Por
Por is a fundamental preposition in Spanish and Portuguese, primarily denoting means, cause, duration, exchange, or passage, and often translated into English as "by," "for," "through," "per," or "because of" depending on context.[1][2] Unlike its counterpart "para," which typically indicates purpose, destination, or opinion, "por" emphasizes the process or origin of an action, such as in expressions of motion ("por la calle" for "down the street") or reason ("por eso" for "that's why").[1][3] Its versatility extends to idiomatic uses, including gratitude ("por favor" for "please"), reciprocity ("por mí" for "as far as I'm concerned"), and rates ("por hora" for "per hour"), making it essential for nuanced communication in Romance languages derived from Latin.[4][5] While straightforward in isolation, "por" frequently confuses non-native speakers due to overlapping translations with "para," requiring context-driven mastery; for instance, duration favors "por" ("estudié por dos horas" for "I studied for two hours"), whereas deadlines use "para" ("para las dos" for "by two o'clock").[6] Empirical analysis of Spanish corpora reveals "por" appearing in over 1% of sentences, underscoring its frequency and role in causal structures central to everyday and formal discourse.[1] In Portuguese, cognates maintain similar functions, though regional variations in Brazil and Portugal influence idiomatic preferences, such as "por causa de" for causation.[3]Places
Por, Armenia
Por (Armenian: Փոռ) is a small village in the Vayk Municipality of Armenia's Vayots Dzor Province. Situated on the left bank of the Arpa River amid the northern slopes of the Vayk Mountains, it is positioned approximately 27 kilometers southeast of the provincial capital Yeghegnadzor and 8 kilometers from the town of Vayk. The settlement spans an area of 0.32 square kilometers at an elevation contributing to the region's rugged, highland terrain. As of the 2011 census, Por recorded a population of 134 residents, reflecting the broader depopulation trend in rural Vayots Dzor villages due to emigration and economic challenges. The local economy centers on agriculture, including crop cultivation and livestock, though communities like Por face chronic irrigation shortages that hinder farming productivity. Historical records indicate the village's presence since at least the 19th century, with earlier references to an ancient name variant "Bor."[7][8] Por preserves cultural heritage through sites documented in Armenia's official inventories of historical and cultural monuments, approved by government decree in 2002; these include a 19th-century church and a medieval cemetery underscoring the area's long-settled Armenian Christian continuity. Rural infrastructure remains limited, with school closures in recent years forcing children to commute to nearby towns for education, further straining community viability.[9]Por River
The Por River (Marathi: पोर नदी) is a minor waterway in Chamorshi taluka, Gadchiroli district, Maharashtra, India. It traverses rural terrain in the Vidarbha region, contributing to local hydrology within the broader Godavari River basin. The river is subject to seasonal fluctuations, with monsoon rains causing it to swell significantly and impact nearby infrastructure and agriculture.[10] A bridge spans the Por River along the Gadchiroli–Chamorshi National Highway, facilitating connectivity in the area; delays in its construction have been noted in local reports. During heavy precipitation, such as in recent monsoon seasons, the river overflows its banks, submerging fields and disrupting road travel on routes like the Chamorshi main road. In July 2018, it flowed at full capacity along the Visapur Khorda–Aamgaon path, endangering individuals attempting to gather drifting firewood amid strong currents.[11][10][12] Ecological surveys indicate modest aquatic biodiversity. A 12-month investigation from June 2019 to May 2020 near Haramba identified 20 species of macrophytes across 11 families, highlighting the river's role in supporting wetland flora amid forested surroundings. Gadchiroli district's rivers, including those like the Por, feed into larger systems such as the Wainganga, aiding regional water flow and supporting tribal communities dependent on seasonal resources.[13][14]Politics
Partido Obrero Revolucionario
The Partido Obrero Revolucionario (POR), or Revolutionary Workers' Party, is a Trotskyist political organization in Bolivia adhering to the principles of permanent revolution and advocating for a dictatorship of the proletariat led by workers and peasants.[15][16] It was established in June 1935 in Córdoba, Argentina, by Bolivian Marxist exiles, including José Aguirre Gainsborg, as the Bolivian section of the International Left Opposition, which later aligned with the Fourth International in 1938.[15][17] The party's early activities focused on penetrating the Bolivian labor movement, particularly among miners, through publications and anti-imperialist agitation amid the Chaco War's aftermath and economic instability.[18] Under the leadership of Guillermo Lora, who became secretary general in 1946, the POR achieved significant influence in the 1940s by drafting the Pulacayo Thesis in 1946, a program adopted by the Bolivian Mine Workers' Federation that called for armed insurrection, nationalization of mines without compensation, and worker control of production.[17][18] This document circulated widely, with the party's newspaper Lucha Obrera reaching 10,000 copies, and positioned the POR to field 10 parliamentary candidates in 1947 elections.[18] The party's Trotskyist orientation emphasized opposition to both Stalinism and bourgeois nationalism, critiquing the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) as a petty-bourgeois force incapable of completing the revolution.[16] During the 1952 Bolivian National Revolution, triggered by an MNR military coup on April 9 that escalated into armed worker uprisings, the POR played a pivotal role among Altiplano miners who defeated government forces and formed militias, contributing to the overthrow of the oligarchic regime.[18][17] However, the POR's strategic errors—such as omitting demands for mine occupations and full power to the Central Obrera Boliviana (COB), and ultimately subordinating itself to MNR leaders Víctor Paz Estenssoro and Hernán Siles Zuazo—prevented it from leading the proletariat to seize state power, allowing the MNR to reconstruct a bourgeois framework with bureaucratic controls.[18] This marked the POR's apogee, as it briefly held sway in worker organizations, but also initiated its decline through political disintegration and loss of independent proletarian initiative.[16][17] Post-1952, the POR fragmented in 1954 into factions, including POR-Masas under Lora, which emphasized entryism into the armed forces via publications like Vivo Rojo (1980–2001) to "Bolivianize" the military for proletarian ends, and POR-Lucha Obrera under Edwin González Moscoso.[16] It participated in the 1971 Popular Assembly against military rule and opposed dictators like Hugo Banzer through the Revolutionary Anti-Imperialist Front, but further splits in the 1980s, compounded by Lora's ultra-left refusal to engage bourgeois democracy and competition from Maoist and Leninist groups, eroded its base.[16] By the 21st century, the POR remains active but marginal, with an aging membership overshadowed by the Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS), focusing on critiques of imperialism, narcotrafficking, and electoral corruption while publishing outlets like Masas.[17][15]Party of the Right
The Party of the Right (POR) is a conservative student organization within the Yale Political Union (YPU), a debating society at Yale University modeled after British parliamentary unions. Established in 1953 by members who had grown dissatisfied with the original Conservative Party in the YPU, the POR focuses on reviving conservatism through fraternal bonds and aggressive intellectual challenge.[19][20] It operates as part of the YPU's Coalition of the Right, alongside groups like the Conservative Party and Tory Party, participating in weekly debates, social events, and campus political engagement.[21] The POR self-identifies as an "Institution dedicated to Conservatism reborn in Brotherhood," prioritizing traditional conservative values amid a university environment often perceived as left-leaning.[20] The Yale Herald has described it as "at once flamboyant, intellectually elitist, aggressive, mischievously subversive, eccentric, and maniacally eager to challenge anyone and everyone," highlighting its distinctive style of provocative discourse.[20] Activities include hosting debates on deliberately contentious resolutions, such as "Drink Makes Mortal Man a God," "Livestream Executions," and "You Can Have My Gun If You Pry It from My Cold, Dead Hands," which underscore its commitment to bold, unorthodox exploration of ideas.[20] While the POR maintains a low public profile outside Yale, emphasizing internal traditions and recruitment via chief whips, it has occasionally faced external scrutiny. In October 2017, a POR whip sheet—a document outlining party positions and recruitment tactics—drew accusations from student activists of employing racist imagery and language in depictions of indigenous peoples, prompting public statements labeling such portrayals as dehumanizing.[22] The group has also been noted for fostering a subculture of secrecy and exclusivity, with rumors of private rituals contributing to its enigmatic reputation among peers.[23] Despite such episodes, the POR endures as a niche hub for right-leaning students seeking alternatives to mainstream campus conservatism.[24]Science and technology
Power-on reset
A power-on reset (POR) circuit generates a reset signal to initialize digital systems, such as microprocessors or microcontrollers, upon initial power application, ensuring operation begins from a predetermined state.[25] This mechanism holds the device in reset until the power supply voltage stabilizes above a threshold, typically preventing erratic behavior from partially powered logic states.[26] Without POR, components might execute unintended instructions due to undefined initial conditions, leading to system instability or failure.[27] POR functions by monitoring the supply voltage (VDD) and asserting an active-low reset pulse that deasserts only after VDD exceeds a safe operating level, often around 1.2–2.5 V depending on the device.[28] In basic implementations, an RC network—comprising a resistor charging a capacitor from VDD—creates a delayed voltage ramp; when this exceeds a comparator or Schmitt trigger threshold, the reset releases, with the time constant (RC) tuned to match power supply rise time, commonly 10–100 ms.[29] Advanced integrated POR circuits, found in many ICs from manufacturers like Analog Devices, incorporate hysteresis and temperature compensation to enhance reliability across environmental variations.[26] In microcontrollers, POR is critical for reliable boot sequences, as it synchronizes clock stabilization and vectoring to a reset handler address, avoiding race conditions in sequential logic.[30] For instance, devices like those from NXP's LPC series use POR alongside brown-out detection to maintain integrity during voltage fluctuations, with reset duration specified in datasheets to exceed oscillator startup times, often 50–200 ms.[31] External POR supervisors, such as dedicated chips, are employed in systems with slow-ramping supplies or multiple voltage domains to override internal weak PORs, ensuring compliance with standards like those for automotive or industrial embedded systems.[32] Types of POR circuits include analog comparators for precise threshold detection, digital state machines in SoCs for programmable delays, and capacitor-free designs using feedback loops for low-power applications, reducing area in nanoscale processes.[33] These variations address trade-offs in power consumption, silicon area, and response time, with empirical testing confirming POR efficacy in preventing meta-stable states during power-up transients.[34] Overall, POR underpins deterministic system behavior, integral to fields like embedded computing where failure rates must remain below parts-per-million levels.[35]Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR gene)
The POR gene encodes cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase, a flavoprotein enzyme anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum membrane that functions as the obligatory electron donor for all microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP) monooxygenases.[36] This enzyme transfers electrons from NADPH via its FAD and FMN cofactors to CYP enzymes, enabling oxidative metabolism essential for steroid hormone biosynthesis, cholesterol homeostasis, bile acid production, xenobiotic detoxification, and arachidonic acid metabolism.[37] In humans, the POR gene spans approximately 32 kb on chromosome 7q11.23, comprising 16 exons that produce a 680-amino-acid precursor protein processed to a mature form of about 670 residues.[38] The protein's structure includes an N-terminal transmembrane helix, followed by FMN- and FAD-binding domains that facilitate hydride transfer from NADPH and sequential electron shuttling to CYP active sites.[39] Mutations in POR disrupt electron transfer efficiency, leading to cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase deficiency (PORD), a rare autosomal recessive disorder of steroidogenesis first described in 2004.[40] Over 100 pathogenic variants have been identified, including missense mutations like p.A287P and p.R457H, which impair protein stability, folding, or cofactor binding, reducing enzymatic activity by 50-90% in vitro.[41] Clinical manifestations of PORD form a continuum, with severe cases presenting in infancy as Antley-Bixler syndrome-like features: craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia, radiohumeral synostosis, and ambiguous genitalia due to combined deficiencies in 21-hydroxylase, 17α-hydroxylase, and 17,20-lyase activities, alongside elevated 17-hydroxyprogesterone and androgen precursors.[40] Milder phenotypes may involve isolated glucocorticoid deficiency, hypertension from apparent mineralocorticoid excess, or maternal virilization during pregnancy due to fetal POR mutations blocking estrogen synthesis.[42] Diagnosis relies on elevated urinary steroid metabolites (e.g., high pregnanetriol and corticosterone precursors), low baseline cortisol with ACTH unresponsiveness, and genetic confirmation via sequencing of POR, where biallelic loss-of-function variants correlate with phenotypic severity.[40] Management includes hydrocortisone replacement for adrenal insufficiency, surgical correction of skeletal anomalies, and monitoring for osteoporosis or infertility, though no genotype-phenotype correlation fully predicts outcomes due to variable penetrance and compound heterozygosity.[43] Beyond congenital disorders, common POR polymorphisms like p.A503V (allele frequency ~0.28 in Europeans) modestly alter CYP-mediated drug clearance, influencing pharmacokinetics of substrates such as statins, anticoagulants, and anticancer agents, with implications for personalized medicine.[44] Experimental models, including Por-knockout mice, recapitulate skeletal dysplasias and steroidogenic defects, underscoring the enzyme's non-redundant role in development and homeostasis.[45]Archaeology and history
Por-Bazhyn
Por-Bazhyn is the ruins of an 8th-century adobe complex located on a small island in Lake Tere-Khol in the Tuva Republic, southern Siberia, Russia, at an elevation exceeding 3,100 meters.[46][47] The name, meaning "clay house" in Tuvan, refers to its construction from rammed earth (hangtu) walls up to 13 meters high and 2 meters thick, enclosing an area of approximately 3.3 hectares with a rectangular layout featuring two courtyards, around 30 structures, and a central ceremonial zone influenced by Tang dynasty Chinese urban planning.[47][48] Construction began in 777 AD and was completed within about two years by the Uyghur Khaganate, a Turkic nomadic empire ruling from 744 to 840 AD, under Tengri Bögü Khan (reigned 759–779 AD), who had adopted Manichaeism as the state religion in 763 AD following exposure to it during military campaigns.[46][47] Dendrochronological analysis of wooden elements, including detection of the 775 AD Miyake Event in tree rings, along with radiocarbon dating, confirms this timeline and links the site's architecture to Uyghur adaptations of Chinese styles, such as dougong bracketing systems and roof tiles.[46][48] The site was first documented in 1891 by Russian explorer Dmitri Klements, with initial excavations occurring between 1957 and 1963, revealing the extent of the walls and internal divisions but limited artifacts.[48] Systematic research resumed in 2007 under the Por-Bajin Cultural Foundation, involving international teams that uncovered evidence of unfinished buildings, drainage systems, and ritual features, yet no sustained occupation layers, household debris, or human burials—indicating brief use rather than long-term habitation.[46][47] Theories on its purpose have evolved from an initial view as a fortified palace or border outpost to a seasonal Manichaean monastery or ritual center, supported by the site's isolation, religious layout, and alignment with Tengri Bögü's promotion of Manichaeism, which emphasized asceticism and cosmology potentially reflected in astronomical orientations.[46][48] Earlier hypotheses of a summer residence or observatory persist but lack direct evidence, as the absence of defensive features and elite artifacts undermines military or residential interpretations.[47] Abandonment occurred abruptly around 779 AD, coinciding with Tengri Bögü Khan's assassination amid an anti-Manichaean uprising that restored Tengrism as the dominant faith, leading to the suppression of Manichaean sites; seismic cracks in walls and water damage from rising lake levels may have contributed, but political-religious upheaval provides the primary causal explanation.[46][48] The site's rapid decay into ruins, preserved by the cold, remote environment, underscores its unfinished state and short lifespan, highlighting the fragility of religious experimentation in the Uyghur Khaganate.[47]Arts and entertainment
Por (2024 film)
Por is a 2024 Indian Tamil-language action drama film directed by Bejoy Nambiar.[49] The film, shot simultaneously in Tamil and Hindi versions (the latter titled Dange), centers on the escalating conflict between two former friends who reunite as adversaries during a college cultural festival.[50] It was produced by Madhu Alexander under Getaway Pictures and T-Series Films, with a runtime of 154 minutes.[49] Released theatrically on March 1, 2024, Por received mixed critical reception, praised for its visual style and action sequences but criticized for an overstretched narrative and underdeveloped character motivations.[50] [49] The plot follows Yuva (Kalidas Jayaram), a college freshman seeking revenge against his senior Prabhu (Arjun Das) for a past betrayal that shattered their childhood friendship.[50] As rival student groups clash amid the chaos of the annual festival, personal vendettas fuel broader gang rivalries, leading to intense confrontations.[51] The screenplay, written by Nambiar and Neil Julian Balthazar, emphasizes themes of loyalty, betrayal, and the fragility of bonds, though reviewers noted the story's reliance on exaggerated college tropes and formulaic action over emotional depth.[49] Cinematography by Jomon T. John highlights the vibrant festival setting with dynamic, high-energy shots, while the soundtrack features contributions from composers including Ron Ethan Yohann.[50] Cast- Arjun Das as Prabhu / Xavier
- Kalidas Jayaram as Yuva
- T.J. Bhanu in a supporting role
- Sanchana Natarajan in a supporting role [52]
Por Vida
Por Vida is the debut extended play (EP) by Colombian-American singer Kali Uchis, self-released as a free digital download on February 4, 2015, via her official website.[55][56] Originally subtitled Down for Life, the nine-track project draws on neo-soul aesthetics with influences from 1960s soul music and reggae rhythms, featuring Uchis's hazy vocals over autobiographical lyrics exploring themes of romance, introspection, and urban life.[57][58] Producers including Tyler, the Creator (on "Call Me" and "Speed") and Diplo contributed beats, blending low-fi R&B with synth elements and slow-jam grooves.[59][60] The EP's tracklist, unveiled on Uchis's social media on February 1, 2015, includes:- "Sycamore Tree"
- "Call Me"
- "Melting"
- "Lottery"
- "Know What I Want"
- "Rush"
- "Ridin' Round"
- "Speed"
- "Loner"[55][58][61]