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Calyx

Calyx (''plural'' calyces or calyxes; from Latin ''calyx'', from κάλυξ (kálux) meaning "husk" or "pod") may refer to: For other uses, see below.

Biology

In botany

In , the calyx refers to the outermost whorl of floral organs in flowering plants, collectively formed by sepals that enclose and protect the developing flower . These sepals are typically green and leaf-like in appearance, resembling vegetative leaves in their structure and venation. The structure of the calyx varies among : sepals may be separate and free from one another, termed polysepalous, as seen in roses ( spp.), or fused at their bases to form a tube, known as gamosepalous, as in ( spp.). Additional variations include caducous calyces that fall off early in development, ones that shed after fertilization, persistent calyces that remain attached through maturation, and accrescent calyces that enlarge after flowering to envelop the . The primary function of the calyx is to shield the inner floral parts—such as petals, stamens, and carpels—from environmental damage during growth, while also providing to the unfolding petals upon . In certain species, it contributes to preventing by acting as a barrier or through specialized shapes, aids in by protecting developing fruits, or attracts pollinators when sepals are brightly colored. Evolutionarily, the calyx is thought to have originated from modified bracts subtending the flower, with sepals to leaves due to shared developmental genes and morphological traits across angiosperms. This is evident in differences between monocots and dicots; for instance, monocots like tulips (Tulipa spp.) often exhibit petaloid sepals that are colorful and indistinguishable from petals, forming a , whereas dicots like roses typically retain green, protective sepals. Specific examples highlight these traits: in the (Dionaea muscipula), a , the persistent calyx remains attached post-flowering, potentially aiding in overall plant protection without direct involvement in trapping. In apples (Malus domestica), the persistent calyx forms the characteristic "eye" at the fruit's blossom end, contributing to fruit structure integrity. Unlike the inner of petals, which primarily attracts pollinators, the calyx emphasizes protection and persistence in these cases.

In anatomy

In animal anatomy, a calyx refers to a cuplike division or cavity within tissues, often serving as a collecting or protective structure. The term derives from kálux, meaning "" or "," and is etymologically linked to the botanical calyx as an enveloping form, though in animals it typically denotes cuplike formations in various phyla. In the , the forms part of the collecting system, where minor calyces—typically 8 to 14 in number—surround the apices of the renal pyramids (renal papillae) to collect directly from the nephrons. Each minor calyx is a cup-shaped extension lined with , featuring fornices (thin, pointed projections along the lateral aspects that extend into the ) and draining via an , a funnel-like . Several minor calyces (usually 2 to 3) merge to form a major calyx, which in turn converges through wider infundibula into the , facilitating transport to the via peristaltic contractions of the walls. This structure ensures efficient drainage while minimizing backflow, with clinical relevance in conditions such as calyceal diverticula—congenital outpouchings of a calyx into the lined by urothelium, often harboring stones in up to 50% of cases due to —and calyceal calculi, where stones lodge in the calyx, potentially causing obstruction. Among cnidarians, the calyx describes the cuplike body of the polyp, housing the tentacles and mouth; in scleractinian corals, it forms a calcium carbonate skeletal cup (corallite) into which the polyp retracts for protection, divided by septa radiating from the center. In sea anemones and other soft-bodied anthozoans, the calyx refers to the flexible, cuplike polyp column itself, topped by an oral disc. In entoprocts, small sessile or colonial invertebrates, the body is organized into a slender stalk and a terminal calyx-shaped calyx containing most viscera, including the digestive, reproductive, and nervous systems; the calyx's free edge bears a ciliated lophophore (tentacular crown) that encircles the mouth and anus on the vestibule, generating currents for filter-feeding on plankton. In echinoderms, particularly (sea lilies), the calyx constitutes the central, cup-shaped body disk or atop the stalk, composed of rigidly interlocked ( plates) arranged in circlets that protect the soft tissues and support the branching arms (brachia) for suspension feeding; the dorsal cup encloses the mouth and digestive organs, while the upper tegmen allows food passage via ambulacral grooves. Pathologically, renal calycectasis involves of the calyces, often as a component of , where obstruction (e.g., from stones or congenital anomalies) causes upstream accumulation, leading to calyceal blunting and potential renal damage if untreated; grading systems classify severity by the extent of calyceal and pelvic , with mild cases showing minimal calycectasis and severe ones exhibiting marked distortion.

Organizations and companies

Publishing and media

CALYX, Inc. is an American non-profit feminist press founded in 1976 in , by Margarita Donnelly, Barbara Baldwin, Beth McLagan, and Meredith Jenkins, dedicated to publishing poetry, fiction, nonfiction, , and translations by women and creators. The press emerged during the second wave of as part of a broader movement of independent women's initiatives, becoming the first West Coast literary journal with an all-women editorial collective focused exclusively on women's voices. Its mission centers on amplifying underrepresented perspectives in and , particularly those of women of color, to counter historical disparities in the industry where women's works have comprised only about 25% of outputs. By 2012, CALYX had published works by over 4,000 writers and artists, contributing significantly to through its emphasis on diversity, , and themes. The press's flagship publication is the quarterly journal Calyx: A Journal of Art and Literature by Women, launched in 1976, which features , short , essays, , and reviews centered on women's experiences and creative expression. Notable contributors to the journal include influential voices in and women of color literature, such as tributes to in issues like Volume 14:3 (1993), which included memorials honoring her legacy as a Black lesbian poet and activist. The journal has earned recognition through like Pushcart Prizes and has played a key role in showcasing emerging and established talents, including Nobel laureate and American Book Award recipients like and Linda Hogan. CALYX's impact extends to broader feminist scholarship; for instance, it was among the early publishers to reproduce Kahlo's color artworks in the U.S., broadening access to women artists of color in literary contexts. Its anthologies and special issues have fostered conceptual advancements in intersectional , prioritizing narratives that explore , , and . In 1986, CALYX established its book imprint, Calyx Books, to expand distribution of full-length works by emerging authors, producing approximately 40 titles to date, including poetry collections like Who in This Room by Angela Jackson and nonfiction such as Storytelling in Cambodia by Joan Criddle. These books, often featuring authors like and , have been translated and distributed in over 20 countries, enhancing global visibility for from marginalized voices. Lambda Literary Award finalists and other honorees from the imprint underscore its influence on and women of color writing. By the 2020s, CALYX evolved to incorporate digital formats, offering online subscriptions, e-issues of the journal through its , and electronic submission portals to broaden and sustain its mission amid shifting landscapes. This adaptation has allowed continued support for underrepresented creators, with recent volumes like 35:2 (Summer/Fall 2025) available digitally while maintaining the press's commitment to print traditions.

Software and technology

CalyxOS is a privacy-focused mobile operating system based on Android, developed by the non-profit Calyx Institute and publicly launched during the organization's 2018–2019 fiscal year. It emphasizes security and user control by excluding proprietary Google applications by default and incorporating microG, an open-source implementation of Google Play Services that avoids advertising and tracking while enabling compatibility with certain apps. Additional core features include reproducible builds to verify software integrity and transparency, as well as built-in support for the Tor Browser to facilitate anonymous web access. The OS supports modern devices including the Pixel 6 to Pixel 9 series, Fairphone 4 and 5, and select Motorola models like the moto g 5G (2024), with verified boot and regular security patches where applicable; older devices such as the Pixel 4a have been discontinued. Through 2025, received multiple updates enhancing its functionality, including Android 15 integration starting in March 2025, with subsequent security updates such as in June, as well as feature improvements in April and May, such as expanded hardware compatibility for devices like models and G-series phones. However, development faced a temporary in August 2025 due to personnel changes, with over-the-air updates paused for four to six months while transitioning to new signing keys. As of November 2025, the project remains in transition following the hiatus, with a progress report on November 10 detailing ongoing work on signing and infrastructure fixes. These updates also strengthened integration for better network privacy and extended support for older hardware where still applicable. Calyx Software, founded in 1991, provides mortgage and lending software solutions tailored for banks, credit unions, and brokers, with its flagship product Calyx Point serving as a comprehensive system (LOS). Calyx Point streamlines the process from prequalification to closing, featuring pre-configured templates, automated workflows, and built-in compliance tools that adhere to regulations like the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act (RESPA). It integrates directly with Fannie Mae's Desktop Originator for seamless loan submissions and underwriting, reducing manual data entry and errors. By 2025, Calyx Software marked over 35 years of innovation with the launch of , a cloud-native offering scalable, mobile-friendly point-of-sale capabilities and customizable compliance reporting to meet evolving regulatory demands. The company expanded its portfolio with ZENLY, a cloud-based platform combining , eSignature, and origination tools, supporting over 50,000 professionals without notable acquisitions but through ongoing product enhancements. Calyx Containers, established in 2016 amid growing cannabis legalization, specializes in and preservation technologies for the , focusing on to maintain product quality from harvest onward. Its innovations include Calyx Cure pouches, which use multi-layer films to monitor and regulate humidity, , and retention in hydroponically grown flowers (calyxes), preventing degradation without manual intervention. The firm also offers end-to-end for , including weighing, filling, labeling, and bagging, designed for multi-state operators scaling post-2018 federal hemp legalization and state recreational markets. In the broader context of open-source privacy movements, CalyxOS has gained traction among activist communities for enabling secure, de-Googled , contributing to efforts against through tools like encrypted communication and . This adoption underscores Calyx Institute's role in fostering accessible technologies, with shared non-profit foundations linking to other initiatives.

Arts and entertainment

Music

Calyx is a prominent British producer and DJ, known under the alias Larry Cons, who has been active in the scene since 1998. Originally starting as a solo artist with a background in , he gained recognition for his and productions, characterized by intricate basslines, sharp percussion, and atmospheric . In 2007, Cons formed the duo Calyx & TeeBee with Norwegian producer Chris Rush (TeeBee), blending their styles to create high-energy tracks that bridged dark, rolling with deeper, melodic elements. The duo's discography includes seminal albums such as Anatomy (2007) on Valor Records, All or Nothing (2012) on , and 1x1=1 (2016) on the same label, featuring collaborations and singles that showcased their evolution from gritty club anthems to more cinematic compositions. Notable releases on include singles like "Follow the Sun" (2013 remix) and contributions to compilations, highlighting their influence in the and subgenres. Representative tracks, such as "Elevate This Sound" from 2012, exemplify their signature fusion of aggression and uplifting vocals, earning praise for pushing genre boundaries. Following the end of the duo's collaboration after 1x1=1, Calyx returned to solo work, releasing EPs and singles on labels like Critical Music and Recordings, including the 2025 EP Repercussion / Forever which maintained his roots with refined production techniques. By 2025, his solo career had solidified, with ongoing releases and a focus on live performances, such as his upcoming set at the Let It Roll festival in December 2025, where he is scheduled to deliver high-impact selections to a global audience. This shift allowed Calyx to explore personal creative directions while continuing to headline major events.

Literature and fiction

Calyx Journal CALYX: A Journal of Art and Literature by Women is a triannual literary publication founded in 1976 by the independent nonprofit CALYX Press, dedicated to nurturing creativity through works by women and creators. The journal features , short , , visual , essays, and book reviews, all previously unpublished, with submissions accepted three times a year via an online portal restricted to women and writers. Editorial guidelines emphasize diverse voices, with selections made through a blind review process by the press's staff and editorial board to ensure quality and thematic resonance. Notable issues highlight contemporary themes, such as explorations of and , though specific volumes like the Winter/Spring 2018 edition (Vol. 36:1) continue the press's commitment to amplifying underrepresented perspectives without a singular overriding focus. Over nearly five decades, CALYX has published dozens of volumes, contributing to feminist literary discourse by showcasing emerging and established artists. In Fiction In the Halo universe, Calyx appears as a Forerunner Lifeworker character in Greg Bear's The Forerunner Saga trilogy (2011–2013), specifically in [Halo: Cryptum](/page/Halo: Cryptum). As a nurse and guardian within the Forerunner Ecumene, Calyx serves aboard Installation 00, known as the Ark, where she assists the young Forerunner Bornstellar Makes Eternal Lasting upon his arrival, providing explanations of the installation's purpose and the ongoing Library Project to preserve species amid galactic threats. This role underscores themes of preservation and technological stewardship in the series' depiction of ancient alien society. Other Literature The term "calyx," drawing from its botanical meaning as a protective outer structure, has been employed symbolically in various literary works to evoke , , and , including in science fiction narratives where it represents pod-like enclosures for life forms or artifacts. While specific instances vary, such metaphors appear in anthologies and novels to parallel themes of hidden potential or , as seen in broader explorations of organic and mechanical hybrids. Recent Developments By 2025, CALYX Press has expanded its reach through CALYX Online, a digital platform hosting reviews, author excerpts, , and voices from contributors, making the journal's content more accessible amid growing interest in online literary communities. This initiative complements print editions, such as Vol. 35:2 (Summer/Fall 2025), fostering global engagement with women's literature.

Other uses

Nautical terms

No verified nautical usage of the term "calyx" was identified in .

Scientific instruments

In scientific research, —macrocyclic compounds named for their cup-shaped (calyx-like) structure—have been employed as specialized resists in electron microscopy, particularly for high-resolution and applications. Developed in the late and refined through the , these derivatives provide cup-shaped molecular scaffolds that enable precise containment and patterning of samples, including those involving volatile compounds, by encapsulating guest molecules within their cavities to prevent during preparation and observation. For instance, calixarene resists exhibit exceptional electron-beam sensitivity and contrast, achieving sub-10 features with minimal swelling or line edge roughness, which is crucial for analyzing delicate or volatile nanostructures in transmission electron microscopes (TEM) and scanning electron microscopes (). This containment property stems from the rigid, conical conformation of calixarenes, which forms inclusion complexes with volatile species, stabilizing them for microscopic examination without the need for extensive environmental controls. Early implementations in the focused on their use in for fabrication, but by the early 2000s, they extended to biological and materials samples prone to , such as thin films or solvent-based . Their non-polymeric ensures high etch resistance post-exposure, facilitating detailed of encapsulated volatiles under conditions typical of . By 2025, calyx-inspired has advanced -based sensors for fluid sampling in , where their cup-like cavities enable selective host-guest interactions for detecting analytes in liquids. These sensors, often integrated into portable probes, utilize calixarene derivatives functionalized on nanoparticles or electrodes to capture and quantify pollutants like or volatile organic compounds in water and other fluids with detection limits in the parts-per-billion range. For example, calixarene-modified electrochemical sensors have demonstrated high selectivity for ions such as Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ in real-time aquatic sampling, outperforming traditional methods in sensitivity and response time due to the tunable binding sites within the calyx structure. Such devices leverage the amphiphilic nature of calixarenes to interface with fluid media, forming stable supramolecular assemblies that enhance in optical or electrochemical readouts. Recent innovations include calixarene-embedded for microfluidic probes, which facilitate in-situ environmental analysis, reducing needs and enabling continuous in polluted waterways. These applications highlight the of calyx-shaped architectures from molecular to device levels, with ongoing research emphasizing for broader deployment in field-based scientific .

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