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Nokia Networks

Nokia Networks is the primary business group of Nokia Corporation, a multinational technology company headquartered in , , specializing in the development and delivery of comprehensive network infrastructure solutions for . It encompasses mobile networks, and optical networks, fixed access networks, core networks, and associated and network services, enabling secure, high-performance for communication service providers, enterprises, governments, and industries worldwide. The origins of Nokia Networks trace back to Nokia's entry into in the early , evolving through innovations in radio and cable technologies. A pivotal development occurred on April 1, 2007, when Nokia formed Nokia Siemens Networks as a 50/50 with AG, merging Nokia's Networks Business Group with Siemens' carrier-related equipment and services operations to create a leading global provider of mobile and fixed network infrastructure. In 2013, Nokia acquired Siemens' stake for €1.7 billion, gaining full ownership and rebranding the entity as Nokia Networks while phasing out the Siemens name. This was followed by Nokia's €15.6 billion acquisition of , announced in April 2015 and completed on January 14, 2016, which integrated Alcatel-Lucent's expertise in , , and access, substantially enhancing Nokia Networks' portfolio and global scale. In 2025, Nokia Networks operates as a B2B technology innovation leader, focusing on next-generation technologies such as , autonomous networks, AI-driven , and cloud-native architectures to support across industries. It has been named a Leader in the 2025 for Communications Service Provider (CSP) 5G Core Network Infrastructure Solutions, reflecting its strong position in core network deployments. The division also emphasizes private wireless networks, cybersecurity, and sustainable practices, powering connectivity for over 130 countries and contributing to Nokia's overall comparable operating profit outlook of €1.7–2.2 billion for the year.

Overview

Formation and Rebranding

Nokia Networks traces its origins to the formation of Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) on April 1, 2007, as a 50/50 joint venture between Nokia Corporation's Networks Business Group and Siemens AG's carrier-related operations in fixed and mobile networks, excluding the enterprise unit. The partnership was announced on June 19, 2006, and combined the two companies' strengths in telecommunications infrastructure to compete globally, with pro forma annual revenues of €15.8 billion based on 2005 figures. This move supported Nokia's broader transition from consumer mobile devices toward enterprise-focused telecom solutions. At inception, NSN employed approximately 60,000 people across more than 100 countries and established its headquarters in , . To expand its technological portfolio early in its operations, the made key acquisitions, including Atrica Inc. in January 2008 for an estimated $100 million, which enhanced NSN's and optical networking capabilities for metro access networks, and Apertio Ltd. in February 2008 for €140 million, adding advanced real-time subscriber data management platforms to support service delivery. On July 1, 2013, Nokia announced its intent to acquire ' 50% stake in NSN for a total of €1.7 billion (€1.2 billion in cash and €0.5 billion as a ), a transaction that closed on August 7, 2013, giving complete ownership. Immediately following the acquisition, NSN was rebranded as Nokia Solutions and Networks (still abbreviated NSN) to reflect its full integration into and phase out the name. In April 2014, the company underwent another rebranding to simply Networks, solidifying its identity as a standalone division amid 's strategic pivot to network infrastructure after selling its mobile handset business.

Current Scope and Strategic Focus

Nokia Networks operates as the primary division of Corporation, encompassing networks, fixed networks, and IP/optical solutions, while excluding consumer devices and focusing exclusively on business-to-business offerings. This scope was substantially enhanced by Nokia's acquisition of in 2016, integrating advanced , optical, and fixed technologies. In 2025, this division accounts for approximately 90% of Nokia Corporation's , generating over €20 billion annually through sales to communication service providers, enterprises, and cloud operators. The division's strategic priorities in 2025 center on optical networking, AI-driven automation, and data center infrastructure to capitalize on surging demand from AI and cloud computing. This focus was strengthened by Nokia's completion of the $2.3 billion acquisition of Infinera in February 2025, which enhances capabilities in coherent optics and positions Nokia as the second-largest vendor in the optical networking market with about 20% share. Nokia emphasizes the $1.2 trillion opportunity in AI infrastructure, with AI and cloud customers contributing 14% of Network Infrastructure sales in Q3 2025, driven by 19% growth in optical networks. Nokia Networks serves more than 120 countries and supports 5.6 billion mobile subscriptions globally, including significant deployments that enable for over 125 standalone operator customers as of mid-2025. The company has earned key industry recognitions, including being named a Leader in the 2025 for Communication Service Provider Network Infrastructure Solutions and a in the 2025 for Switching, underscoring its innovation in and beyond toward readiness.

History

Origins as Nokia Siemens Networks (2007–2013)

Nokia Siemens Networks (NSN) was established on April 1, 2007, as a 50:50 between Corporation's Networks business group and AG's carrier-related operations, merging 's leadership in access technologies with ' established capabilities in fixed-line . This aimed to create a comprehensive provider capable of addressing the evolving demands of global carriers transitioning from mature networks toward emerging deployments, where subscriber growth for legacy systems was projected to plateau by 2008. The venture faced immediate headwinds from the 2008-2009 global financial crisis, which exacerbated operational inefficiencies and led to substantial losses, including an operating deficit of €1.639 billion in 2009 compared to €301 million the previous year. Concurrently, aggressive pricing and expansion by competitors and intensified pressure on NSN's position in the mobile base stations segment, where its market share slipped amid declining demand for / upgrades and market saturation in developed regions. These challenges highlighted the need for NSN to streamline its portfolio and invest in next-generation broadband solutions to regain competitiveness. In response, NSN launched a sweeping initiative in November 2011, announcing the elimination of approximately 17,000 positions—23% of its global workforce of 74,000—as well as site consolidations that included the closure of multiple manufacturing facilities to reduce overheads. The plan targeted annual cost savings of €1 billion by the end of through organizational simplification, divestitures of non-core units, and a sharpened focus on high-growth areas like and mobile broadband infrastructure. To bolster its technological edge and regional footprint, NSN acquired ' wireless network assets in April 2011 for $975 million, gaining key , talent, and strengthened access to the U.S. market, where CDMA expertise was particularly valuable. Financially, NSN achieved peak net sales of €13.1 billion in , driven partly by the integration and initial deployments, but revenues contracted to €13.0 billion in 2012 as legacy / markets saturated and carriers deferred investments amid economic uncertainty. This downturn underscored the restructuring's urgency, positioning NSN for a pivot toward IP-based and systems essential for future growth.

Alcatel-Lucent Acquisition and Integration (2014–2016)

On April 15, 2015, Nokia announced its intention to acquire in an all-stock transaction valued at €15.6 billion, based on an exchange ratio of 0.55 new Nokia shares for each Alcatel-Lucent share. This deal aimed to form a combined giant with projected annual revenues of approximately €26 billion, positioning it to challenge dominant competitors such as and in mobile, fixed, optical, and networking markets. The acquisition progressed through regulatory scrutiny, securing unconditional approval from the in July 2015, clearance from the U.S. Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) in August 2015, and antitrust approval from China's Ministry of Commerce in October 2015. Nokia completed the transaction on January 4, 2016, gaining control of over 79% of Alcatel-Lucent's shares initially, with full ownership achieved later that year; Nokia shareholders held 66.5% of the enlarged entity on a fully diluted basis. The merger targeted €900 million in annual operating cost synergies by 2019, achieved via R&D consolidation—including the integration of Alcatel-Lucent's renowned Bell Labs into Nokia's innovation framework—and optimizations in supply chain and manufacturing. Alcatel-Lucent contributed a substantial patent portfolio of around 33,000 granted patents, with significant strength in IP routing and optical networking technologies, enhancing Nokia's intellectual property assets in these domains. Post-merger, the workforce expanded to approximately 104,000 employees, with headquarters retained in Espoo, Finland; however, early integration faced hurdles such as cultural differences between Nokia's Finnish operations and Alcatel-Lucent's Franco-American heritage, culminating in the announcement of up to 10,000 job reductions globally by mid-2016 to realize efficiencies. The acquisition immediately strengthened Nokia's competitive stance, elevating its in mobile radio access networks (RAN) to approximately 25% and enabling a broader end-to-end portfolio. In , the combined company reported net sales of €23.6 billion, reflecting initial merger-related costs but laying the foundation for enhanced global leadership in network infrastructure.

Expansion and Restructuring (2017–2025)

Following the integration of , Nokia Networks pursued strategic divestitures to streamline its portfolio and concentrate on core competencies in mobile and fixed networks. In 2017 and 2018, the company divested non-core assets such as its business to Éric Carreel for an undisclosed amount, allowing refocus on telecommunications infrastructure. In 2024, Nokia agreed to sell its submarine networks business, Alcatel Submarine Networks (ASN), to the French State for €350 million (completed December 31, 2024, with Nokia retaining a 20% stake initially), as part of portfolio streamlining. Nokia intensified its 5G development during 2017–2019, conducting over 70 trials and engagements with operators worldwide, including key partnerships with and in the United States for early deployments. By mid-2019, the company had secured 42 commercial 5G contracts, positioning it as a leader in the transition to next-generation networks. Revenue stabilized during this timeframe, reaching €23.3 billion in 2019, up slightly from €22.6 billion in 2018, driven by steady demand in mobile networks despite competitive pressures. In 2020, Nokia underwent significant leadership transition with the appointment of as CEO on August 1, succeeding . Lundmark promptly outlined a comprehensive strategy update in December 2020, emphasizing a "reset-accelerate-scale" approach to enhance competitiveness in and fixed networks through and . This included plans for up to 10,000 job reductions announced in March 2021 as part of a three-year turnaround program aimed at achieving €600 million in annual cost savings by 2023, targeting redundancies from prior integrations and adapting to slower-than-expected adoption. From 2021 to 2024, Nokia advanced its and acceleration efforts, launching the MX Industrial Edge platform in October 2021 to enable on-premises applications for industrial use cases. The company also expanded its ReefShark chipset family, initially introduced in January 2018 for tripling throughput in networks, with subsequent iterations in 2020 and 2021 enhancing processing efficiency for massive and . The U.S. government's restrictions on and equipment, enacted through the in 2019 and expanded in subsequent years, enabled Nokia to capture additional North American ; by 2023, Nokia held approximately 28% of the RAN market in the region, up from prior levels amid operator shifts away from restricted vendors. In 2025, Nokia completed its acquisition of on February 28 for $2.3 billion, enhancing its optical transport and projected to increase optical networking by 75% while adding €200 million in annual operating synergies. To adapt to emerging and demands, the company restructured effective October 1, creating the and Organization led by Chief Technology and Officer Pallavi Mahajan—formerly of —and the Organization under Chief Officer Konstanty Owczarek, aiming to accelerate innovation in -driven networks. Financial performance in 2025 reflected these shifts, with Network Infrastructure revenue surging 28% year-over-year to €1.95 billion in Q3, fueled by optical and fixed network growth amid AI-related demand. However, the company faced ongoing challenges from geopolitical tensions and disruptions, particularly in availability, which impacted mobile network deployments. Nokia revised its full-year comparable operating profit outlook to €1.7–2.2 billion, accounting for these headwinds while anticipating robust growth in network infrastructure. As of November 2025, integration of continues to support optical growth amid AI demands, with no major new divestitures announced.

Business Units

Mobile Networks

The Mobile Networks business unit of Nokia Networks is a division focused on delivering (RAN) and technologies for mobile operators, with a strong emphasis on LTE evolution and deployments. In 2025, this unit accounts for approximately 38% of Nokia's overall revenue, reflecting its pivotal role in the company's portfolio. It develops the AirScale radio platforms, which serve as the foundation for high-capacity infrastructure, and integrates Massive antennas to enhance and coverage in dense urban environments. Nokia's key offerings in this unit include comprehensive RAN solutions that support both sub-6 GHz frequencies for wide-area coverage and mmWave bands for ultra-high-speed applications in urban hotspots. These solutions incorporate Open RAN compliance, enabling multi-vendor through standardized interfaces that allow operators to mix equipment from different suppliers without proprietary lock-in. This flexibility supports seamless upgrades and cost-effective network expansions, aligning with industry trends toward disaggregated architectures. The unit powers 5G networks for more than 300 operators worldwide, including major deployments with for private networks in logistics and manufacturing sites, and for public 5G rollouts across . In 2025, growth has accelerated in private 5G solutions tailored for enterprises, particularly in industrial applications such as automated warehouses and smart factories, where low-latency connectivity enables real-time machine-to-machine communication. Innovations within the Mobile Networks unit include the Advanced Receiver architecture, which improves interference management in complex 5G environments by enhancing to suppress co-channel and , resulting in over 20% higher throughput in Massive setups. Additionally, integration with Nokia's Digital Automation Cloud (DAC) facilitates advanced network slicing, allowing operators to create dedicated virtual networks for diverse use cases like ultra-reliable or high-bandwidth video streaming, all managed through a unified cloud platform.

Network Infrastructure

Nokia's Network Infrastructure unit specializes in , optical transport, and interconnect solutions, delivering high-capacity connectivity for operators, enterprises, and hyperscalers. This business segment includes the 7750 SR series of IP/MPLS routers, which provide versatile, high-performance platforms for , , , and gateway functions with up to 216 Tb/s full-duplex capacity and support for advanced features like segment routing and model-driven programmability. Complementing these are the 1830 PSS optical systems, which enable scalable (WDM) networks with support for 800G+ wavelengths, flexible grid technology, and up to 48 Tbps switching capacity per system to handle dense, long-haul traffic. In Q3 2025, the unit accounted for approximately 40% of Nokia's overall revenue, reflecting its pivotal role in addressing surging data demands. The acquisition and integration of , completed in February 2025, have significantly strengthened 's coherent optics portfolio, particularly for AI-optimized data centers, by incorporating advanced expertise to achieve intra-data center capacities targeting 1.6 Tbps while reducing power consumption by up to 70% through efficient pluggable modules. These enhancements also support subsea cable systems, such as the project, which leverages 's 1830 GX platform to provide open-access, high-capacity connectivity between and . Synergies from the earlier integration have further integrated legacy optical assets, enabling seamless evolution to next-generation transport architectures. Nokia's solutions power backbone networks for hyperscalers, including those serving providers like , , and , by facilitating AI factory builds and cloud-scale interconnects. In recognition of its forward-thinking strategy, Nokia was positioned as a Visionary in the 2025 for Switching, praised for its completeness of vision in supporting workloads and high-density fabrics. Key growth drivers for the unit include the explosive rise in AI traffic, forecasted to increase tenfold by 2030 due to expanded power demands and generative AI adoption. Additionally, access (FWA) solutions, such as the FastMile portfolio with 7 gateways and mmWave receivers, enable extension to underserved areas, delivering fiber-like speeds up to 4 Gbps where wired infrastructure is impractical. The unit maintains major R&D hubs in , , focused on optical innovations, and , Germany, emphasizing and transport technologies.

Cloud and Network Services

Nokia's Cloud and Network Services (CNS) unit focuses on software, , and to enable network orchestration, optimization, and for communications service providers and enterprises. In 2025, this unit contributed approximately 13% to Nokia's total net sales, with Q3 revenues reaching €645 million, reflecting an 8% year-over-year increase (13% on a constant currency basis). Key offerings include the Digital Automation Cloud (DAC), a platform for AI/ML-based operations that supports private wireless, , and industrial applications through containerized microservices on . Complementing this, the Nokia AVA platform provides advanced analytics for network insights, while the Network Services Platform (NSP) enables intent-based management for , optical, and networks, automating operations to enhance agility. The unit delivers comprehensive services, including business support systems (BSS) and operations support systems (OSS) solutions, with a shift in 2025 transferring traditional managed services to the Mobile Networks group while retaining focus on software-driven design, deployment, and optimization. These services support 127 communications service providers with 5G standalone core deployments as of Q3 2025, with the highest number of live services, emphasizing cloud-native architectures for scalable 5G operations. Recent deployments include enhancing Telia’s 5G networks in Finland with cloud-native 5G SA core, announced in November 2025. In 2025, CNS experienced growth in cloud-native core solutions, driven by operator investments, and maintained stable net sales amid market shifts toward and . Notable partnerships include collaborations with AWS to deploy standalone core on public cloud infrastructure, enhancing for operators like O2 Telefónica in . Innovations such as the MantaRay Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) platform advance zero-touch , integrating for network adjustments and achieving up to 56% OPEX reductions in automated optical operations. Globally, CNS serves over 900 customers, prioritizing cybersecurity through AI-driven DDoS protection that detects and mitigates multi-terabit attacks in under five minutes for 78% of incidents. This includes real-time threat intelligence to counter stealthy intrusions and botnets, integrating seamlessly with Nokia's hardware units for end-to-end secure networking.

Products and Technologies

Radio Access and 5G Solutions

Nokia's AirScale portfolio forms the core of its radio access technologies, offering a modular and scalable architecture for base stations that supports multiple generations of mobile networks from to . This includes compact solutions like the AirScale Micro for deployments, enabling dense coverage in urban and indoor environments. The portfolio's modules and remote radio heads are designed for flexible multi-site configurations, allowing operators to incrementally without full replacements. The AirScale platform fully supports New Radio (NR) Release 16 specifications, including Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communications (URLLC) for mission-critical industrial applications such as factory and remote . Nokia's end-to-end ecosystem encompasses gNodeB hardware with a disaggregated Distributed Unit (DU) and Centralized Unit (CU) split architecture, facilitating cloud-native deployments and efficient resource pooling. Advanced features like massive , with configurations up to 64 transmit/receive (T/R) elements, deliver improvements that can achieve up to 10 times the capacity of networks in high-density scenarios. By 2025, Nokia has achieved significant scale in deployments, powering networks for major operators including in , where it supplies Open RAN-compliant equipment for over 3,000 sites as of late 2024 with ongoing rollout, and Reliance in , supporting one of the world's largest rollouts through multi-year RAN contracts. These implementations leverage AirScale's dual-mode capabilities to coexist with existing infrastructure, accelerating nationwide coverage. Looking ahead, Nokia is advancing future-proofing through research into technologies, particularly exploring spectrum bands above 100 GHz for ultra-high-capacity short-range communications and sensing applications. Additionally, the company is integrating non-terrestrial networks (NTN) with satellite systems to extend coverage to remote and underserved areas, aligning with Release 17 standards for seamless terrestrial-satellite handovers. In lab environments, Nokia's solutions have demonstrated sub-1 ms for URLLC use cases and peak throughputs exceeding 10 Gbps using mmWave .

Optical and IP Networking

Nokia's optical networking solutions focus on high-capacity fiber-optic transport for backbone and metro networks, leveraging advanced coherent () technologies to enable efficient data transmission over long distances. The PSE-6s platform, Nokia's sixth-generation super-coherent Photonic Service Engine, supports 800G wavelengths with optimized performance for metro to long-haul applications, achieving reaches up to 2,300 km in challenging environments as demonstrated in field trials. This technology integrates coherent to compensate for fiber impairments, ensuring reliable connectivity for high-bandwidth demands. Following the February 2025 acquisition of , Nokia enhanced its portfolio with ICE6 optics, which deliver 800G per wavelength using high-spectral-efficiency modulation, supporting AI-driven network optimization for and in data-intensive scenarios. In IP networking, Nokia's 7750 series routers, powered by the FP5 silicon processor, provide scalable and with support for up to 400G ports, enabling high-density Ethernet interfaces for aggregation and . The FP5 architecture offers 6 Tb/s forwarding capacity with low power consumption, facilitating efficient handling of terabit-scale traffic in environments. (SR) integration on the 7750 enhances traffic engineering in (SDN) setups, allowing source-based path control and simplified operations without MPLS signaling overhead. These technologies find key applications in data center interconnects (DCI), where Nokia's solutions address the surge in global data creation, projected to reach approximately 181 ZB annually by 2025 driven by , , and video services. For subsea systems, Nokia deploys repeater-equipped optical links for connectivity, such as the Dunant cable system enhancing Europe-North bandwidth with capacities exceeding 250 Tb/s per fiber pair as of 2021 upgrades, utilizing advanced to maintain over thousands of kilometers. Advancements like Flexible Ethernet (FlexE) enable dynamic bandwidth allocation in Nokia's IP-optical convergence, allowing sub-rate multiplexing and bonding of Ethernet streams to optimize spectrum usage in disaggregated networks. Integration with the WaveSuite automation platform further streamlines provisioning, using AI-based analytics for end-to-end service orchestration and fault management across optical domains. Post-Infinera acquisition, Nokia's coherent optics portfolio has strengthened its market position, achieving a combined share of around 20% in the global optical transport market as of early 2025.

Fixed and Core Network Systems

Nokia's fixed solutions enable high-speed delivery through technologies such as and 10 Gigabit Symmetric Passive Optical Network (XGS-PON), supporting fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) deployments with symmetric speeds up to 10 Gbps. These systems facilitate efficient aggregation and distribution of multi-gigabit services to residential and customers, leveraging dense (DWDM) for enhanced capacity. The Lightspan MF platform, a key component in Nokia's fixed portfolio, provides multi-gigabit capabilities with modular design for scalability, allowing operators to upgrade from to XGS-PON without full replacement. This platform supports up to 2.5 Gbps downstream and 1.25 Gbps upstream per port in mode, scaling to 10 Gbps symmetric in XGS-PON configurations. In the core network domain, Nokia offers cloud-native 5G core solutions, including the Intelligent Management Cloud (IMC) for virtualized Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and 5G Core (5GC), enabling seamless evolution from 4G to 5G standalone architectures. These systems support advanced features like network slicing, allowing operators to create up to 1,000 independent slices per network for customized services such as ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC) and massive machine-type communications (mMTC). Nokia's IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) and Voice over LTE (VoLTE) platforms drive voice and data convergence, powering VoIP services for hundreds of millions of subscribers worldwide through scalable, carrier-grade infrastructure. Integration with the WebScale core enhances compatibility with hyperscaler environments, facilitating deployment on public clouds like AWS and Azure for flexible, disaggregated architectures. As of 2025, Nokia has incorporated enhanced security measures into its fixed and core systems, adopting zero-trust architecture to mitigate threats in distributed networks by verifying every access request regardless of origin. Additionally, fixed wireless access (FWA) solutions utilizing millimeter-wave (mmWave) extend broadband coverage to rural areas, delivering multi-gigabit speeds where fiber deployment is challenging. These technologies power fixed networks for more than 100 operators globally, including in for nationwide FTTH expansion and for standalone core implementation. By Q3 2025, Nokia had 127 standalone core operator customers and 58 live deployments.

Operations

Leadership and Organization

Nokia Networks operates as the core business of Nokia Corporation, with its leadership integrated into the parent company's Group Leadership Team. Justin Hotard serves as President and Chief Executive Officer of Nokia since April 1, 2025, succeeding who held the position from August 2020 until his departure on March 31, 2025; Hotard oversees the overall network strategy, emphasizing AI-driven growth and infrastructure expansion. The President of Network Infrastructure is David Heard, appointed in June 2025 following Federico Guillén's retirement announcement, with Heard focusing on , optical, fixed networks, and systems to support global connectivity demands. In September 2025, Nokia introduced structural changes effective October 1 to enhance innovation and strategic agility. The Technology and AI Organization (TAO), led by Chief Technology and AI Officer Pallavi Mahajan, consolidates , technology leadership, and AI/ML research efforts to accelerate advancements in network intelligence. Complementing this, the Corporate Development Organization (CDO), headed by Chief Corporate Development Officer Konstanty Owczarek, handles mergers, acquisitions, and partnerships to bolster Nokia's market positioning. Governance of Nokia Networks falls under the Nokia Board of Directors, chaired by since 2020, which provides strategic oversight and ensures alignment with corporate objectives. Nokia employs approximately 80,000 people worldwide as of 2024, with the networks division comprising the majority following post-redundancy optimizations; in November 2025, the company announced plans to cut around 700 jobs in as part of ongoing cost-saving measures, including the closure of its office by 2030. The organizational structure features three primary groups—Mobile Networks led by Tommi Uitto, Infrastructure under David Heard, and Cloud and Services directed by Raghav Sahgal—supported by regional leadership for , , //, , , and to address localized market needs. Nokia fosters a culture of inclusion and innovation, with diversity initiatives targeting equitable representation; in 2023, women held 17% of leadership positions and 23% of the workforce, while the Board achieved 50% female membership. The company promotes agile methodologies through grassroots innovation programs and employee resource groups, encouraging cross-functional collaboration and continuous improvement to drive sustainable growth.

Global Presence and R&D

Nokia maintains a robust global presence, operating in approximately 120 countries and supporting around 271 million fixed connections and 5.6 billion mobile subscriptions worldwide. Its headquarters are located in , , serving as the central hub for strategic decision-making and overall operations. Key regional centers include the R&D facility in , , which is Nokia's largest outside and focuses on advanced technologies such as , , , and /machine learning. In the United States, the , campus houses Nokia , the company's flagship industrial research laboratory renowned for pioneering innovations in communications and computing. Nokia's research and development efforts are substantial, with an annual R&D expenditure of approximately €4.5 billion in 2025, representing about 20% of its revenue and underscoring its commitment to technological leadership. This investment supports over 20,000 engineers globally, who drive advancements in telecommunications infrastructure. Nokia actively collaborates with the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), contributing significantly to the development of 5G and emerging 6G standards, including key innovations in massive MIMO and ultra-reliable low-latency communications. The company holds a leading portfolio of intellectual property, with more than 7,000 patent families declared essential to 5G and over 33,000 active patents overall, many centered on radio access and network optimization technologies. Major R&D facilities bolster Nokia's innovation ecosystem. Nokia Bell Labs, with its global network of researchers, continues to lead in fundamental research across AI, quantum technologies, and sustainable networking, building on a legacy of breakthroughs like the transistor. In Asia, the Shanghai Innovation Center serves as a critical site for testing and developing solutions tailored to the Asia-Pacific market, focusing on mobile networks, optical systems, and AI integration. Following the 2025 acquisition of Infinera, Nokia enhanced its optical capabilities with the Ottawa, Canada, optics laboratory, which specializes in high-performance photonic components and coherent optics for data center interconnects. Nokia allocates significant resources to emerging technologies, including an annual investment of around €500 million in AI-driven network solutions, exemplified by a landmark $1 billion partnership with NVIDIA in 2025 to accelerate AI-RAN () development for intelligent, autonomous telecom infrastructures. The company also fosters academic collaborations, such as with the for research addressing regional needs like digital inclusion, and initiatives in quantum-secure communications through partnerships like Numana with for trials. These efforts contribute meaningfully to international standards bodies, with Nokia playing a prominent role in shaping ITU recommendations for next-generation networks, including energy-efficient methodologies and governance frameworks. Its leadership in patenting, particularly in massive , has enabled scalable deployments that enhance and coverage in dense urban environments.

Market Position and Challenges

Nokia Networks maintains a significant position in the global market, holding approximately 13% of the in the first half of 2025, trailing Huawei's leading 31% but ahead of several other major players. The company demonstrates strength as a market leader in and , where it benefits from established relationships with major operators and favorable regulatory environments that prioritize trusted vendors. However, its presence remains weaker in , where local preferences and policies increasingly favor domestic suppliers, leading to reduced opportunities and potential exclusions for foreign equipment. In terms of revenue trends, reported net sales of €4.83 billion for the third quarter of 2025, marking a 12% increase year-over-year on a reported basis and 9% on a constant and portfolio basis. This growth was primarily driven by the Network Infrastructure segment, which saw an 11% rise in net sales year-over-year on a constant basis, fueled by demand in optical and networking. In contrast, the Mobile Networks segment experienced more modest 4% growth on the same basis, reflecting stabilization after prior declines but ongoing pressures from market saturation in certain regions. The Cloud and Network Services segment also contributed positively with 13% growth, underscoring 's diversification beyond traditional radio access. Key competitors include , which dominates as a cost leader with aggressive pricing and broad portfolio integration; , recognized for its specialization and strong (RAN) performance; and , which competes effectively in and emerging markets. Nokia has gained ground in select markets due to U.S.-led restrictions on Chinese vendors like and , which have prompted operators in and allied regions to accelerate diversification toward European suppliers, boosting Nokia's deployments in 2024 and 2025. Nokia faces several challenges in sustaining its market position, including escalating geopolitical tensions such as export controls and reviews that limit access to high-growth markets like . vulnerabilities, particularly in semiconductors and critical components, have been exacerbated by global disruptions and trade disputes, impacting production timelines and costs. Additionally, the industry shift from declining 4G capital expenditures toward investments in fiber optics, AI-driven infrastructure, and private networks requires Nokia to adapt quickly amid competitive intensity and margin pressures from product mix variations. Looking ahead, is positioning itself for sustained growth through strategic focus on -integrated networking and private solutions, including partnerships like its collaboration with to develop -RAN platforms for future transitions. These initiatives, alongside expansions in services, are expected to drive as from and customers intensifies, with -related sales already comprising 6% of group net sales in Q3 2025.

Sustainability and Impact

Environmental Initiatives

Nokia has committed to achieving net-zero across its value chain by 2040, with science-based targets validated by the (SBTi) in January 2025. As part of this ambition, the company aims for a 90% reduction in Scope 1 and 2 emissions by 2030 compared to the 2019 baseline. In 2025, Nokia reported a 30% reduction in emissions from product use relative to 2019, alongside an 85% decrease in Scope 1 and 2 emissions from its facilities versus the same baseline, driven primarily by transitioning to sources that powered 87% of its facility electricity in 2024, with a target of 100% by the end of 2025. Overall, total have declined by 36% over the past five years. In product innovations, Nokia emphasizes energy-efficient designs for its network hardware, particularly in 5G technologies. The ReefShark System-on-Chip (SoC) technology, integrated into AirScale base stations, enables significant power reductions, with massive antennas achieving up to 50% less compared to 2019 models, and specific implementations delivering 20-30% savings in operational power through advanced processing and optimization. has also advanced practices by incorporating recyclable materials into its hardware, targeting 90% of new products to use such materials by 2025 and achieving 88% compliance; for instance, the Lightspan fiber portfolio features 100% recyclable packaging that is 60% smaller and 44% lighter than previous versions. Operationally, Nokia maintains carbon-neutral aspirations for its data centers through energy-efficient infrastructure and renewable sourcing, exemplified by projects like the initiative, which improved efficiency by 118.5% and reduced emissions by 60% compared to diesel-based systems. To address Scope 3 emissions, the company conducts annual audits and assessments, engaging over 9,300 suppliers and performing 606 sustainability evaluations in 2024, resulting in a 56% reduction in emissions from final assembly suppliers since 2019. According to the 2025 People and Planet Impact Report, these efforts and optimized networks for customers have enabled savings of approximately 15 million tons of CO2 equivalent annually. Nokia holds ISO 14001 certification for environmental management systems across all major facilities, ensuring systematic approaches to and compliance. As a member of the RE100 initiative since 2022, the company partners to secure 100% renewable electricity by 2025, aligning with broader .

Digital Inclusion and Ethical Practices

Nokia Networks has prioritized digital inclusion as a core component of its sustainability strategy, aiming to bridge the by expanding connectivity to underserved communities and enhancing digital skills worldwide. Through initiatives like Rural Connect, the company deploys affordable and solutions in remote areas, enabling access in countries such as , , , and . In , Nokia partnered with Global Fiber to build a subaquatic optical network connecting over 500,000 users across 400 Amazonian communities, facilitating , healthcare, and economic opportunities. These efforts align with broader goals, including the addition of 349 million new subscriptions and 39 million fiber-to-the-home customers globally since 2023, as reported in Nokia's 2025 Impact Report. To empower the connected, Nokia invests in digital skills programs, often in collaboration with non-governmental organizations. For instance, partnerships with trained 357 women in and in 2024, focusing on gender empowerment in the and . In , the Digital Skills Center initiative has provided training to youth and small enterprises, while projects in have reached schools with high-speed broadband for . Overall, these programs have directly benefited 112,453 individuals since 2023, emphasizing long-term enablement over mere connectivity. Nokia's approach also includes enterprise solutions like the Digital Automation Cloud and Access, which support and public services in rural settings, as seen in deployments at 100 South Korean schools in 2023. On ethical practices, Nokia maintains a comprehensive that outlines standards for ethical behavior across its operations, covering four key principles and 14 risk areas such as , fair competition, and . The company conducts business transparently, with robust compliance processes including 606 supplier audits and assessments in 2024 to ensure adherence to responsible standards. Nokia's policy underscores as a force for social good, integrating into supply chains and partnerships. This commitment has earned recognition as one of the World's Most Ethical Companies by Ethisphere in , highlighting strong governance and . In responsible innovation, particularly AI, Nokia advocates for systems that are fair, reliable, environmentally sustainable, and privacy-focused, embedding these principles into product development. The company collaborates with the Responsible Business Alliance and aligns its practices with UN , including investments like USD 1 million in 2024 for university research on ethics, bias mitigation, and . Examples include -driven tools like MantaRay Energy Saving Modules, which reduce energy use for over 60 mobile operators, balancing with ethical and societal impacts. Nokia's integrates these elements, targeting an 80% supplier score by enhancing ethical sourcing and .

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