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Michael Berenbaum

Michael Berenbaum (born July 31, 1945) is an American rabbi, scholar, professor, author, editor, and filmmaker who has specialized in Holocaust studies and Jewish history.^[1] He earned a B.A. in philosophy from Queens College in 1967 and a Ph.D. from Florida State University in 1975, alongside studies at the Hebrew University, Jewish Theological Seminary (where he received rabbinic ordination), and Boston University.^[2] Berenbaum served as Project Director for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum from 1988 to 1993, overseeing its conceptual development, content creation for the permanent exhibition, and establishment of the Holocaust Research Institute.^[3] In this role, he played a key part in shaping public education on the Holocaust in the United States through museum design and archival integration.^[2] He later became president and CEO of the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation for three years, advancing the digitization and accessibility of survivor testimonies.^[2] Currently, he directs the Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust at American Jewish University, where he also holds a distinguished professorship in Jewish studies.^[2] Berenbaum has authored or edited over 20 books on the Holocaust and antisemitism, including The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and Not Your Father's Antisemitism.^[2] He served as Executive Editor for the second edition of the Encyclopaedia Judaica, a 22-volume reference work.^[2] In film, he co-produced the Emmy- and Academy Award-winning documentary One Survivor Remembers and consulted on The Last Days, which received an Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 1998; his contributions have also earned CINE Golden Eagle Awards and multiple Emmy nominations.^[2] Berenbaum has consulted on Holocaust-related museums and memorials in the United States, Poland (Belzec), Mexico, and North Macedonia, emphasizing historical accuracy and ethical remembrance.^[2] His work has been recognized with the Dartmouth Medal in 2006, three Simon Rockower Awards for Jewish journalism, and honorary doctorates from institutions including Denison University and Nazareth College.^[2]

Early Life and Education

Family Background and Upbringing

Michael Berenbaum was born on July 31, 1945, in Newark, New Jersey, to Saul and Rhea Berenbaum.^[4]^[5] His father, Saul, was born in Ciechanów, Poland, and immigrated to the United States in 1920 at the age of 13, while his mother, Rhea, was born in Milnice, Austria, and arrived in America in 1911 as an infant less than one year old.^[6]^[7] The couple raised Berenbaum and his sister Susan in a deeply Orthodox Jewish household in Kew Gardens, Queens, where Saul operated a hardware and building materials business and Rhea served as a homemaker.^[8]^[9] Berenbaum's upbringing occurred within an intensely Jewish community marked by Yiddish-speaking immigrant influences from his parents' generation, though neither was a Holocaust survivor themselves.^[10]^[8] He attended Hebrew-speaking yeshivot in New York, where many teachers were Holocaust survivors bearing visible tattoos and injuries but rarely discussed their experiences explicitly.^[11]^[8] The family belonged to a synagogue comprising German and Belgian refugees, exposing young Berenbaum to the unspoken presence of Holocaust trauma through communal rituals and broadcasts like the 1961 Eichmann trial, which he followed as a teenager.^[8] This environment instilled a profound Jewish identity without direct familial survivor narratives, shaping his later scholarly focus on the Holocaust.^[8]

Academic and Rabbinical Training

Berenbaum received his foundational Jewish education at Hebrew-speaking yeshivot in New York, immersing him in traditional rabbinic learning from an early age.^[11] He subsequently earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy from Queens College in 1967.^[2] Berenbaum then pursued advanced studies in philosophy at Boston University and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, supplementing his academic training with exposure to both American and Israeli intellectual environments.^[2]^[12] In parallel with his secular education, Berenbaum underwent rabbinical training at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America, a leading institution of Conservative Judaism, culminating in his rabbinic ordination.^[12] This dual track prepared him for scholarly work at the intersection of philosophy, Jewish theology, and historical analysis. He completed a Ph.D. at Florida State University in 1975, under the mentorship of Richard L. Rubenstein, a prominent thinker on post-Holocaust theology.^[2]^[11]

Scholarly and Professional Career

Development of Holocaust Memorial Institutions

Berenbaum served as deputy director of the President's Commission on the Holocaust from 1979 to 1980, contributing to recommendations that established the United States Holocaust Memorial Council and laid the groundwork for the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM).^[11] From 1988 to 1993, he acted as Project Director for the USHMM, overseeing its planning, construction, and opening on April 22, 1993, including the development of its permanent exhibition, which drew on survivor testimonies, artifacts, and historical documentation to narrate the Holocaust's chronology and impacts.^[13] ^[11] He also directed the museum's Holocaust Research Institute, fostering scholarly work on genocide prevention and Holocaust history.^[2] In subsequent roles, Berenbaum consulted on the conceptual development of additional Holocaust memorial institutions. As conceptual developer and chief curator for the Belzec Memorial at the site of the Nazi death camp in Poland, he shaped its design and interpretive framework to commemorate the approximately 500,000 Jews murdered there between 1942 and 1943.^[2] For the Illinois Holocaust Museum and Educational Center in Skokie, Illinois, he served as conceptual developer and curator from 2003 to 2009, guiding the exhibition's narrative on the Shoah, including sections on prewar Jewish life, ghettos, camps, and liberation, with the museum opening on April 23, 2009.^[12] ^[2] He has continued such advisory work, including on the Memorial Museum to Macedonian Jewry in Skopje, North Macedonia, emphasizing site-specific historical recovery and ethical commemoration.^[2] Berenbaum's institutional efforts prioritized integrating primary sources—such as over 1,000 survivor artifacts in the USHMM—with multimedia elements to convey the Holocaust's scale, including the systematic murder of six million Jews, without diluting its particularity amid broader World War II contexts.^[11] His approach influenced museum designs to balance remembrance with education on moral failures, such as Allied inaction on intelligence about death camps, drawing from declassified documents and eyewitness accounts.^[11]

Academic Positions and Teaching

Berenbaum has held multiple professorships focused on Jewish theology, Holocaust studies, and related fields. He served as the Hymen Goldman Professor of Theology at Georgetown University, a position noted in connection with his scholarly work on the Holocaust during the mid-1990s.^[14] Earlier in his career, he taught at Yale University and Wesleyan University, contributing to curricula in Jewish studies and history.^[15] In 2000, Berenbaum was appointed Professor of Holocaust Studies at Clark University, where he advanced academic inquiry into genocide and Jewish history.^[15] He also served as a visiting professor at George Washington University and the University of Maryland, delivering specialized instruction on Holocaust-related topics at these Washington-area institutions.^[15] In spring 2009, he held the inaugural Stern Chair in Holocaust Education at Chapman University, emphasizing pedagogical approaches to Holocaust remembrance and ethics.^[16] Currently, Berenbaum directs the Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust at American Jewish University, while serving as Distinguished Professor of Judaic Studies and Professor of Jewish Studies, roles that involve teaching on the theological dimensions of genocide, antisemitism, and Jewish thought.^[12] His teaching emphasizes interdisciplinary analysis, drawing on historical evidence and ethical frameworks to address the Holocaust's implications for contemporary society.^[12]

Consulting and Museum Projects

Berenbaum served as Project Director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum from 1988 to 1993, overseeing the planning, development, and opening of the institution in Washington, D.C., which included coordinating exhibitions, research initiatives, and educational programming focused on the Holocaust.^[2]^[13] In subsequent consulting roles, he acted as conceptual developer, senior consultant, and project director for the Illinois Holocaust Museum and Educational Center in Skokie, Illinois, contributing to its permanent exhibitions, including the Zev and Shifra Karkomi Permanent Exhibition, which opened in 2009 and emphasizes survivor testimonies and artifacts.^[17]^[2] Berenbaum served as conceptual developer and chief curator for the Memorial Museum at the Belzec Death Camp in Poland, a project completed in 2004 that features archaeological elements from the site and interpretive displays on the camp's role in the Operation Reinhard extermination efforts, where over 500,000 Jews were murdered.^[2]^[12] He has provided senior consulting on additional museum projects, including the Dallas Holocaust and Human Rights Museum, where he contributed as historical expert and content developer for exhibition design incorporating historical films; Memoria y Tolerancia in Mexico City; and the Holocaust Education and Documentation Center in Hollywood, Florida.^[17]^[18] Berenbaum also consulted on the National Museum of American Jewish History in Philadelphia and served as consultant for the National Freedom Center in Cincinnati from 2001 to 2002.^[17]^[12] Ongoing work includes conceptual development for the Memorial Museum to Macedonia Jewry in Skopje, focusing on the history of Macedonian Jews during the Holocaust.^[2]

Publications and Media Contributions

Major Books and Edited Works

Berenbaum authored The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in 1993, a comprehensive account structured around the museum's permanent exhibition, utilizing over 200 photographs, documents, and artifacts to trace the Holocaust's progression from Nazi antisemitism to the liberation of camps, with later editions incorporating post-Soviet archival revelations.^[19]^[20] He also compiled Witness to the Holocaust: An Illustrated Documentary History of the Holocaust in the Words of its Victims, Perpetrators and Bystanders in 1997, drawing on primary sources such as survivor testimonies, Nazi records, and bystander accounts spanning 1933 to 1946 to provide a multifaceted evidentiary narrative.^[19]^[21] Among his edited volumes, Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp (1994), co-edited with Yisrael Gutman, synthesizes scholarly contributions on the camp's architecture, extermination mechanisms, prisoner demographics, and internal resistance, based on newly accessible Polish and Soviet archives following the Cold War's end.^[19]^[22] Similarly, The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed and the Reexamined (1998) compiles essays from the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum's 1990 inaugural conference, addressing historiographical debates over victim numbers, perpetrator motivations, and Allied knowledge.^[19] Berenbaum further edited Holocaust: Religious and Philosophical Implications with John K. Roth in 1989, exploring theological responses to the genocide through interdisciplinary analyses.^[19] As executive editor of the second edition of the Encyclopaedia Judaica (2007), Berenbaum directed revisions to over 20,000 entries, enhancing coverage of modern Jewish history, including expanded Holocaust scholarship informed by declassified documents and survivor demographics.^[12] His earlier Report to the President: President's Commission on the Holocaust (1979, revised 1985) advocated for a national memorial museum, influencing U.S. policy on genocide remembrance with recommendations grounded in eyewitness data and policy analysis.^[19] These works collectively emphasize empirical reconstruction over interpretive speculation, prioritizing archival rigor in Holocaust historiography.

Films and Visual Histories

Berenbaum served as president and chief executive officer of the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation from 1997 to 1999, overseeing the archival collection of video testimonies from more than 52,000 Holocaust survivors recorded in 32 languages.^[14]^[2] The foundation, established by Steven Spielberg in 1994, aimed to preserve survivor accounts for educational and historical purposes, with Berenbaum directing efforts to catalog and index these oral histories for accessibility in museums, schools, and research institutions.^[2] During his leadership, the organization advanced the digitization and thematic organization of testimonies, facilitating their use in visual media projects.^[14] As co-producer of the 1995 documentary One Survivor Remembers: The Gerda Weissmann Klein Story, Berenbaum contributed to a film chronicling the experiences of a Polish Jewish survivor deported to slave labor camps and liberated by American forces in 1945; the production received an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Subject, an Emmy Award, and a Cable Ace Award.^[2]^[23] He also served as executive producer, writer, and historian for Desperate Hours, a documentary examining the lesser-known history of Holocaust rescues and deportations involving Turkey, which aired on public television.^[24]^[2] Additionally, Berenbaum executive produced Swimming in Auschwitz (2009), featuring testimonies from six female survivors who formed a swimming club in the camp's contaminated pond as a brief act of defiance and normalcy; the film was broadcast on PBS.^[2] Berenbaum has acted as historical consultant for numerous Holocaust-related films, ensuring factual accuracy in depictions of events such as the Wannsee Conference in HBO's Conspiracy (2001), which garnered 10 Emmy nominations, and the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising in NBC's Uprising (2001).^[2]^[12] He provided expertise for The Last Days (1998), a Shoah Foundation documentary on Hungarian Jewish deportations to Auschwitz that won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature, incorporating survivor interviews from the foundation's archives.^[2]^[25] Other consulting roles include the History Channel's The Holocaust: The Untold Story, which earned a CINE Golden Eagle Award and a Silver Medal at the US International Film and Video Festival, as well as features like Defiance and Into the Arms of Strangers: Stories of the Kindertransport.^[2] These contributions emphasize Berenbaum's focus on grounding cinematic narratives in primary survivor accounts and archival evidence to counter distortions in popular media representations of the Holocaust.^[2]

Intellectual Views and Contributions to Holocaust Studies

Perspectives on Holocaust Uniqueness and Universality

Michael Berenbaum maintains that the Holocaust is characterized by both singular uniqueness and broader universality, rejecting false dichotomies that pit the two against each other. In his 1981 essay published in the American Journal of Theology and Philosophy, he identifies key elements of uniqueness: the biologically deterministic targeting of Jews as a racial group, sustained by centuries of European antisemitism; the legal codification and state enforcement of this persecution under Nazi rule; and the regime's totalistic ambition to exterminate every Jew worldwide, irrespective of age, gender, or location, rather than merely subjugating or eliminating threats within conquered territories.^[26]^[27] These features distinguished the Holocaust from prior pogroms or expulsions, which, while lethal, lacked the ideological finality and global scope of Nazi genocide. Berenbaum further emphasizes the event's unprecedented mobilization of modern industrial technology, bureaucratic efficiency, and societal infrastructure for mass annihilation, describing it as "an event of singular uniqueness" that harnessed the resources of advanced civilization for destruction on an unparalleled scale.^[28] He argues that acknowledging the persecution of non-Jewish victims—such as Roma, Poles, Soviet POWs, and disabled individuals—does not dilute Jewish suffering but highlights its distinctiveness, as Jews alone faced systematic, identity-based eradication aimed at biological extinction, with approximately 6 million murdered out of a global population of 9.5 million in 1939.^[29] Despite this uniqueness, Berenbaum insists on the Holocaust's universal implications for human rights and genocide prevention, viewing comparisons to other atrocities as illuminating rather than relativizing its core traits. In his 1999 testimony to the National Archives, he noted "terrifying parallels to other mass murders and genocide," including those in Bosnia and Rwanda, while stressing the need to derive "lessons... to our collective future" through mechanisms like war crimes tribunals that establish accountability and ethical standards, such as those originating from Nuremberg.^[28] This dual framework, reiterated in lectures like his 2008 address at Carleton College, positions the Holocaust as a cautionary paradigm: unique in its execution and intent, yet instructive for confronting recurring patterns of dehumanization and state-sponsored violence globally.^[30]

Analysis of Allied Responses During World War II

Berenbaum characterizes the Allied failure to bomb Auschwitz as emblematic of broader moral shortcomings in their response to the Holocaust, despite detailed intelligence confirming the camp's role in systematic extermination by mid-1944.^[31] Requests to target the gas chambers or rail lines, urged by Jewish organizations following the Vrba-Wetzler Report released on April 28, 1944—which documented the deportation and gassing of Hungarian Jews—were rejected by U.S. officials, including Assistant Secretary of War John J. McCloy, who cited risks of diverting scarce resources, doubts about operational efficacy, and fears of German retaliation against prisoners.^[31] Technologically, such strikes were feasible; Allied bombers, including B-17s, successfully hit the adjacent IG Farben synthetic oil plant at Monowitz (part of the Auschwitz complex) on August 20, 1944, and other nearby targets, demonstrating precision capabilities within range from bases in Italy.^[31] In Berenbaum's assessment, the Allies' strategic prioritization of hastening Axis defeat over humanitarian diversions represented the core rationale for inaction, with no formal feasibility study ever commissioned by the War Department despite pleas from figures like Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau Jr..^[31] By the time viable bombing proposals emerged in summer 1944, over 90 percent of the Holocaust's eventual six million Jewish victims had already perished, underscoring the tardiness of awareness and response even as reconnaissance photos from April 4, 1944, captured crematoria operations.^[31] While acknowledging contributing factors such as bureaucratic inertia and latent antisemitism within U.S. State and War Departments—which impeded earlier refugee admissions and rescue initiatives—Berenbaum emphasizes that overt prejudice was secondary to the overriding military calculus of total war.^[32] Berenbaum extends this critique to the Allies' overall wartime posture, arguing that their policies effectively treated the genocide as a peripheral concern amid the European theater's demands, enabling Nazi objectives by rendering victims defenseless.^[31] He notes that pre-war immigration quotas, such as the U.S. cap of 27,000 German visas annually under the 1924 National Origins Act, remained largely unfilled despite pleas from Jewish leaders, with only about 200,000 European Jews admitted between 1933 and 1941 amid rising persecution.^[33] Post-1941, proposals for large-scale rescue, including the 1943 Bermuda Conference's limited outcomes, faltered due to similar priorities, where Allied leaders like President Franklin D. Roosevelt focused on unconditional surrender rather than targeted interventions. Berenbaum's co-edited volume The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It? (2000) compiles essays debating feasibility, concluding that while military risks existed—such as potential increases in camp executions—inaction reflected a failure to integrate moral imperatives with strategic ones, a theme he explores in documentaries like BBC's 1944: Should the Allies Have Bombed Auschwitz?.^[34] Ultimately, Berenbaum posits that Allied responses, though informed by mounting evidence from sources like the Polish underground's Witold's Report (delivered in 1943) and intercepted German communications, prioritized victory timelines over mitigation of an ongoing atrocity, a calculus he deems understandable in context yet profoundly tragic in outcome.^[31] This perspective informs his broader Holocaust scholarship, urging recognition of how wartime exigencies intersected with institutional biases to amplify Jewish vulnerability, without excusing the absence of bolder rescue efforts feasible within operational constraints.^[31]

Engagement with Antisemitism and Genocide Prevention

Berenbaum serves as director of the Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust at American Jewish University, where he leads educational programs for rabbis, educators, and leaders that examine the Holocaust's lessons for addressing contemporary ethical challenges, including antisemitism and the prevention of mass atrocities.^[35] These initiatives emphasize applying Holocaust-derived insights to foster societal responses grounded in historical causation and moral realism, rather than abstracted universals detached from specific genocidal dynamics.^[35] In addressing antisemitism, Berenbaum has highlighted its resurgence in the 21st century as distinct from pre-World War II forms, attributing modern variants to factors like internet-amplified hate networks and a cultural permissiveness toward bigotry that erodes communal cohesion.^[36] ^[37] On June 30, 2021, he delivered a global briefing for the International March of the Living on the rising tide of antisemitism, analyzing its manifestations and urging proactive communal strategies beyond reactive defenses.^[38] Following the October 7, 2023, Hamas attacks, he lectured at institutions such as the St. Louis Kaplan Feldman Holocaust Museum on antisemitism's escalation, framing it as a direct threat to Jewish security that demands civil society's reinforcement of shared humanity against hatred's incremental normalization.^[13] ^[37] Berenbaum critiques overly broad definitions of antisemitism that conflate policy critique with prejudice, advocating for precise delineations—such as the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance's framework—to safeguard free expression while targeting genuine animus, as explored in his commentary on competing definitions.^[39] Berenbaum's work on genocide prevention integrates Holocaust historiography with analysis of post-1945 atrocities, emphasizing causal mechanisms like dehumanization and state-enabled violence to inform intervention strategies.^[40] He has led seminar series, such as "Understanding Genocide: History, Causes, and Responses," dissecting legal frameworks like the 1948 United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, which requires demonstrable intent to destroy a group in whole or part.^[41] In a 2020 presentation, he referenced Gregory Stanton's ten stages of genocide model to trace escalation patterns, applying it to historical cases to underscore prevention's reliance on early disruption of propaganda and polarization.^[42] Berenbaum connects Holocaust memory to broader atrocity prevention, arguing that education must prioritize empirical patterns—such as perpetrator ideologies and bystander inaction—over diluted comparative narratives that risk minimizing unique causal factors in Jewish targeting.^[43] He has actively countered misuse of the genocide label in contemporary conflicts, as in his July 2025 response to historian Omer Bartov, asserting that Israel's military operations against Hamas post-October 7 do not meet the UN Convention's intent threshold, given the absence of aims to eradicate Palestinians as a group and the context of responding to Hamas's documented civilian attacks, hostage-taking, and stated eliminationist goals.^[44] Berenbaum invokes International Court of Justice precedents, like Bosnia v. Serbia (2007), to distinguish ethnic cleansing or wartime excesses from genocide, warning that spurious accusations erode the term's precision and hinder genuine prevention efforts by desensitizing global responses to verifiable intent-driven campaigns.^[44] Through such engagements, he maintains that rigorous definitional adherence, informed by Holocaust evidence, strengthens institutional capacities for halting emerging genocidal processes.

Controversies and Criticisms

Departure from Shoah Visual History Foundation

Michael Berenbaum assumed the role of President and Chief Executive Officer of the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation in January 1997, following his tenure directing the research institute at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.^[14]^[45] In late May 1999, Berenbaum stepped down from the position after approximately two and a half years, transitioning to a part-time consulting role with the foundation focused on its educational and archival dissemination efforts.^[45]^[46] Foundation spokesman Marvin Levy, speaking on behalf of founder Steven Spielberg, described the change as a mutual decision aligned with the organization's evolution from testimony collection—having recorded over 50,000 survivor interviews—to broader access and utilization of the archive, without specifying performance issues.^[45] Berenbaum himself characterized the departure as amicable, emphasizing his ongoing advisory contributions amid the shift to a "new phase" of operations.^[47]^[46] Contemporary reporting, however, portrayed the exit as an ousting driven by internal board pressures, with an anonymous former executive attributing it to stagnant fundraising—despite initial seed funding from Spielberg's Schindler's List proceeds—and perceived shortcomings in steering the foundation beyond data accumulation toward effective public engagement.^[45] This episode unfolded against broader scrutiny of the foundation, including critiques that its vast testimonial repository risked becoming an underutilized "data tomb" absent robust distribution strategies, a concern Berenbaum had sought to address through academic partnerships during his tenure.^[45]

Debates on Historical Interpretations

Berenbaum has engaged prominently in scholarly debates over the uniqueness of the Holocaust, asserting that its distinctiveness derives from the Nazis' ideologically driven, totalistic aim to annihilate every Jew worldwide, rooted in biological racism and sustained by state mechanisms unprecedented in scope and intent. This position, outlined in his 1981 essay, differentiates the Holocaust from other genocides by emphasizing its universal geographic ambition and the absence of any survival rationale for victims, while acknowledging analogies to prior persecutions that highlight its exceptional causality.^[26]^[48] He argues that denying this uniqueness risks diluting the specific historical forces at play, yet insists on its universality for deriving moral lessons applicable to all humanity, countering absolutist views that render the event incomprehensible.^[27] Critics of Berenbaum's framework, including some contextualist historians, contend that overemphasizing Jewish exceptionalism marginalizes non-Jewish victims of Nazi policies, such as Roma, Slavs, and disabled individuals, potentially fostering a hierarchy of suffering that complicates comparative genocide studies. For instance, insistence on uniqueness has drawn fire from scholars like Ismar Schorsch, who warn it may alienate allied victim groups and hinder broader coalitions against atrocity. Berenbaum responds by integrating discussions of all Nazi victims to underscore Jewish targeting's singularity without equivalence, rejecting relativizations like those in Germany's Historikerstreit, where comparisons to Bolshevik crimes were seen to minimize Nazi culpability.^[26]^[49] In interpretations of Allied wartime responses, Berenbaum has debated the practicality of interventions like bombing Auschwitz rail lines in 1944, maintaining that technical constraints—such as Allied bombers' range limitations from bases in Italy and risks to prisoners from imprecise attacks—rendered it infeasible without diverting critical resources from D-Day preparations, despite moral hindsight urging action. This view clashes with advocates of retrospective accountability, who cite declassified intelligence showing awareness of camp operations by mid-1944 and argue feasibility based on prior precision raids. Berenbaum's stance, informed by archival evidence, prioritizes causal realism over anachronistic judgment, though he critiques Allied inaction as a failure of imagination amid competing priorities.^[50]^[51]

Recent Activities and Legacy

Post-2020 Engagements and Appointments

Berenbaum has maintained his role as Director of the Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust and as a Distinguished Professor of Jewish Studies at the American Jewish University since at least the early 2010s, with the position continuing actively through 2025.^[12]^[2] In this capacity, he oversees programs addressing the ethical dimensions of the Holocaust, including public lectures and educational initiatives focused on genocide prevention and Jewish thought.^[12] Post-2020, Berenbaum has engaged in numerous speaking engagements on Holocaust history, antisemitism, and related contemporary issues. On June 30, 2021, he delivered a briefing titled "The Rising Tide of Antisemitism" for the Museum of Tolerance.^[38] In 2021, he presented a lecture for the Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies at Appalachian State University.^[52] By December 2021, he contributed a foreword to Mindelle Pierce's book on Holocaust-related themes, underscoring his ongoing scholarly involvement.^[53] In 2023, Berenbaum conducted a webinar interview with the Tennessee Holocaust Commission on Israel and antisemitism, held on February 28, 2024, but announced earlier.^[54] He served as the keynote speaker for the 2024 Rachel Miller Lecture at the St. Louis Holocaust Museum, announced December 18, 2023, addressing rising antisemitism.^[13] On March 12, 2024, he lectured on "Why the Holocaust Still Matters" for the 10.27 Healing Partnership.^[55] That June 7, he participated in a virtual "Ask the Expert" session on the Auschwitz story for GBH.^[56] On August 28, 2024, he engaged in a public conversation with Wisdom Without Walls.^[57] Berenbaum's 2024-2025 engagements reflect heightened focus on post-October 7, 2023, challenges. On October 28, 2024, he spoke on "Whither Do We Go? The Challenges of Post-October 7th Jewish Life" at the Haberman Institute for Jewish Studies.^[58] He is scheduled for a April 9, 2025, address on "Jan Karski: The Man and The Mission" at the East Tennessee Historical Society, alongside exhibit access.^[59] In summer 2025, he will deliver a keynote at Appalachian State University's 23rd Annual Rosen Symposium.^[60] Additionally, he continues consulting on projects such as the Memorial Museum to Macedonia Jewry in Skopje.^[2]

Reflections on Contemporary Antisemitism

Berenbaum has characterized 21st-century antisemitism as distinct from traditional religious or Nazi-era variants, necessitating adapted responses from Jewish communities, particularly in the United States, where complacency toward emerging threats risks underestimating their novelty and persistence.^[36] In his edited volume Not Your Father's Antisemitism: Hatred of the Jews in the 21st Century (2008), he compiles essays arguing that modern forms, amplified by digital platforms and ideological shifts, evade simplistic historical analogies like equating early 2000s events to 1933 Germany, which he views as distorting strategic priorities.^[61] Contemporary drivers, per Berenbaum, include the internet's facilitation of transnational hate networks and a cultural normalization permitting overt bigotry without immediate repercussions, contributing to an "alarming rise" observed globally.^[37] He links this to broader societal failures in upholding civility, urging civil society to counter it by reaffirming universal human dignity rather than relying solely on institutional enforcement.^[37] In the aftermath of the October 7, 2023, Hamas attacks on Israel—which Berenbaum describes as the deadliest day for Jews since the Holocaust—he has addressed surging antisemitic incidents, including protests disrupting American Jewish institutions, while rejecting hyperbolic parallels to 1938 Nazi Germany as unhelpful for practical defense.^[62] Lecturing on "Antisemitism in the Wake of October 7th," he emphasizes resilience drawn from millennia of Jewish endurance under worse conditions, advising against withdrawal: "Jews should not be backing down or hiding. We should be standing our ground, expecting and demanding that our rights be protected."^[13] ^[62] Instead, he recommends bolstering security, invoking law enforcement like the LAPD and FBI, and public defiance, as exemplified by the 290,000-strong Jewish march in Washington, D.C., in November 2023, to prevent antisemites from eroding Jewish visibility.^[62]

Personal Life

Religious Ordination and Practice

Berenbaum holds rabbinic ordination, a credential listed among his academic and professional qualifications at the American Jewish University, where he directs the Sigi Ziering Institute exploring the ethical and religious implications of the Holocaust.^[12] He is routinely addressed as Rabbi in scholarly and public forums, reflecting his formal training in Jewish religious leadership.^[63]^[64] In personal reflections, Berenbaum has described himself as a deeply committed and religious Jew, albeit not adhering to Orthodox observance.^[10] His practice emphasizes intellectual and theological engagement with Jewish tradition, particularly in response to historical traumas like the Holocaust, as evidenced by his writings on modern Jewish thought and the interplay of tragedy and triumph in Jewish identity.^[65] Rather than maintaining a conventional pulpit or congregational role, he conceptualizes his rabbinate as serving a broader "parish" encompassing global education, museum curation, and interfaith dialogue on genocide prevention and antisemitism. This integration of ordination into his career underscores a praxis oriented toward ethical inquiry and historical memory, where religious authority informs public scholarship without ritual leadership in a synagogue setting. Berenbaum's daughter, Ilana, followed a similar path, receiving ordination from the University of Judaism (now American Jewish University) in May 2001, highlighting a familial continuity in rabbinic vocation.^[2]

Family and Personal Influences

Michael Berenbaum was born on July 31, 1945, in Newark, New Jersey, to parents who had immigrated from Europe as children during the early 20th-century wave of Jewish migration. His mother, Rhea, originated from Milnice, Austria, arriving in the United States in 1911 at less than one year old, while his father, Saul, was born in Ciechanów, Poland, and immigrated in 1919 at age nine.^[6] The family spoke Yiddish at home amid an Americanizing environment, reflecting the broader assimilation pressures on second-generation Jewish Americans.^[6]^[8] Family ties to the Holocaust profoundly shaped Berenbaum's worldview, though these connections were enveloped in silence. A maternal great-uncle, Carl, survived Auschwitz but emerged psychologically devastated, living as an isolated alcoholic, while paternal cousins Samuel and Max endured the camps—working as jewelers under Nazi exploitation—before resettling as refugees in the U.S.^[6]^[10] Berenbaum's father, a World War II U.S. Army veteran who served in North Africa and Italy, prioritized American patriotism and downplayed European Jewish traumas, creating a household tension between assimilation and inherited memory. This taboo surrounding survivors' ordeals extended to the surrounding German Jewish refugee community of diamond traders who had fled in 1938–1939.^[10]^[8] Raised in a deeply Orthodox Jewish milieu in New York, Berenbaum attended Hebrew-speaking yeshivot where teachers included Holocaust survivors and refugees, exposing him to a "shattered culture" evident in synagogues filled with European exiles.^[11]^[8] The unspoken presence of genocide—amplified by his teenage absorption of the 1961 Eichmann trial broadcasts—drew him toward the "unspoken early memories" of his community, redirecting his philosophical studies at Queens College toward Holocaust literature and motivating a career dedicated to confronting and memorializing the event's ethical implications.^[10]^[8] This interplay of familial silence, refugee influences, and rigorous Jewish education underscored his emphasis on bridging particular Jewish suffering with universal human lessons.^[10]

References

[1]
JCC- Krakow: Lecture by Dr. Michael Berenbaum
Jun 21, 2020 · Michael Berenbaum (born July 31, 1945 in Newark, New Jersey) is an American scholar, professor, rabbi, writer, and filmmaker, who specializes in ...
[2]
About | berenbaumgroup - Michael Berenbaum
Michael Berenbaum is a writer, lecturer, and teacher consulting in the conceptual development of museums and the development of historical films.
[3]
National Leadership Awards - United States Holocaust Memorial ...
Michael Berenbaum was honored with the Museum's National Leadership Award for his decades of service and contributions to Holocaust memory and education. From ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[4]
Michael Berenbaum Family History & Historical Records - MyHeritage
Michael Berenbaum was born on July 31 1945, in Newark. ... Michael married Melissa Patack Berenbaum. ... His occupation was Writer, Historian, Professor, Film ...
[5]
WEDDINGS; Melissa Patack, Michael Berenbaum
Jun 25, 1995 · Michael Berenbaum, the director of the United ... He is the son of Rhea Berenbaum of North Miami Beach, Fla., and the late Saul Berenbaum.
[6]
I Was Drawn to the Unspoken Early Memories of Michael Berenbaum
My mother, Rhea, who was born in Milnice, Austria came to America in 1911 when she was less than one year old and my father, Saul, who was born in Ciechanów, ...Missing: upbringing | Show results with:upbringing
[7]
Saul Berenbaum Family History & Historical Records - MyHeritage
Saul married Rhea Berenbaum. Rhea was born circa 1911, in Austria. They had 2 children: Susan Berenbaum and Michael Berenbaum. Personal Info. Saul lived in K G ...
[8]
[PDF] MICHAEL BERENBAUM - Jewish Sages of Today
Berenbaum, born in 1945, grew up in Kew Gardens, Queens, the child of parents who came to the U.S. from Europe as very young ... Berenbaum and his family decided ...
[9]
West Point Center for Oral History - Michael Berenbaum Translating ...
Jan 27, 2020 · His father had a hardware and building materials business, and his mother was a homemaker.Missing: background upbringing
[10]
Michael Berenbaum Translating the Holocaust into an American Idiom
Aug 3, 2015 · Let me begin with I was born in 1945, and I was born into an intensely Jewish community, an intense Jewish community, and born into a community ...
[11]
Michael Berenbaum - Jewish Virtual Library
Berenbaum, Michael (1945–), US Holocaust scholar who played a prominent role in what he describes as the Americanization of the Holocaust.
[12]
Michael Berenbaum | American Jewish University
The author and editor of 24 books, he was also the Executive Editor of the Second Edition of the Encyclopaedia Judaica. ... His work in film has won Emmy Awards ...
[13]
Renowned Scholar Dr. Michael Berenbaum to Address Rising ...
Dec 18, 2023 · He is director of the Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust at the American Jewish ...
[14]
Dr. Michael Berenbaum to Join Survivors of the Shoah Visual ...
Nov 25, 1996 · Berenbaum joins the Foundation after nearly two decades at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, where he served as Project Director ...
[15]
Dr. Michael Berenbaum - Greater Miami Jewish Federation
Michael Berenbaum is a writer, lecturer, and teacher consulting in the conceptual development of museums and the development of historical films.
[16]
Stern Chair in Holocaust Education | Chapman University
The inaugural holder of the professorship in spring 2009 was Dr. Michael Berenbaum, former project director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum and ...Missing: teaching | Show results with:teaching
[17]
Projects | berenbaumgroup - Michael Berenbaum
Senior Consultant and Project Director, Illinois Museum of the Holocaust, Skokie Illinois. Senior Consultant on the Museum at the Belzec Death Camp, in Poland.
[18]
Building and Exhibition Design
Berenbaum brings unparalleled expertise to his work on museum design using historical films and innovative approaches to present the Jewish experience and ...
[19]
Books — The Berenbaum Group
Published Books · The World Must Know depicts the evolution of the Holocaust comprehensively, as it is presented in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.Missing: major | Show results with:major
[20]
The world must know : the history of the holocaust as told in the ...
Mar 4, 2020 · The world must know : the history of the holocaust as told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum ; Publication date: 1993 ; Topics ...
[21]
Witness to the Holocaust: Berenbaum, Michael - Amazon.com
30-day returnsThis illustrated volume includes survivor testimonies, letters, government documents, newspaper reports, diary entries and other firsthand materials.
[22]
Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp - Indiana University Press
$$32.00"This learned volume is about as chilling as historiography gets." —Walter Laqueur, The New Republic" . . . a one-volume study of Auschwitz without peer in.
[23]
Michael Berenbaum - IMDb
Michael Berenbaum. Producer: Dara of Jasenovac. Michael Berenbaum is known for Dara of Jasenovac (2020), One Survivor Remembers (1995) and Magda (2015).
[24]
Desperate Hours - Shenandoah Films
Desperate Hours is directed and produced by Victoria Barrett. Dr. Michael Berenbaum is the Executive producer, historian and writer. Ronald Goldfarb is the ...<|separator|>
[25]
The Last Days (1998) - Full cast & crew - IMDb
The Last Days (1998) - Cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses ... Michael Berenbaum. historian (as Dr. Michael Berenbaum). William R ...
[26]
[PDF] Chapter 3 THE ISSUE OF THE HOLOCAUST AS A UNIQUE EVENT
Berenbaum, Michael. "The Uniqueness and Universali- ty of the Holocaust." American Journal of Theology and Philosophy 2:3 (1981): 85-96. Berenbaum asserts ...
[27]
THE UNIQUENESS AND UNIVERSALITY OF THE HOLOCAUST - jstor
Michael Berenbaum / George Washington University. The question of the uniqueness and universality of the Holocaust is being considered with increasing ...
[28]
Testimony of Dr. Michael Berenbaum - National Archives
Jun 24, 1999 · I am by training a theologian who came to the study of the Holocaust as I grappled with the problem of evil and the presence and absence of a benevolent God.Missing: involvement | Show results with:involvement
[29]
The Uniqueness and Universality of the Holocaust (Chapter 2)
In this chapter, I argue that only by discusssing all of the Nazi's victims can the uniqueness of Jewish suffering be convincingly conveyed as a matter of fact ...
[30]
Holocaust Scholar to Speak at Carleton College's Forkosh Family ...
Apr 7, 2008 · Dr. Michael Berenbaum, a nationally renowned scholar on the Holocaust, will present “The Uniqueness and Universality of the Holocaust” on Monday, April 14, at ...Missing: teaching | Show results with:teaching
[31]
Why wasn't Auschwitz bombed? | WWII History & Holocaust Tragedy
The question “Why wasn't Auschwitz bombed?” is not only historical. It is also a moral question emblematic of the Allied response to the plight of the Jews ...
[32]
Holocaust expert explains why Auschwitz was never bombed
Apr 11, 2003 · ... Nazis, according to an internal U.S. War Department memo, “was to insure the speedy defeat of the Axis.” Another reason for the Allies' failure ...Missing: critique | Show results with:critique
[33]
https://www.britannica.com/event/Holocaust
[34]
The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies Have Attempted It?
did failure to do so simply reflect a callous indifference to the plight of ... A ...
[35]
Sigi Ziering Institute | American Jewish University
Michael Berenbaum, PhD and Rabbi, is the Director of the Sigi Ziering Institute: Exploring the Ethical and Religious Implications of the Holocaust and a ...
[36]
Offerings - Kolot Management
Why antisemitism in the 21st century is different than Nazi Antisemitism or traditional antisemitism and why the American Jewish community is fighting the wrong ...
[37]
Dr. Michael Berenbaum's Remarks on the Elie Wiesel Commission ...
Dec 4, 2023 · Berenbaum concluded by issuing a call to action, urging civil society to speak out against antisemitism and all forms of hatred. He emphasized ...Missing: views | Show results with:views
[38]
Briefing on the Rising Tide of Antisemitism with Dr. Michael ...
Jun 30, 2021 · Michael was also the Executive Editor of the Second Edition of the Encyclopaedia Judaica. ... His work in film has won Emmy Awards and Academy ...Missing: achievements | Show results with:achievements
[39]
What We Should Know About the Dueling Definitions of Antisemitism
The Declaration seeks to understand and describe antisemitism while protecting free speech and leaving room to criticize Israel, even harshly, ...Missing: engagement | Show results with:engagement
[40]
Understanding Genocide: History, Causes, and Responses with Dr ...
“Understanding Genocide: History, Causes, and Responses” is an in-depth seminar series led by Dr. Michael Berenbaum, a distinguished scholar in Holocaust and ...
[41]
Understanding Genocide: The U.N. Convention on ... - YouTube
Aug 22, 2024 · Join distinguished scholar in Holocaust and Genocide Studies Michael Berenbaum ... Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide ...<|separator|>
[42]
[PDF] Transcript of presentation given by Michael Berenbaum to the
Oct 1, 2020 · The Stanton notion of the 10 stages of genocide (Gregory H. Stanton Professor in. Genocide Studies and Prevention) And we showed each of the ...
[43]
Historical Memory: Reflecting on 80 Years of Holocaust Education
Michael Berenbaum, world-renowned Holocaust historian and author, reflects ... genocide prevention within a global climate of rising hate. Cropped ...
[44]
It is not genocide: A response to Omer Bartov - eJewishPhilanthropy
Jul 21, 2025 · Spuriously charging Israel with genocide does not change this incontrovertible fact. Michael Berenbaum is the director of the Sigi Ziering ...
[45]
Holocaust Project President Ousted - The Washington Post
Jun 3, 1999 · "The Last Days," a documentary based on several of the Shoah Foundation's video testimonials, won an Academy Award this year. And the ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[46]
Stepping Down - Jewish Journal
Jun 3, 1999 · Michael Berenbaum last week stepped down as president and chief executive officer of the Survivors of the Shoah Visual History Foundation ...Missing: departure | Show results with:departure
[47]
Shakeup at top of Shoah Foundation as leader leaves - J Weekly
The Shoah Foundation did not make an official announcement of the change, but last week its spokesmen and Berenbaum insisted that the decision was an amicable ...Missing: ousted | Show results with:ousted
[48]
Michael Berenbaum, The uniqueness and universality of the holocaust
On Hearing Alternate Echoes from the same Voice: A Response to Professor Michael Berenbaum. ... The Question of the Holocaust's Uniqueness: Was it Something More ...Missing: views | Show results with:views<|separator|>
[49]
(PDF) The Politics of Uniqueness: Reflections on the Recent ...
Aug 6, 2025 · This article examines the debate over the uniqueness of the Holocaust as it has recently unfolded in the United States. It concentrates on two ...<|separator|>
[50]
[PDF] The “Willing Executioners”/ “Ordinary Men” Debate Daniel J ...
The Nazi leadership understood the German people. The perpetrators were not coerced to kill. Never in the history of the Holocaust was a German ever killed, ...
[51]
What We Know Now, What We Knew Then with Michael Berenbaum
Oct 16, 2021 · 2021 Morgenthau Holocaust Collections Project (MHCP) Conference: "Examining American Responses to the Holocaust: Digital Possibilities" ...
[52]
Michael Berenbaum (2021) | Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and ...
Michael Berenbaum (2021). Home · Library & Archives ... Aronoff and Sarsar (2024) · Barclay (2020) ... Copyright 2025 Appalachian State University. All ...
[53]
Dr. Michael Berenbaum Writes Forward for Mindelle Pierce's New ...
Dec 15, 2021 · Dr. Michael Berenbaum, Director of the Sigi Ziering Institute, Professor of Jewish Studies at AJU, and world-renowned historian has written ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[54]
Dr. Michael Berenbaum - Tennessee Holocaust Commission
Michael Berenbaum is a writer, lecturer, and teacher consulting in the conceptual development of museums and the development of historical films. He is director ...
[55]
Why the Holocaust Still Matters: Lecture and Reception
Mar 12, 2024 · Michael Berenbaum, who will deliver a ... Berenbaum is the Director of the Sigi Ziering Institute at the American Jewish University.<|separator|>
[56]
Ask the Expert: The Story of Auschwitz | GBH - WGBH
Date and time. Friday, June 7, 2024. Virtual: 12pm. Delve into one of the darkest chapters in human history as Holocaust scholar Michael Berenbaum provides ...
[57]
Prof. Michael Berenbaum - Wisdom Without Walls
MICHAEL BERENBAUM. Conversation Recording. If you ... Wednesday, August 28, 2024, 7:00 PM - 8:30 PM ... ©2025 Wisdom Without Walls. All right reserved ...<|separator|>
[58]
Current Lectures New - Haberman Institute for Jewish Studies
Nov 14, 2024. Oct 28, 2024. Whither Do We Go? The Challenges of Post-October 7th Jewish Life. Oct 28, 2024. Presented by Michael Berenbaum Director of the Sigi ...
[59]
Jan Karski: The Man and The Mission - An Evening With Dr. Michael ...
Jan Karski: The Man and The Mission – An Evening With Dr. Michael Berenbaum. 09 April 2025. Address followed by light reception and access to exhibit, The ...Missing: engagements | Show results with:engagements
[60]
App State's Center for Judaic, Holocaust, and Peace Studies holds ...
Jun 30, 2025 · These events include two keynote lectures to be held in the Reich College of Education (RCOE) room 124 and via Zoom: Rabbi Dr. Michael Berenbaum ...Missing: engagements | Show results with:engagements
[61]
Michael Berenbaum Q&A: 'I thought we would have done better'
Mar 11, 2015 · ... Not Your Father's Antisemitism” because I was disturbed by all the ill-informed talk of 2003 being 1933, 1939 or even 1942. I feel that ...
[62]
The worst thing American Jews can do right now is hide - The Forward
I have dedicated my life to the study of antisemitism. The protesters in Los Angeles succeeded in making Jews cower, retreat, withdraw and hide.
[63]
Presenting Dr. Michael Berenbaum
Jun 6, 2022 · He served as the director of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum's Holocaust Research Institute and was the content creator for its ...
[64]
A Look Forward with Rabbi Dr. Michael Berenbaum - YouTube
Jun 19, 2023 · Rabbi Berenbaum helped create and curate the Holocaust Museum in North Macedonia, and he shared the experience of bringing Holocaust history ...Missing: ordination | Show results with:ordination<|control11|><|separator|>
[65]
After Tragedy and Triumph: Essays in Modern Jewish Thought and ...
Michael Berenbaum is Hymen Goldman Professor of Theology at Georgetown ... Berenbaum begins by addressing such questions as the uniqueness of the Holocaust ...