Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

Pome

A pome is a type of accessory fruit produced by flowering plants in the subtribe Malinae of the rose family (Rosaceae), featuring an edible fleshy outer layer derived from the hypanthium surrounding a tough, central core that contains the seeds enclosed in carpels.^[1]^[2]^[3] Prominent examples include the apple (Malus domestica), pear (Pyrus communis), and quince (Cydonia oblonga).^[4] Botanically, pomes are classified as false or accessory fruits because the bulk of the edible tissue develops from the receptacle (hypanthium)—the fused bases of the sepals, petals, and stamens—rather than solely from the ovary.^[5] The true fruit within consists of an inferior ovary forming five united carpels that create a papery or leathery core, typically enclosing five to ten seeds in a capsule-like structure.^[1] These fruits are indehiscent, meaning they do not split open at maturity to release seeds, and the plants bearing them are deciduous trees or shrubs adapted to temperate climates, requiring a chilling period for proper flowering and fruit set.^[6] Pome fruits hold substantial economic importance as major horticultural crops, with apples being the most widely cultivated and produced, accounting for a significant share of global fruit output.^[7] In the 2024/25 marketing year, world apple production is estimated at 84 million metric tons, led by China, followed by the European Union, the United States, Turkey, and Poland.^[8] Pear production for the same period totals approximately 25.9 million metric tons, with China again dominating output.^[8] These fruits are valued for fresh consumption, processing into juices, ciders, brandies, and dried products, and contribute billions to agricultural economies while providing nutritional benefits such as dietary fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants.^[9]

Definition and Etymology

Botanical Definition

A pome is defined in botany as a type of accessory fruit produced by flowering plants in the subtribe Malinae of the family Rosaceae, in which the bulk of the fruit develops from the hypanthium—a fleshy receptacle that fuses with and surrounds the true fruit formed from the pericarp of the ovary.^[10] This structure arises from flowers with an inferior ovary, where the ovary is positioned below the attachment points of other floral parts, leading to the hypanthium's expansion into the edible outer layer.^[11] The true fruit within consists of a papery or cartilaginous endocarp enclosing the seeds, distinguishing pomes from other fruit types by their composite origin involving both ovarian and receptacular tissues.^[12] Key distinguishing features of a pome include its central core, which houses multiple seeds embedded in the true fruit's pericarp, surrounded by the thickened, fleshy hypanthium that forms the primary edible portion.^[13] The inferior ovary position ensures that the hypanthium adheres closely to the ovary wall during development, resulting in a unified fruit body where the core is separated from the outer flesh by a distinct boundary.^[14] Unlike true fruits, which develop exclusively from the ovary (such as berries, where the entire pericarp is fleshy and encloses multiple seeds without accessory tissue, or drupes, featuring a single seed in a stony endocarp surrounded by fleshy mesocarp and exocarp), a pome qualifies as a pseudocarp or false fruit due to its significant non-ovarian contribution.^[15] This accessory nature highlights pomes' evolutionary adaptation within Rosaceae for seed dispersal via animal consumption of the hypanthial flesh.^[10] The botanical recognition of pomes emerged in systematic botany during the 18th and 19th centuries, as Linnaean classifiers integrated such fruits into the taxonomic framework of Rosaceae, distinguishing them from other dehiscent or dry fruit types based on their fleshy, hypanthium-derived morphology.^[16] Early descriptions emphasized the pome's role in genera like those producing apples, aiding in the delineation of subfamily boundaries amid evolving classifications of the rose family.^[17]

Etymology

The term "pome" derives from the Latin pōmum, which denoted "fruit" in general or specifically an "apple" and was employed broadly in classical texts to refer to tree-borne fruits.^[18]^[4] This Latin root entered Old French as pome by the 12th century, signifying an apple, before passing into Middle English around the late 14th or early 15th century, where it initially described apples or apple-shaped objects.^[18]^[4] In medieval herbals and manuscripts, derivatives like poma appeared in descriptions of apple-like fruits used for medicinal purposes, reflecting the term's early association with edible tree fruits in European textual traditions.^[20] By the 19th century, "pome" had specialized in botanical contexts to denote a distinct fruit type, standardized in taxonomic classifications such as those developed by Augustin Pyramus de Candolle, who incorporated it into systematic descriptions of Rosaceae family structures.^[21] This evolution paralleled the rise of related terminology, including "pomology," the scientific study of fruit cultivation, coined from Latin pōmum combined with Greek -logia (study).

Structure and Morphology

External Morphology

Pomes are characterized by a distinctive external form, generally appearing as rounded or slightly oblong structures in species like apples (Malus domestica), while pear-shaped in others like pears (Pyrus communis). Their size typically ranges from 2 to 10 cm in diameter, varying by cultivar and environmental conditions, which influences overall fruit mass and market appeal. The tough outer skin, or exocarp, forms a protective barrier composed of epidermal and hypodermal layers overlaid with a waxy cuticle that reduces water loss and deters microbial invasion.^[22]^[23] Key surface features include the persistent calyx remnant at the blossom end (base) of the fruit, which arises from the floral structure and often remains visible as a star-shaped scar, and the stem attachment scar at the opposite (proximal) end where the peduncle connected during development. Lenticels, small raised pores scattered across the skin, facilitate gas exchange, while a natural wax bloom—varying from upright platelets to amorphous coatings depending on cultivar—contributes to the fruit's sheen and further impermeability. These elements not only aid in physiological functions but also enhance durability during handling and transport.^[23]^[23] Color and texture of the exocarp exhibit wide variation to support ecological roles, ranging from green and yellow to red or purple hues that attract animal dispersers such as birds and mammals for seed dissemination. Textures can be smooth and glossy, as in many commercial apple varieties, or russeted—rough and brownish—due to corky lenticel proliferation, which may occur in response to environmental factors like humidity. Post-fertilization, the hypanthium, an expanded floral receptacle, develops into the fleshy external tissue surrounding the core, integrating seamlessly with the exocarp to form the mature fruit's protective and edible outer layer.^[23]^[1]^[23]

Internal Anatomy

The internal anatomy of a pome reveals its nature as an accessory fruit, where the edible fleshy portion primarily derives from the hypanthium—a fused receptacle of floral tissues—rather than solely from the ovary wall. This outer layer, analogous to a mesocarp, consists largely of parenchyma cells that store sugars, organic acids, and water, contributing to the fruit's edibility and palatability. These thin-walled parenchyma cells, typically 50–500 µm in diameter, are loosely arranged with intercellular spaces occupying 20–30% of the tissue volume, facilitating gas exchange and texture.^[14]^[24] At the center lies the core, formed by the true fruit tissues from the inferior ovary, including the endocarp that encases the seeds in a cartilaginous or stony matrix. This endocarp, derived from five fused carpels, typically embeds 1-2 seeds per carpel, for a total of 5-10 seeds arranged in locules lined with protective sclereids—specialized sclerenchyma cells that provide mechanical support and deter herbivory. In species like pears (Pyrus), these brachysclereids are abundant and irregular, forming dense clusters (over 50 per equatorial cross-section) measuring 40–80 µm in length with lumens of 10–51 µm, while apples (Malus) feature smaller groups of 75–360 µm. Vascular bundles, including median and lateral carpellary traces, supply the core and converge centrally, ensuring nutrient distribution to developing seeds.^[10]^[25] Histological cross-sections clearly delineate the accessory hypanthium from the pericarp, with the endocarp's sclereid-lined walls separating the fleshy exterior from the seed-bearing interior; the middle lamella between parenchyma cells, composed of pectic substances, maintains structural integrity until ripening-induced softening. Seeds within the core are dispersed primarily through animal ingestion, where the leathery endocarp resists digestion while the attractive flesh encourages consumption, or via fruit decay exposing seeds to soil.^[25]^[24]^[26]

Taxonomy and Development

Taxonomic Classification

Pomes are a type of accessory fruit exclusive to the subtribe Malinae within the tribe Maleae of the subfamily Amygdaloideae in the family Rosaceae.^[27] This placement reflects the monophyletic nature of Malinae, supported by molecular phylogenetic analyses that confirm the subtribe's distinct lineage characterized by pome development.^[28] The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of Maleae is estimated to have originated approximately 54 million years ago during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, marking the evolutionary emergence of pome-bearing traits amid rising global temperatures.^[29] Key genera within Malinae include Malus (encompassing apples), Pyrus (pears), and Cydonia (quinces), which exemplify the subtribe's diversity while sharing the defining pome structure.^[27] These genera form a cohesive monophyletic group, as evidenced by chloroplast and nuclear DNA phylogenies that resolve their relationships and highlight the subtribe's radiation in the Northern Hemisphere.^[28] Evolutionary adaptations in Malinae center on the development of the hypanthium—a fleshy, cup-shaped receptacle that encloses and protects the true fruit (central core derived from the carpels)—facilitating seed dispersal in temperate climates through animal-mediated consumption.^[30] This contrasts with other Rosaceae fruits, such as the drupes of the related subfamily Prunoideae, which derive fleshiness primarily from the pericarp rather than accessory tissues.^[29] The fossil record underscores the diversification of pomes, with the pome-producing clade beginning to expand in the early Oligocene, as indicated by genetic and paleobotanical evidence from Northern Hemisphere deposits.^[31] These early fossils suggest that pomes evolved as an adaptation to post-Eocene cooling, enhancing survival and dispersal in seasonal temperate environments, though direct pome remains remain sparse compared to other Rosaceae fruit types.^[30]

Fruit Development

Fruit development in pomes, characteristic of the Rosaceae family, begins with pollination and fertilization of the inferior ovary within the flower. Pollination delivers pollen to the stigma, enabling pollen tube growth to the ovules, where double fertilization occurs: one sperm nucleus fuses with the egg to form the embryo, while the other combines with central cells to produce the endosperm, initiating seed development and signaling fruit set.^[32] This process triggers the transformation of the floral structures into the mature pome, with the ovary embedded in the receptacle tissue.^[30] The ontogeny of the pome involves the development of both true fruit and accessory tissues. The true fruit, derived from the pericarp of the inferior ovary, forms the internal core or papery endocarp enclosing the seeds, while the accessory tissue originates from the enlargement of the hypanthium—a cup-shaped receptacle surrounding the ovary—that develops into the fleshy outer layer.^[32]^[30] Early growth is dominated by cell division in the hypanthium for 3-4 weeks post-pollination, followed by a prolonged phase of cell expansion peaking around 40-60 days after full bloom (DAFB), which determines the final fruit size.^[32] Hormonal regulation is crucial, with auxins promoting initial cell division and elongation, and gibberellins enhancing expansion and overall fruit growth; for instance, gibberellins from pollen stimulate auxin production in the ovary to activate fruit set.^[33]^[34] As the pome matures, physiological changes prepare it for dispersal, including the accumulation of soluble sugars and pigments in the hypanthium tissue, which contribute to flavor and color development.^[35] The calyx often abscises during this phase, detaching from the fruit base as senescence progresses.^[36] Environmental factors, particularly temperature during early development, significantly influence fruit size by modulating cell expansion rates; optimal temperatures promote larger fruits, while extremes can limit growth.^[32] Post-harvest, pome fruits like those in Rosaceae undergo ripening as climacteric types, marked by a burst in ethylene production that coordinates softening of the flesh through cell wall degradation and increased respiration.^[37] Ethylene induces expression of genes involved in texture changes, leading to loss of firmness, while also influencing pigment shifts and sugar metabolism to enhance palatability.^[38] These processes can continue after harvest, affecting storage quality unless controlled by low temperatures or ethylene inhibitors.^[37]

Examples and Variations

Common Examples

The apple (Malus domestica) is a quintessential pome fruit and a global agricultural staple, widely cultivated for its versatility in fresh consumption, culinary applications, and cider production.^[39] Its structure features a central core containing five carpels enclosing the seeds, surrounded by fleshy tissue derived from the hypanthium.^[40] The pear (Pyrus communis), another prominent pome, is distinguished by its characteristic elongated, teardrop shape and flesh that often exhibits a gritty texture due to embedded stone cells (sclereids).^[41] This species encompasses European varieties, known for their soft, juicy ripening, as well as hybrids with Asian pears (Pyrus spp.) that offer firmer textures.^[42] Quince (Cydonia oblonga) represents a smaller, hard-textured pome with bright yellow skin at maturity and a strong aromatic profile, typically unsuitable for raw eating due to its astringency and toughness, but valued in cooked forms like jams and compotes.^[43] Its fruit measures 3 to 5 inches long, resembling a cross between an apple and pear in form.^[44] These examples share origins in temperate climates of the Northern Hemisphere and grow on perennial deciduous trees or large shrubs, thriving in regions with distinct seasonal changes.^[45]^[46] Pomes, as accessory fruits characteristic of the subtribe Malinae (formerly Pyrinae) in tribe Maleae of the Rosaceae family, display considerable structural variation across genera and species, reflecting adaptations for seed dispersal and environmental pressures.^[47] These variations primarily involve the hypanthium (the enlarged floral tube forming the fleshy pericarp), the embedded carpels, and associated tissues such as sclereids (stone cells) and the endocarp. For instance, the number of carpels can range from two to five or more, with varying degrees of connation (fusion between carpels) and adnation (fusion of ovaries to the hypanthium), influencing the core's configuration and overall fruit symmetry.^[48] In Malus species (apples), fruits often exhibit heteromorphic structures, with irregular carpel arrangements and diverse sclereid distributions that contribute to texture differences, while Sorbus (mountain ash) shows clustered variations between simple- and compound-leaved groups, including differences in core texture from leathery to papery.^[48] Further structural diversity appears in the calyx lobes at the fruit's distal end, which may be retained, deciduous, or variably oriented, and in the flesh's parenchyma heterogeneity, affecting edibility and ripening. Sclereid density varies significantly; for example, high concentrations in Pyrus (pears) create gritty textures, whereas Cydonia (quince) features denser, tougher sclereid layers for durability. The ancestral pome is reconstructed as having five carpels with minimal connation and adnation, two ovules per carpel, and a leathery core, with evolutionary shifts toward fleshy, frugivore-dispersed forms linked to chromosomal reductions in Malinae.^[48] These traits underscore pomes' role in dispersal, with variations enhancing palatability or protection.^[49] Related structures in Rosaceae extend beyond true pomes to other fleshy and dry fruit types, highlighting the family's morphological diversity. Pomes contrast with drupes of the Amygdaloideae (formerly Prunoideae) subfamily, such as cherries (Prunus avium), which feature a single stony endocarp enclosing one seed rather than a multi-seeded core.^[50] Aggregate fruits in Rosoideae, like raspberries (Rubus idaeus), form from multiple ovaries on a single receptacle, lacking the unified hypanthium of pomes.^[50] Additionally, achenes (small, dry indehiscent fruits) and follicles appear in Spiraeoideae, while accessory fruits like strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) involve enlarged receptacles without a prominent core. Fleshy pomes, drupes, and drupetums (fleshy aggregates of drupelets) evolved independently from dry ancestral states in Rosaceae, with pomes uniquely deriving from inferior ovaries fully enclosed by hypanthial tissue.^[51]^[49] This spectrum of structures supports the family's ecological success, with pomes representing a specialized accessory fruit type adapted for temperate climates.^[50]

References

[1]
Pome - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
A pome is defined as a fleshy fruit characterized by an outer thickened fleshy layer and a central core containing usually five seeds enclosed in a capsule, ...
[2]
What Are Pomes? - The Spruce Eats
Sep 22, 2022 · Like strawberries and figs, pomes are accessory fruits: Their edible flesh forms not only from the ovary but from other parts of the flower.Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
[3]
Pome - Master Gardeners of Northern Virginia
pome [ pohm ] noun: an accessory fruit with fleshy receptacle tissue (hypanthium) surrounding a tough core (inferior ovary) containing the seeds.
[4]
POME Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Oct 10, 2025 · The meaning of POME is a fleshy fruit (such as an apple or pear) consisting of an outer thickened fleshy layer and a central core with ...
[5]
Pome - Glossary Details - The William & Lynda Steere Herbarium
The fruit of an apple is called a pome which is considered to be an accessory fruit because much of it is derived from the hypanthium.
[6]
[PDF] Pome and Stone Fruits of the Temperate Zone
Important fruit tree species and areas of production. The terms “pome” fruit and “stone” fruit describe two major groups of deciduous tree species ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[7]
Introductory Chapter: Worldwide Fruit Crops Production and Research
Oct 22, 2025 · Diversely, pome fruits (apples, pears, quinces, among others) account for 13.1% of world production. Moreover, grapes and stone fruits are ...
[8]
[PDF] Fresh Apples, Grapes, and Pears: World Markets and Trade
Dec 2, 2024 · World apple production for 2024/25 is forecast to fall nearly 350,000 tons to 84.0 million as losses in the European Union, United States, ...<|separator|>
[9]
Pome Fruits - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
A pome is a fleshy fruit consisting of an outer thickened fleshy layer and a central core with usually five seeds enclosed in a capsule (Esau, 1977).
[10]
Lecture 24 - Fruits - Daniel L. Nickrent
Oct 14, 2022 · d. Pome. Fruit type specific to Rosaceae, subfamily Maloideae (e.g. apples, Malus and pears, Pyrus). From flower with inferior ovary – hence ...
[11]
[PDF] Fruit Types and Definitions, Biology 205, Fall 2005 - UNCW
Pome: Formed from a compound pistil and inferior ovary. Hypanthium (floral tube), an accessory tissue, becomes the major fleshy part of the fruit. E.g. ...
[12]
[PDF] Chapter 3. Reproductive morphology of plants
Another fleshy fruit derived from an inferior ovary is the pome, surrounded by fleshy tissue derived from an enlarged fleshy hypanthium, as in the apple or pear ...
[13]
https://w3.biosci.utexas.edu/prc/K12/Glos.html
[14]
8.1 Fruit Morphology – The Science of Plants
One example of a fruit from this type of flower where there is accessory tissue (hypanthium) adhering to the outside of the ovary wall is the pome, examples of ...
[15]
8.1: Fruit Morphology - Biology LibreTexts
Jul 27, 2022 · A botanical fruit is the ripened ovary with seeds. The ripened ovary wall is called the pericarp, which can be dry or fleshy.
[16]
[PDF] 1 Taxonomic Classification and Brief History - CABI Digital Library
The 18th and 19th centuries saw apple culti- vars recognized and classified ... Species currently included in Malus were included in Pyrus by Linnaeus and others ...
[17]
variation in structure among fruits of maloideae (rosaceae)
Dec 1, 1991 · Fruits of Rosaceae subfamily Maloideae are known as pomes, a fruit type unique to the Maloideae. Using light microscopy we examined the pomes ...Missing: Linnaeus classification
[18]
Pome - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
Apple, from late 14c. Old French pome and Late Latin poma, means a fruit of the apple kind or an apple-shaped object. Origin reflects Latin "fruit" and ...
[19]
pomum - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
From Proto-Italic *poomos. Likely from Proto-Italic *po-emo- (“picked off”), or possibly *po-omo- or *pe-omo-.<|control11|><|separator|>
[20]
European Materia Medica in Historical Texts: Longevity of a ... - NIH
Several scholars have done research into ancient, medieval, and early modern European herbals ... Mala, poma, manzana, Pyrus malus, Malus domestica, Malus pumila ...
[21]
Pome Anatomy of Rosaceae Subfam Maloideae, with Special ... - jstor
Two anatomical features of the pome in Rosaceae subfam. Maloideae are investigated: sclereid type and epidermal structure. The large and irregular groups of ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[22]
Pome Fruits - Clovegarden
The photo specimens were the "large" size (back), typically 2.9 inches diameter and weighed 11-1/8 ounces and "small" (front) 2.9 inches diameter and weighed 5- ...
[23]
Apple Flower and Fruit: Morphology and Anatomy - ResearchGate
Aug 7, 2025 · A pome fruit is derived from an epigynous floral structure in which the floral tube (hypanthium portion adenate to the gynoecium) expands into the hypanthial ( ...
[24]
https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/foodmicrostructure/vol11/iss4/6
[25]
https://doi.org/10.2307/2992046
[26]
Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds - CU-PAC
Our attack in the lab will be to take a number of common fruits and look at the anatomy of the fruit wall and seed coats to gain a notion of how these assist ...
[27]
Refining the phylogeny and taxonomy of the apple tribe Maleae ...
May 31, 2024 · They also reclassified the pome-bearing genera (formerly known as subfamily Maloideae) into the subtribe Pyrinae (or Malinae). Despite these ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[28]
Phylogeny of Maleae (Rosaceae) Based on Multiple Chloroplast ...
Mar 19, 2018 · One of the most striking changes in the new classification is that traditional Maloideae became subtribe Malinae (incorrectly Pyrinae). Here ...
[29]
Phylogenomics insights into gene evolution, rapid species ...
Aug 3, 2023 · MADS-box gene duplication may underlie the evolution of pome fruits. We identified homologs of seven genes belonging to MADS-box gene ...
[30]
Evolution of Rosaceae Fruit Types Based on Nuclear Phylogeny in ...
Rosaceae species are classified into three subfamilies (Potter et al. 2007a), with two large ones, Rosoideae and Amygdaloideae, having ∼2000 and ∼1000 species, ...
[31]
Origins of the Apple: The Role of Megafaunal Mutualism ... - Frontiers
Large fruits in Rosaceae evolved as a seed-dispersal adaptation recruiting megafaunal mammals of the late Miocene. Genetic studies illustrate that the increase ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[32]
Cell Division Controls Final Fruit Size in Three Apple (Malus ... - MDPI
Once fertilised and having entered the fruit set stage, cells in the hypanthium will rapidly divide and expand, thus resulting in the organ's lateral growth; ...
[33]
Hormonal Regulation of Early Fruit Development in European Pear ...
Gibberellins produced by the pollen may increase auxin production in the ovary, which in turn may act as a signal for fruit set and subsequent activation of ...Missing: pome | Show results with:pome
[34]
Interplays between auxin and GA signaling coordinate early fruit ...
Jan 19, 2022 · Auxin, together with gibberellic acid (GA), promotes cell division and expansion, thereby regulating fruit development and enlargement after fertilization.Introduction · The Anatomy Of Fruit And The... · Plant Hormone Function In...Missing: pome | Show results with:pome<|separator|>
[35]
Chapter 11 - Fruit growth, ripening and post-harvest physiology
During ripening fruit become soft textured, and accumulate soluble sugars, pigments and aroma volatiles. Eventually fruit will become over-ripe, cell ...
[36]
Long Term Exposure to Low Ethylene and Storage Temperatures ...
Jan 9, 2019 · At all storage temperatures, high levels of ethylene were found to increase the level of calyx senescence, weight loss, loss of fruit firmness ...
[37]
Rosaceae Fruit Development, Ripening and Post-harvest
Jul 17, 2017 · Rosaceae is a family with an extraordinary spectrum of fruit types, including fleshy peach, apple, and strawberry that provide unique contributions to a ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[38]
FRUIT SOFTENING IN POME FRUIT - THE ROLE OF ACS GENES
It is widely believed that the onset of ethylene production during fruit ripening drives the key cellular structural changes that lead to softening. The 1- ...
[39]
Tree Fruit Crops - Aggie Horticulture
Pome fruits. apple Apples*. Apples are the most important temperate zone tree ... Diseases include quince rust, fire blight, several fruit rots, pear scab, and ...Missing: examples botanical
[40]
Parthenocarpic apple fruit production conferred by transposon ... - NIH
Normal apple flowers consist of four whorls of floral organs. There are usually five sepals, five petals, 9–20 stamens, and five carpels within an inferior ...<|separator|>
[41]
Pyrus communis - Jepson Herbarium
Fruit: pome, generally +- obovoid; flesh gritty from stone cells. Etymology: (Latin: pear) Note: Pyrus calleryana Dcne. (callery pear) possibly naturalized in ...
[42]
Growing and Producing Pears in Oklahoma - OSU Extension
The most common is the European pear, Pyrus communis, which has the typical pear shape. ... Oriental hybrids often have more stone cells and the texture can feel ...
[43]
Quince: An Autumn Fruit - Penn State Extension
Jul 5, 2023 · Quince (Cydonia oblonga) is a small deciduous tree or large shrub in the Rosaceae family. The quince fruit, called a pome, is somewhat similar ...
[44]
Quince | TreeBrowser - Utah State University Extension
Flowers/fruit: Flowers perfect, white to pink, 1-1/2" diameter, fragrant. Fruit a large pome shaped like a pear; yellow when mature; edible; 3" to 5" long; many ...Missing: botanical | Show results with:botanical
[45]
Fruits of temperate regions & discussion
A large number of our most popular fruits: apple, cherry, plum, pear, apricot, raspberry, blackberry and strawberry.
[46]
Cydonia oblonga - Oregon State Landscape Plants
Deciduous tree/shrub, rounded, 15 x 15 ft (4.5 x 4.5 m). Leaves alternate, simple, elliptic to broadly ovate, 5-10 cm, tip acute, base rounded or subcordate ...
[47]
https://phytokeys.pensoft.net/article/117481/
[48]
Evolution of Rosaceae Fruit Types Based on Nuclear Phylogeny in ...
Nov 17, 2016 · Rosaceae is a family with ∼3000 species and an extraordinary spectrum of distinct fruits, including fleshy peach, apple, and strawberry prized ...Introduction · Results and Discussion · Materials and methods · Acknowledgments<|control11|><|separator|>
[49]
[PDF] Chapter 8. Rosaceae: The rose family
In the subfamily Maloideae the ovary is inferior, completely surrounded by the overgrowth of the hypanthium, and, as a result, the fruit is a pome. 4 ...
[50]
An Atlas of Genomic Resources for Studying Rosaceae Fruits and ...
Apr 1, 2021 · Rosaceae fruits are also surprisingly diverse in morphology and fruit type, including fleshy pome, drupe, and achenetum as well as dry fruits ( ...Table 1 · Pome Fruits · Rosaceae Genome Databases