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RC

The rationalist community, commonly abbreviated as RC, is a decentralized intellectual and social network originating in online forums and blogs in the late 2000s, centered on the systematic improvement of reasoning, decision-making, and epistemic practices through tools like Bayesian updating, cognitive bias awareness, and first-principles analysis.^[1] It emphasizes empirical testing of beliefs, instrumental rationality for achieving goals, and applying these methods to high-impact areas such as global poverty alleviation, biosecurity, and artificial intelligence development.^[2] Key hubs include the LessWrong website, founded in 2009 by Eliezer Yudkowsky as an extension of his earlier writings on overcoming biases, and in-person meetups particularly in the San Francisco Bay Area, where participants often overlap with technology professionals and researchers.^[3] The community has notably influenced adjacent fields by formalizing effective altruism, a framework for directing resources to maximally effective interventions based on evidence and cost-effectiveness analysis, leading to organizations like GiveWell and the Open Philanthropy Project that have directed billions in funding toward neglected causes.^[4] In AI safety, RC figures pioneered discourse on existential risks from advanced systems, with Yudkowsky's Machine Intelligence Research Institute (MIRI) advancing formal verification techniques for aligned AI, and community ideas shaping early priorities at labs like OpenAI.^[5] Prominent contributors include Yudkowsky, economist Robin Hanson, philosopher Nick Bostrom, and blogger Scott Alexander, whose works have popularized concepts like prediction markets and anthropic reasoning.^[1] These efforts stem from a shared commitment to scalable epistemic improvements, fostering tools like forecasting platforms (e.g., Metaculus) that have improved collective prediction accuracy on global events.^[2] Despite its achievements, the RC has encountered controversies, including critiques of insularity and over-reliance on abstract modeling detached from empirical social realities, as well as the emergence of fringe subgroups exhibiting cult-like dynamics, such as high-control environments or unorthodox practices in offshoots like certain effective altruism experiments.^[6] Demographic skews toward highly educated, male technologists have drawn accusations of echo chambers, though internal discourse promotes self-criticism and diverse viewpoints.^[7] Overlaps with effective altruism scandals, including the 2022 collapse of FTX linked to proponent Sam Bankman-Fried, have amplified external skepticism, yet the community maintains mechanisms for accountability, such as public postmortems and decentralized governance.^[8] These challenges coexist with the RC's core strength in fostering rigorous, updateable world models amid institutional biases elsewhere.^[9]

Science and Technology

Computing and Software

A release candidate (RC) denotes a pre-release version of software that has completed internal testing and is evaluated for stability before final deployment. This stage, positioned after beta testing in the software release life cycle, aims to detect any overlooked critical bugs that could impact user experience or system integrity.^[10]^[11] Developers distribute RC builds to select users or quality assurance teams for rigorous validation, often under controlled conditions to simulate production environments. If no significant defects emerge within a predefined testing window—typically days to weeks—the RC advances to general availability as the stable release; persistent issues prompt iterations like RC2 or reversion to earlier development phases.^[12]^[13] Versioning conventions append "RC" or "-rc" suffixes, such as "v2.1-rc3", to signal the candidate sequence for a specific milestone.^[14] The RC process mitigates risks associated with untested code reaching end-users, particularly in complex applications involving dependencies or performance optimizations. For instance, open-source projects like Linux kernels or web browsers employ multiple RC iterations to ensure compatibility across hardware and refine features based on feedback.^[15] Adoption of RC practices varies by methodology; agile teams may integrate continuous integration tools for automated RC generation, while traditional waterfall approaches reserve it for end-stage gatekeeping.^[16] In Unix-like systems, the "rc" suffix in configuration files—such as .bashrc for the Bash shell or .vimrc for the Vim editor—signifies initialization scripts executed at runtime to set environment variables, aliases, or behaviors. This nomenclature traces to "runcom", a concept from the MIT Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS) circa 1965, where files stored sequences of commands for automated execution.^[17]^[18] Over time, "rc" evolved to encompass "run commands" in contexts like /etc/rc scripts for system boot initialization in distributions such as BSD and Linux.^[19] These files enable user-specific or system-wide customization without altering core binaries, promoting modularity in command-line interfaces and daemons.^[20] The rc shell, originally designed for Plan 9 from Bell Labs in the late 1980s by Tom Duff, represents another computing usage, prioritizing concise syntax akin to C over Bourne shell traditions. Ports to Unix-like platforms maintain its focus on simple variable handling and command substitution for scripting tasks.^[21]^[22]

Electronics and Control Systems

Radio-controlled (RC) systems employ radio frequency signals to transmit control commands from a handheld transmitter to a receiver onboard the controlled device, such as model aircraft, vehicles, or drones.^[23] The transmitter generates modulated signals based on user inputs from joysticks or switches, typically operating in unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) bands like 2.4 GHz for modern setups.^[24] Receivers demodulate these signals and distribute them to actuators, enabling precise manipulation of throttles, rudders, or elevons. Early systems from the mid-20th century relied on amplitude modulation (AM) at frequencies such as 27 MHz or 72 MHz, but these were prone to interference and required frequency crystals for channel selection.^[25] Core electronic components include servomechanisms (servos), which convert electrical pulses into mechanical motion via a DC motor, gearbox, and potentiometer for position feedback, achieving torques from 1 kg-cm in micro servos to over 20 kg-cm in high-performance models.^[26] Electronic speed controllers (ESCs) regulate brushless DC motors by generating three-phase AC waveforms from pulse-width modulated (PWM) inputs, supporting speeds up to 50,000 RPM and current draws exceeding 100 A in racing applications.^[27] Receivers interface with ESCs and servos using standardized pulse protocols; traditional pulse-position modulation (PPM) encodes multiple channels into a serial stream of 1-2 ms pulses at 50 Hz repetition, while modern alternatives like serial bus protocols (e.g., SBUS or CRSF) reduce wiring by transmitting digital data packets over a single line, enabling telemetry feedback such as battery voltage or signal strength.^[28] Control systems incorporate failsafe mechanisms, where receivers default to predefined states—like motor cutoff or neutral servo positions—upon signal loss, mitigating risks in flight-critical applications; this feature became standard in synthesized frequency systems introduced in the 1970s.^[25] Digital protocols using frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) at 2.4 GHz, adopted widely since the early 2000s, enhance reliability by hopping across hundreds of channels to avoid interference, supporting up to 16-20 proportional channels for complex maneuvers in multirotor drones.^[29] Integration with microcontrollers allows bidirectional communication, where receivers relay sensor data back to the transmitter, facilitating real-time adjustments in proportional-integral-derivative (PID) loops for stabilization, though primary control remains manual via operator inputs.^[23] These advancements stem from iterative engineering to balance latency (typically under 20 ms end-to-end) with robustness, as evidenced by adoption in professional RC applications like unmanned aerial vehicles.^[28]

Materials and Structural Engineering

Reinforced concrete consists of a concrete matrix combined with embedded reinforcement to enhance tensile capacity. The concrete component is a composite material formed by mixing Portland cement, water, fine aggregates such as sand, and coarse aggregates like gravel or crushed stone, which hydrate to create a hardened paste that binds the aggregates.^[30] This mixture achieves high compressive strength, typically ranging from 20 to 40 MPa for standard structural grades, but exhibits low tensile strength, around 10-15% of compressive values, and brittleness under tension.^[31] Reinforcement primarily employs steel bars, known as rebar, which are deformed to improve bond with the concrete through mechanical interlock. Steel's yield strength commonly exceeds 400 MPa, providing ductility and tensile resistance that complements concrete's properties, with both materials sharing similar coefficients of thermal expansion (approximately 10-12 × 10^{-6}/°C) to minimize internal stresses from temperature changes.^[32] Alternative reinforcements include fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) for corrosion-prone environments and steel fibers dispersed within the mix for crack control, though steel rebar remains dominant due to proven performance and cost-effectiveness.^[33] In structural engineering, reinforced concrete leverages the synergy of concrete's compressive endurance and steel's tensile ductility, enabling efficient resistance to bending, shear, and axial loads in elements like beams, columns, and slabs. Design follows principles outlined in standards such as ACI 318-19, which mandates minimum material strengths (e.g., concrete compressive strength f_c' ≥ 17 MPa), reinforcement cover for durability, and detailing for development lengths to ensure load transfer.^[34] Ultimate strength design, predominant since the mid-20th century, calculates capacities using factored loads and material resistances with safety factors (e.g., φ = 0.9 for tension-controlled members), contrasting earlier working stress methods that limited stresses to allowable values.^[35] This approach accounts for nonlinear behavior, including cracking and yielding, verified through empirical data from tests showing enhanced ductility over plain concrete.^[36] The material's development traces to 1867, when French gardener Joseph Monier patented reinforced concrete for durable planters and pipes, embedding iron mesh in mortar to resist tensile cracking from soil loads.^[37] Advantages include superior fire resistance (concrete spalls minimally up to 1000°C while protecting steel), corrosion durability in non-aggressive environments, and moldability into complex shapes via formwork, reducing construction labor compared to steel framing.^[38] However, challenges like creep under sustained loads (up to 20-30% strain increase over time) and potential alkali-silica reactions in aggregates necessitate quality control and admixtures for long-term performance.^[31]

Other Technical Applications

Reservoir computing (RC) represents an emerging paradigm in neuromorphic engineering and machine learning, utilizing a fixed, high-dimensional dynamical reservoir to map input signals into a feature space for linear readout training, bypassing the need to train recurrent connections. Physical realizations of RC leverage diverse substrates such as optical delay lines, spintronic oscillators, and memristive arrays to achieve low-power, real-time processing of temporal data, with demonstrated applications in time-series prediction, speech recognition, and chaotic signal forecasting. For example, hardware RC systems based on magnetic skyrmions have replicated resistor-capacitor dynamics for neuromorphic filtering, enabling energy-efficient edge AI tasks as of 2024.^[39] These implementations outperform traditional software-based neural networks in latency and power consumption for embedded systems, with experimental prototypes achieving accuracies above 90% in benchmark tasks like spoken digit recognition.^[40]^[41] In aerospace and mechanical engineering, RC denotes radio-controlled model aircraft and vehicles employed for aerodynamic prototyping, control algorithm validation, and educational simulations of full-scale dynamics. Such models, scaled at ratios from 1:10 to 1:50, facilitate wind tunnel-independent testing of stability derivatives and flight envelopes, with designs incorporating composite airframes and brushless propulsion systems delivering thrusts up to 5 kg. Universities have integrated RC airplane projects into curricula to teach principles like lift-to-drag ratios and PID tuning, as evidenced by Northwestern University's 2015 undergraduate research using 12 variant RC planes to quantify wing planform effects on stall behavior.^[42] These applications extend to validating UAV autonomy software, where RC platforms simulate sensor fusion and fault-tolerant navigation in controlled environments.^[43] In battery technology and electrical systems design, RC signifies reserve capacity, a standardized metric quantifying the runtime a lead-acid battery can sustain a 25-ampere discharge at 80°F (26.7°C) until voltage drops to 10.5 volts, typically ranging from 100 to 200 minutes for automotive units. This parameter, defined by Battery Council International standards since 1929, informs sizing for uninterruptible power supplies and hybrid vehicles, ensuring reliability under overload conditions beyond continuous rating.^[12] Empirical data from SAE J537 tests validate RC values, correlating them with cold cranking amps for predictive maintenance in industrial applications.^[44]

Religion and Ideology

Roman Catholic Contexts

In religious contexts, particularly within Christianity, "RC" is most commonly an abbreviation for "Roman Catholic," referring to adherents and institutions of the Catholic Church in communion with the Bishop of Rome (the Pope). This denomination traces its doctrinal and hierarchical continuity to the apostolic era, with governance centralized in the Vatican, and emphasizes sacraments, tradition alongside Scripture, and papal infallibility on matters of faith and morals when speaking ex cathedra. The abbreviation appears routinely in nomenclature for parishes, schools, and organizations, such as "St. Mary's RC Cathedral" in the United States or "RC High Schools" in the United Kingdom, where, as of recent data, Catholic-maintained schools number over 2,000 and serve around 850,000 pupils under diocesan trusts linked to the Church.^[45]^[46] The full term "Roman Catholic" gained currency in English-speaking Protestant circles from the 17th century onward, initially as a qualifier to distinguish the Church loyal to the Pope from Anglican claims to catholicity following the English Reformation; Anglicans and others adopted it to retain "Catholic" for themselves while appending "Roman" to imply a narrower, Rome-centric variant.^[47] The Catholic Church itself does not formally endorse "Roman Catholic" as its proper name—preferring "Catholic Church," as affirmed in the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992)—arguing it inaccurately suggests multiple "Catholic" churches exist, whereas it views itself as the one, holy, catholic, and apostolic Church founded by Christ.^[47] Nonetheless, "RC" persists in neutral, legal, and interdenominational usage for precision, such as in census data or ecumenical dialogues, without implying endorsement of the qualifier's historical polemics. As of 2023, the global Catholic population stood at approximately 1.406 billion baptized members, an increase of 1.15% from the prior year, concentrated in Latin America (47%), Europe (21%), and Africa (20%).^[48] Another specialized use of "RC" within Roman Catholic spheres is as shorthand for Regnum Christi ("Kingdom of Christ"), a lay movement and apostolic body founded in Mexico City on January 3, 1926, by Fr. Marcial Maciel Degollado as an extension of the Legionaries of Christ congregation. Comprising laity, consecrated women, diocesan clergy, and religious, Regnum Christi promotes evangelization, personal holiness, and social apostolate through formation programs, missions, and schools, with a charism centered on the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius and the motto "Thy Kingdom Come." Membership exceeds 25,000 worldwide across 40 countries, though the movement faced significant scrutiny and restructuring after 2006 revelations of Maciel's personal scandals, including abuse allegations substantiated by Vatican investigations, leading to his removal from ministry in 2006 and imposed penance; Pope Benedict XVI's 2010 intervention and subsequent reforms under Pope Francis emphasized accountability and renewal.^[49]^[50] The abbreviation "RC" is employed in official communications, retreats, and media by the movement, distinguishing it from broader Catholic usage while aligning with its Christocentric focus.

Arts, Entertainment, and Media

Music and Performing Arts

Remote control (RC) systems play a significant role in music and performing arts by enabling precise, hands-free management of audio, lighting, and multimedia elements during live events and rehearsals. These technologies allow performers and technicians to trigger sound cues, adjust volumes, and synchronize effects remotely, minimizing disruptions and enhancing creative flow; for example, devices like the RME ARC USB remote control for audio interfaces provide musicians with real-time parameter adjustments via dedicated ports on professional equipment such as RME Fireface series.^[51] Similarly, integrated RC solutions from companies specializing in live show control handle media playback and automation for theater productions, concerts, and multimedia performances, ensuring reliability across large-scale entertainment venues.^[52] In solo and ensemble performances, wireless RC apps and hardware facilitate music navigation and cueing; MonkeyMote, for instance, turns smartphones into full-featured remotes for controlling digital audio workstations (DAWs) and media players over Wi-Fi, supporting features like playlist shuffling, seek functions, and volume fades essential for dynamic stage acts.^[53] For magicians, mentalists, and one-person shows, dedicated RC units trigger pre-recorded tracks or effects without visible interaction, as seen in systems that interface with laptops running cue-based software for seamless integration of music and visuals.^[54] Such tools, often incorporating infrared or RF signals, have become standard since the early 2000s, evolving from basic remotes to app-driven ecosystems compatible with iOS and Android devices. Acoustic design for performing arts spaces also employs RC metrics to optimize environments for music reproduction. Room Criteria (RC), introduced as an advancement over Noise Criteria (NC) in the 1990s, rates steady-state background noise in venues by combining sound pressure levels across octave bands with adjustments for low-frequency content and speech interference; target RC values of 20-30 are recommended for concert halls to minimize HVAC and mechanical noise impact on performances.^[55] This standard, detailed in ASHRAE guidelines, ensures venues like theaters and auditoriums maintain clarity for unamplified music, with measurements taken at seated positions to verify compliance during commissioning.^[56] Film scoring intersects with performing arts through entities like Remote Control Productions, a Santa Monica-based company founded by composer Hans Zimmer around 2000, which specializes in original music for cinematic and theatrical projects. The studio complex supports collaborative workflows for scoring sessions, contributing to soundtracks that blend orchestral elements with electronic production for live-synced performances and recordings; notable outputs include scores for high-profile films, fostering a breeding ground for composers in hybrid media arts.^[57]

Film, Television, and Literature

Remote control (RC) devices and vehicles have appeared in various films as plot devices for action sequences, espionage, or hobbies. In The Dead Pool (1988), directed by Buddy Van Horn, a black RC Corvette is used in a high-speed chase scene pursued by Clint Eastwood's character, Inspector Harry Callahan, highlighting the precision and speed of RC cars in stunt work.^[58] Similarly, In the Line of Fire (1993), directed by Wolfgang Petersen, features an RC car rigged with explosives by the antagonist played by John Malkovich, underscoring RC technology's potential in thriller narratives involving assassination plots.^[59] Other action films like Bad Boys II (2003) incorporate RC cars for reconnaissance and chases, often employing real-scale models to depict tactical maneuvers.^[60] Documentaries have explored RC car culture, such as Carpet Racers (2010), which examines the subculture of indoor RC racing enthusiasts, portraying it as a competitive hobby blending engineering and adrenaline.^[61] The short documentary RC Racers: This is Not a Toy (2015) profiles participants in RC car racing, emphasizing the skill and community rather than commercial appeal.^[62] Animated features like Toy Story (1995) include RC cars as toys that come to life, reflecting everyday RC play in family-oriented storytelling.^[58] In television, RC elements appear sporadically in episodes involving gadgets or hobbies, such as in Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen (2009), which features an RC truck in battle sequences, extending the film's theme of transforming vehicles.^[63] The 1993 direct-to-video film Remote, often aired on TV, centers on a boy using RC cars and inventions from his attic hideout to thwart criminals, blending adventure with DIY engineering.^[64] Literature featuring RC themes is less prevalent but includes speculative fiction. Nnedi Okorafor's novella Remote Control (2021) follows Sankofa, a girl empowered by an alien seed pod that grants her deadly remote-control-like abilities over life and death, set in a futuristic Ghanaian landscape exploring technology's cultural intersections.^[65] Non-fiction works like Caetlin Benson-Allott's Remote Control (2015) in the Object Lessons series analyze the cultural history of remote controls, from TV devices to broader implications of mediated control.^[66]

Gaming and Hobbies

Radio-controlled (RC) models encompass a diverse range of hobbies centered on operating scaled vehicles via radio signals, including cars, airplanes, boats, and drones, which enthusiasts use for recreational flying, racing, and competitive events.^[67] These activities appeal to participants of all ages, fostering skills in assembly, maintenance, and piloting while providing outlets for imaginative play and social interaction through clubs and organized gatherings.^[68] The hobby's recreational dimension often involves "fun fly" competitions for aircraft, where pilots perform stunts or precision maneuvers in informal settings, and off-road bashing with RC cars on varied terrains like skateparks or dirt tracks.^[69]^[70] RC car racing stands as one of the most accessible and gamified aspects of the hobby, with participants competing on tracks featuring jumps, straights, and obstacles using vehicles scaled at 1:10 or 1:8 ratios, capable of speeds exceeding 60 miles per hour in hobby-grade models.^[71]^[72] Common vehicle types include on-road racers for paved circuits, off-road buggies and trucks for rugged courses, and rock crawlers designed for slow, technical obstacle navigation, each requiring customized tuning for optimal performance.^[73] Local and international events, such as those sanctioned by organizations like the International Federation of Model Auto Racing (IFMAR), draw competitors who modify chassis, suspensions, and power systems—often electric motors or nitro engines—to gain edges in lap times and durability.^[74] Community clubs host weekly races, emphasizing strategy in line choice and vehicle setup, akin to motorsports simulation.^[71] Aerial RC hobbies extend gaming elements through drone racing and fixed-wing plane contests, where operators navigate obstacle courses at high speeds or execute aerobatic routines judged on precision and creativity.^[69] Drone events, surging in popularity since the 2010s due to affordable quadcopters and FPV (first-person view) goggles, simulate video game piloting with real-time immersion, often reaching velocities over 100 mph in professional leagues.^[75] Boat and ship modeling adds nautical play, with scale replicas participating in regattas or freestyle maneuvers on ponds, appealing to hobbyists interested in hydrodynamics and wave-handling.^[76] The global RC hobby market, valued at approximately USD 2.38 billion in 2024, reflects sustained interest driven by technological advances like lithium-polymer batteries and digital transmitters, enabling longer sessions and finer control.^[75] Participation spans casual backyard operation to structured competitions, with millions of enthusiasts worldwide supported by retailers and online forums for sharing builds and techniques.^[77]

Businesses, Organizations, and Products

Commercial Brands and Beverages

RC Cola, short for Royal Crown Cola, is a carbonated soft drink brand originating from the United States, with its cola variant first formulated in the early 20th century by the Union Bottling Works in Columbus, Georgia.^[78] The brand's foundational product, Royal Crown Ginger Ale, was introduced in 1905 by Claud A. Hatcher, who expanded the lineup to include fruit-flavored sodas like strawberry and root beer by 1907.^[79] RC Cola itself emerged as a competitive cola offering in 1934, positioning the brand against dominant rivals like Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola through aggressive pricing and innovations such as the first widely available diet cola, Diet Rite, launched in 1958.^[79]^[80] The brand pioneered several beverage packaging and formulation advancements, including one of the earliest commercial soft drink cans in 1954, which facilitated greater portability and sales volume.^[81] In 1980, RC introduced RC 100, a caffeine- and sugar-free cola variant aimed at health-conscious consumers.^[80] Ownership transitioned multiple times, with Cadbury Schweppes acquiring RC in 2000 for integration into its beverage portfolio, before U.S. operations fell under Keurig Dr Pepper following a 2018 merger.^[78] Internationally, RC Cola is managed by RC Cola International, a division of Cott Beverages, distributing products in over 50 countries.^[79] Current RC beverage offerings include the flagship RC Cola, alongside diet and zero-sugar versions, and the RC Flavor Collection featuring variants such as cherry, grape, and golden kiwi infusions for diverse taste profiles.^[82] Additional products under the RC umbrella encompass ginger ale and root beer, maintaining the brand's emphasis on classic American soda formulations with varying sugar contents—typically around 39 grams per 12-ounce serving for standard RC Cola.^[83] These beverages are distributed in cans, bottles, and multipacks, with recent limited-edition flavors like berries and cream released in 16-ounce formats to target niche markets.^[84] Despite market share challenges from larger competitors, RC's commercial strategy relies on regional bottlers and value pricing, sustaining availability in supermarkets and convenience stores across North America.^[80]

Corporate and Institutional Entities

Atlantic Airways operates as a regional airline from the Faroe Islands with the IATA designator RC. Established in 1987 and headquartered at Vágar Airport, the carrier provides scheduled passenger flights to destinations across Europe, including Denmark, Spain, and the United Kingdom, alongside charter services.^[85]^[86] Rainforest Cafe is a themed restaurant chain featuring simulated rainforest environments with animatronic wildlife, waterfalls, and tropical decor. Launched in 1994 at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, by founder Steven Schussler, it expanded to multiple U.S. locations, often in tourist areas like Disney properties, before being acquired by Landry's, Inc. in 2000 for an undisclosed amount, with further growth under that ownership.^[87]^[88] The chain emphasizes family dining with American-style menus including burgers, pasta, and seafood, generating revenue through food sales and merchandise.^[89] Recurse Center, formerly known as Hacker School, functions as a non-profit retreat and community for software programmers in New York City. Founded in 2011, it offers self-directed, three-month batches where participants engage in collaborative coding without formal instructors, emphasizing skill-building, peer learning, and anti-hierarchical social norms to foster rapid improvement in programming abilities.^[90] The organization admits cohorts year-round based on applications assessing motivation rather than prior experience, and it facilitates hiring connections between participants and tech companies.^[91] Over 3,000 alumni have participated as of 2023, with the center operating tuition-free for most via sponsorships and donations.^[92]

Education and Institutions

Academic and Training Facilities

The Recurse Center, commonly abbreviated as RC, is a self-directed educational retreat for programmers located in New York City, offering in-person and virtual programs focused on skill development without a formal curriculum or instructors.^[91] Founded in 2012 as Hacker School, it rebranded to emphasize its retreat-like structure, where participants engage in peer learning, coding practice, and collaborative projects over batches lasting 12 weeks.^[90] RC admits programmers of varying experience levels, prioritizing intellectual curiosity and adherence to social rules that foster a supportive environment, with no tuition fees subsidized by sponsorships and alumni contributions.^[93] As of 2023, it has hosted thousands of participants, many advancing to tech roles at companies like Google and Meta through its network.^[90] Training facilities for radio-controlled (RC) models, including aircraft, vehicles, and drones, provide hands-on instruction in aerodynamics, control systems, and safe operation. The RC Dojo online academy offers structured courses using simulators and buddy-box systems, enabling beginners to master transmitter controls and flight maneuvers via video tutorials and virtual practice.^[94] Specialized flight schools, such as those at Killer Planes, deliver immersion programs of 2 to 5 days, teaching assembly, propulsion, and precision flying for RC planes modeled after fighter aircraft.^[95] Clubs like the Radio Control Club of Rochester provide free on-site training at dedicated fields, emphasizing safety protocols and progression from gliders to powered models.^[96] These facilities often integrate STEM education, as seen in Civil Air Patrol's RC Simulator kits, which simulate real flight dynamics for ages 12 and up to build engineering skills.^[97] In the Philippines, Rogationist College (RC), located in Silang, Cavite, operates as a private Catholic institution offering secondary and tertiary education under the Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus, with programs in liberal arts, theology, and vocational training established in the early 2000s. Its curriculum emphasizes moral formation alongside academics, serving around 1,000 students annually in a campus setting designed for residential learning.

Individuals

Public Figures and Professionals

Roy Cohn (1927–1986) was an American lawyer and political advisor who gained prominence as chief counsel to U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy during the Second Red Scare, prosecuting cases related to alleged communist infiltration in the 1950s.^[98] Born on February 20, 1927, in the Bronx, New York, Cohn passed the bar exam at age 21 and later represented high-profile clients, including serving as a mentor to Donald Trump in the 1970s and 1980s, advising on real estate and legal strategies.^[99] He faced disbarment in 1986 due to ethical violations, including falsifying documents and pressuring clients, shortly before his death from AIDS-related complications.^[98] R. C. Buford, born in 1960, is an American sports executive serving as CEO of Spurs Sports & Entertainment since 2019, overseeing operations for the NBA's San Antonio Spurs and related entities.^[100] Joining the Spurs organization in 1989, Buford advanced through roles including assistant general manager and general manager, contributing to five NBA championships between 1999 and 2014 through player acquisitions and international scouting.^[101] He was named NBA Executive of the Year in 2014 and 2016 for roster management, including signing LaMarcus Aldridge in 2015.^[102] R. C. Sproul (1939–2017) was an American Reformed theologian, pastor, and author who founded Ligonier Ministries in 1971 to promote Reformed doctrine and Christian apologetics.^[103] Ordained in the Presbyterian Church in America, Sproul emphasized systematic theology, predestination, and biblical inerrancy in works like The Holiness of God (1985) and through teaching series broadcast globally.^[104] He established Ligonier as a key resource for evangelical education, influencing conservative Protestant circles until his death on December 14, 2017, from complications following a stroke.^[105]

Artists and Entertainers

Ray Charles (September 23, 1930 – June 10, 2004), born Ray Charles Robinson, was an American pianist, singer, and composer who integrated gospel, blues, rhythm and blues, and jazz elements to develop soul music as a distinct genre starting in the 1950s.^[106] His hits such as "I Got a Woman" (1954) and "What'd I Say" (1959) topped R&B charts, while later works like the album Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music (1962) reached number one on the Billboard 200 and sold over 3 million copies.^[107] Charles received 17 Grammy Awards, including a Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987, and was inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 1986.^[108] Russell Crowe (born April 7, 1964) is a New Zealand-born Australian actor recognized for intense dramatic roles, earning an Academy Award for Best Actor for portraying Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius in Gladiator (2000), which grossed over $460 million worldwide.^[109] Other notable performances include L.A. Confidential (1997), for which he received an Oscar nomination, and A Beautiful Mind (2001), another Best Actor nomination.^[110] Crowe has appeared in over 50 films, often in historical or action genres, and maintains Australian citizenship while residing there since age 21.^[111] Robert Carlyle (born April 14, 1961) is a Scottish actor known for portraying complex, gritty characters in independent and mainstream films, including the violent addict Begbie in Trainspotting (1996) and Gaz in the comedy The Full Monty (1997), the latter earning him a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role.^[112] His television work includes the lead in Hamish Macbeth (1995–1997) and voicing Hamish Macbeth, as well as roles in series like Once Upon a Time (2011–2018).^[113] Carlyle has over 100 credits, spanning films such as The World Is Not Enough (1999) and 28 Weeks Later (2007).^[114] Rivers Cuomo (born June 13, 1970) is an American musician best known as the lead vocalist, guitarist, and primary songwriter for the rock band Weezer, which he co-founded in 1992; their self-titled debut album (1994) sold over 16 million copies worldwide, featuring hits like "Buddy Holly" and "Say It Ain't So."^[115] Cuomo's songwriting emphasizes power chords and geek-rock themes, with Weezer releasing 10 studio albums by 2021, including Weezer (2019, the Teal Album) covering artists like Toto.^[116] He holds a degree from Harvard University, earned in 2008 after studying music composition.^[115]

Sports and Recreation

Motorsports and Racing

Radio-controlled (RC) motorsports encompass competitive racing of scale-model vehicles operated via radio signals, simulating full-size automotive disciplines such as circuit racing, off-road rallying, and drag events. These events typically feature 1/8-scale or 1/10-scale models powered by electric motors or internal combustion (IC) engines, with participants competing on purpose-built tracks under timed heats and finals.^[117] Racing emphasizes precision engineering, setup tuning, and driver skill, with vehicles capable of speeds exceeding 60 mph in top classes.^[118] RC racing divides into on-road and off-road categories. On-road events occur on paved asphalt tracks, utilizing touring car or formula-style chassis with low-profile tires and aerodynamic bodies; common classes include 1/10-scale electric touring cars limited to 21.5-turn brushless motors for parity.^[117] Off-road racing employs dirt or artificial turf surfaces, featuring high-ground-clearance buggies, short-course trucks, or stadium trucks with knobby tires and suspension tuned for jumps and ruts; 1/8-scale IC buggies, for instance, use .21 cubic inch nitro engines regulated to 30% nitro fuel mixtures.^[117] Additional formats include drag racing, where vehicles accelerate in straight-line bursts, and oval racing on banked dirt tracks with winged sprint cars.^[119] Governing bodies enforce standardized rules on chassis, power systems, and safety to ensure fair competition. In North America, Remotely Operated Auto Racers (ROAR), established as the premier sanctioning organization, approves equipment and hosts national championships, such as the annual Off-Road Nationals held in locations like Las Vegas, Nevada.^[120] Internationally, the International Federation of Model Auto Racing (IFMAR) oversees world championships across disciplines, including the 1/8 IC Off-Road Worlds, where Davide Ongaro won the 2024 nitro buggy title after a dominant final.^[118] IFMAR events rotate globally, with the 2025 1/8 Electric Off-Road Worlds scheduled in Portugal.^[121] Major championships highlight technological evolution and national rivalries. ROAR's nationals draw hundreds of entrants per class, with results archived since 1998 showing consistent dominance by brands like Team Associated in electric categories.^[122] IFMAR's biennial 1/10 Electric Off-Road Worlds, contested since 1985, have produced 34 titles for Associated Electrics as of 2022, underscoring advancements in brushless power and lithium-polymer batteries.^[123] These events require pre-race technical inspections for compliance, with penalties for infractions like unauthorized modifications, fostering a merit-based progression from qualifiers to A-mains.^[117]

Team and Event Designations

In association football, the designation "RC" commonly abbreviates "Racing Club" for several professional teams, especially in France, where it reflects the clubs' historical emphasis on speed and athleticism in their founding ethos. RC Lens, formally Racing Club de Lens, is a Ligue 1 club established in 1906 in the northern city of Lens, Pas-de-Calais department, competing in the top tier of French football with home games at Stade Bollaert-Delelis stadium and distinctive blood-and-gold kits derived from regional mining heritage.^[124]^[125]^[126] RC Strasbourg Alsace, known fully as Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace, similarly operates as a Ligue 1 side with origins in 1906, based in Strasbourg and utilizing the "RC" prefix to signify its racing-inspired identity amid a tradition of competitive European play.^[127]^[128] In rugby union, "RC" designates Anthem Rugby Carolina (Anthem RC), a professional team in Major League Rugby headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, which entered the competition prior to the 2024 season through a strategic alliance focused on expanding American rugby infrastructure and talent pipelines.^[129] For events, "RC" often prefixes designations in remote-controlled (radio-controlled) vehicle racing, a niche motorsport category encompassing organized competitions for scale-model cars, trucks, and boats. Examples include the Freedom 500, a 500-lap endurance event for teams using standardized Traxxas Slash trucks, held annually with entry fees around $300 and prizes starting at $300 for first place, emphasizing strategy and pit management over individual speed.^[130] Such events, tracked via platforms listing state-by-state races like the Florida RC Championship, highlight "RC" as a core classifier for hobby-to-competitive formats governed by bodies ensuring equipment parity and safety protocols.^[131]^[132]

Miscellaneous Uses

Legal and Governmental

In the state of Ohio, "RC" commonly abbreviates "Revised Code," referring to the official compilation and codification of all general and permanent laws enacted by the Ohio General Assembly. This statutory code, first comprehensively revised in 1953 and updated biennially or as needed following legislative sessions, serves as the primary legal reference for state statutes, organized into titles, chapters, and sections (e.g., R.C. § 2929.14 for sentencing guidelines).^[133] Commercial publishers like Baldwin's Ohio Revised Code provide annotated versions with case law interpretations, though the official version remains under the Ohio Legislative Service Commission's purview.^[134] In U.S. military and federal government contexts, "RC" denotes "Reserve Component," encompassing the part-time active forces including the Army National Guard, Army Reserve, Navy Reserve, Marine Corps Reserve, Air National Guard, Air Force Reserve, Coast Guard Reserve, and Navy and Marine Corps inactive duty training personnel.^[135] Established under Title 10 and Title 32 of the U.S. Code, the Reserve Component supports the active-duty forces, with approximately 800,000 personnel as of fiscal year 2023, deployable for wartime augmentation or domestic emergencies like disaster response. Policies such as the Total Force Policy, formalized in 1973 under Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger, integrate RC units into national defense planning to ensure readiness and cost efficiency. Under the UK's Mental Health Act 1983 (amended by the 2007 Act), "RC" stands for "Responsible Clinician," the approved mental health professional (typically a psychiatrist) legally accountable for a detained patient's assessment, treatment, and discharge decisions, replacing the prior "responsible medical officer" role to broaden clinician involvement beyond physicians. This designation emphasizes clinical judgment over strict medical hierarchy, with the RC required to consult multidisciplinary teams and justify compulsory measures in tribunal reviews. In government procurement, particularly in India and some international contexts, "RC" refers to "Rate Contract," a fixed-price agreement for supplying goods or services over a specified period, often used by public sector undertakings to streamline bulk purchases without repeated tendering.^[136] For instance, under India's General Financial Rules 2017, rate contracts negotiated through bodies like the Directorate General of Supplies and Disposals ensure competitive pricing and quality assurance, with validity typically ranging from one to three years.

Everyday and Colloquial Terms

In consumer hobbies and toys, "RC" is widely used as an abbreviation for "radio-controlled" or "remote-controlled," referring to battery-powered model vehicles, aircraft, drones, boats, and other devices operated via handheld transmitters sending radio frequency signals.^[137] This terminology emerged with early 20th-century radio technology advancements, such as the 1898 demonstration of radio-controlled boats by Nikola Tesla, but gained colloquial prominence in the post-World War II era through commercial products like the 1950s Gilbert Atomic-powered RC toys and the 1966 appearance of radio-controlled cars in popular media.^[138] By the 1980s, "RC" prefixed everyday references to these items, as in "RC racing" for competitive hobby events involving scaled models on tracks, distinguishing them from full-scale motorsports.^[137] In religious contexts, "RC" colloquially denotes "Roman Catholic," shorthand for adherents or institutions of the Catholic Church in communion with the Holy See, often appearing in phrases like "RC school" for parochial education or "RC mass."^[139] This usage, traceable to 19th-century English publications distinguishing Catholic from Protestant denominations, persists in informal discussions of faith, education, and demographics, such as census data categorizing "RC" populations in countries like the United Kingdom where it represented about 10% of England's residents in the 2021 census.^[139] Less formally in digital communication and software development, "RC" signifies "release candidate," a pre-final version of software tested for bugs before general availability, as defined in industry standards like those from the IEEE; for instance, Linux kernel versions label near-stable builds as "rc1" through "rc7."^[140] Online, particularly on platforms like YouTube or forums, "RC" can abbreviate "rate comment," prompting users to engage by rating and commenting on content, a practice common since the early 2010s in social media interactions.^[140] These tech-related senses reflect "RC"'s adaptation to modern vernacular but remain context-specific compared to hobbyist or religious applications.

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Ray Charles - Songs, Movie & Facts - Biography
Jul 17, 2024 · Ray Charles was a legendary musician who pioneered the genre of soul music during the 1950s. Often called the "Father of Soul," Charles ...
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Ray Charles | Rock & Roll Hall of Fame
Ray Charles used his explosive musical talent to combine gospel and blues into the then nonexistent genre of soul. To him, soul music was a way of life.
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Russell Crowe | Biography, Movies, & Facts - Britannica
Sep 12, 2025 · New Zealand-born Australian actor known for his commitment, intensity, and ruggedly handsome good looks. He won an Academy Award for Gladiator (2000).
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Russell Crowe - Biography - IMDb
Russell Ira Crowe was born in Wellington, New Zealand, to Jocelyn Yvonne (Wemyss) and John Alexander Crowe, both of whom catered movie sets.
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Russell Crowe News & Biography - Empire Magazine
Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964) is a New Zealand-born Australian actor and musician. His acting career began in the late 1980s.
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Robert Carlyle bio Overview and personal details
Robert Carlyle, OBE (born 14 April 1961) is a Scottish actor. He is known for a variety of roles in films such as Trainspotting (1996), The Full Monty (1997),
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Robert Carlyle - Biography - IMDb
Born. April 14, 1961 · Glasgow, Scotland, UK ; Nickname. Bobby ; Height. 5′ 8″ (1.73 m) ; Spouse. Anastasia Shirley(December 28, 1997 - present) (3 children).
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Robert Carlyle - IMDb
Robert Carlyle. Actor: The Full Monty. Robert Carlyle was born in Maryhill, Glasgow, Scotland, to Elizabeth, a bus company employee, and Joseph Carlyle ...Biography · Other works · News · People
[116]
Rivers Cuomo - Weezerpedia
Rivers Cuomo (born June 13, 1970) is an American musician. He is the lead vocalist, guitarist, and principal songwriter of the rock band Weezer.
[117]
Rivers Cuomo - IMDb
Has taken over management of Weezer and is doing a fine job, which has loosened and limbered him up in the music department. BornJune 13, 1970.
[118]
[PDF] ROAR RULES Ver. 25–9
Sep 1, 2025 · 1. Vehicles are divided into two classes by body type: • Super Touring Car (STC) (This is the official IFMAR World Championship class)). • ...<|separator|>
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IFMAR - International Federation of Auto Mobile Racers
IFMAR is the world governing body of Radio Controlled Car Racing this site will mainly contain information related to World Championship of Radio Controlled ...
[120]
https://www.roarracing.com/
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ROAR Racing
ROAR 1/8 Offroad Nationals March 22, 2025 Race Registeation will open Wednesday March 26th at 8pm eastern 450 entry count limit. Here is the tentative schedule.Rules · National Races · Approvals · National Race Results
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2025 IFMAR 1:8 Electric Offroad Worlds Portugal - Red RC Events
Taking Team Associated's tally of IFMAR World titles to 34, Kaerup secured the victory when he backed up his impressive opening A-Main win over Michal Orlowski ...
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National Race Results - ROAR Racing
1998 National Championship Results · 1999 National Championship Results · 2000 National Championship Results · 2001 National Championship Results · 2002 National ...Missing: IFMAR | Show results with:IFMAR
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IFMAR World Titles | Associated Electrics
IFMAR World Championship Victories ; 31, 2022 ; 30, 2019 ; 29, 2018 ; 28, 2015 ...
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RC Lens | Racing club de Lens
Lens-Marseille (2-1). Dauphin de Ligue 1 · DERNIER MATCH; PROCHAIN MATCH · PROCHAIN MATCH · RÉSERVEZ VOS BILLETS · Ligue 1 McDonald's - 9ème journée. Samedi ...PresentationÉquipe premièreBoutique officielleHome page | RCLContactez
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Lens' matches at Stade de France
The French football club, Racing Club de Lens, is also known as RC Lens or RCL. This professional club was founded in 1906. RC Lens, which belongs to a ...
[127]
Football: discovering the Racing Club de Lens team - just focus
Racing Club de Lens is a French football club based in Lens, Pas-de-Calais. Its nickname, blood and gold, comes from its traditional colors.
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Why Chelsea's owners chose Strasbourg to kick-start their multi-club ...
Jul 28, 2023 · ... Racing Club de Strasbourg Alsace to its portfolio. The strategy is still to get Chelsea to succeed, but Strasbourg are hoping to be the ...
[129]
Football Club Initials and Meanings - Midfield Dynamo
Initials used with French Football Club Names ; RC, Racing Club, Racing Club ; OGC, Olympique Gymnaste Club, Olympic Gymnastic Club ; OSC, Olympique Sporting Club ...
[130]
Anthem RC: Homepage
Anthem Rugby Carolina (RC) joined Major League Rugby ahead of the 2024 season. The team is the product of a comprehensive partnership between Major League Rugby ...
[131]
Freedom 500 - RC Sports
The Freedom 500 is a 500-lap endurance RC race with teams of 3+ using Traxxas Slash trucks, with a $300 first prize and $150 additional prizes. Entry fee is $ ...
[132]
R/C Car Racing Event List by State - RCSignup.com
R/C Car Racing Event List by State · 2025 Turkey Trot Race · 2026 Pre-Hangover Race · 2025 Florida Rc Championship 8th Scale Finals at Mills Pond · 2025 RC Arena ...
[133]
https://ohiosenate.gov/about/glossary/r/revised-code-ohio
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Glossary - Revised Code, Ohio - Ohio Senate
The codified law of the state, often abbreviated ORC or RC. Commercial versions of the Code, published privately, include annotations and other reference ...
[135]
Chapter 1 - Ohio Revised Code - Ohio Laws
The Legislative Service Commission staff updates the Revised Code on an ongoing basis, as it completes its act review of enacted legislation.
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RC - Military and Government - Acronym Finder
What does RC stand for? ; RC, Renewal Community (various locations) ; RC, Responsible Clinician (health care law; UK) ; RC, Readiness Center ; RC · Reception Center.Missing: legal | Show results with:legal
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Rate Contract (RC) Definition - Law Insider
Rate Contract (RC means the Contract Agreement entered into between the Purchaser and the Supplier, for supply of specified goods/services at specified price.
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https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rc
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https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/RC
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RC Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
RC. abbreviation. 1. Red Cross. 2. resistance-capacitance. 3. Roman Catholic. Browse Nearby Words. rbl. RC. RCAF · See all Nearby Words. Cite this Entry.
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RC | What Does RC Mean? - Cyber Definitions
RC means "Rate/Comment," "Real Chat," "Release Candidate," "Remote Control" (or "Radio Controlled"), and "Roll Call."