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Pipistrel Velis Electro

The Pipistrel Velis Electro is a two-seat, fully electric light aircraft designed and manufactured by Pipistrel, a Slovenian company based in Ajdovščina and a subsidiary of Textron Aviation since 2022, primarily for pilot training under day VFR conditions.^[1]^[2] It features a liquid-cooled E-811 electric motor rated at 57.6 kW maximum takeoff power, dual redundant battery packs, and a maximum takeoff weight of 600 kg (1,323 lb), with a useful load of 172 kg (380 lb).^[1] Certified by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) on June 10, 2020, under CS-LSA regulations, it became the world's first fully electric aircraft to receive type certification, enabling commercial operations in over 30 countries.^[3] Key performance characteristics include a cruise speed of 88 knots (163 km/h), an endurance of up to 56 minutes plus VFR reserves, and a recharge time of 1 hour 20 minutes from standard outlets, making it suitable for short training flights with minimal infrastructure needs.^[1] The aircraft's design emphasizes environmental and operational efficiency, producing zero emissions and noise levels of just 60 dBA during takeoff—far quieter than conventional piston trainers—while requiring no warm-up time and offering low maintenance due to fewer moving parts.^[1]^[4] Its dimensions include a wingspan of 10.7 m (35 ft 2 in), length of 6.47 m (21 ft 3 in), and height of 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in), with fixed tricycle landing gear and a high-wing configuration derived from Pipistrel's Virus SW series.^[1]^[5] The Velis Electro's development builds on Pipistrel's pioneering work in electric aviation, starting with the 2007 Taurus Electro—the world's first two-seat electric aircraft—and evolving through prototypes to achieve certification in under three years via close EASA collaboration, ensuring compliance with stringent safety standards for the electric powertrain and systems.^[1]^[3] This milestone has positioned it as a trailblazer for sustainable aviation, supporting flight schools in reducing costs and environmental impact, with applications expanding to urban air mobility training and demonstration flights worldwide.^[4]^[5]

Development

Origins and Design Evolution

Pipistrel was founded in 1989 by Ivo Boscarol in Ajdovščina, Slovenia, initially as a small operation focused on producing powered hang gliders and ultralight aircraft using composite materials to enhance efficiency.^[6] The company's early designs emphasized lightweight construction and aerodynamic performance, leading to the development of motor gliders such as the Sinus, a two-seat ultralight model introduced in the late 1990s that prioritized low-drag profiles for extended gliding capabilities while incorporating retractable powerplants for self-launching.^[6] This foundation in energy-efficient aviation set the stage for Pipistrel's transition toward sustainable propulsion systems, with initial experiments in electric technology dating back to 2007 through the Taurus Electro, the world's first two-seat electric motor glider.^[1] The Velis Electro emerged as a direct evolution of the Virus SW 121, a proven light-sport aircraft platform certified by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), with adaptation for fully electric propulsion beginning around 2017 to leverage the airframe's established aerodynamics and structural integrity.^[7] Key design goals centered on achieving zero operational emissions to reduce environmental impact, ultra-low noise levels suitable for flight training near populated areas, and full compliance with EASA's CS-LSA standards for light-sport aircraft, enabling safe, cost-effective instruction without the complexities of fossil-fuel systems.^[3] These objectives built on Pipistrel's prior electric prototypes, aiming to create a practical trainer that minimized operational costs and maintenance while supporting the broader shift toward decarbonized general aviation.^[1] Initial prototypes of the Velis Electro underwent testing between 2018 and 2019, focusing on integrating liquid-cooled lithium-ion batteries and an axial-flux electric motor into the Virus-derived airframe, which presented challenges in balancing weight distribution, thermal management, and power delivery for reliable short-field performance.^[7] Engineers addressed issues such as battery packaging to maintain the aircraft's center-of-gravity limits and motor efficiency under varying loads, drawing from lessons in earlier electric models to ensure seamless powertrain operation without compromising handling qualities.^[5] Development benefited from strategic partnerships, including collaborations with EMRAX for custom electric motors and EMSISO for battery systems, which accelerated R&D by providing specialized components tailored for aviation certification.^[8] These efforts enabled rapid iteration from concept to prototype validation, culminating in EASA type certification in June 2020.^[3]

Certification and Initial Production

The certification process for the Pipistrel Velis Electro involved close collaboration between Pipistrel and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), culminating in type certification on June 10, 2020, as the world's first fully electric aircraft approved under CS-LSA rules.^[9] This milestone followed the EASA certification of the aircraft's E-811-268MVLC electric engine on May 18, 2020.^[9] The development and certification effort spanned less than three years, incorporating a dedicated flight test program with non-certified Alpha Electro prototypes operating under EASA permits to fly, which provided essential operational data.^[9] The aircraft demonstrated compliance with rigorous safety and performance standards, while achieving zero emissions during operation and noise levels significantly quieter than those of comparable conventional trainers.^[9] Serial production commenced immediately after certification, with the first unit delivered on July 16, 2020, to AlpinAirPlanes, a flight school in Switzerland serving as the launch customer for 14 aircraft.^[10] Pipistrel targeted delivery of 31 units in 2020 to customers across seven countries, reflecting early market enthusiasm for electric training aircraft.^[11] Subsequent production ramped up to fulfill major orders, including a January 2021 commitment from French lessor Green Aerolease for 50 units to be leased to pilot training schools nationwide.^[12] A similar initiative emerged in the UK, with plans announced in October 2021 to supply 50 aircraft to flight schools through a dedicated electric training program by Green Airside.^[13] The acquisition of Pipistrel by Textron Aviation, completed on April 18, 2022, bolstered production capacity through investments in manufacturing facilities in Slovenia and Italy. Initially integrated into Textron's eAviation segment to accelerate electric aircraft development, including upgraded batteries for the Velis Electro, Pipistrel's operations were absorbed into Textron Aviation in October 2025 following the discontinuation of the eAviation division.^[2]^[14]^[15] Post-acquisition certifications expanded the Velis Electro's market, including UK CAA type certification in July 2022, FAA light-sport airworthiness exemption in March 2024, and Transport Canada validation in November 2025.^[16]^[17]^[18]

Design

Airframe and Configuration

The Pipistrel Velis Electro features a high-wing, two-seat configuration arranged in a side-by-side seating layout, optimized for flight training with full dual controls for instructor and student.^[19] It employs fixed tricycle landing gear with a steerable nose wheel and hydraulic disc brakes, providing stable ground handling suitable for short runways typical in training environments.^[19] The overall layout inherits the compact monoplane design from the Pipistrel Virus SW, adapted for electric propulsion while maintaining a low-drag profile to enhance efficiency.^[20] The airframe utilizes advanced composite construction, primarily carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) with aramid reinforcements, formed through low-pressure wet lay-up processes for a lightweight yet durable structure.^[19] This material choice reduces overall weight while resisting environmental stresses, contributing to the aircraft's compliance with Light Sport Aircraft (LSA) regulations.^[21] Key dimensions include a length of 6.47 m, wingspan of 10.71 m, and height of 1.90 m, with a wing area of 9.51 m² supporting cantilevered, single-spar wings equipped with flaperons for combined roll and lift control.^[19] The wings are detachable and incorporate folding mechanisms for compact storage, facilitating trailer transport in line with LSA practicality.^[1] Aerodynamically, the design emphasizes low drag through smooth composite surfaces and a streamlined fuselage, directly evolved from the Virus SW's high-aspect-ratio wing for improved glide performance and reduced energy consumption in electric flight.^[20] The empennage features a T-tail configuration for clean airflow over control surfaces.^[19] The cabin provides side-by-side seating with gull-wing doors made of clear CFRP panels, forming a large bubble canopy that offers excellent all-around visibility essential for training maneuvers.^[5] Passive ventilation is achieved via sliding windows and vents, with a quiet interior environment due to the absence of engine noise.^[21] Four-point harnesses secure occupants, though seats are non-adjustable to maintain a low center of gravity.^[19] In terms of weight, the aircraft adheres to LSA limits with a basic empty weight of 428 kg (including batteries) and a maximum takeoff weight of 600 kg, yielding a useful load of 172 kg for two occupants and minimal fuel-equivalent payload.^[21] This breakdown supports efficient electric operation without exceeding regulatory constraints.^[19]

Propulsion and Electrical Systems

The Pipistrel Velis Electro is propelled by the type-certified E-811 electric motor, a liquid-cooled synchronous brushless design developed by Pipistrel in collaboration with EMRAX and EMSISO, delivering 57.6 kW (77 hp) of maximum takeoff power through a 345 VDC electrical system.^[1]^[22] This motor drives a fixed-pitch, three-blade composite propeller and features minimal moving parts compared to traditional internal combustion engines, contributing to lower maintenance requirements with a time between overhaul (TBO) of 2,000 hours.^[22] The battery system consists of two redundant, liquid-cooled lithium-ion packs with a total nominal capacity of 24.8 kWh, arranged in parallel for enhanced reliability; one pack is positioned in the nose and the other behind the seats to optimize weight distribution within the airframe.^[1]^[5] Recent evaluations in 2025 indicate approximately 22 kWh of usable capacity following system improvements for efficiency and safety.^[23] The packs lack an onboard generator, relying instead on ground-based 230 V AC charging, which recharges from 35% to 95% state-of-charge in about 1 hour 20 minutes using a standard external charger.^[21]^[4] Safety is prioritized through a battery management system (BMS) that continuously monitors parameters like voltage, temperature, and state-of-charge, enabling automatic disconnection of a faulty pack to maintain operation on the remaining unit.^[22] The design complies with DO-311A standards for lithium batteries in aviation, incorporating crashworthy construction, high-intensity radiated field (HIRF) and electromagnetic interference (EMI) tolerance, and thermal runaway inhibition to prevent fire propagation.^[22]^[8] The entire liquid-cooled powertrain, including motor and batteries, enhances reliability by mitigating overheating risks during operation.^[24]

Operational History

Civilian Adoption and Deliveries

The Pipistrel Velis Electro entered civilian service with its inaugural delivery in July 2020 to AlpinAirPlanes, a flight school in Switzerland, marking the first type-certified electric aircraft available for pilot training.^[10] In early 2021, Green Aerolease, a French aviation leasing company, placed an order for 50 units to be leased to flight schools across France and other European countries, facilitating widespread adoption in training fleets.^[25] That same year, NEBOair introduced the aircraft to the UK market, basing operations at Blackbushe Airport to support electric flight training and demonstration flights.^[26] By March 2024, Textron eAviation, Pipistrel's parent company, integrated the Velis Electro into expanded U.S. pilot training programs following an FAA airworthiness exemption that enabled commercial operations in light-sport categories.^[27] This paved the way for deliveries to institutions like the Eco-Aviation Foundation at Santa Monica Airport, emphasizing hands-on training for sustainable aviation.^[28] As of April 2024, 100 Velis Electro units had been delivered to customers in over 30 countries, primarily for day visual flight rules (VFR) training.^[29] Partnerships with flight academies, such as Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in the U.S. and various European schools, have accelerated integration into curricula, promoting electric propulsion for initial pilot instruction.^[30] The aircraft's appeal in civilian training stems from its economic advantages, including operating costs of approximately €17 per flight hour for energy alone, significantly lower than comparable fossil-fuel trainers, alongside zero emissions and noise levels of just 60 dBA that enable operations near urban areas.^[31] Its limited endurance of around 50 minutes is mitigated through quick charging capabilities, achieving 80% capacity in 30 minutes, and optimized route planning for local training missions.^[1] In November 2025, Transport Canada validated the EASA type certificate for the Velis Electro, facilitating its adoption by Canadian flight schools and owners.^[32]

Military Use

The Slovenian Air Force became the first military operator of the Pipistrel Velis Electro in 2021, acquiring units specifically for basic cadet training to replace older Zlin 143 and Zlin 242 aircraft.^[33] The aircraft's electric propulsion supports short-duration flight instruction in day VFR conditions, aligning with the force's emphasis on sustainable aviation practices without any reported combat applications.^[33] In 2021, the Royal Danish Air Force leased two Velis Electro aircraft for a two-year trial as part of its green action plan, marking the world's first military pilot training program using fully electric aircraft at the Karup Air Base flying school.^[34] The units were integrated alongside Saab T-17 Supporter trainers to evaluate battery performance, charging infrastructure, and operational suitability for basic maneuvers.^[34] However, the program concluded in September 2023 due to the aircraft's limited endurance of 40-45 minutes per flight, which proved insufficient for comprehensive training exercises beyond short patterns and landings, prompting a shift toward hybrid and biofuel alternatives.^[35] The Velis Electro has seen evaluation in military training contexts, including tests by the United States Air Force since 2023 to assess its potential for cost-effective, low-emission pilot instruction.^[36]^[37] The aircraft retains its civilian EASA type certification in these roles, with no defense-specific modifications documented, emphasizing its utility in reducing the carbon footprint of initial flight training programs across NATO member states.^[36]

Achievements and Records

The Pipistrel Velis Electro achieved significant milestones in electric aviation through a series of Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) world records set in September 2020 during a three-day endurance flight. Covering a total distance of 839 km over 56 hours with multiple recharges, the aircraft established seven Class C-1 records for electric-powered airplanes, including the longest electrically flown distances in 24 hours (327 km), 48 hours (608 km), and 56 hours, as well as benchmarks for lowest energy consumption per 100 km, highest average speed over 700 km, greatest mass carried over a 700 km route, and highest altitude reached by an electric aircraft.^[38] The aircraft garnered multiple industry awards recognizing its pioneering role in sustainable flight. In 2020, it was jointly named Plane of the Year by Plane & Pilot magazine for its groundbreaking certification and production as the world's first fully electric type-certified airplane. In 2021, the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) awarded it the Aircraft Design Award for the innovative integration of electric propulsion in a piloted trainer capable of day-night operations. That same year, it received the Aviation Week Laureate Award in the business aviation category for advancing quiet, zero-emission general aviation technologies.^[39]^[40]^[41] By 2025, the Velis Electro continued to highlight its environmental impact, featuring prominently in Textron Aviation's CDP Corporate Questionnaire as a leader in electric aircraft innovation following Textron's 2022 acquisition of Pipistrel. It also marked a U.S. milestone as the first electric aircraft approved for flight training under a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) light-sport airworthiness exemption, enabling operations at flight schools and validating its role in pilot education.^[42]^[43] These accomplishments have broader implications for aviation electrification, as the Velis Electro's European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) type certification in 2020 established foundational standards for battery-powered systems, influencing subsequent regulatory approaches to hybrid-electric designs and accelerating commercial adoption of low-emission propulsion.^[9]

Specifications

General Characteristics

The Pipistrel Velis Electro is a two-seat, all-electric light-sport aircraft designed primarily for flight training, accommodating a crew of one pilot and capacity for one passenger.^[44] Its airframe measures 6.47 m in length, with a foldable wingspan of 10.71 m, a height of 1.90 m, and a wing area of 9.51 m².^[45] The empty weight is 428 kg, providing a useful load of 172 kg and a maximum takeoff weight of 600 kg, ensuring compliance with light-sport aircraft (LSA) regulations under EASA CS-LSA.^[21]^[45] Power is supplied by a dual lithium-ion battery system with a total capacity of 24.8 kWh (approximately 22 kWh usable), featuring liquid cooling and no reliance on fossil fuels for operation.^[22] The propeller is a 3-bladed fixed-pitch Pipistrel P-812/164-F3A with a diameter of 1.64 m.^[45] The aircraft is equipped with basic visual flight rules (VFR) instrumentation, including a Mikrotechna airspeed indicator, altimeter, Kanardia artificial horizon and variometer, turn coordinator, magnetic compass, and stall warning system, along with engine and battery monitoring via the EPSI570C display.^[46] Advanced options include the Garmin G3X touchscreen for primary flight and engine indications, with an optional autopilot available.^[47]

Performance

The Pipistrel Velis Electro is powered by a single Pipistrel E-811 electric motor, delivering 57.6 kW of maximum takeoff power (90 seconds) and 49.2 kW continuous power for a 60-minute rating, enabling efficient propulsion without combustion emissions.^[1] This liquid-cooled motor operates at up to 2500 RPM for short bursts during takeoff, transitioning seamlessly to sustained output for training and short-range flights, with the aircraft's lightweight design optimizing power utilization for responsive handling.^[45] Flight performance is characterized by a never-exceed speed of 200 km/h (108 kt IAS), a maximum operating speed of 181 km/h (98 kt IAS), and a cruise speed of 163 km/h (88 kt TAS), providing stable dynamics suitable for pilot instruction while respecting electric power constraints.^[1] The service ceiling reaches 3,660 m (12,000 ft), with a rate of climb of 3.3 m/s (650 fpm) at sea level, allowing quick ascents but limited by battery discharge rates during prolonged high-power operations. Endurance is rated at up to 56 minutes plus VFR reserves, yielding a practical range of approximately 100 km under typical cruise conditions, which underscores the aircraft's focus on local training rather than extended travel.^[1] As an electric aircraft, the Velis Electro achieves high efficiencies, with the motor operating at 99% efficiency across its operating range, minimizing energy losses compared to traditional engines.^[48] Its aerodynamic profile, featuring low drag, enables the full endurance on just 22 kWh of battery energy, highlighting the system's advantages in reduced operational costs and environmental impact, though battery thermal management and recharge times impose limitations on mission profiles beyond short durations.^[23] The battery system, comprising two parallel 345 VDC lithium-ion packs, supports this performance by providing redundant power delivery, ensuring safe operation within the defined envelopes.^[45]

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