decreases in assets, or increases in liabilities, that result in decreases in equity, other than those relating to distributions to holders of equity claims.^[10] This core concept emphasizes the role of expenses in reflecting the consumption of resources tied to an entity's primary activities, distinguishing them from peripheral or non-operational financial events. The notion of expenses traces its origins to early accounting practices in ancient civilizations, such as Mesopotamia around 3300 BCE, where clay tablets recorded transactions including costs for goods and labor in trade and temple administration.^[11] These rudimentary records evolved through various cultures, but a pivotal advancement occurred during the Renaissance with the development of double-entry bookkeeping, formalized by Luca Pacioli in his 1494 work Summa de arithmetica, which systematically tracked debits and credits for operational costs as expenses.^[12] Expenses must be differentiated from related terms like expenditure and loss. An expenditure refers to an actual cash outflow or payment for acquiring assets or services, regardless of whether it immediately affects profit, whereas an expense specifically recognizes the periodic consumption of those resources in operations.^[13] In contrast, a loss arises from unplanned, non-operational events, such as asset impairments or extraordinary occurrences outside normal business activities, rather than routine resource use.^[14] From a sociological viewpoint, expenses extend beyond accounting to represent patterns of consumption in personal finance, where spending on goods and services shapes individual lifestyles, social status, and well-being.^[15] On a broader scale, they illustrate societal resource allocation, highlighting how collective expenditures influence economic structures, inequality, and environmental impacts through prioritized uses of limited resources.^[16]

Types of Expenses

Expenses are categorized in accounting based on their behavior, function, and context, providing a framework for financial analysis and management. These classifications help distinguish costs that remain stable from those that vary, routine operational outlays from incidental ones, and professional expenditures from personal ones.^[17]^[18] Fixed expenses are costs that do not change with the level of business activity or production volume, remaining constant over a specified period. Examples include rent for facilities, salaries for administrative staff, and insurance premiums, which provide predictability in budgeting.^[17]^[19] In contrast, variable expenses fluctuate directly with output or sales activity, such as raw materials required for production or sales commissions tied to revenue generated. These costs scale with business operations, impacting profitability during periods of growth or contraction.^[17]^[20] Operating expenses encompass the day-to-day costs essential for running a business's core activities, including utilities, marketing, and administrative salaries, which are incurred regardless of specific projects. Non-operating expenses, however, arise from peripheral activities outside normal operations, such as interest on loans, losses from asset sales, or one-time lawsuit settlements, and do not directly contribute to revenue generation.^[21]^[18]^[20] Personal expenses refer to costs associated with individual or household needs, like groceries, personal clothing, or family medical bills, which are not tied to professional activities. Business expenses, on the other hand, involve outlays necessary for commercial operations, such as office supplies, professional travel, or equipment purchases, distinguishing them from non-deductible personal uses.^[22]^[23]^[24] Across sectors, expense types manifest differently to reflect operational realities. In manufacturing, variable expenses like raw materials and direct labor dominate production costs, while fixed expenses include depreciation on machinery and factory rent. Service-based industries often feature operating expenses such as employee training and client travel, with variable components like consulting fees varying by project volume. Retail sectors typically incur significant variable expenses through cost of goods sold, including inventory purchases, alongside fixed operating costs like store leases and sales staff salaries.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]

Accounting Treatment

Bookkeeping Entries

In double-entry bookkeeping, expenses are recorded by debiting the appropriate expense account to reflect the increase in expenses and crediting the corresponding asset, liability, or equity account to maintain balance in the accounting equation.^[29] For instance, when a company pays cash for utilities, the journal entry debits the utilities expense account for $500 and credits the cash account for $500, ensuring that total debits equal total credits.^[30] Accrued expenses, which represent costs incurred but not yet paid, are recorded by debiting the relevant expense account and crediting an accrued liabilities account.^[31] For example, if salaries of $1,000 are owed to employees at the end of a period, the entry debits salaries expense for $1,000 and credits salaries payable for $1,000.^[32] Prepaid expenses, conversely, begin as an asset; the initial payment debits prepaid expenses and credits cash, followed by periodic amortization entries that debit the expense account and credit the prepaid asset account to allocate the cost over time.^[33] An example is prepaying $12,000 in insurance for a year, with monthly amortization debiting insurance expense for $1,000 and crediting prepaid insurance for $1,000.^[34] Expense accounts are integrated into the chart of accounts within the general ledger, typically categorized under operating expenses to track costs related to core business activities.^[35] In standard structures, such as the U.S. Government Standard General Ledger, operating expenses are grouped in account series 6100, facilitating organized posting from journals to the ledger for trial balance preparation and financial reporting.^[36] Modern digital bookkeeping tools automate expense recording through software like QuickBooks, which uses rules based on vendor history and transaction patterns to categorize entries automatically upon import from bank feeds.^[37] This feature reconciles expenses against the chart of accounts in real-time, reducing manual errors and enabling seamless integration with the general ledger for ongoing accuracy.^[38]

Recognition and Measurement

In accrual-based accounting, expenses are recognized when they are incurred, rather than when cash is paid, to align costs with the revenues they help generate, in accordance with the matching principle.^[10]^[39] This principle ensures that financial statements reflect the economic reality of transactions during the period in which they occur, providing a more accurate depiction of an entity's performance.^[10] Under U.S. GAAP, as outlined in FASB ASC 720, the recognition of various expenses, such as advertising, start-up costs, and insurance, follows specific criteria tied to when the economic benefits are consumed or obligations arise. Similarly, IFRS under IAS 37 requires provisions for expenses to be recognized only when there is a present obligation from a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle it (more likely than not), and the amount can be reliably estimated.^[40] For general loss contingencies in GAAP, recognition occurs if the loss is probable (likely to occur) and the amount is reasonably estimable, as per ASC 450.^[41] Expenses are typically measured at historical cost, representing the amount of cash or cash equivalents paid or the fair value of the consideration given at the time of acquisition or incurrence.^[42] For certain financial expenses, such as those related to derivatives or investments, fair value measurement may apply under both GAAP (ASC 825) and IFRS (IFRS 13), reflecting current market conditions.^[43]^[44] Intangible assets are measured through amortization, systematically allocating the historical cost over their useful lives as an expense, unless indefinite-lived, in which case impairment testing is required.^[42] Impairment losses on assets, such as property, plant, and equipment, are recognized as expenses under IFRS (IAS 36) when the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount (the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use, based on discounted expected future cash flows); under US GAAP (ASC 360), when undiscounted expected future cash flows are less than the carrying amount, with the impairment loss measured as the excess of carrying amount over fair value.^[45]^[46] Provisions for future expenses, like warranties, are established if a reliable estimate of the probable outflow can be made, often using the expected value method for a range of possible outcomes.^[40]^[41] For restructuring costs, recognition under IFRS (IAS 37) requires a detailed formal plan and evidence of commitment, ensuring only direct, incremental costs are provisioned, while GAAP (ASC 420) mandates communication to affected parties for exit or disposal activities.^[47]^[48] As of 2025, upcoming standards including IFRS 18 (effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2027) and US GAAP ASU 2024-03 (effective for public business entities with fiscal years beginning after 15 December 2026) will require enhanced disaggregation and categorization of expenses in financial statements.^[49]^[50]

Impact on Financial Statements

Income Statement Effects

Expenses are presented on the income statement as deductions from revenues to determine profitability metrics, with total expenses aggregated and subtracted from total revenues to yield net income.^[51] Under U.S. GAAP, as outlined in ASC 205 and ASC 225, expenses are categorized primarily into cost of goods sold (COGS), operating expenses, and non-operating expenses to provide a structured view of financial performance.^[52] This categorization enables stakeholders to assess core business efficiency separately from incidental costs.^[17] Cost of goods sold represents direct expenses tied to the production of goods or services sold during the period, such as raw materials and direct labor.^[53] Gross profit is calculated by subtracting COGS from net sales revenue, highlighting the profitability of core operations before indirect costs.^[51] For example, in a manufacturing firm, COGS might include the cost of inventory components used in production, directly reducing gross margins.^[54] Operating expenses, often encompassing selling, general, and administrative (SG&A) costs, are subtracted from gross profit to arrive at operating income, also known as earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT).^[51] These include indirect expenses necessary for day-to-day business activities, such as salaries, rent, and marketing, but exclude production-related costs already captured in COGS.^[17] Operating income reflects the results of primary business functions, providing insight into managerial effectiveness in controlling routine expenditures.^[52] Non-operating expenses, such as interest expense on debt or losses from asset disposals, are reported below the operating income line and further reduce income before taxes.^[55] These costs are not directly linked to core operations and are aggregated separately to isolate their impact on overall profitability.^[17] For instance, interest expenses arise from financing activities and are deducted after operating income to compute pre-tax income.^[51] Certain types of expenses, such as direct production costs contributing to COGS and administrative costs to operating expenses, align with these categories as defined in standard accounting classifications.^[17]

Cash Flow Statement Effects

In the cash flow statement, expenses primarily manifest as cash outflows within the operating activities section, reflecting payments for goods and services essential to the entity's core operations, such as wages to employees or purchases from suppliers.^[56] According to FASB ASC 230, cash flows from operating activities encompass all transactions not classified as investing or financing, including routine expense payments that support ongoing business functions.^[57] However, certain expenses related to acquiring long-term assets, such as initial payments for property or equipment, are instead classified under investing activities to distinguish them from operational cash needs.^[58] A key reconciliation occurs between the income statement and the cash flow statement, particularly for non-cash expenses like depreciation and amortization, which reduce net income on the accrual basis but do not involve actual cash outflows. Under the indirect method—permitted and commonly used under ASC 230—these non-cash items are added back to net income in the operating activities section to arrive at cash flows from operations, ensuring the statement reflects actual liquidity changes rather than accounting allocations.^[59] For example, if a company reports $100,000 in depreciation expense, this amount is reversed in the reconciliation to highlight that no cash was expended during the period.^[57] This adjustment bridges the accrual-based profit measure with cash reality, emphasizing expenses' timing impact on available funds.^[60] The statement of cash flows can be prepared using either the direct or indirect method for the operating section, each highlighting expense-related cash movements differently while yielding the same net result. In the direct method, encouraged by ASC 230-10-45-25, specific cash payments for expenses are listed explicitly, such as "cash paid to suppliers and employees" derived from accounts payable and payroll records, providing granular visibility into operational outflows.^[61] Conversely, the indirect method, as noted, starts with net income and adjusts for changes in working capital accounts affected by expenses, like increases in accrued liabilities that defer cash payments.^[58] Both approaches underscore how expenses influence cash timing, with the direct method offering more detail on payment patterns and the indirect facilitating quicker preparation from existing financial data.^[60] Distinguishing expenses from capital expenditures is crucial for accurate classification, as expenses represent non-capital costs expensed immediately upon incurrence, directly impacting operating cash flows when paid, whereas capital expenditures involve acquiring or improving long-term assets that are capitalized on the balance sheet and depreciated over time.^[56] For instance, routine office supplies qualify as an expense with cash outflow in operating activities, but purchasing machinery—a capital expenditure—triggers an investing outflow, with subsequent depreciation treated as a non-cash operating adjustment.^[57] This separation, guided by ASC 230-10-45-8 through 45-16, prevents distorting operational cash metrics and aligns reporting with the economic substance of resource use.^[58]

Taxation of Expenses

United States Tax Deductions

In the United States, taxpayers may deduct certain expenses from their taxable income under the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), with business-related expenses governed primarily by Section 162, which allows deductions for all ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business.^[62] An expense qualifies as ordinary if it is common and accepted in the taxpayer's industry, and necessary if it is helpful and appropriate for the business, though it need not be indispensable.^[63] Examples of fully deductible expenses under this section include salaries paid to employees, advertising costs, and rent for business premises, provided they directly relate to the trade or business and are substantiated with adequate records.^[64] For non-business expenses, IRC Section 212 previously permitted deductions for ordinary and necessary expenses incurred for the production or collection of income or for the management, conservation, or maintenance of property held for the production of income, such as investment advisory fees or safe deposit box rentals. Following the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017, miscellaneous itemized deductions subject to the 2% of adjusted gross income floor, including those under Section 212, were suspended for tax years 2018 through 2025, disallowing such deductions during this period. The One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) of 2025 permanently eliminated these miscellaneous itemized deductions for all tax years after 2025.^[65] The OBBBA also adjusts other itemized deductions, ensuring long-term certainty in expense treatment for taxpayers.^[66] Specific rules apply to common expense categories to ensure deductibility. Business meals are generally 50% deductible if they are not lavish or extravagant and the taxpayer or an employee is present, with the expense directly related to or associated with the active conduct of the business; entertainment expenses, however, are not deductible.^[67] Travel expenses, including transportation, lodging, and related costs incurred while away from the taxpayer's tax home for business purposes, are fully deductible at 100% if ordinary and necessary, subject to substantiation requirements such as receipts for expenses over $75.^[67] For home office expenses, self-employed individuals may use the simplified method, deducting $5 per square foot of the area used regularly and exclusively for business, up to a maximum of 300 square feet, resulting in a cap of $1,500 for 2025.^[68] Recent updates reflect inflation adjustments and targeted incentives for 2025. The IRS has increased the standard mileage rate for business use of vehicles to 70 cents per mile, aiding deductions for travel-related transportation expenses, while per diem rates for lodging, meals, and incidentals remain at $319 for high-cost localities under the high-low substantiation method.^[69]^[70] Although business meal deductions reverted to the 50% limit after temporary 100% allowance for restaurant meals through 2022, no specific inflation-adjusted caps alter this percentage for 2025.^[71] Under the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, businesses and individuals qualify for the Alternative Fuel Vehicle Refueling Property Credit, covering 30% of qualified costs (up to $100,000 per item for businesses meeting prevailing wage requirements) for installing electric vehicle charging equipment, extending through 2032 to promote clean energy infrastructure.^[72]

International Tax Considerations

International tax considerations for business expenses vary significantly across jurisdictions, reflecting differences in tax systems, treaty networks, and efforts to prevent base erosion. While many countries allow deductions for expenses incurred wholly and exclusively for business purposes, cross-border elements introduce complexities such as transfer pricing rules, value-added tax (VAT) recovery mechanisms, and withholding obligations. These rules aim to ensure that expenses are substantiated and aligned with economic substance, often guided by international standards to mitigate double taxation or profit shifting.^[73] The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) provides foundational guidelines through its Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Tax Administrations, which emphasize the arm's length principle for related-party transactions. Under this principle, expenses allocated between affiliated entities—such as management fees, royalties, or shared services—must reflect prices that unrelated parties would agree upon in comparable circumstances, preventing artificial inflation of deductions to shift profits. This applies to intra-group expenses, requiring documentation like local files and master files to justify allocations, with non-compliance potentially leading to adjustments and penalties.^[73] In the European Union, VAT treatment of business expenses is governed by Council Directive 2006/112/EC, which permits input tax credits for VAT paid on goods and services used in taxable activities. Recoverable VAT applies to expenses directly linked to taxable supplies, such as office supplies or professional fees, allowing businesses to deduct the VAT portion from their output tax liability. However, non-recoverable VAT arises for expenses related to exempt activities (e.g., certain financial services) or personal use, where the full VAT cost becomes a non-deductible expense, increasing the effective cost for multinationals operating across member states. Specific national regimes illustrate these variations. In the United Kingdom, under the Corporation Tax Act 2009 (CTA 2009), allowable expenses must be incurred wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the trade, as outlined in sections 54 and 55, excluding capital expenditures, personal costs, or those not connected to business profits; HMRC enforces this through the "wholly and exclusively" test, disallowing dual-purpose expenses unless apportionable. In Canada, paragraph 18(1)(a) of the Income Tax Act limits deductions to outlays or expenses wholly for the purpose of earning income from business or property, prohibiting personal or capital items, with the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) applying a strict reasonableness standard to cross-border claims. In India, section 37(1) of the Income Tax Act, 1961, permits deductions for any expenditure laid out wholly and exclusively for business purposes, provided it is not capital, personal, or prohibited by law, as clarified by the Central Board of Direct Taxes, though judicial interpretations often scrutinize related-party payments for commercial justification.^[74]^[75] Cross-border expenses like royalties and service fees often trigger withholding taxes to capture source-country revenue. Under the OECD Model Tax Convention (Article 12), royalties—payments for intellectual property use—are typically subject to withholding taxes of 0-10% depending on bilateral treaties, while technical or management services may fall under Article 7 (business profits) with no source taxation unless attributable to a permanent establishment, though many domestic laws impose 10-20% withholding on such fees to prevent abuse. This requires payers to withhold and remit tax, with credits available in the recipient's jurisdiction to avoid double taxation. Global harmonization efforts, particularly through the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, have intensified post-2023 with Pillar Two's global minimum tax rules, limiting expense deductibility for multinationals by imposing a 15% effective tax rate on low-taxed income in each jurisdiction. BEPS Action 4 specifically targets interest and related financing expenses to curb base erosion, while the December 2023 Administrative Guidance clarifies safe harbors and adjustments for covered taxes, ensuring that excessive deductions do not reduce taxable income below the minimum, thus impacting multinational expense planning across borders.^[76]

Expense Management and Reporting

Expense Reports

Expense reports serve as formal documents used by employees to record and substantiate business-related expenditures incurred on behalf of their employer, facilitating reimbursement and ensuring compliance with tax regulations. These reports typically include an itemized list of expenses, detailing the date incurred, description of the item or service, business purpose, vendor or payee, amount paid, and supporting evidence such as receipts or invoices to verify the transaction. For travel-related expenses, additional components like mileage logs are required, capturing origin and destination points, total distance traveled, and the applicable reimbursement rate to account for vehicle usage.^[77]^[78]^[79] The reimbursement process begins with the employee compiling and submitting the expense report to their employer, often within a specified timeframe such as 30 days of the expense to maintain accuracy and timeliness. Employers then review the submission through approval workflows, which may involve a manager's verification of the business purpose and adherence to company policies before authorizing payment. Once approved, reimbursements are typically issued via direct deposit integrated with payroll systems or as a separate check, ensuring the funds are treated as non-taxable income under accountable plan rules.^[80]^[81]^[82] For tax compliance, expense reports play a critical role in documenting expenditures, particularly for unreimbursed employee business expenses claimed on IRS Form 2106, which allows deductions for ordinary and necessary job-related costs, though such miscellaneous itemized deductions subject to the 2% of adjusted gross income floor remain suspended for most taxpayers through the 2025 tax year under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. Certain exceptions persist, such as adjustments to income for qualified performing artists, fee-basis government officials, reservists, or educators. The IRS mandates retaining records, including expense reports and receipts, for at least three years from the date of filing the return to support deductions or withstand audits, with longer periods of 6 years for cases involving substantial understatements of income (more than 25% of gross income).^[83]^[84]^[85] Traditionally prepared on paper, expense reports have increasingly shifted to digital formats, such as PDF uploads through employee portals or mobile applications, which streamline submission by automating data capture from receipts via optical character recognition. This digital evolution, accelerated by trends in 2025, includes integration with payroll and accounting software for real-time processing and AI-driven validation to detect anomalies. These systems enhance efficiency while maintaining audit trails for tax purposes.^[86]^[87]

Expense Management Systems

Expense management systems encompass structured policies and advanced technological tools designed to oversee, control, and optimize organizational spending. Corporate policies form the foundation, establishing guidelines such as approval hierarchies that require multi-level reviews—often starting with immediate supervisors and escalating to department heads or finance teams for high-value or non-standard expenses—to ensure compliance and prevent unauthorized expenditures.^[88] Per diem rates, standardized allowances for daily travel expenses like lodging and meals, are typically set by organizations referencing federal guidelines to simplify reimbursements and maintain fiscal discipline.^[89] Post-Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) of 2017, policies commonly prohibit deductions for entertainment expenses, such as tickets to sporting events or recreational outings, to align with IRS restrictions eliminating these as business deductions.^[90] In corporate settings, cloud-based software platforms like Expensify and SAP Concur automate expense tracking and approval workflows. Expensify employs optical character recognition (OCR) via its SmartScan feature to extract data from receipts with 98.6% accuracy, enabling automatic categorization and integration with corporate cards for seamless transaction matching.^[91] Similarly, SAP Concur leverages AI and machine learning for OCR-based receipt processing, real-time insights into spending patterns, and automated policy enforcement to flag deviations before approval.^[92]^[93] These systems reduce manual entry, accelerate report generation, and provide dashboards for ongoing spend visibility. For individuals and households, personal finance applications such as Intuit Mint and You Need A Budget (YNAB) facilitate expense management through user-friendly interfaces. Mint aggregates transactions across accounts, tracks spending by category, and offers budgeting tools with monthly insights to monitor habits and set limits.^[94] YNAB emphasizes proactive allocation by assigning every dollar to categories, featuring goal tracking, spending reports, and multi-device synchronization to support disciplined personal budgeting.^[95] Implementing these systems yields measurable benefits, including cost savings from automation—organizations adopting process automation report up to 30% reductions in operational expenses—and enhanced fraud detection through AI-driven anomaly checks that identify irregular patterns in real time.^[96]^[97] Such capabilities minimize errors, streamline audits, and promote compliance, with AI tools improving risk detection by aggregating insights from transaction data.^[98] As of 2025, emerging trends include blockchain integration for creating immutable records of expenses, ensuring tamper-proof audit trails and transparent transaction histories to bolster trust and reduce disputes.^[99] Additionally, deeper ERP system integrations, such as those with SAP Cloud ERP, enable seamless data flow between expense platforms and core financial operations for unified reporting and predictive analytics.^[100]^[101]

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[PDF] ias-37-provisions-contingent-liabilities-and ... - IFRS Foundation
The objective of this Standard is to ensure that appropriate recognition criteria and measurement bases are applied to provisions, contingent liabilities and ...
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[PDF] U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS: Contingencies and provisions - RSM US
GAAP loss contingencies must be probable (75%+ likelihood), while IFRS provisions must be more likely than not (over 50%). GAAP loss contingencies are measured ...
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[PDF] Comparison between US GAAP and IFRS Standards | Grant Thornton
This document provides information and comments on current issues and developments in the comparison between US GAAP and IFRS standards. It is not a ...
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[PDF] IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement
IFRS 13 defines fair value, a market-based measurement, and sets a framework for measuring it, replacing individual standards.
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[PDF] U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS: Fair value measurements - RSM US
Under both IFRS and U.S. GAAP, fair value is defined the same: “Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability ...
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[PDF] IFRS compared to US GAAP: An overview
Like IFRS, a provision is not recognised for future operating losses. A provision for restructuring costs is not recognised until there is a formal plan and ...
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Restructuring provisions – Assessing the impact - KPMG International
Oct 29, 2025 · A restructuring provision is recognised only when specific conditions are met, and only for qualifying costs.
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How to Prepare an Income Statement - HBS Online
Dec 9, 2021 · Steps to Prepare an Income Statement · 1. Choose Your Reporting Period · 2. Calculate Total Revenue · 3. Calculate the Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) · 4 ...
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3.3 Format of the income statement - PwC Viewpoint
Aug 31, 2024 · ASC 205 and ASC 225 provide the guidance for presentation of the income statement for all US GAAP reporting entities.
[47]
Understanding the Differences Between Operating Expenses and ...
OPEX includes expenses like rent and utilities that are not tied directly to production, while COGS includes production expenses like materials and labor.
[48]
COGS vs. Operating Expenses | Difference + Examples
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) are the direct costs incurred from selling products or services, while Operating Expenses (OpEx) refers to indirect costs.
[49]
Difference Between Operating Vs. Non-Operating Expenses - BILL
Operating expenses are essential for daily business activities, while non-operating expenses are irregular costs not tied to core operations.
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6.7 Classification of cash flows - PwC Viewpoint
ASC 230 identifies three classes of cash flows—investing, financing, and operating—and requires a reporting entity to classify each discrete cash.
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[PDF] Statement of cash flows ASC 230 - EY
The cash inflows and outflows that comprise that change are classified as operating, investing or financing activities. A statement of cash flows may present ...
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[PDF] Statement of cash flows - Handbook - KPMG International
Cash flows are classified as either operating, financing or investing activities depending on their nature. But identifying the appropriate activity ...
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3.1 Form and Content of the Statement of Cash Flows | DART
Under the indirect method, net cash provided or used by operating activities is determined by adding back or deducting from net income those items that do not ...
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6.4 Format of the statement of cash flows - PwC Viewpoint
Mar 10, 2024 · ASC 230 allows a reporting entity to prepare and present its statement of cash flows using either the direct or indirect method (see FSP 6.4.2), ...
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[PDF] Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Classification of ... - FASB
Aug 15, 2016 · The cash payments for premiums on corporate-owned policies may be classified as cash outflows for investing activities, operating activities, ...
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26 U.S. Code § 162 - Trade or business expenses - Law.Cornell.Edu
There shall be allowed as a deduction all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on any trade or business.
[57]
Ordinary and Necessary - IRS
To be deductible, a business expense must be both ordinary and necessary. An ordinary expense is one that is common and accepted in your industry.
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[PDF] Part I Section 162.--Trade or Business Expense 26 CFR 1.162-2 - IRS
(Also §§ 262; 1.262-1.) Section 162(a) allows a deduction for all the ordinary and necessary expenses paid or incurred during the taxable year in carrying on ...
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[PDF] Publication 555 (Rev. December 2024) - IRS
Investment ex- penses for the production of income, deductible under section 212 of the Internal Revenue Code, are suspended until 2025. However, the suspension ...<|separator|>
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Understanding IRC Section 212 and Advisor Expense Deductions
Mar 6, 2025 · Section 212 deductions are suspended through 2025 but advisors have other options for deducting business expenses.
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Topic no. 511, Business travel expenses | Internal Revenue Service
Oct 3, 2025 · The deduction for business meals is generally limited to 50% of the unreimbursed cost. If you're self-employed, you can deduct travel expenses ...
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Simplified option for home office deduction | Internal Revenue Service
Apr 30, 2025 · Highlights of the simplified option: · Standard deduction of $5 per square foot of home used for business (maximum 300 square feet). · Allowable ...
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[PDF] 2025 Standard Mileage Rates Notice 2025-5 SECTION 1. PURPOSE
The standard mileage rate for transportation or travel expenses for 2025 is 70 cents per mile for all miles of business use (business standard mileage rate).
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IRS Announces Special Per Diem Rates for Travel Away From ...
Sep 25, 2025 · Beginning October 1, 2025, the high-low per diem rate that can be used for lodging, meals, and incidental expenses remains at $319 for travel to ...
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Here's what businesses need to know about the enhanced ... - IRS
Businesses can generally deduct the full cost of business-related food and beverages purchased from a restaurant. Otherwise, the limit is usually 50% of the ...
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Alternative Fuel Vehicle Refueling Property Credit - IRS
Apr 3, 2025 · The credit is available to businesses and individuals who install qualified refueling or recharging property, including electric vehicle charging equipment, in ...Frequently asked questions · Search · Crédito por la propiedad de...
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OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and ...
The OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines provide guidance on the application of the “arm's length principle”, which is the international consensus on the ...
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BIM37007 - Wholly and exclusively: overview - HMRC internal manual
Nov 22, 2013 · The legislation disallows any expenditure not incurred wholly and exclusively for the purposes of the trade, profession or vocation. This means ...
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Income Tax Department
37. (1) Any expenditure (not being expenditure of the nature described in sections 30 to 36 and not being in the nature of capital expenditure or personal ...
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[PDF] Administrative Guidance on the Global Anti-Base Erosion Model
This document was approved by the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on BEPS on 15 December 2023 and prepared for publication by the OECD ...
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What kind of records should I keep | Internal Revenue Service
Sep 8, 2025 · Your supporting documents should identify the payee, the amount paid, proof of payment, the date incurred, and include a description of the item ...Missing: components | Show results with:components
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Expense Reporting: Definition and Process Explained - BILL
Key elements of an employee expense report · Employee information · Date of expense · Vendor · Expense category · Description · Purchase cost · Supporting ...Key elements of an employee... · Expense report template
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Expense Report: Meaning, Need, and How to Create - QuickBooks
Jan 1, 2025 · An expense report is a form used to report on expenses that are incurred while running a business. Expense reports are typically used by employees of a company.
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Employer's Guide to Expense Reimbursement - Indeed
Employee reimbursement helps companies manage costs by establishing policies around what can be reimbursed. Some companies use the per diem method to decide how ...What is expense... · How to manage employee... · Expense reimbursement FAQs
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Guide to Expense Reimbursement for Employers - Ramp
Sep 18, 2025 · Best practice is to require employees to submit expenses within 30 days and issue reimbursement within 15 business days. The IRS accountable ...What is expense... · Why is employee expense... · Are expense reimbursements...
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Complete Guide to Expense Reimbursement - Tipalti
Expense reimbursement is money paid back to an employee or client as repayment. Examples of expense reimbursement include staff reimbursement for travel or ...What Is Expense... · Why are Expense... · Tax Considerations
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About Form 2106, Employee Business Expenses - IRS
Dec 3, 2024 · Employees file this form to deduct ordinary and necessary expenses for their job. An ordinary expense is one that is common and accepted in ...
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Publication 529 (12/2020), Miscellaneous Deductions - IRS
You can no longer claim any miscellaneous itemized deductions that are subject to the 2%-of-AGI limitation, including unreimbursed employee expenses. However, ...
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Topic no. 305, Recordkeeping | Internal Revenue Service
Sep 11, 2025 · You must keep records, such as receipts, canceled checks, and other documents that support an item of income, a deduction, or a credit appearing on a return.
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Top Expense Management Industry Trends in 2025 - NetSuite
Jun 1, 2025 · Learn the industry trends in expense management solutions in 2025, from AI and predictive analytics to streamlined T&E reports.
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Travel And Expense Trends: 4 Predictions For 2025 - Forbes
Jan 21, 2025 · In 2025, travelers will demand more personalized, self-service booking options, along with real-time updates for disruptions, safety and health concerns.
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Understanding the Entity's System of Internal Control (Ref
For example, a supervisor approves an expense report after reviewing whether the expenses seem reasonable and within policy.
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Per diem rates - GSA
Sep 30, 2025 · We establish the per diem rates that federal agencies use to reimburse their employees for lodging and meals and incidental expenses incurred while on official ...
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Tax Cuts and Jobs Act: A comparison for businesses - IRS
The TCJA generally eliminated the deduction for any expenses related to activities considered entertainment, amusement or recreation.
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6 Must-Have Features for Your Expense Reporting App - Expensify
Oct 13, 2025 · Expensify pioneered the receipt scanning app space with its OCR technology, SmartScan. With a 98.6% accuracy rate, you'll be able to rest easy ...Missing: analytics | Show results with:analytics
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ExpenseIt: Receipt Scanner App for Business Expenses | SAP Concur
Rating 4.0 · Review by ExpenseIt userExpenseIt uses OCR, machine learning, generative AI, user history, and more to identify data like amount, date, and location, and then automatically categorizes ...Missing: real- | Show results with:real-
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SAP Concur and AI: Supercharge your automated spend management
Dec 9, 2024 · AI in SAP Concur automates tasks, provides real-time insights, auto-generates travel requests, automates receipt scanning, and helps with ...
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Mint: Budget Tracker & Planner | Free Online Money Management
Review your transactions, track your spending by category and receive monthly insights that help you better understand your money habits.Manage All Accounts In One... · Tools · Credit Cards · Loans
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Features - YNAB
Rating 4.7 (96,476) · Free · FinanceYNAB features include bank connection, multi-device access, goal tracking, loan calculator, spending reports, and bank-grade security.Goal Tracking · Budget reports · YNAB Widgets for Mobile · Category Templates
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IT, disrupt thyself: Automating at scale - Deloitte
Dec 7, 2021 · Fifty-nine percent reported cost reductions of up to 30% on teams that have embraced process automation. Add to this noticeable increases ...Future-Forward It... · Disruptive Journeys · Lessons From The Front LinesMissing: 20-30% | Show results with:20-30%
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Generative AI in the Finance Function of the Future | BCG
Aug 22, 2023 · Managing and Mitigating Risk. Finance teams are already using AI in audit and control environments, such as to identify anomalies that might be ...Missing: checks | Show results with:checks
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How generative AI can help banks manage risk and compliance
Mar 1, 2024 · It can make risk detection smarter by speeding and aggregating security insights and trends from security events and behavior anomalies. ...Missing: expense | Show results with:expense
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Big Business Is Betting Big On Blockchain-Based Payments - Forbes
Sep 27, 2025 · Every payment generates a permanent, transparent record that machine learning algorithms can analyze in real time. This immutable nature makes ...
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Travel and Expense Management Software | SAP Concur Solutions
As part of SAP Finance Premium, Concur Expense includes 100 monthly expense reports, native integration with SAP Cloud ERP, and Concur Analysis Reporting.
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SAP Drives Spend Management Agility Resilience - SAP News Center
Oct 8, 2025 · At SAP Connect, SAP shared new AI capabilities for spend management to bring more automation, deeper integration, and smarter insights.