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PPS

The Prospective Payment System (PPS) is a fixed-price reimbursement framework established by the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) in 1983 to pay hospitals for inpatient services based on diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), shifting from retrospective cost-based reimbursements to prospectively set rates intended to incentivize efficiency and contain expenditures.^[1] Designed primarily to address rapid Medicare cost inflation exceeding 15% annually in the late 1970s, PPS grouped patient cases into over 400 DRGs, with payments adjusted for factors like hospital wage indices and teaching status, but excluding outlier cases to mitigate extreme financial risks.^[2] While empirical analyses confirm PPS achieved its core goal of decelerating inpatient spending growth—reducing Medicare's per-diem costs by promoting shorter lengths of stay and operational efficiencies without broad evidence of widespread mortality increases—critics have highlighted causal risks of "DRG creep" (upcoding diagnoses for higher payments) and incentives for cost-shifting to non-Medicare patients or premature discharges, potentially compromising care quality in under-resourced facilities.^[3]^[4] Subsequent refinements, including expansions to outpatient, skilled nursing, and home health sectors, have sustained cost controls amid ongoing debates over whether bundled payments truly align with causal determinants of health outcomes or merely mask systemic inefficiencies in volume-driven care models.^[5]^[6]

In correspondence

Post-postscript

A post-postscript, abbreviated as PPS or P.P.S., refers to an additional notation appended after an initial postscript (P.S.) in a letter or document, originating from the Latin post postscriptum, meaning "after what has been written after." This convention allows for the inclusion of further supplementary information without altering the preceding content.^[7]^[8] In historical formal correspondence, particularly prior to widespread digital editing tools, PPS provided a practical means to convey secondary afterthoughts, avoiding the labor of recopying the entire missive or first postscript. It emerged as a logical extension of the P.S., which itself addressed overlooked points post-signature, reflecting the constraints of manual writing and transcription processes.^[9] Contemporary usage persists in digital formats like emails and memos, where PPS functions as a low-formality addendum for final clarifications or reiterations, though it appears less commonly than P.S. due to easier inline revisions. Its persistence underscores a stylistic preference for sequential emphasis on ancillary details.^[10]^[11]

In politics and government

Parliamentary Private Secretary

A Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) is a backbench Member of Parliament selected to serve as an unpaid aide to a government minister in the United Kingdom and comparable Westminster systems across Commonwealth nations. The position functions primarily as the minister's liaison with parliamentary colleagues, conveying departmental perspectives to backbenchers and relaying grassroots concerns to the executive.^[12] PPSs undertake administrative tasks such as organizing ministerial schedules, supporting constituency engagements, and defending government policies in informal debates, but they hold no executive authority, salary premium, or right to speak officially for the department.^[13] This arrangement ensures ministers receive unfiltered parliamentary intelligence while preserving separation from formal policymaking. The role traces its informal origins to the early 18th century, with possible precedents under Prime Minister Robert Walpole in the 1730s, though systematic appointments emerged in the 19th century amid expanding ministerial workloads.^[14] By the 20th century, PPSs became integral to cabinet operations, numbering around 40-50 per UK government as of recent administrations, often assigned to senior ministers including the Prime Minister.^[15] Proximity to power has enabled subtle influence, as evidenced by former PPSs like Gavin Williamson, who leveraged the experience to advance to higher offices, demonstrating the position's value as a conduit for policy refinement through backbench feedback.^[15] Critics argue the role fosters patronage, with ministers appointing loyalists—typically from their party—who must align votes with the government, potentially eroding backbench scrutiny and enabling undue informal sway over ministerial decisions.^[16] A 1966 analysis highlighted risks to parliamentary independence, suggesting PPSs prioritize executive cohesion over constituent representation.^[16] Counterarguments emphasize tangible benefits in governance efficiency, such as streamlined communication during high-stakes periods; for instance, PPSs aided ministerial overload management in post-1945 Labour governments implementing welfare reforms, where their liaison duties accelerated legislative alignment without documented corruption.^[13] Empirical patterns show most PPS tenures (averaging 1-2 years) yield career progression for capable holders while maintaining ministerial autonomy, underscoring causal utility in resource-constrained executives over systemic favoritism.^[17]

Polish Socialist Party

The Polish Socialist Party (PPS), known in Polish as Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, was established on November 29, 1892, in Paris by Polish socialist exiles, including figures like Ignacy Daszyński and Bolesław Limanowski, as a Marxist-influenced organization advocating workers' rights and national independence from Russian, Prussian, and Austrian partitions.^[18] Operating illegally in Russian-controlled Poland, it organized strikes, underground education, and propaganda, drawing on proletarian mobilization to challenge imperial rule, though its early activities yielded limited immediate gains amid severe repression, including mass arrests following the 1905 Revolution.^[19] In 1906, the PPS fractured at its ninth congress into the revolutionary PPS-Revolutionary Faction (also called the Old Faction, led by Józef Piłsudski) and the more orthodox Marxist PPS-Left (Young Faction), primarily over tactics: the former prioritized armed struggle against Tsarist authorities via the Combat Organization, which executed over 1,000 attacks, including assassinations of Russian officials and bombings from 1904 to 1908, aiming to provoke reprisals that would radicalize Poles toward independence.^[20] These operations, while contributing to the erosion of Russian control—exemplified by disruptions during the 1905-1907 Revolution—also involved internal purges, such as the 1906 liquidation of suspected spies within the party, resulting in civilian casualties and heightened counter-terrorism that temporarily crippled the movement, with Piłsudski himself imprisoned until 1910.^[21] The PPS-Revolutionary Faction's militancy directly informed Piłsudski's later formation of Polish Legions in World War I, which fought alongside Austria-Hungary and played a causal role in Poland's 1918 restoration by demonstrating military viability and pressuring exhausted empires, though the violence's net effect included alienating moderates and sustaining cycles of reprisal rather than broad societal transformation.^[18] During the interwar Second Polish Republic (1918-1939), the unified PPS emerged as a major force, securing parliamentary seats—peaking at 40 in 1928—and pushing legislation for an eight-hour workday, unemployment benefits, and union rights through alliances with agrarian groups, though economic data shows these reforms correlated with modest wage growth (real wages rose ~20% from 1928-1937) amid persistent rural poverty and industrial strikes exceeding 1 million participants annually by the 1930s.^[22] Piłsudski's 1926 coup marginalized the party, associating it with opposition to his Sanation regime, yet it maintained influence in urban centers like Warsaw and Łódź via the Polish Trade Unions Association. In World War II, PPS activists formed the underground PPS-WRN (Freedom, Equality, Independence), integrating into the Polish Home Army with sabotage operations against Nazis, including intelligence relays to Allies, but suffering heavy losses—estimated at 10-15% of pre-war membership executed or deported—without altering occupation dynamics decisively.^[23] Post-1945, under Soviet-imposed communism, the PPS faced absorption into the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR) via a 1948 merger, where its 500,000 members were outnumbered by communists, enabling Stalinist consolidation: independent socialists were purged through show trials (e.g., 1950s executions of leaders like Mieczysław Niedziałkowski's successors), and dissent suppressed amid land collectivization that reduced agricultural output by 20-30% in the early 1950s.^[24] This alignment, driven by PPS-Left influences and coercion, facilitated one-party rule until 1989, contrasting the party's pre-war anti-Bolshevism and yielding empirical failures like chronic shortages and repression documented in declassified archives. Revived in 1990 as a democratic socialist entity, the PPS has since polled under 2% in national elections (e.g., 1.1% in 2019 Sejm vote), marginalized by market reforms' success—GDP per capita tripling from 1990-2020—and voter rejection of state-socialist legacies, positioning it as a fringe advocate for welfare expansion without significant policy impact.^[25] Critics attribute its decline to unresolved tensions between nationalist roots and ideological rigidity, where early terrorism's short-term disruptions aided independence but long-term fostered factionalism, and post-war compromises entrenched authoritarianism over adaptive governance.^[26]

Party of Progress and Socialism

The Party of Progress and Socialism (PPS; Arabic: حزب التقدم والاشتراكية, ḥizb at-taqaddum wa-ash-shiyākīyah; French: Parti du Progrès et du Socialisme) is a left-wing political party in Morocco with roots in the Moroccan Communist Party, which was established in 1943 and banned in 1952 following independence.^[27] The PPS was founded on August 23, 1974, under the leadership of Ali Yata as a legal reconstitution of communist and progressive factions, adopting a platform of socialism, secularism, and nationalism while retaining Marxist ideological foundations.^[28]^[29] It has participated in opposition alliances and governing coalitions, such as the 1998 "alternance" government led by the Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), where it held ministerial positions focused on social issues.^[30] Historically, the PPS critiqued the Moroccan monarchy's authority during the 1970s and 1980s, aligning with broader leftist movements amid periods of political detention and exile for its leaders, though it moderated its stance over time to engage in parliamentary politics.^[31] Following the 2011 Arab Spring protests and subsequent constitutional referendum, which expanded parliamentary powers modestly while preserving monarchical dominance, the PPS endorsed the reforms but operated primarily in opposition to the Islamist Justice and Development Party (PJD)-led coalitions formed after the November 2011 elections, securing limited seats (18 out of 395 in the House of Representatives).^[32] By 2021, under a new coalition excluding the PJD, the PPS joined the government, taking roles in agriculture and foreign affairs amid efforts to stabilize post-pandemic recovery.^[33] The party's platform advocates state-led economic interventionism, expansion of social welfare programs, and labor protections, including pushes for minimum wage adjustments and union rights during its governmental tenures, such as in the late 1990s when it contributed to initial steps toward social security enhancements.^[34] However, empirical outcomes under mixed governments involving PPS influence show constrained progress: Morocco's annual GDP growth averaged 2.5-3.5% from 1998-2011, below regional peers like Tunisia at times, coinciding with persistent state controls that delayed private sector dynamism.^[35] Poverty rates declined from approximately 15% in 2007 to 6% by 2014 per national surveys, but reductions stalled amid uneven implementation, with rural areas lagging and vulnerability affecting over 20% of the population by 2020.^[36] Corruption scandals implicating public officials, including in social spending sectors, have undermined such initiatives, with systemic graft estimated to erode 7% of GDP annually, though not uniquely tied to PPS governance.^[37]^[36] These patterns reflect causal limits of interventionist policies in a monarchy-centric system, where royal oversight often prioritizes stability over radical redistribution.

In education

Portland Public Schools

Portland Public Schools (PPS) is Oregon's largest school district, founded in 1851 as the state's first public school system and serving over 40,000 students across more than 80 schools from pre-kindergarten through grade 12 in the city of Portland.^[38] The district operates as an urban PK-12 system funded primarily through the Oregon State School Fund and local property taxes, including a voter-approved local option levy at $1.99 per $1,000 of assessed value renewed in 2024 to support operations and programs.^[39] Enrollment has trended downward for over a decade, dropping from peaks near 80,000 students in the mid-1960s due to demographic shifts, lower birth rates, and increasing parental choice for charter or private alternatives, with recent capture rates at 69% for high schools and 75% for elementary schools.^[40]^[41] In the 1970s, PPS implemented desegregation measures including one-way busing of Black students from inner-city neighborhoods to predominantly white schools on the city's east side, following community activism and federal pressures to address de facto segregation, though these policies drew criticism for isolating minority students in unfamiliar environments without reciprocal integration or sufficient support staff representation.^[42]^[43] Recent initiatives have emphasized STEM education integration and recovery from pandemic-related learning losses, with small gains in grades 3-8 proficiency on state assessments—1.5 percentage points in English language arts and 2 points in math—but overall scores remain below 2018-2019 pre-pandemic levels, where statewide proficiency hovered around 44% across subjects.^[44]^[45] The district's four-year cohort graduation rate stood at 84% for the class of 2024, a slight decline from 84.5% the prior year and trailing the state average of 81.8%, with subgroup disparities evident in lower rates for underserved populations.^[46]^[47] Achievement gaps persist, particularly between white students and students of color, as shown in fall 2024 testing data mirroring prior years' patterns of lower proficiency in reading and math for Black, Hispanic, and Native American subgroups, amid broader state figures where only 42.4% of elementary and middle schoolers met standards in core subjects.^[48]^[49] Funding challenges have intensified, with a projected $40 million shortfall for the 2025-26 school year driven by stagnant state allocations, enrollment drops reducing per-pupil revenue, and rising personnel and operational costs, necessitating cuts despite a $2 billion overall budget approval in May 2025.^[50]^[51] Discipline policies have faced scrutiny for incorporating race as a primary criterion in decisions, favoring restorative justice approaches over suspensions, which critics argue exacerbates classroom disruptions and unequal treatment, as evidenced by disproportionate exclusion rates by ethnicity in 2021-22 data where small cohorts showed variability but overall patterns raised equity concerns.^[52]^[53]

In business and finance

Prospective Payment System

The Prospective Payment System (PPS) is a reimbursement methodology adopted by the U.S. Medicare program to pay healthcare providers fixed rates in advance for specified services, primarily to incentivize efficiency and contain escalating costs. For inpatient hospital services, the Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS) was implemented on October 1, 1983, under the Social Security Amendments, replacing retrospective cost-based reimbursements with payments bundled by Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRGs), which classify patient cases based on diagnosis, procedures, age, sex, and comorbidities.^[54]^[55] This shift aimed to curb Medicare's rapid inpatient spending growth, which had averaged over 15% annually in the late 1970s, by transferring financial risk to providers who could retain savings from shorter stays or efficient care but faced losses from overruns.^[3] The IPPS model expanded beyond hospitals to other Medicare-covered services, influencing subsequent prospective systems for skilled nursing facilities (implemented 1998), home health agencies (2000), outpatient departments, and long-term care hospitals, each adapting DRG-like bundling to provider-specific metrics.^[56] Empirical data indicate IPPS achieved initial cost controls, with Medicare inpatient expenditures per case stabilizing post-1983 after prior double-digit inflation, and average hospital lengths of stay declining by approximately 25% in the first few years through operational efficiencies like reduced ancillary services.^[57] However, these savings—estimated in billions over decades relative to pre-PPS trends—came with trade-offs, as fixed payments encouraged "quicker and sicker" discharges, where patients were released earlier but in poorer condition, correlating with elevated post-discharge impairment and potential shifts in costs to other payers or uncompensated care.^[58]^[59] Critics argue PPS distorted care incentives, prioritizing volume control over comprehensive treatment and contributing to higher readmission rates, with early evidence showing upticks in Medicare patients returning within 30 days due to inadequate stabilization.^[57] To mitigate such quality concerns, reforms like the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP), enacted under the 2010 Affordable Care Act and effective October 1, 2012, imposed payment reductions—up to 3% of base IPPS amounts—on hospitals exceeding risk-adjusted 30-day readmission benchmarks for conditions like heart failure, pneumonia, and acute myocardial infarction.^[60]^[61] HRRP has linked to modest readmission declines (about 0.5-1% nationally) and Medicare savings exceeding $2 billion by 2018, though penalties totaling nearly $1.9 billion by 2017 disproportionately affected safety-net hospitals serving complex, low-income populations, raising equity issues without fully resolving underlying discharge planning gaps.^[62]^[63] Overall, while PPS demonstrably restrained per-case inflation, causal analyses suggest persistent challenges in balancing fiscal discipline with sustained patient outcomes, as evidenced by ongoing adjustments in payment weights and quality metrics.^[3]

In manufacturing

Production Planning and Control System

A Production Planning and Control System (PPCS) is an integrated set of processes and software tools designed to optimize manufacturing operations by coordinating scheduling, resource allocation, inventory management, and execution in discrete manufacturing environments.^[64] It evolved from early inventory control methods like reorder point systems in the mid-20th century, advancing significantly with the introduction of Material Requirements Planning (MRP) in the 1960s and 1970s, which automated bill-of-materials explosion and dependent demand calculations using mainframe computers.^[65] By the 1980s, MRP expanded into Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP II), incorporating closed-loop feedback for capacity planning and shop floor control, addressing limitations in earlier systems by integrating financial and operational data.^[66] This progression enabled real-time adjustments to production variables, though traditional implementations relied on hierarchical databases that could constrain flexibility in dynamic settings.^[67] Core functionalities of PPCS include demand forecasting based on master production schedules, capacity requirements planning to balance workloads across machines and labor, and inventory control to minimize stockouts or excess holding costs through techniques like economic order quantity models.^[68] These features facilitate routing optimization and progress monitoring, often leveraging enterprise resource planning (ERP) modules for data integration. Empirical studies demonstrate benefits such as reduced manufacturing lead times through synchronized process sequencing, with case analyses showing improvements via elimination of non-value-adding delays in multi-stage production.^[69] In practice, PPCS implementation has lowered operational waste and enhanced on-time delivery rates by aligning material flows with production rhythms, particularly in sectors requiring precise sequencing.^[70] In the automotive industry, PPCS has proven effective when hybridized with Just-In-Time (JIT) principles, where MRP-driven planning feeds into pull-based sequencing to support mixed-model assembly lines and sequenced supplier deliveries.^[71] This integration, as seen in ERP-supported JIT environments, reduces inventory buffers while maintaining throughput, enabling responsiveness to fluctuating orders without excess capacity idling.^[72] However, challenges persist, including high upfront implementation costs for software customization and data migration, often exceeding initial projections due to integration complexities with legacy systems.^[73] Traditional PPCS can exhibit rigidity in volatile markets, struggling with frequent disruptions like supply chain variability or short lead time demands, as fixed routings and static lead time assumptions limit adaptability without advanced simulation tools.^[74] Despite these drawbacks, successes in stable, high-volume settings underscore causal links between disciplined planning and efficiency gains, provided empirical validation through pilot testing precedes full rollout.^[75]

In aviation

Precision Positioning Service

The Precision Positioning Service (PPS) is a component of the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) that delivers highly accurate positioning, velocity, and timing data to authorized users, predominantly the military, via encrypted signals on both L1 (1575.42 MHz) and L2 (1227.60 MHz) carrier frequencies. Unlike the Standard Positioning Service (SPS), which relies on the coarser C/A-code for civilian access, PPS employs the longer Precision (P(Y)) code—encrypted since 1980s modernization efforts—for superior signal integrity, anti-jamming resistance, and ionospheric error correction through dual-frequency processing. This enables typical horizontal positioning accuracies of approximately 1 meter or better under nominal conditions, compared to SPS's 3-5 meters without augmentations.^[76]^[77]^[78] PPS originated as part of GPS's foundational design in the 1970s, but its full potential was obscured for civilians by Selective Availability (SA), a deliberate error introduced in 1990 to limit SPS accuracy to around 100 meters; SA was discontinued on May 2, 2000, by presidential directive, aligning SPS closer to PPS levels while preserving PPS's security features. Formal performance standards for PPS were first publicly detailed in February 2007, specifying signal-in-space user range error (SIS URE) of 0.82 meters (95% probability), supporting sub-meter navigation in operational scenarios. Subsequent GPS modernization, including the rollout of the military M-code signal starting with Block III satellites in 2018, further bolsters PPS with enhanced anti-spoofing and power levels for contested environments.^[78]^[76]^[79] In aviation, PPS facilitates precision navigation for U.S. military aircraft and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), enabling instrument approaches, autonomous drone operations, and low-visibility landings with centimeter-level accuracy when integrated with inertial systems or ground aids. For instance, it underpins systems like the Joint Precision Approach and Landing System (JPALS), deployed since the early 2000s for carrier-based operations, where sub-meter errors are critical for safe recovery in adverse conditions. Following the September 11, 2001, attacks, PPS's secure signals gained emphasis in aviation security protocols, supporting resilient positioning amid heightened threats to air traffic control and military flights, though civilian aviation relies primarily on SPS augmented by Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) for similar precision without encryption access.^[78]^[80] PPS offers distinct advantages over SPS in aviation, including mandatory dual-frequency operation for real-time ionospheric compensation—reducing errors to centimeters in post-processed modes—and robust encryption against denial-of-service attacks, vital for operations in electronically contested airspace. However, its U.S.-controlled nature raises concerns over systemic dependencies, as disruptions or jamming could impair global aviation reliant on GPS derivatives, with historical vulnerabilities demonstrated in military exercises. Export restrictions under International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) further limit PPS-equipped receivers to approved allies, constraining broader adoption and prompting critiques of over-centralization in navigation infrastructure.^[77]^[76]^[78]

In military technology

PPS submachine gun

The PPS submachine gun was developed by Soviet designer Alexei Sudayev in 1942 during the siege of Leningrad as a lightweight, low-cost personal defense weapon for Red Army infantry and partisans, chambered in the 7.62×25mm Tokarev cartridge. The initial PPS-42 variant prioritized stamped sheet metal fabrication over machined parts to accelerate production under resource constraints, using roughly half the raw materials and one-third the machine time compared to the earlier PPSh-41. Approximately 46,000 PPS-42 units were manufactured at Factory 209 in 1943 before refinements led to the PPS-43, of which over one million were produced across Soviet factories by May 1945, enabling widespread issuance amid the Nazi invasion.^[81]^[82] The PPS-43 featured blowback operation with an open bolt, a 35-round curved box magazine, folding metal stock, and a cyclic rate of 600-900 rounds per minute, weighing about 3 kg unloaded for maneuverability in urban and trench warfare. Its design emphasized simplicity—requiring just 2.7 man-hours and 6.2 kg of material per unit—facilitating equivalence to German MP40 output but at lower cost and with fewer skilled laborers, as stamped construction avoided complex milling. Effective range was limited to 100-200 meters due to the pistol cartridge's ballistics, suiting close-quarters suppression but hindering precision beyond that, which aligned with Soviet doctrinal reliance on volume fire in massed assaults rather than individual marksmanship.^[83]^[82] In combat, the PPS equipped frontline troops and partisans during 1943-1945 offensives, providing automatic fire advantages in street fighting like Stalingrad's aftermath and Berlin, where its compactness aided house-to-house tactics. Reliability stemmed from rugged, minimalistic internals tolerant of dirt and cold—outperforming the MP40, which jammed more readily in mud—though prolonged exposure to heavy fouling could affect any open-bolt SMG without maintenance. Criticisms included vulnerability to accuracy degradation in sustained bursts and unsuitability for open terrain, reflecting broader Soviet prioritization of quantity in human-wave operations over weapon sophistication.^[84]^[85] Postwar, surplus PPS stocks proliferated through Soviet aid to allies, with examples captured from Chinese People's Liberation Army units during the Korean War (1950-1953) and employed by North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces in the Vietnam War (1955-1975), often alongside local copies like the Chinese Type 53. This dissemination supported proxy conflicts but highlighted the design's obsolescence against emerging assault rifles, as its pistol round lacked penetration against modern body armor or vehicles. Finnish forces adapted captured PPS-43s as the M44 variant for their Continuation War needs, underscoring its influence on wartime expedient manufacturing.^[84]^[86]

In science and technology

Packets per second

Packets per second (PPS) measures the rate at which a network device, such as a router, switch, or firewall, can process, forward, or inspect data packets, typically expressed in packets per second or millions of packets per second (Mpps). This metric evaluates the packet-handling capacity of hardware and software, independent of packet size or payload content, and is essential for assessing performance under varying traffic conditions. Unlike bandwidth, which quantifies data volume in bits per second (bps), PPS focuses on the frequency of discrete packet events, where smaller packets can generate higher PPS demands even at lower overall throughput.^[87]^[88] In Gigabit Ethernet, for example, the theoretical maximum PPS for minimum-sized 64-byte frames (including Ethernet headers but excluding interframe gaps and preamble) is approximately 1.488 Mpps, calculated as 1,000,000,000 bps divided by the effective on-wire bits per packet (roughly 672 bits accounting for overhead). This limit arises because processing each packet incurs fixed costs like header inspection and forwarding decisions, making PPS a key constraint for devices handling fragmented or short-packet traffic, such as in VoIP or IoT scenarios. Exceeding this capacity can lead to packet drops, increased latency, or device overload, particularly in stateful inspections where connection tracking scales with packet volume rather than bytes.^[89]^[90] PPS benchmarking is crucial for evaluating network equipment resilience against distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, especially protocol-layer floods measured in PPS rather than Gbps, as these exploit packet-processing exhaustion over volume. Notable examples include a 2020 attack peaking at 809 Mpps mitigated by Akamai, targeting routers and firewalls with amplified packet rates from reflection protocols like DNS or NTP. In server load testing, high PPS simulates real-world bursts from applications with frequent small packets, revealing bottlenecks in CPU-bound forwarding paths. Tools like Pktgen, a Linux kernel-based packet generator, enable precise PPS stress tests by producing customizable traffic streams up to line rates on high-speed interfaces, while iPerf primarily assesses throughput but can indirectly inform PPS via UDP mode with small payloads.^[91]^[92]^[93] Advancements in 5G networks and edge computing amplify PPS requirements due to the proliferation of low-latency, real-time applications like autonomous vehicles and industrial automation, which generate bursts of small, frequent packets from massive device endpoints. Insufficient PPS handling in these environments can degrade service quality by introducing jitter or drops, necessitating hardware with multi-Gpps forwarding rates and optimized software for efficient packet parsing.^[94]

Polyphenylene sulfide

Polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) is a high-performance engineering thermoplastic characterized by its repeating -[C6H4-S]- units, forming a linear polymer chain that imparts exceptional thermal stability and rigidity.^[95] First synthesized in low molecular weight form in 1888 by Friedel and Crafts, commercial-scale production became viable through a polycondensation process developed by chemists Edmonds and Hill at Phillips Petroleum Company, patented in 1967 and commercialized under the Ryton brand in 1972.^[95] ^[96] This advancement enabled PPS to serve as a semicrystalline material suitable for injection molding, extrusion, and machining, distinguishing it from earlier, less processable variants.^[97] PPS exhibits a melting point of approximately 280°C and continuous use temperatures up to 240°C, maintaining mechanical integrity under prolonged exposure to heat without significant degradation.^[98] Its chemical inertness resists attack from acids, bases, solvents, and fuels even at elevated temperatures, while inherent flame retardancy achieves UL 94 V-0 ratings without additives.^[99] ^[95] Mechanically, unfilled PPS offers tensile strength around 60-80 MPa and low water absorption (less than 0.05%), ensuring dimensional stability in humid or steam environments.^[100] The primary synthesis route involves nucleophilic aromatic substitution polycondensation of p-dichlorobenzene with sodium sulfide in a polar solvent like N-methylpyrrolidone at temperatures exceeding 250°C, yielding high molecular weight resin after purification and isolation.^[101] Commercial production often incorporates fillers such as glass fibers (up to 40% by weight) or minerals to enhance stiffness and reduce warpage, as pure PPS exhibits high melt viscosity requiring specialized processing equipment.^[102] Global output has expanded, with the market valued at roughly USD 1.8 billion in 2023 and projected to reach USD 3.2 billion by 2032 at a 6.6% CAGR, driven by demand in electrification and lightweighting trends.^[103] In automotive applications, PPS compounds form seals, pump impellers, fuel system components, and electrical connectors, leveraging resistance to oils, coolants, and temperatures up to 200°C under the hood.^[104] ^[105] Electronics utilize PPS for insulators, coil bobbins, and surface-mount device housings due to its low dielectric constant (around 3.0) and high insulation resistance.^[106] Compared to polyether ether ketone (PEEK), PPS provides similar chemical resistance and lower cost (typically 30-50% less per kg), but inferior continuous service temperature (260°C for PEEK) and impact toughness, with notched Izod values of 0.4-1.5 ft-lb/in versus PEEK's 1.5-2.2 ft-lb/in.^[107] ^[108] These trade-offs position PPS as a cost-effective choice for demanding yet non-extreme conditions, though its processing demands high shear rates and precise control to mitigate defects like flash or voids.^[109]

Post-polio syndrome

Post-polio syndrome (PPS) refers to the emergence of new neuromuscular symptoms, including muscle weakness, fatigue, and atrophy, in individuals who previously recovered from acute paralytic poliomyelitis, typically occurring 15 to 40 years after the initial infection following a period of functional stability.^[110] This condition affects an estimated 25 to 50 percent of polio survivors, though prevalence estimates vary up to 74 percent based on self-reported late-onset symptoms in cohort studies.^[111] PPS is not a recurrence of the poliovirus but arises from the progressive failure of surviving motor neurons that had compensated for earlier neuronal loss during the acute phase.^[112] Common symptoms include progressive muscle weakness and fatigability, often in previously affected limbs but sometimes in unaffected areas, alongside generalized fatigue, joint and muscle pain (myalgia), sleep disturbances, cold intolerance, dysphagia, and respiratory difficulties in severe cases.^[113] These manifestations can lead to decreased physical mobility, with longitudinal studies documenting average declines of 6 percent in walking capacity and 14 percent in self-reported mobility over 10 years among affected individuals.^[114] Symptoms typically worsen gradually, influenced by factors such as greater initial disability from polio and comorbidities like aging or overuse of compensatory muscles.^[115] The pathophysiology involves chronic denervation and reinnervation processes initiated by poliovirus-induced destruction of anterior horn cells, followed by sprouting of remaining axons to maintain function; over decades, this leads to motor unit exhaustion and dropout, exacerbated by normal aging-related neuronal attrition.^[116] Empirical evidence from electromyography and muscle biopsy studies supports this mechanism, showing enlarged motor units vulnerable to attrition rather than inflammation or immune-mediated damage.^[112] PPS is distinct from dysimmune conditions, as cerebrospinal fluid analyses and immunological markers do not indicate active autoimmunity.^[117] Diagnosis relies on clinical criteria: a history of confirmed paralytic polio, a stable recovery phase of at least 15 years, and new symptoms not attributable to other disorders, confirmed via exclusion of comorbidities through neurological examination, imaging, and electrophysiological tests.^[118] No specific biomarker exists, but longitudinal monitoring distinguishes PPS progression from expected age-related decline, with studies refuting claims of over-diagnosis by demonstrating verifiable neuromuscular deterioration over 5 to 10 years.^[119]^[120] There is no curative treatment for PPS; management focuses on symptom palliation and functional preservation through energy conservation techniques, such as paced activity and assistive devices like orthotics or ventilatory support for respiratory involvement.^[121] Physical therapy emphasizing non-fatiguing exercises and pharmacological interventions for pain (e.g., analgesics or antidepressants) provide modest relief, while avoiding strenuous rehabilitation prevents exacerbation.^[122] Prognosis involves slow progression, with most individuals maintaining independence but requiring adaptive strategies; global polio vaccination campaigns have drastically reduced new cases of initial poliomyelitis—and thus potential PPS—by eradicating wild poliovirus in all but two countries as of 2023.^[123]

References

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Prospective Payment Systems - General Information - CMS
A Prospective Payment System (PPS) is a method of reimbursement in which Medicare payment is made based on a predetermined, fixed amount.HIPPS Codes · FQHC PPS · Hospital Outpatient PPS · Acute Inpatient PPS
[2]
Medicare's prospective payment system: A critical appraisal - PMC
The central objectives of PPS were to reduce rates of increase in Medicare inpatient payments and in overall hospital cost inflation. These aims were expected ...
[3]
The Medicare IPPS 40 Years Later - LWW
The 1983 implementation of the Medicare Inpatient Prospective Payment System (IPPS) was successful in controlling Medicare inpatient costs.
[4]
Does prospective payment influence quality of care? A systematic ...
On the one hand, PPS may bear the risk that provider economize on the volume and type of health care services to the detriment of quality of care (Ellis, 1998).
[5]
Challenges And Opportunities For Medicare's Original Prospective ...
The PPS sets per case payment rates in advance, which provides an incentive to manage the costs of inputs needed for the service. The goal of Medicare payment ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
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Do prospective payment systems (PPSs) lead to desirable providers ...
Nov 6, 2017 · PPS interventions were found to have reduced health expenditures on both the supply and demand side, as well as length of stay and readmission ...<|separator|>
[7]
PPS Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
What does the abbreviation PPS stand for? Meaning: an additional postscript.
[8]
PPS Stands For Post Postscript | EnglishClub
PPS stands for post postscript. It is used for a second postscript at the bottom of a letter. The report says that the commonly used abbreviation PSS is an ...
[9]
PPS | Common Errors in English Usage and More - Paul Brians
May 30, 2016 · When they wanted to add something else after the postscript, it was labelled “PPS” for “post postscript.” But many people trying to follow this ...
[10]
PS: All about postscripts – Microsoft 365
Oct 13, 2023 · The abbreviation “PPS” is less popular than “PS.” It means “post postscript.” If you need to add an additional note after your first “PS,” then ...
[11]
What does PPS mean? - QuillBot
PPS means “post-postscript.” It is used when you've already added a PS to a letter or email and want to add a second.
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Parliamentary Private Secretaries - UK Parliament
A Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) is appointed by a minister to be his or her assistant. He or she is selected from backbench MPs as the 'eyes and ears' ...Missing: notable aspects
[13]
Parliamentary private secretaries | Institute for Government
Nov 4, 2019 · They can act as a minister's 'eyes and ears' in the Commons, passing important parliamentary intelligence back to the department.
[14]
[PDF] Parliamentary Private Secretaries - UK Parliament
A Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) is an assistant to a Minister. They are selected from backbench MPs to be the 'eyes and ears' of the minister in the ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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Parliamentary Private Secretaries to Prime Ministers since 1906
Feb 10, 2022 · The Commons Library briefing on Parliamentary Private Secretaries provides a history of the development of the position of Parliamentary Private ...
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The Parliamentary Private Secretary—A Danger to the Free ...
The Parliamentary Private Secretary—A Danger to the Free Functioning of Parliament? R. K. Alderman and J. A. CrossView all authors and affiliations.Missing: criticisms | Show results with:criticisms
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How to be an effective parliamentary private secretary
Feb 5, 2025 · As a PPS you can help to explain, defend and champion the decisions that your department is taking to other MPs.Missing: aspects | Show results with:aspects
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Polish Socialist Party | political party, Poland - Britannica
…in Paris in 1892, the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) came into existence. Illegal under Russian rule, it had a counterpart in Galicia in the Polish Social ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
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PPS (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna) - Jewish Virtual Library
PPS (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna), Polish Socialist Party. Founded in Paris in 1892, the PPS began activities in Poland despite Russian political restrictions.Missing: date | Show results with:date
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The Origins of Anti-Imperial Marxism: Rediscovering the Polish ...
Feb 1, 2018 · The Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) put the fight for national liberation at the center of its Marxist project.
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Would Poland have regained its independence without the help of ...
Would Poland have regained its independence without the help of the fighters from the Combat Organization of the Polish Socialist Party in 1905-1907? An ...<|separator|>
[22]
the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) in Exile - Platforma Czasopism KUL
The PPS was founded in exile in Paris in 1892, when Poland did not exist on the map of Europe. The emigrant circles associated with socialist thought were ...
[23]
Brief History of Poland - Institute of National Remembrance
The anti-communist resistance begins to take shape. read more World ... The Polish Workers' Party merges with the Polish Socialist Party to form the ...
[24]
[PDF] STRUGGLE FOR POWER IN POLAND - CIA
The PPR's remaining rival, the Polish Socialist Party (PPS), was eliminated by absorption when other tactics failed. Josef Cyrankiewicz,. Approved For ...Missing: Criticisms alignment
[25]
Polish Socialist Party - PPS - Polska Partia Socjalistyczna
That is why the Polish Socialist Party aims to give real control over politics to the widest possible group of Polish people, so that decisions are made ...
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Draft Programme of the Polish Socialist Party
The Socialist Republic will guarantee to its citizens free secular education at all levels. The urban and rural proletariat will be raised to the highest level ...Missing: labor | Show results with:labor
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Politics of Morocco - Chronicle Fanack.com
The Communist Party was banned in 1952 but resurrected in 1974, still with Ali Yata at its head, as the Party of Progress and Socialism (Parti du Progrès et ...
[28]
Progressive Socialist Party - NamuWiki
Jul 20, 2025 · symbolic color. Sky blue ; Founding date. 1974 August 23 ; ideology. socialism · Progressivism · secularism ; political spectrum. left wing.
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The Moroccan political partisan landscape a polarized microcosm?
... Parti du progrès et du socialisme (PPS) Heir to the Moroccan Communist Party (1943). Became a governmental party within the Koutla in 1998. Remained in ...
[30]
A democratic transition in Morocco? - Le Monde diplomatique
... Parti du progrès et du socialisme (PPS). (6) The new government of Abderrahman Youssoufi was formally established on 14 March 1998. It was dominated by ...Missing: history | Show results with:history<|separator|>
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https://brill.com/display/book/9789004519534/BP000040.pdf
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[PDF] Morocco and the 2011 election - UK Parliament
Nov 23, 2011 · Morocco holds an important parliamentary election on 25 November. Under constitutional reforms proposed by the King, Muhammad IV, parliament ...
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Morocco after the Legislative Elections
Dec 26, 2011 · The new Moroccan Constitution defines a political party as follows: "political parties work to organize citizens and contribute to their ...<|separator|>
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https://oxfordre.com/africanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277734-e-1291
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Morocco (11/94) - State.gov
term). Judicial--Supreme Court. Political parties: Socialist Union of Popular Forces (USFP), Istiqlal (independence) Party (PI), Popular Movement ( ...
[36]
[PDF] Morocco - BTI Transformation Index
the Fight Against Corruption (INPPLC). However, corruption remains rampant in Morocco and costs the economy 7% of its. GDP annually (Transparency ...
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Morocco: Glaring gaps revealed by response to the coronavirus…
Feb 12, 2021 · Scoring 40 out of a possible 100 in the 2020 Corruption Perceptions Index, Morocco is failing to make progress against systemic corruption in its public sector.
[38]
Overview - Portland School District 1J
Portland Public Schools, founded in 1851, is a PK-12 urban school district in Portland, Oregon. ... Thanks to the state Legislature, school funding is ...
[39]
Proposed 2024 Local Option Levy Renewal - Portland Public Schools
Portland voters approved a levy measure in 2024 that continues a property tax at a rate of $1.99 per $1,000 of assessed property value for an additional ...
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Portland Public Schools' Enrollment Has Declined over the Years
Aug 25, 2025 · 1851 Year the first public school building opened in Portland, at First and Oak, run by a 22-year-old teacher named John T. Outhouse (really).
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More Students Choose Alternatives to Portland Public Schools
May 19, 2025 · The capture rate of students enrolling in PPS schools this academic year was 69% for high school, 71% for middle school, and 75% for elementary school.Missing: STEM | Show results with:STEM
[42]
Portland Public School's 1970s one-way busing policies continue to ...
Aug 2, 2019 · The schools they were sent to lacked black teachers, administrators, and staff, leaving black students isolated and subject to disproportionate ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
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[PDF] Desegregation and Multiculturalism in the Portland Public Schools
Portland schools initially had a segregated school in 1867, officially integrated in 1873, but faced resistance and a struggle for quality education for ...
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Portland Public Schools, Oregon Show Gains on Statewide Tests ...
Oct 2, 2025 · In Portland, district officials highlighted student growth in Grades 3–8, with ELA scores up 1.5 percentage points and math scores up 2 points ...
[45]
'It was low before, it's low after': Oregon student test scores show ...
Oct 2, 2025 · In 2018-2019, roughly 44% of Oregon students were considered proficient across all three subjects. Today, that figure sits just under 35%, ...<|separator|>
[46]
Oregon high school graduation rate rises slightly, even as other ...
Jan 31, 2025 · For example, the four-year graduation rate in Portland Public Schools was 84%, down half a percentage point, while in Beaverton it was 87.9%, ...
[47]
Oregon's Class of 2024 sees second-highest graduation rate ... - KGW
Oregon's statewide graduation for the class of 2024 is 81.8% for public schools, the second-highest ever reported in the state.
[48]
Latest Batch of Portland Public Schools Testing Data Shows ...
Dec 26, 2024 · Those results are mostly consistent with data from fall 2023, which show similar achievement gaps between white students and students of color. ...
[49]
Minuscule test score gains signal Oregon faces years of digging out ...
Oct 3, 2025 · The new data shows that only 42.4% of Oregon elementary and middle school students scored as “proficient” on Smarter Balanced reading and ...
[50]
the 2025-26 PPS Budget Process - Portland Public Schools
Portland Public Schools (PPS) is facing a $40 million budget shortfall for the 2025-26 school year. This deficit is driven by three major factors.
[51]
PPS board unanimously votes to approve $2B budget amid $40M ...
May 19, 2025 · The Portland Public School board unanimously voted to approve the $2 billion proposed budget on Monday night, moving one step closer to several budget cuts.
[52]
Portland Public Schools under fire for making race 'main criteria' in ...
The largest school district in Oregonis being accused of discriminating against students based on their race through its new discipline ...
[53]
[PDF] PPS Major Discipline Incidents (Expulsions and Out-of-School ...
* Discipline counts and rates are suppressed where enrollment falls below 6 students. ... Caution should be exercised when comparing discipline data across ...
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The Medicare prospective payment system - PubMed
The program will be phased in over a four-year period that began October 1, 1983. Several types of hospitals and distinct part units of general hospitals are ...
[55]
Medicare Inpatient Prospective Payment System
May 7, 2023 · The Medicare Inpatient Prospective Payment System ( IPPS ) was introduced by the federal government in October, 1983, as a way to change ...
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Medicare Payment Systems - CMS
Sep 2, 2025 · A Prospective Payment System (PPS) refers to several payment formulas when reimbursement depends on predetermined payment regardless of the ...
[57]
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This article describes some of the available evidence on the impact of the Medicare prospective payment system (PPS) for hospitals during its first year.
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(PDF) Prospective Payment System and Impairment at Discharge
Aug 9, 2025 · Researchers have also identified increases in negative post-discharge outcomes such as hospital readmissions, mortality, and health ...
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Aug 11, 2025 · The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program is a Medicare value-based purchasing program that, for example, encourages hospitals to improve ...
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AHA Fact Sheet: Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program
Since the start of the program on Oct. 1, 2012, hospitals have experienced nearly $1.9 billion of penalties, including $528 million in fiscal year (FY) 2017. In ...
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The Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program has succeeded for ...
Jun 15, 2018 · The HRRP reduced readmission rates, did not increase outpatient visits or emergency visits, and resulted in $2 billion in Medicare savings.
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The HRRP, enacted by the Affordable Care Act, aimed to reduce readmissions by penalizing hospitals with high 30-day readmission rates, but had limited success.
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Feb 18, 2025 · SafetyCulture is a digital platform that production managers can use to execute and monitor their production planning and control system.Missing: features | Show results with:features
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Feb 27, 2025 · Material requirements planning (MRP) was first developed in the 1960s to help manufacturers schedule and optimize manufacturing processes, ...
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[PDF] The evolution of manufacturing planning and control systems
The ROP, MRP, and MRP- II systems that eventually evolved were characterized by large mainframe computers, hierarchical databases, and complex transactions ...
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The Production Planning and Control system is a major component of the infrastructure which supports the manufacturing process selected for the specific.
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Production Planning and Control: Objectives, Phases, Functions ...
Rating 4.6 (1,467) Sep 7, 2024 · It is crucial to integrate a production planning and control system into the manufacturing unit of a business for smooth and effective operation ...Phases Of Production... · Steps In Production Planning... · 6. Material Control
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The influence of lead-time reductions on decisions and rules in the ...
This paper shows how the production planning process is affected by reductions in the total manufacturing lead time. The paper is based on four case studies ...
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Production Planning and Control system improves workflows so your facility runs at peak efficiency. Without real-time asset visibility though, even the best ...
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[PDF] A Hybrid MRP-JIT Production Planning and Control System
JIT manufacturing consist of several components or elements which must be integrated together to function in harmony to achieve the JIT goals. These elements ...
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Learn how ERP supports just-in-time manufacturing in the automobile industry by cutting inventory costs, streamlining production, and boosting efficiency.
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1. Lack of Transparency Over the Entire Value-Added Process · 2. Rigidity of Traditional Systems · 3. Difficulties with Daily Order Scheduling · 4. High ...Missing: criticisms | Show results with:criticisms
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Towards smart production planning and control; a conceptual ...
High delivery lead time variability reduces forecast accuracy and the ability to use inventory to buffer against demand and supply variability. This typically ...
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Production Lead time reduction - Planning and Scheduling
By synchronizing multiple processes in the schedule, APS eliminates unnecessary wait time between processes. If you need to shorten lead times more, you can ...
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GPS Performances - Navipedia - GSSC
The Precise Positioning Service (PPS), is a highly accurate military positioning, velocity and timing service broadcasted at the GPS L1 and L2 frequencies.Introduction · GPS Service Level... · Precise Positioning Service...
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Global Positioning System Overview - GPS INFO - CNMOC
SPS provides a predictable positioning accuracy of 9 meters (95 percent) ... The Precise Positioning Service (PPS)is a highly accurate military ...
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Performance Standards & Specifications - GPS.gov
GPS Precision Positioning Service (PPS) Performance Standard. This document defines the levels of performance the U.S. government makes available to ...
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The Precise Positioning Service (PPS) Performance Standard (PS)
The PPS PS represents a major milestone in the evolution of GPS. It is the first public disclosure of the PPS performance characteristics.Missing: applications | Show results with:applications
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Aviation Applications - Navipedia - GSSC
May 21, 2021 · The development of GNSS has provided a supplementary positioning service for many flight phases, in leisure flying as well as commercial air transport.
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Born in the Heart of Besieged Leningrad: the PPS-42
Nov 11, 2022 · In total, about 46,000 would be produced before that siege was finally broken. Meanwhile, Factory 828 in Moscow put a higher priority on ...Missing: specifications | Show results with:specifications
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The PPS-43 - Soviet Reenacting
The end product was a submachine gun that required only 2.7 man hours to produce, as well as only 6.2 kg or raw material. Mass production of the PPS-43 began in ...Missing: development specifications
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PPS-42 / PPS-43 Submachine Gun (SMG) - Military Factory
PPS-42 - Chambered for 7.62x25mm Tokarev pistol cartridge; 35-round curved box magazine; muzzle brake and perforated heat shield; iron sights; metal folding ...Missing: capacity | Show results with:capacity
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PPS 43 submachine-gun | Imperial War Museums
The Soviet PPS 43 submachine-gun is considered by many authorities to have been the best weapon of its type produced during the Second World War.
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What is the best non-American/German submachine gun of WW2?
Dec 2, 2019 · Reportedly, MP-40 was not as reliable as PPSh-41: just a little dirt could get it jammed. Not so with PPSh-41: its reliability and ability to ...How good was the PPSH-41 during WW2 and the Korean War?Other than cost why did we switch to production of the “grease gun ...More results from www.quora.com
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M44 Submachine Gun: Finland Copies the Soviet PPS-43
Nov 17, 2021 · When Finnish forces began capturing Soviet PPS-42 and PPS-43 submachine guns form the Soviets in the Continuation War, it was very quickly ...
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packet per seconds (pps) vs bits per seconds (bps) - Cisco Community
Sep 17, 2011 · pps measures, ie the maximum number of frames or packets that can be processed. Since both frames and packets often can vary in size, smaller frames/packets ...
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How to receive a million packets per second - The Cloudflare Blog
Jun 16, 2015 · Measuring packets per second (pps) is much more interesting than measuring bytes per second (Bps). You can achieve high Bps by better pipelining ...
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What is the theoretical maximum throughput of a Gigabit Ethernet ...
Jul 29, 2022 · How is maximum throughput calculated for 512 bit (64 byte) frames? ... 1,488,000 frames/s x (512 bits + 64 bits + 64 bits) = 523 Mbps. How ...
[90]
How many Packets per Second per port are needed to achieve Wire ...
Jul 8, 2009 · PPS = (125,000,000 bytes/s) / (84 bytes/packet) = 1,488,095 pps. From the above table we see how many packets per second an Ethernet device ...<|separator|>
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Gbps, pps, rps DDoS, explaining volumetric, protocol and ... - Imperva
Sep 25, 2017 · There are three main types of attacks that all DDoS attacks fall under: volumetric (Gbps), protocol (pps) and application layer (rps) attacks.
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Largest Ever Recorded Packet Per Second-Based DDoS Attack ...
Jun 25, 2020 · The largest PPS DDoS attack generated 809 Mpps, a new record, and reached 418 Gbps in seconds before peaking in two minutes. PPS attacks ...
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Pktgen: Measuring performance on high speed networks
Pktgen is a tool for high-speed packet generation and testing. It runs in the Linux kernel, and is designed to accommodate a wide range of network ...
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The real meaning of "Throughput"? - Cisco Community
Dec 2, 2015 · Throughput is the amount of packets per second or mbs per second that a device can process. So each device has a set amount of throughput its able to push ...
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Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) Plastic: Structure, Material Properties ...
Jul 8, 2025 · The first commercial process for PPS was developed by Edmonds and Hill (US patent 3 354 129, Yr. 1967) while working at Philips Petroleum under ...
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Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) - Drake Plastics
PPS Resin Suppliers, Grades. PPS was developed and commercialized by Phillips Petroleum under the Rytonâ brand in 1972 and was considered the original high ...
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HISTORY OF POLYPHENYLENE SULFIDE H. Wayne Hill, Jr ...
The commercial process for producing polyphenylene sulfide was discovered by Edmonds and Hill14 working in the laboratories of Phillips Petroleum Company. This ...Missing: commercialization | Show results with:commercialization
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[PDF] Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) - DIC Corporation
PPS has a high melting point of about 280 °C, excellent chemical resistance and non-flammable properties that exhibit self-extinguishing properties without the ...
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PPS Polyphenylene Sulfide | Fortron® | Celanese
PPS is inherently flame resistant and is virtually unaffected by a broad range of chemicals, even over prolonged periods and at elevated temperatures. It is ...
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Poly-Phenylene Sulphide - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The first commercial grades were introduced by Phillips Petroleum in 1968 under the trade name Ryton. ... Nominal tensile strength of Chevron Phillips Chemical ...
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Poly(p-phenylene sulfide) Synthesis: A Step-Growth Polymerization ...
Poly(p-phenylene sulfide) synthesis from p-dichlorobenzene and sodium sulfide are shown to be a consequence of unequal rate constants for the growth steps.Missing: production | Show results with:production
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What are PPS Compounds ? | PPS Compounds - DIC Corporation
Later, Phillips Petroleum (USA) developed a commercial process for polymerizing PPS and were the first to succeed at establishing a manufacturing operation in ...Missing: commercialization | Show results with:commercialization
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Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) Market Size, Share, Insights and Outlook
May 6, 2025 · The main driving factor for the demand for Polyphenylene Sulfide is its widespread use in automotive applications, particularly in under-the- ...
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Major Applications of PPS Compounds - DIC Corporation
Major Applications of PPS Compounds · Automotive Component Applications · Ignition/electrical system · Lighting system · Fuel system · Drive system · Control system.
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PPS plastics - Polyphenylene sulfide properties & applications | MCG
PPS flammability and fire resistance properties Polyphenylene sulfide is an inherently flame-resistant material that can achieve UL 94 V-0 flammability ratings ...Missing: inertness | Show results with:inertness
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Usage Areas of PPS: Automotive, Electronics and More - Gapex
Oct 1, 2024 · Circuit Boards: Thanks to the excellent electrical insulation properties of PPS, it is widely used in the production of insulating materials ...
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PEEK vs PPS: Key Differences in High-Performance Plastics
May 4, 2025 · PEEK: Superior in strength, toughness, and temperature resistance. · PPS: More cost-effective and easier to process, giving it broader commercial ...
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PEEK vs PPS: Which Do You Need? - Advanced EMC Technologies
Jul 10, 2019 · PPS can quickly become a more attractive choice than PEEK because it has similar mechanical and thermal properties to PEEK but costs substantially less.Missing: Polyphenylene | Show results with:Polyphenylene
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What's the Difference: PEEK vs PPS - Port Plastics
Jun 15, 2023 · The main difference is that PEEK has a higher HDT and a higher tensile strength. Filled PEEK materials offer improved wear resistance, better ...
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Post-Polio Syndrome | PPS - MedlinePlus
Dec 27, 2023 · Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that affects polio survivors many years after they recovered from polio. It usually happens 15-40 years later.
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[PDF] Post-polio syndrome - Orphanet
The prevalence estimates of late onset neuromuscular symptoms in prior polio patients vary between 25 and 74%.
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Post-Polio Syndrome Revisited - PMC - PubMed Central
Apr 13, 2023 · PPS, defined as “the development of new muscle weakness and fatigue in skeletal or bulbar muscles, beginning 15–30 years after an acute attack ...
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Postpolio Syndrome: A Review of Lived Experiences of Patients - PMC
Symptoms include new muscle weakness, fatigue, myalgia, joint pain, dysphagia, and difficulty breathing. Other reported symptoms include cold intolerance, sleep ...
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Change in physical mobility over 10 years in post-polio syndrome
Average walking capacity and self-reported physical mobility declined over 10 years, by 6 and 14%, respectively. Concomitantly people lost an average of 15% of ...
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Changes in self-reported impairments over 10 years in people with ...
Impairments related to late effects of polio increase slowly over 10 years. Greater disability and comorbidities are associated with worse impairments.
[116]
Poliomyelitis/Post-Polio Syndrome | PM&R KnowledgeNow
Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is defined as a neurologic disorder that can occur in survivors of paralytic polio after a period of functional stability.
[117]
Post-polio syndrome is not a dysimmune condition - PubMed Central
Post-polio syndrome is not a dysimmune condition. Isabelle LAFFONT. Isabelle LAFFONT. 1Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Montpellier ...
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Post-polio syndrome and the late effects of poliomyelitis - PubMed
Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is characterized by new muscle weakness and/or muscle fatigability that occurs many years after the initial poliomyelitis illness.
[119]
A very long-term longitudinal follow-up of persons with late effects of ...
The results may imply that symptoms associated with late effects of polio are not progressing as fast as we had previously thought. Clinical rehabilitation ...
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AGE AND BASELINE DEFICIT TRIGGER POST-POLIO SYNDROME
“Patients with old polio develop new forms of weakness and these new symptoms are progressive, but it takes observation over at least 10 years for this ...
[121]
Update on current and emerging treatment options for post-polio ...
Post-polio syndrome (PPS) refers to the clinical deterioration experienced by many polio survivors several decades after their acute illness.
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Post-polio syndrome - Symptoms & causes - Mayo Clinic
Post-polio syndrome is a group of potentially disabling signs and symptoms that appear decades after the initial polio illness.
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Post Polio Syndrome - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment | NORD
Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a syndrome that affects some people who have had polio (poliomyelitis) and occurs many years (typically from 10 to 40 years) after ...