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Momentive

Momentive Performance Materials Inc. is a multinational specialty chemicals company focused on producing high-performance silicones, quartz, ceramics, siloxanes, silanes, specialty fluids, and urethane additives for applications in electronics, construction, automotive, and consumer goods industries. Tracing its origins to General Electric's silicone research initiated in the 1940s, the business unit was sold to Apollo Global Management in 2006 for approximately $3.8 billion, accumulating significant debt that led to a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in April 2014 with $4.1 billion in liabilities, primarily to restructure its balance sheet through a pre-negotiated plan. The company emerged from reorganization later that year as a leaner entity, continuing operations with a heritage of over 75 years in pioneering silicone innovations, such as early advancements in siloxane polymers and polyurethane foam technologies. In 2020, South Korean firm KCC Corporation acquired Momentive, integrating it into its portfolio while maintaining the brand's focus on global manufacturing across twelve countries, including facilities in the United States, Germany, India, and Japan. Key achievements include being a first-to-market leader in performance materials that enable sustainable applications, with recent commitments to reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gases, and waste by 25% by 2025. However, the company has faced regulatory scrutiny for environmental compliance, culminating in a 2021 settlement with New York state authorities for $2.3 million over violations of air emissions, water discharge, and hazardous waste management laws spanning 2007 to 2020 at its Waterford, New York facility.

History

Origins and early innovations (1940s–1990s)

The industrial of silicones, foundational to Momentive's core technologies, originated with Electric's (GE) development of the direct in , when research Eugene G. Rochow discovered a method to react elemental silicon with methyl chloride using a copper catalyst, yielding methylchlorosilanes as precursors for polysiloxanes. This breakthrough enabled scalable manufacturing of heat-resistant, flexible silicone polymers, initially applied in electrical insulation and seals during World War II, with GE licensing the technology to Dow Corning for broader commercialization while retaining its own capabilities. Post-war, GE established dedicated silicone facilities, marking the shift from laboratory-scale experiments—rooted in 1930s academic work on siloxanes—to commercial viability, with initial output focused on resins for varnishes and compounds for molding. In the 1950s and 1960s, GE expanded silicone applications into polysiloxanes for industrial sectors, including lubricants, release agents, and water-repellent treatments, driven by patents on hydrolysis and polymerization techniques that improved viscosity control and thermal stability up to 200°C. Key innovations included fluid silicones for hydraulic damping in automotive and aerospace uses, with production scaling to meet demand in electronics encapsulation, where silicones provided superior dielectric properties over organic alternatives. By the mid-1960s, GE's silicone output supported diversification into medical-grade elastomers and textile finishes, reflecting empirical advancements in cross-linking agents like peroxides for enhanced mechanical durability. The 1970s and 1980s saw GE Silicones pioneer one-component room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) sealants and adhesives, with formulations achieving primerless adhesion to substrates like glass and metal via silane coupling agents, enabling applications in construction glazing and automotive weatherstripping. In 1977, GE introduced high-strength silicone structural sealants capable of bonding curtain walls under wind loads exceeding 100 mph, supported by tensile tests demonstrating elongation over 500% before failure. Coatings innovations included ablative silicones for aerospace re-entry vehicles, leveraging low thermal conductivity (0.2 W/m·K) and char formation for protection, while parallel efforts in silane intermediates—precursors to Momentive's later specialties—facilitated market entries in adhesion promoters, with annual global silicone sales reaching hundreds of millions by the late 1980s. These developments prioritized causal mechanisms like hydrolytic stability over competing materials, establishing GE's dominance in performance-driven formulations.

Transition to independence and expansions (2000s)

In September 2006, General Electric announced the sale of its GE Advanced Materials business, encompassing silicones and quartz operations, to Apollo Management LP for $3.8 billion, aiming to refocus on core growth areas. The transaction closed on December 3, 2006, transitioning the unit from corporate conglomerate ownership to private equity control and rebranding it as Momentive Performance Materials Inc., headquartered in Wilton, Connecticut. This independence enabled strategic autonomy, with Apollo's backing facilitating targeted investments decoupled from GE's broader portfolio constraints. Post-acquisition, Momentive pursued expansions in manufacturing and market presence, particularly in Asia to address rising demand for silicones in electronics and personal care applications. In 2009, the company established a 15-acre manufacturing facility in India dedicated to high-end specialty silicones, enhancing supply chain proximity to fast-growing regional markets. These efforts built on R&D advancements in siloxane and silane technologies, optimizing additives for improved performance in consumer electronics components and personal care formulations like emollients and conditioners. Under Apollo's oversight—which also controlled Specialty Chemicals since —Momentive explored operational synergies in specialty materials, laying groundwork for without immediate structural mergers. By , these initiatives contributed to through expanded capabilities and in photovoltaic and sectors, positioning the firm for scaled ahead of further consolidations.

Formation and recent developments (2010–present)

In October 2010, Apollo Global Management completed the merger of Momentive Performance Materials Holdings Inc.—formed in 2006 from the divestiture of GE Advanced Materials—with Hexion Specialty Chemicals (formerly Borden Chemical), creating a combined entity under the Momentive name with annual revenues exceeding $7 billion and operations across 117 facilities worldwide. The transaction, valued at creating a global leader in silicones, specialty chemicals, and advanced materials, aimed to leverage synergies in complementary portfolios while navigating high debt loads from prior leveraged buyouts. Facing mounting financial pressures from $2.4 billion in against a $464 million and substantial , Momentive Performance Materials filed for 11 bankruptcy in , listing assets and liabilities each over $10 billion. The involved creditor negotiations and approvals, culminating in from bankruptcy on , , with a reorganized balance sheet that reduced and positioned the company for operational continuity amid industry volatility. In the 2020s, Momentive divested its quartz and ceramics on January 1, 2020, spinning it out as an backed by principal shareholders Wonik QnC and SJL , which rebranded as Momentive Technologies to on high-purity materials for semiconductors and other high-tech applications. Demonstrating through intellectual , a criminal ruled in April 2023 in favor of Momentive's NXT against infringer Ecopower, upholding protections for tire-coupling agents amid competitive pressures from Asian manufacturers. By 2025, the intensified initiatives, including expansions targeting electric vehicle (EV) components and renewable energy applications, such as advanced silicones for thermal management and energy-efficient materials, while commemorating its 75-year heritage of innovation originating from early silicone commercialization.

Products and Technologies

Silicones and specialties

Momentive produces organosilicon compounds under its silicones and specialties portfolio, centered on siloxane polymers characterized by a backbone of alternating silicon and oxygen atoms (Si-O-Si) with organic groups such as methyl attached to silicon, enabling unique properties including high flexibility, thermal stability up to 200–400°F depending on formulation, low-temperature flexibility down to -50°C or lower, and resistance to weathering, ozone, and UV degradation. These organic silicones contrast with the company's inorganic quartz and ceramics, which lack carbon-silicon bonds and prioritize high-purity silica structures for thermal or optical uses rather than elastomeric behavior. Key offerings include siloxane-based fluids, such as polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), which serve as base components for lubricants, release agents, and precursors in sealants and adhesives due to their low surface tension, hydrophobicity, and viscosity ranging from 5 to over 1,000,000 cSt. Silanes, monomeric organosilicon compounds like amino- or epoxy-functional variants in the Silquest lineup, function as adhesion promoters by hydrolyzing to form silanol groups that bond with inorganic surfaces while their organic tails integrate with polymers, improving dispersion of fillers in coatings and composites. Room-temperature-vulcanizing (RTV) silicones form a cornerstone, comprising one-part acetoxy- or alkoxy-cure systems and two-part addition-cure variants that crosslink via platinum catalysis to yield elastomers with elongation at break exceeding 300–700% and tensile strengths of 2–5 MPa, ideal for formulating sealants and adhesives resistant to moisture and chemicals. Specific examples include RTV157 and RTV159, which maintain integrity at continuous operating temperatures of 400°F and offer non-corrosive bonding to metals and plastics. High-elongation specialty elastomers, often fluorosilicone-modified or peroxide-cured, provide enhanced tear resistance (up to 30–50 kN/m) and fluid compatibility for dynamic sealing, with formulations like TSE3453 delivering balanced hardness (40–60 Shore A) and elongation over 500% to accommodate mechanical stress without failure. For personal care applications, Momentive supplies polyether-modified siloxane emulsifiers, such as those in the Silsoft series (e.g., PEG-12 dimethicone variants), which act as nonionic surfactants to stabilize water-in-oil or oil-in-water emulsions by reducing interfacial tension and enhancing spreadability, imparting a non-greasy, silky texture with long-established use in formulations since the 1990s.

Quartz and ceramics

Momentive Technologies manufactures high-purity fused quartz products, primarily through electric fusion processes that yield materials with silicon dioxide (SiO₂) purity levels exceeding 99.995%, essential for semiconductor fabrication and optical applications. These include rods, tubes, and custom solids engineered for extreme conditions, such as wafer carriers and process equipment, where low hydroxyl content minimizes contamination risks during high-temperature operations up to 1,200°C. The company's fused quartz exhibits a low coefficient of thermal expansion—approximately 0.55 × 10⁻⁶/°C—enabling dimensional stability in precision components subjected to rapid thermal cycling. This quartz portfolio traces its roots to over 130 years of development through predecessor technologies, predating Momentive's formation and building on innovations in fused silica production for industrial-scale purity and formability. Standard grades like Type 214 provide elevated temperature resistance and chemical durability, supporting applications in fiber optics and lamp envelopes without devitrification under prolonged heat exposure. In ceramics, Momentive produces advanced oxide-based materials, including powders and molded solids, optimized for high-temperature components in electronics and thermal management systems. These ceramics feature superior thermal conductivity—up to 30 W/m·K in select formulations—and chemical stability, serving as substrates or insulators in power electronics where operating temperatures exceed 1,000°C. Additives derived from these ceramics enhance dielectric properties and heat dissipation in circuit boards and sensors, complementing quartz's role by providing structural integrity in non-silicone inorganic matrices.

Other advanced materials

Momentive produces a range of polyurethane additives under the Niax™ brand, including silicone-based stabilizers, amine catalysts, metal catalysts, and foam property modifiers designed for flexible slabstock foam production. These additives enhance foam resilience, durability, and processing efficiency, with applications in automotive seating, mattresses, and furniture; for instance, certain Niax stabilizers improve cell structure uniformity, reducing defects in high-volume manufacturing. The company also offers specialty silicone fluids and lubricants, such as alkyl/aryl-modified polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), for industrial and automotive uses where low friction and thermal stability are required. These fluids exhibit high viscosity indices—often exceeding 200 for select grades—enabling consistent performance across temperature ranges from -50°C to 200°C, while lube oil additives provide foam control and reduce wear in engine oils. Hybrid materials, including silicone resins like the TSR series, combine silicones with organic resins to form additives for plastics, coatings, and composites, enhancing light diffusion, weather resistance, and mechanical properties without significantly altering base resin viscosity. In coatings, these hybrids contribute to hydrolytic stability and UV resistance, as seen in waterborne silicone resin emulsions used for high-temperature applications up to 500°C. Niche applications extend to composites, where they improve interfacial bonding and reduce microcracking under thermal cycling.

Business Operations

Global manufacturing and facilities

Momentive maintains a of over and commercial locations worldwide, with key facilities focused on , , and ceramics. The company's primary silicones hub is located in , on an 800-acre at 260 Hudson River , where it produces silicone intermediates and polymers through vertically integrated processes starting from metal. This supports downstream of , leveraging on- capabilities for to final . In Europe, the , site in the Chempark serves as production for silicones, with expansions completed to enhance capacity for specific product lines amid regional . Additional silanes manufacturing occurs at facilities in , , and other sites including Sistersville, West Virginia, enabling localized production of coupling agents and additives integrated from basic silicon compounds. In , plants in Nantong and , , along with Ohta, , handle siloxanes and related intermediates, contributing to the company's from silica-derived feedstocks to specialized outputs. Momentive Technologies operates seven sites for quartz and ceramics, with concentrations in , , and to ensure proximity to semiconductor and high-tech markets. , multiple facilities—including Strongsville, , Willoughby, and Heights—focus on quartz fabrication, with recent expansions such as the specialty quartz and a 2024 groundbreaking at Heights for upgrades to meet semiconductor needs. These sites emphasize processing high-purity fused quartz from raw silica, supporting end-to-end manufacturing for crucibles and tubing, while international quartz operations in and provide regional capacity for coatings and custom designs.

Key markets and applications

Momentive's silicone products are applied in the automotive sector for sealing components, thermal management, and electrical insulation, particularly in electric vehicles (EVs) where they facilitate heat dissipation and protect battery systems from environmental stressors. These applications contribute to vehicle reliability by mitigating failure risks in high-temperature and vibration-prone environments, supporting the shift toward electrification amid rising global EV production. In electronics, Momentive supplies potting compounds, encapsulants, and adhesives that sensitive circuits from , , and mechanical , enabling compact designs in devices and automotive . This enhances operational and reduces in sectors reliant on miniaturization, such as and . Construction applications leverage Momentive's sealants and coatings, derived from licensed GE Silicones technology, for weatherproofing facades, glazing, and joint sealing in buildings, providing durable barriers against water infiltration and UV degradation. These materials extend structure lifespans and lower maintenance costs by resisting thermal cycling and structural movement over decades. Personal care formulations incorporate Momentive's silicone emulsions for conditioning agents in skincare, hair care, and cosmetics, improving texture, spreadability, and sensory attributes like softness without altering core product efficacy. Such additives support consumer product stability and user experience in formulations exposed to varying pH and shear conditions.

Financial performance and restructuring

Momentive Performance Materials demonstrated revenue growth in the years following its formation, with net sales reaching approximately $544 million in the fourth quarter of 2017, marking a 10% increase from the prior year, amid ongoing volatility in commodity prices and market demand for silicones and quartz products. However, the company carried a substantial debt load from prior leveraged buyouts under private equity ownership by Apollo Global Management, which strained liquidity and operational flexibility. In April 2014, Momentive filed for 11 bankruptcy to execute a pre-negotiated , addressing over $3 billion in obligations. The process concluded successfully on , 2014, reducing total to approximately $1.2 billion and providing $425 million in to ongoing operations and investments. This eliminated annual payments of around $345 million, a shift toward sustainable cash flow generation. Post-emergence, Momentive operational efficiencies, including a announced in quarter of aimed at cutting structural costs by $25 million annually starting in through and optimizations. Financial metrics improved thereafter, with to $443.8 million in the fourth quarter of , an 18% year-over-year driven by in sectors like and . The company's was further evidenced by its acquisition by in May 2024, reflecting stabilized economics under private ownership transitioning to integration within a larger industrial group.

Controversies and Criticisms

Bankruptcy and creditor disputes

In April 2014, Momentive Performance Materials (MPM) and affiliated debtors filed voluntary petitions for relief under 11 of the U.S. in the U.S. for the Southern of , primarily due to a substantial burden exceeding $3 billion stemming from a 2006 leveraged by Apollo Global Management. The filing aimed to implement a pre-negotiated restructuring plan supported by first-lien secured , which involved reducing by approximately $3 billion through new financing and note exchanges, while preserving operations and avoiding liquidation. The restructuring plan, confirmed by the bankruptcy court on September 10, 2014, over objections from second-lien noteholders, denied claims for approximately $300 million in "make-whole" premiums triggered by the early redemption of senior subordinated notes, ruling that automatic acceleration upon bankruptcy filing constituted an event of default rather than voluntary prepayment under the indentures. Second-lien holders, who argued for premiums and challenged the subordination of their claims and the cramdown interest rates on replacement notes (set at 4.75% for first-lien and 7.7% for second-lien classes under a formula approach), appealed. On October 20, 2017, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit affirmed the denial of make-whole premiums and the plan's subordination provisions—upholding section 510(a) of the Bankruptcy Code's enforcement of intercreditor agreements—but remanded the cramdown rate determination, adopting a two-step market-based approach prioritizing efficient market rates over the formula method. The U.S. Supreme Court denied certiorari in October 2018, leaving the Second Circuit's rulings intact and finalizing the plan's implementation, under which MPM emerged from bankruptcy on October 24, 2014, with reorganized debt and continued operations. Critics, including distressed-debt investors and labor advocates, attributed the bankruptcy to excessive leverage imposed by Apollo's buyout structure, which loaded the company with high-yield debt and contributed to covenant strains by 2009, ultimately forcing restructuring and imposing losses on junior creditors through plan cramdown. Proponents of the plan, including first-lien lenders and the debtor, defended the outcome as an efficient market-driven resolution that prioritized senior creditor rights under contract terms, avoided operational disruption, and enabled $1.1 billion in first-lien claims to be reinstated at par with market-based interest, preserving approximately 3,500 jobs and global manufacturing capabilities. The courts' emphasis on explicit indenture language and market evidence in denying premiums underscored contractual limits on creditor recoveries in bankruptcy, diverging from Third Circuit precedents favoring make-whole enforceability in similar refinancings.

Environmental and regulatory issues

The Waterford, New York facility of Momentive Performance Materials Silicones, LLC, a key silicone production site, has been subject to Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) corrective action by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) due to historical management of hazardous wastes, including byproducts from silicone manufacturing processes such as solvents and sludges stored in tanks and surface impoundments. Under the facility's RCRA permit, final corrective measures include groundwater monitoring, extraction, and treatment to address contamination plumes, with treated water discharged into the Hudson River in compliance with state pollutant discharge limits. In 2017, the company agreed to a $1.25 million civil penalty to settle EPA and New York State allegations of violations involving improper hazardous waste handling, exceedances of air emission limits under the Clean Air Act, and unauthorized discharges under the Clean Water Act at the Waterford plant, stemming from inadequate monitoring and reporting over several years. A subsequent 2021 settlement with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation required Momentive to pay approximately $2.3 million total, including $1 million in penalties for RCRA non-compliance, air and water permit violations dating back to 2007, plus supplemental environmental projects and community compensation funds, without admitting liability. These actions reflect recurring compliance challenges in chemical manufacturing but also demonstrate remediation commitments, as EPA records indicate ongoing implementation of corrective measures without escalation to Superfund designation or major additional penalties since the 2021 agreement; environmental groups have critiqued persistent groundwater risks from siloxane byproducts, though official assessments confirm containment and treatment progress under regulatory oversight.

Intellectual property challenges

In 2023, Momentive successfully defended its intellectual property in a significant trade secret infringement case in China, where a criminal court ruled that four former employees and their associated company had misappropriated proprietary silicone-based textile-enhancer and antifoaming technologies to manufacture and sell competing products. The court imposed prison terms and fines on the individuals, levied a fine on the company, ordered the confiscation of infringing products and equipment, and granted Momentive civil damages, marking a robust enforcement outcome in a jurisdiction often criticized for lax IP protections. This victory stemmed from Momentive's collaboration with local authorities and followed a related conviction of one former employee in Korea for similar misconduct. Momentive's broader IP enforcement efforts in Asia have focused on patent infringement related to silane technologies used in silicone applications, with a notable 2020 Chinese court decision upholding its NXT silane patent against Ecopower companies, which were found to have violated rights through unauthorized production and sales—though an appeal was filed. Earlier actions, such as a 2015 patent lawsuit against Dongguan Hungpai Shoe Material for NXT silane infringement, underscore the company's sustained proactive stance against regional threats like unauthorized replication in manufacturing hubs. These cases reflect Momentive's stated commitment to vigorously protecting global innovations, amid acknowledged challenges from pervasive counterfeiting and trade secret theft in Asia, where enforcement remains uneven despite judicial wins. No major financial or operational losses from IP disputes have been publicly reported by Momentive, contrasting with industry-wide criticisms of weak international mechanisms that enable theft, particularly from state-influenced actors in China. The company's successes highlight effective legal strategies, including litigation and law enforcement partnerships, to deter infringement without reliance on broader regulatory reforms.

Innovations and Impact

Technological achievements

Momentive traces its innovations to foundational work back to the , establishing over 75 years of in developing and commercializing advanced materials for diverse applications. The company has consistently introduced pioneering solutions, including specialty fluids and elastomers that enable , flexibility, and environmental in end-use products. In the realm of electric vehicle (EV) manufacturing, Momentive has developed fast-cure silicone adhesives and sealants optimized for e-mobility, featuring low viscosity, rapid green strength buildup, and self-lubricating properties to support efficient assembly of battery components and thermal management systems. These formulations cure quickly at room temperature, reducing production cycle times while maintaining low modulus and crack resistance under demanding operational conditions. Momentive's quartz technologies represent a key breakthrough in materials purity, with fused quartz solids achieving trace element concentrations down to parts per billion, which minimizes particulate contamination and thereby improves semiconductor wafer yields during high-precision fabrication processes. This near-defect-free quality, as seen in products like i21 ingots, supports advanced applications in AI, electronics, and chip production by reducing failure risks associated with impurities.

Sustainability initiatives

Momentive Performance Materials has integrated sustainability into its "Vision 2025" strategy, establishing targets to reduce energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, solid waste, and hazardous waste by 25 percent from a 2019 baseline, while aiming for 50 percent renewable electricity usage. In its 2022 sustainability report, the company committed to Science-Based Targets initiative (SBTi) for aligning Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions reductions with scientific recommendations to limit global warming. By 2024, Momentive reported a 42 percent reduction in Scope 1 and 2 emissions through process optimizations and energy efficiency measures, alongside achieving 47 percent renewable electricity procurement. Total waste generation decreased by 47 percent from the 2019 baseline, attributed to enhanced recycling and waste minimization at manufacturing sites. The company has developed product innovations emphasizing reduced environmental impact, including low-emission silicone surfactants and catalysts for polyurethane applications in bedding and e-mobility, which lower volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and support bio-based polyol formulations. In personal care, Momentive introduced Harmonie™ NatuVel Gel in 2025, a 100 percent naturally derived, biodegradable elastomer gel serving as a bio-based alternative to traditional silicone gels, with a naturality index of 0.57 per ISO 16128 standards and compatibility with organic ingredients. These efforts align with broader R&D investments to enable customer decarbonization, such as recyclable polyol-compatible additives, though silicone's inherent recycling challenges—due to its chemical stability—persist industry-wide, prompting a shift toward bio-derived substitutes rather than full recyclability of core silicones. Momentive's initiatives emphasize empirical metrics over declarative goals, with 79 percent of new products in 2024 incorporating sustainability attributes like lower emissions or biodegradability, verified through internal tracking and third-party alignments such as SBTi. Site-specific plans have driven localized efficiencies, including renewable energy shifts and waste diversion, contributing to overall progress without reliance on offsets. Corporate self-reporting dominates available data, warranting scrutiny against independent audits, yet measurable reductions in key indicators substantiate claims of operational improvements over aspirational rhetoric.

Industry contributions

Momentive's silicone-based sealants and adhesives have enhanced the durability and reliability of aerospace and defense systems by providing materials that withstand extreme temperatures, vibrations, and chemical exposures, thereby enabling longer operational lifespans for aircraft, spacecraft, and military platforms without frequent maintenance interventions. For instance, their RTV silicones facilitate thin bond lines with low thermal resistance, which has supported the development of more efficient thermal management in high-performance engines and structures, contributing to overall mission success rates in demanding environments. This long-term supply, spanning over 65 years, has been integral to the sector's progression toward lighter, more resilient components that reduce weight and fuel consumption while maintaining structural integrity. In the electronics industry, Momentive's advanced ceramics, such as boron nitride composites, have played a causal role in enabling device miniaturization by improving thermal conductivity and heat dissipation in densely packed circuits, allowing for higher power densities without overheating failures. These materials' high thermal stability and low density have facilitated the shift to smaller form factors in semiconductors and consumer electronics, where traditional fillers would limit performance under compact designs. Additionally, their silicone elastomers support encapsulation and potting applications that protect miniaturized components from environmental stressors, thereby extending device reliability and accelerating the adoption of advanced packaging techniques in integrated circuits. Momentive's contributions extend to critical infrastructure sectors through consistent supply of high-performance sealants that meet rigorous industry specifications for weather resistance and adhesion, influencing standards for building and construction durability. Their silicones have enabled energy-efficient glazing and facade systems by providing flexible, long-lasting seals that prevent air and water infiltration, supporting broader advancements in sustainable urban development without compromising structural safety. Over decades, this reliable provision to essential markets has underpinned sector-wide improvements in material longevity and performance consistency.

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