Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Pocket computer

A pocket computer is a category of consisting of a complete, battery-powered small enough to fit in a pocket, equipped with a , a compact display, and the ability to write and execute programs, distinguishing it from earlier programmable calculators. These devices emerged in the late 1970s and proliferated during the 1980s, driven by advancements in integrated circuits that enabled while incorporating features like interpreters for user programming. The first pocket computer marketed worldwide was the PC-1211, introduced in 1980, which featured 1,424 bytes of program memory, a 24-character LCD display, and a full alphanumeric , weighing just 170 grams and offering up to 300 hours of battery life on four button cells. This model was rebranded and sold in the United States as the Tandy Pocket Computer PC-1 by , priced at $249.95, and included advanced functions such as , logarithms, statistics, and a cassette for and program exchange. Other notable early models included the PB-100 (1983), with expandable memory via cards, and the PC-1500 (1983), which added a 26-character display and more powerful . Manufacturers like and dominated the market, producing devices that served professionals in , , and for tasks ranging from data analysis to custom software development. By the mid-1980s, pocket computers had evolved to include peripherals such as printers, modems, and larger memory expansions, but their popularity waned in the 1990s with the rise of personal digital assistants (PDAs) like the and palmtop PCs, which offered graphical interfaces and greater connectivity, eventually giving way to smartphones in the 2000s. Despite their short commercial lifespan, pocket computers represented a pivotal step in portable computing, bridging the gap between calculators and modern mobile devices by making programming accessible in a truly handheld form.

Definition and Characteristics

Definition

A pocket computer refers to a class of handheld, battery-powered personal computers that emerged in the late and remained in use through the . These devices were designed for portability, fitting easily into a pocket while providing basic computing capabilities in a compact form. Key characteristics include an alphanumeric keypad resembling those on advanced calculators and a limited display, typically featuring 1 to 4 lines of 16 to 26 characters on an LCD screen. Unlike standard calculators, pocket computers were distinguished by their full programmability, enabling users to write, store, and execute custom programs via built-in interpreters, often , without requiring external systems. Pocket computers arose as an intermediary technology, bridging the functionality of programmable calculators—which focused primarily on numerical computations—with the more versatile personal computers of the era, thus democratizing portable programming for professionals and hobbyists.

Key Features

Pocket computers from the were characterized by compact LCD displays, typically featuring 1 to 4 lines with 16 to ; these displays often lacked capabilities, prioritizing text output for programming and calculations, while some later models included modes (e.g., 32x156 pixels). Input was facilitated by full alphanumeric keypads comprising 52 to 72 keys, including dedicated function keys for commands, text entry, and navigation, which provided a typewriter-like in a portable . These devices emphasized portability with dimensions generally under 8 x 4 x 1 inches and weights between 0.4 and 0.9 pounds, powered by batteries offering 75 to 300 hours of operation depending on the model and usage. Storage consisted of built-in ROM typically ranging from 10 to 300 KB for the operating system and BASIC interpreter, paired with 1.4 KB to hundreds of KB of RAM that was user-expandable via plug-in memory cards up to 256 KB or more in many designs.

Distinctions from Related Devices

Pocket computers, emerging in the late 1970s and early 1980s, represented a distinct category of handheld devices that bridged basic calculators and more advanced personal computing tools, primarily through their emphasis on general-purpose programmability. Unlike traditional calculators, which were designed for fixed arithmetic operations or limited scientific functions, pocket computers incorporated a full BASIC interpreter, enabling users to develop and execute custom programs for a wide range of tasks beyond mere computation. For instance, the Sharp PC-1211, introduced in 1980, featured 1.4k bytes of program memory and a 24-character LCD display, allowing algebraic programming that far exceeded the keystroke-based routines of contemporary programmable calculators like the Sharp EL-5100. This programmability transformed pocket computers into versatile tools for engineers and hobbyists, rather than appliances constrained to predefined algorithms. In contrast to graphing calculators, which gained prominence in the mid-1980s, pocket computers lacked specialized hardware and software for visual data representation. Graphing calculators, such as the released in 1985, included larger screens capable of plotting functions, solving equations graphically, and integrating advanced mathematical libraries tailored for educational and scientific visualization. Pocket computers, however, focused on text-based output and logical programming without built-in graphing functions, though some supported basic bitmapped graphics for custom programming; models like the PC-8 prioritized a full keyboard and execution for non-visual applications, such as or simple simulations, making them less suited for analytical graphing tasks. Early personal digital assistants (PDAs), exemplified by the Palm Pilot in 1996, diverged from pocket computers in both input mechanisms and functional orientation. Pocket computers relied on physical alphanumeric keyboards for direct text entry and programming, with no support for touch-based interaction. PDAs, conversely, employed stylus-driven touchscreens and for intuitive data input, emphasizing (PIM) software like calendars and contact databases rather than programmable computing. Hardware-wise, pocket computers such as the Sharp PC-1211 offered limited RAM (around 2 KB) and monochrome LCDs optimized for code execution, whereas early PDAs featured memory starting at 128 KB (non-expandable in initial models, with later ones expandable to several MB) and operating systems like designed for app ecosystems over raw programming. Compared to early laptops and portables of the era, pocket computers prioritized extreme portability over comprehensive functionality and expandability. Devices like the Osborne 1, launched in 1981, weighed approximately 24 pounds with a 5-inch display, dual floppy drives, and modular peripherals, functioning as luggable systems for productivity. Pocket computers, by contrast, were truly pocket-sized— the Pocket Computer, a rebranded PC-1211, measured about 6 ounces with battery-powered operation but offered minimal I/O options, such as optional cassette interfaces, and no built-in or capabilities. This smaller (roughly 5 x 2.5 x 1 inches) sacrificed power and connectivity for on-the-go usability, distinguishing them from the bulkier, more versatile portables like the at 3.5 pounds.

History

Origins (1970s–early 1980s)

The origins of pocket computers trace back to the evolution of programmable calculators and early microcomputers in the 1970s, which provided the foundational technologies for portable computing devices. The Hewlett-Packard HP-65, introduced in 1974, was a pivotal precursor as the first handheld programmable calculator, featuring magnetic card storage for programs and serving as a bridge between basic calculators and more advanced computational tools targeted at engineers and scientists. This device influenced the design of pocket computers by demonstrating the feasibility of user-programmable functionality in a compact form factor, while the broader availability of affordable microprocessors, such as the Intel 8080 in 1974, enabled the miniaturization of computing power seen in early microcomputers like the Altair 8800 (1975). The first commercial pocket computer, the Sharp PC-1211, was released in June 1980 by in , marking the debut of a truly programmable handheld device with an integrated . Weighing just 170 grams and powered by four button-cell batteries for up to 300 hours of use, it featured a 24-character LCD display, a keyboard, and 1.4 KB of program memory, allowing users to write and execute programs on the go. Key innovations included the integration of dual 4-bit microprocessors (Sharp SC43177 and SC43178) and a ROM-based , which eliminated the need for external peripherals and made instant programming accessible without compilation. A variant, the PC-1210, offered similar capabilities but with reduced memory (400 program steps). Following closely, introduced the PB-100 in 1983 as an affordable entry into the pocket computer market, building on Sharp's model with a focus on simplicity and low cost (around £60). This device used a 4-bit , 544 bytes of (expandable to approximately 1.5 KB with an optional RAM pack for up to 1,568 steps), and a 12-character LCD , supporting . These early models targeted professionals, such as engineers and field technicians, as well as hobbyists interested in portable programming, with initial sales concentrated in before expanding globally through rebadging agreements. For instance, the PC-1211 was marketed internationally as the Tandy PC-1 by , facilitating wider adoption in and starting in 1980. The Casio PB-100 similarly appeared as the Tandy PC-4 in 1983, emphasizing budget-friendly access to BASIC-based computing.

Peak Popularity (mid-1980s)

The mid-1980s marked the zenith of pocket computer adoption, with the U.S. market alone reaching $150 million in sales by 1983, reflecting a surge in demand for these portable, programmable devices. Globally, manufacturers reported steady growth through 1987, driven by advancements in battery life and expandability that made pocket computers viable alternatives to bulkier desktops for immediate computation needs. Radio Shack's Tandy line, including rebranded models from and , played a pivotal role in fueling U.S. popularity, with the retailer introducing multiple iterations like the PC-3 and PC-4 in 1983 to capitalize on the boom. This period saw significant diversification through peripherals that enhanced functionality, such as compact printers (e.g., 's CE-122), cassette interfaces for , and RS-232 serial ports for connectivity. For instance, the PC-1403, released in 1986, supported interfaces via accessories like the CE-130T, enabling integration with modems and external devices for data transfer. Memory expansion via cards, such as 's CE-2H64M (64KB), further extended capabilities, allowing users to handle larger programs on the go. These additions transformed pocket computers from calculators into versatile tools, broadening their appeal beyond initial hobbyist markets. The user base expanded notably among students for educational programming, engineers for field calculations, and travelers for portable , as the devices' lightweight design (often under grams) and long life suited lifestyles. Schools incorporated models like the PB-100 for math and science instruction, while professionals valued their reliability in remote settings. Competition intensified with entries from major players, including Epson's HX-20 in 1982, an early laptop hybrid featuring a built-in printer and expandable up to 32KB, which blurred lines between pocket and portable computing. Texas Instruments contributed with the CC-40 in 1983, a BASIC-programmable handheld boasting 6KB and 200-hour life, aimed at technical users. remained dominant, but this influx spurred innovation and market saturation.

Decline and Transition (late 1980s–1990s)

By the late 1980s, the pocket computer market experienced a significant decline primarily due to the emergence of more versatile and affordable alternatives. IBM PC-compatible laptops, which saw dramatic price reductions throughout the decade—from around $3,000 in the early 1980s to under $1,000 by the early 1990s—offered expanded processing power, larger storage, and software compatibility that pocket computers could not match. Advanced graphing and scientific calculators, such as those from and , further eroded the market by providing programmable features and complex computations at lower price points, often under $100. Meanwhile, pocket computers maintained relatively high costs, typically ranging from $100 to $300, limiting their appeal to a shrinking niche of hobbyists and professionals. The final dedicated models marked the waning of the category, with manufacturers attempting to incorporate emerging features. The Sharp PC-G800 series, released in 1988, featured a Z80-compatible processor and but struggled against broader trends. Similarly, the PV series, introduced in the late , served as a late entry by blending elements of pocket computers through optional third-party programming add-ins with (PDA) elements, including touch-sensitive screens for note-taking, scheduling, and basic data management. These devices highlighted the blurring lines between categories but failed to revive interest amid rapid technological shifts. This period also saw the transition of pocket computer concepts into palmtop organizers and early PDAs, influenced by innovations like the Psion Organiser launched in 1986. The Psion Organiser introduced compact, keyboard-based palmtops with database and programming capabilities, paving the way for devices emphasizing organization over general computing. Subsequent models shifted toward graphical user interfaces and touch input, as seen in Windows CE-based palmtops like the Philips Velo 1 in 1997, which prioritized pen-based interaction and connectivity. By 2000, the pocket computer era had effectively ended, with its functions absorbed into the burgeoning markets for smartphones and tablets. The rise of multifunctional mobile devices, enabled by compact microprocessors like the series from 1985 onward, integrated computing, communication, and features into a single .

Design and Technology

Hardware Components

Pocket computers from the 1980s typically featured simple, low-power processors to balance portability and functionality. These devices commonly used 4-bit or 8-bit central processing units (CPUs), such as dual 4-bit large-scale integration (LSI) chips like the SC43177 and SC43178, or single 8-bit processors like the SC61860. Clock speeds ranged from approximately 0.256 MHz to 2.6 MHz, enabling basic computations while conserving battery life. Some later models incorporated more capable 8-bit processors, including variants of the , though custom chips predominated for cost and size efficiency. Memory configurations emphasized compactness and affordability, with read-only memory (ROM) typically holding 8 to 64 kilobytes (KB) for firmware and a built-in BASIC interpreter. Random-access memory (RAM) was more limited, usually 1 to 32 KB, shared between program storage and data processing; for example, early units provided around 1.9 KB of usable RAM. Expansion options, such as plug-in RAM cards, allowed users to increase capacity up to 80 KB in advanced designs. Peripherals focused on essential for standalone or tethered use, including ports for recorders to load and save programs, as well as interfaces for printers and optional modems. Basic audio output was provided via simple buzzers or piezoelectric speakers for alerts and tones. Displays were monochrome displays (LCDs), often single-line with 24 characters, and keyboards offered tactile feedback through miniature or calculator-style layouts. Build quality prioritized for use, with rugged casings that weighed around 6 ounces and measured roughly 7 by 3 inches. Some models incorporated metal accents for , while others featured foldable designs to protect the screen and keys during transport. Power was supplied by standard batteries, such as four mercury cells, yielding up to 300 hours of operation.

Software and Programming Capabilities

Pocket computers primarily featured built-in interpreters of BASIC programming language variants, often derived from Microsoft BASIC, enabling users to write and execute simple programs directly on the device. For instance, the Sharp PC-1211, released in 1980, incorporated an 8K ROM-based supporting core commands such as LET for variable assignment, for output, and GOSUB for including loops and subroutines, and INPUT for user I/O, along with support for up to five levels of subroutine nesting. These variants emphasized with alpha-labeled lines and single-keystroke editing for efficiency on compact keyboards. The operating environment consisted of minimalist interpreters without multitasking or graphical user interfaces, operating in dual modes: a RUN mode for calculator-like computations and immediate execution, and a PROG or WRITE mode for entering and editing programs. Built-in functions covered essential (e.g., , , among 15 functions), string manipulation (limited to 8 characters in early models), and basic file handling via cassette interfaces for program storage and loading. Later models like the Sharp PC-1500 extended this with enhanced commands for communications and , while maintaining the interpreter's focus on real-time execution without an underlying . Development occurred primarily on-device, with line-by-line editing and immediate testing in PROG mode, supported by debugging tools such as the / commands for trace mode, which displayed line numbers during step-by-step execution to aid . External development tools were uncommon in early models but emerged later, such as the Compiler (SBC) for the PC-1250 series, allowing code compilation on larger systems with features like #INCLUDE directives for . Machine language access via PEEK, POKE, and CALL was available in select advanced models like the Tandy PC-2 but absent in most implementations to simplify the . Program sizes were strictly limited by available , often tokenized to optimize space—for example, the Tandy PC-1 (rebadged PC-1211) provided 1,424 bytes free for user programs within its 1.9 KB total , capping effective code at around 1,424 steps including 48 reserved for system use. These constraints prioritized concise, efficient for tasks like calculations and , with variables limited to 26 alphanumeric (A-Z) plus arrays for extended storage.

Notable Models and Manufacturers

Major Manufacturers

emerged as a pioneer in the pocket computer with its PC-12xx series, launching the PC-1211 in 1980 as one of the first commercially successful models featuring a built-in . The company emphasized innovation in programming capabilities and expandability, integrating structured and developing peripherals such as printers (e.g., CE-122) and RAM expansion cards to enhance functionality for users. dominated the and achieved significant global influence through these advancements, positioning pocket computers as accessible tools for personal and professional computing. Casio focused on producing affordable pocket computers, exemplified by models like the PB-200 and PB-110 released in the early , which incorporated at lower price points to broaden accessibility. These devices emphasized integrated features for storing contacts and notes, alongside scientific calculation functions inherited from Casio's lineup, making them suitable for quick reference and computation tasks. Casio targeted the sector strongly, leveraging the programmable nature of its pocket computers to support learning in and basic programming, which helped establish a foothold in schools and among students. Tandy Corporation, through its Radio Shack retail chain, played a pivotal role in U.S. distribution by rebadging and selling and models under the Pocket Computer line, from the PC-1 ( PC-1211) in 1980 to the PC-8 ( PC-1246) in 1987. This strategy allowed Tandy to offer a range of options without developing hardware in-house, bundling accessories like packs, printers, and cassette interfaces to appeal to hobbyists and professionals. As the leading distributor in the American market, Tandy's approach made pocket computers more visible and supported their adoption through widespread retail availability and promotional materials. Other manufacturers contributed more modestly to the pocket computer landscape. made a brief entry with the CC-40 in 1983, a BASIC-programmable handheld aimed at portability for and programming but limited by underdeveloped peripherals and short market lifespan. entered the market with handheld computers like the HP-75C in 1982, featuring programmability, a magnetic , and HP-IL interface for peripherals, targeted at professionals in and . The HP-71B, released in 1984, offered improved , 22 KB of , and expandability via modules, emphasizing ruggedness and capabilities.

Iconic Models

The Sharp PC-1211, introduced in 1980, is widely regarded as the first true pocket computer, featuring programmability in a compact . It included a 24-character alphanumeric LCD display, approximately 2 KB of (1,920 bytes total, with 1,424 bytes available for user programs), and retailed for $229 . This model pioneered the integration of full computing capabilities into a handheld device small enough for a shirt pocket, emphasizing portability without sacrificing basic computational power. The Tandy PC-2, released in 1983, advanced pocket computing with enhanced display and connectivity options. It boasted a 24-character by 4-line LCD display for improved readability of programs and outputs, 16 KB of standard (expandable to 32 KB), and support for an external via the CE-158 , enabling connections to early online services like . Priced at $279.95 upon launch (dropping to $199.95 the following year), it gained popularity among users for its communication features, bridging personal computing with in a portable package. The PB-100, launched in 1983, exemplified compact and budget-friendly design in pocket computers. It featured a 12-character LCD display with a 4-digit indicator, 1.9 KB of (with 544 bytes initially available for programs, expandable to 2 KB via an optional module), and was priced at approximately $180, making it accessible for hobbyists and students. Its slim profile and simple QWERTY-style keyboard prioritized ease of use for basic programming tasks, setting a standard for affordable entry-level devices in the category. The PC-1401, introduced in , offered sophisticated features tailored for professional applications. It included a 24-character by 4-line LCD display, 4 KB of , and built-in and clock functions for time-sensitive computations. Retailing around $279, this model combined precision with programmable capabilities, including 59 pre-programmed functions, making it particularly advanced for on-the-go financial and engineering tasks.

Impact and Legacy

Applications and Usage

Pocket computers served as versatile professional tools in the 1980s, particularly for engineers performing field calculations and data logging. Specialized programs enabled computations for (HVAC) design, as well as for positioning. In healthcare settings, they supported nutritional monitoring for patients and environmental , such as pollen counts in field studies. Business travelers used them for practical tasks like expense tracking and real-time tax calculations with applications such as PocketTax. In educational contexts, pocket computers facilitated hands-on learning in and during the 1980s. Students wrote simple programs in to create games and simulations, fostering early coding skills. Teachers incorporated them into curricula for diverse levels, from basic to , allowing individualized instruction in mixed-ability classrooms. These devices proved cost-effective for schools, as highlighted in educational literature emphasizing their role in budget-conscious programming . Hobbyists embraced pocket computers for creative pursuits, developing to extend their functionality beyond standard uses. Enthusiasts created text-based adventure games and utility programs, such as unit converters or simple plotting tools for generating scenery. User communities, including the Users Club, exchanged these programs through magazines and meetings, promoting a vibrant scene of amateur development. Despite their utility, pocket computers faced practical limitations that shaped their everyday application. Early models lacked integrated networking, requiring optional modems—like those introduced with the Sharp PC-5000 in —for any data connectivity. Programming and usage depended almost entirely on printed manuals, as digital resources and online support were not yet available.

Influence on Modern Devices

Pocket computers of the 1980s laid foundational concepts for portable computing that directly influenced the development of personal digital assistants (PDAs) such as Apple's Newton MessagePad and the . These early devices introduced compact form factors, basic data management tools like address books and schedulers, and the idea of on-the-go computation, transitioning from programmable calculators to more versatile handheld systems. Early portable computers building on these ideas, such as the (1983), combined a full , , and built-in for remote connectivity, prefiguring PDA features for personal organization and wireless communication. The elements of pocket computers, particularly their keyboards and compact input methods, inspired later mobile devices emphasizing efficient text entry. Devices like the Tandy TRS-80 Pocket Computer (1980) featured full layouts in a handheld size, a design choice echoed in BlackBerry's physical keyboards, which prioritized productivity for and messaging on mobile platforms. Additionally, the simplicity of on these pocket computers—allowing users to write and run custom programs with minimal syntax—foreshadowed the accessible app development ecosystems in early PDAs and smartphones, where straightforward scripting enabled personalization without deep expertise. In contemporary times, pocket computers have fostered collectibility and revival efforts through emulation software and dedicated retro communities. Emulators such as replicate the functionality of models like the Sharp PC-1211 and Casio PB-100 on modern devices, preserving original programs and interfaces for enthusiasts. Online forums and collector groups, including those on the HP Museum, actively share software archives, hardware restorations, and discussions, sustaining interest in these devices as cultural artifacts of early . Recent efforts as of 2025 include hardware modifications, such as power upgrades for vintage models, extending their practical usability. The emphasis on low-power, embedded processing and dedicated tasks in pocket computers parallels the compact controllers in modern (IoT) sensors and gateways. Overall, pocket computers democratized programming for non-experts by embedding accessible BASIC interpreters in affordable, portable hardware, a legacy that anticipated the user-friendly coding tools in today's mobile and embedded technologies. This shift empowered hobbyists and professionals alike, paving the way for widespread adoption of intuitive software creation in smartphones and ecosystems.

References

  1. [1]
    A History of Pocket Computers 1980–2000
    **Summary of https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9040018:**
  2. [2]
    From Desktops to Handhelds - CHM Revolution
    Tandy Pocket Computer PC-8 ... This Sharp-designed “computer” improved on programmable calculators by having a full keyboard and the BASIC programming language.
  3. [3]
    [PDF] A History of Pocket Computers 1980-2000
    Nov 2, 2019 · Abstract - Pocket computers are a category of personal computer. A complete computer system in a small battery powered package that slips in ...
  4. [4]
    TRS-80 Pocket Computer PC-1
    The TRS-80 PC-1 is the first BASIC-programmable pocket-sized computer; it is actually the Sharp PC-1211, sold by Radio Shack in the US. The pocket computer ...
  5. [5]
    Ira Goldklang's TRS-80 Revived Site: Pocket Computers
    An automatic power-off feature saves battery life if no entry is made after 7 minutes. Programs and data are saved in permanent memory for instant recall. The ...
  6. [6]
    DAVES OLD COMPUTERS - TRS-80 Pocket Computer
    It features a Sharp LH5801 processor with 3.5k of internal RAM (16k could be added as a module), 66 key keyboard and 1x26 LCD display (graphic capable). The ...
  7. [7]
    Sharp PC-1211 - Datamath Calculator Museum
    Jan 23, 2021 · Sharp Corporation introduced in June 1980 with the PC-1211 (and its sibling PC-1210) the World's first Pocket Computer with BASIC programmability.
  8. [8]
    Electronic Calculators—Handheld
    Over the course of the 1970s, handheld electronic calculators transformed the way tens of millions of people did arithmetic.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
  9. [9]
    From Pocket Computers to Palmtops: An Early History of Mobile ...
    Sep 28, 2019 · The Tandy Pocket Computer PC-1, a rebranding of the Sharp PC-1211. Released in 1980, it was an advancement over previous 'programmable calculators'.Missing: definition key
  10. [10]
    10 Tiny PCs of the 1980s | PCMag
    May 12, 2017 · In 1980, RadioShack released the world's first hand-held portable PC, the TRS-80 Pocket Computer. It included a 24-character LCD display, a full ...
  11. [11]
    History of portable computers – 1977 to 1981 - Cots
    The Sharp PC-1211 was also sold as the TRS-80 pocket computer. The VIC–20 is ... Osborne 1, IBM PC. Osborne 1 - with the world's worst display! 1981.
  12. [12]
    Electronic Calculators—Handheld
    **Summary of Evolution from Handheld Calculators to Programmable Ones and Influence on Pocket Computers (1970s-1980s):**
  13. [13]
    Sharp PC1211/Tandy TRS80 PC1 - Vintage Calculators
    The Sharp PC-1211 (also sold by Radio Shack/Tandy as the TRS80 PC-1) and Sharp PC-1210 are similar, just differing in the amount of program memory. Sharp PC- ...
  14. [14]
    Casio PB-100 - IT History Society
    Casio PB-100 was introduced in 1982 and is one of the first and simplest of the Casio pocket computer line.In 1983, the PB-100 was also released by Tandy Radio ...
  15. [15]
    Tandy! Pocket! Mania! @ Floodgap Retrobits
    Feb 10, 2024 · The first of the Casio derivatives was the ultra-low-end 1983 Pocket Computer PC-4, based on the Casio PB-100. Although hobbled by a 4-bit CPU ...
  16. [16]
    The TRS-80 Pocket Computer
    The Pocket Computer was powered by four PX675 mercury batteries which provided 300 hours of use. The biggest selling point of the Pocket Computer was the built- ...
  17. [17]
    Sharp's computers
    Centronic and RS-232 interface. CE-162E. Centronic interface. CE-130T. RS232 interface. CE-140T. RS232 interface. CE-315L. RS232 cable. CE-515L. RS232 cable. CE ...Missing: peripherals | Show results with:peripherals
  18. [18]
    HX-20 | About - Seiko Epson Corporation
    The world's first hand-held computer, the HX-20 (called the HC-20 in Japan), was created by bringing together Epson's core technologies.Missing: Texas Instruments 40 pocket
  19. [19]
    Texas Instruments "Compact Computer" CC-40
    Mar 7, 2022 · The CC-40 was a handheld, portable computer, which could be programmed in the BASIC programming language, very similar to their older TI-99/4A Home Computer ...
  20. [20]
    1982 vs. 2022: Has Technology Really Become More Affordable?
    Jun 15, 2022 · Computer and printer prices plummeted throughout the '80s and '90s, and PC storage continues to be cheaper and faster every year. But some of ...
  21. [21]
    How the IBM PC Won, Then Lost, the Personal Computer Market
    Jul 21, 2021 · As the PC market matured, the gold rush of the late 1970s and early 1980s gave way to a more stable market. A large software industry grew ...
  22. [22]
    Electronic Calculators—Handheld | Smithsonian Institution
    A few calculators were programmable, offering an alternative to large computers and to the microcomputers introduced in the same decade. Like microcomputers ...
  23. [23]
    Difference between pocket computer and programmable calculator?
    Sep 7, 2022 · The only real difference between pocket calculators and pocket computers is the presence of dedicated keys for trigonometric calculations.
  24. [24]
    http://www.trs-80.com/sub-models-pocket.htm
  25. [25]
    A emulator of sharp pocket computer PC-G8XX - GitHub
    A emulator of sharp pocket computer PC-G8XX. Contribute to FreeBlues/sharp-pc-g800a development by creating an account on GitHub.
  26. [26]
    Pocket Viewer - Wikipedia
    Pocket Viewer (Casio PV) was a model range of personal digital assistants (PDAs) developed by Casio around the turn of the 21st Century.Description · Models · Technical details
  27. [27]
    Psion Organiser 1 - PDA - The Centre for Computing History
    The Psion Organiser was the brand name of a range of pocket computer developed by the British company Psion in the 1980s.
  28. [28]
    A computer in your pocket: The rise of smartphones | Science Museum
    Nov 13, 2018 · Find out how increasingly compact microprocessors have transformed mobile phones since the 1990s and led to the rise of smartphones.<|control11|><|separator|>
  29. [29]
    A Computer In Your Pocket, 1980s Style | Hackaday
    Jan 22, 2021 · For under $200, you got a 4-line display, with each line having 20 characters. But it also had some graphic capabilities. You could even get an ...<|control11|><|separator|>
  30. [30]
    [PDF] Sharp PC-1500 Instruction manual - PockEmul
    The form of the instruction for initiating the- Trace mode is simply: TRON. The TRON instruction may be issued as a command {in RUN mode) or it may be embedded ...
  31. [31]
    CAP-X and COMP-X: how the Tandy Pocket Computers got a sucky ...
    Feb 10, 2024 · All of these machines had exactly the same form factor and LCD with mostly the same onboard software and keyboard, differing only in Data Bank ...
  32. [32]
    Casio PB-110 - The Centre for Computing History
    The Casio PB-110 is a pocket computer that was released in 1983 as a follow-up to the PB-100. It is a BASIC-programmable computer with a 10 programme capacity.
  33. [33]
    The Sharp PC-1211 computer
    The Sharp PC-1211 computer ; RAM (total). : 1,920 bytes ; RAM available. : 1,424 bytes ; ROM. : ? ; CPU. : VLSI specific ; Text screen. : 1 line of 24 characters.
  34. [34]
    The TRS-80 Pocket Computer 2
    The PC-2 cost $279.95 when it was introduced in 1982, but that price dropped to $199.95 by the following year. It was the only Pocket Computer that had speed ...
  35. [35]
    TPM: Tandy Radio Shack Pocket Computer PC-2 - Floodgap
    Tandy Radio Shack Pocket Computer PC-2. Introduced 1982. Originated as Sharp PC-1500. CPU: LH5801 (CMOS 8-bit) @ 1.3MHz. LCD: 24 character, ...
  36. [36]
    Casio PB-100 - Retro-Electronic 1980-99
    Casio PB-100 ; KEYBOARD · 53 keys with numeric keypad ; CPU · HD61913 CMOS VLSI ; SPEED · 455 kHz ; RAM · 1 KB (544 bytes for Basic programs) up to 2 KB ; ROM · 12 KB
  37. [37]
    Casio PB-100 - Thimet
    Programmable, Yes, BASIC. Up to 10 programs can be stored. ; Performance Index, - ; Memory, 1.9k RAM built in (544 steps, one step per byte), optional OR-1 Memory ...<|separator|>
  38. [38]
    CASIO PB-100 - Ernst Mulder's Calculator Museum
    Brand: CASIO. Model: PB-100. Type: BASIC-programmable Pocket Computer. Picture: CASIO PB-100. Batteries: CR 2032 x 2. Lifetime: Introduced: 1982Missing: 1980 history microprocessor
  39. [39]
    Computer - Wrabetz
    SHARP. Sharp PC-1211. Sharp PC-1211. Sharp PC-1210/1211 was the first Sharp Pocket-Computer. First Sharp Pocket-Computer. SC43177(8) 4bit,256khz. Sharp-Basic.
  40. [40]
    Sharp PC-1401 - Datamath Calculator Museum
    Jan 23, 2021 · Precision: 12, Integrated circuits: CPU: SC61860S ROM: SC613256 RAM: 2*HM6116 DISPLAY: tbd ; Memories: 4.2k RAM, 40k ROM.
  41. [41]
    The Evolution of Handheld Technology (And What It Means ... - Brafton
    Apr 26, 2023 · It could read programs built in the BASIC programming language, which put it well ahead of common programmable mobile computers of the time. It ...
  42. [42]
    Timeline: Evolution of the Mobile Phone Keyboard | Timetoast
    RIM's Blackberry 5810 was the first Blackberry to incorporate a mobile phone. The QWERTY keyboard was a large as its large screen, allowing for easier keying ...
  43. [43]
    BASIC's 60th anniversary reminds us of the language ... - TechSpot
    May 2, 2024 · BASIC's 60th anniversary reminds us of the language that democratized programming, as AI threatens to automate coding. The language that paved ...
  44. [44]
    https://hackaday.com/2025/01/31/ancient-pocket-computer-gets-a-usb-c-upgrade/
  45. [45]
    Sharp PC-1211/TRS-80 PC-1 Software
    Mar 14, 2021 · I'm looking for BASIC programs that will run on Sharp PC-1211/TRS-80 PC-1 pocket computers. I had one back in the 80s and recently acquired one.Missing: commands | Show results with:commands
  46. [46]
    Embedded Computers – Features, Uses, & Trends - AAEON
    Embedded computers serve as fundamental building blocks for Internet of Things (IoT) devices and are critical to enabling connectivity, data processing, and ...Missing: precursors | Show results with:precursors