Porter Robinson
Porter Robinson (born July 15, 1992) is an American electronic music producer, DJ, singer, and songwriter known for his genre-blending work that spans electro house, dubstep, synthpop, and introspective electro-pop.[1] Born in Atlanta, Georgia, and raised in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, he began producing music at age 12, self-taught on his computer and initially inspired by trance and hands-up genres.[2] Robinson rose to prominence in the early 2010s after signing with Skrillex's OWSLA label, where his 2011 single "Say My Name" topped Beatport's Electro House chart and garnered support from artists like Tiësto, David Guetta, and Deadmau5.[3] His debut studio album, Worlds (2014), marked a shift toward emotional, anime-influenced electronic pop and achieved commercial success, peaking at number one on Billboard's Dance/Electronic Albums chart.[4] In 2017, Robinson launched the side project Virtual Self, releasing a self-titled EP that paid homage to early 2000s rave and hardstyle sounds, which he described as a "sincere love letter" to his formative influences.[5] His second album, Nurture (2021), explored themes of personal growth and anxiety through lush, vocal-driven production, debuting at number one on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart and earning critical acclaim for its vulnerability.[4] Robinson founded the annual Second Sky music festival in Oakland, California, in 2019, curating lineups featuring electronic and indie artists while headlining with immersive live performances.[6] His third album, Smile! :D (2024), embraced maximalist pop production reminiscent of MySpace-era aesthetics, addressing codependency and validation with explosive energy and collaborations including his brother.[7] In 2025, he released the live album Worlds Live at Second Sky 2019.[8] Throughout his career, Robinson has influenced the evolution of EDM by prioritizing artistic expression over commercial trends, performing at major festivals worldwide and amassing billions of streams across platforms.[3]Life and background
Early life
Porter Weston Robinson was born on July 15, 1992, in Atlanta, Georgia, and raised in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where he spent much of his childhood in a close-knit family environment.[9][10] As the second of four boys, Robinson grew up in a supportive household influenced by his parents' Anglican Protestant faith, which emphasized community activities like church and sports alongside everyday family life.[11][12] His mother, Nancy Robinson, later reflected on nurturing his creative pursuits from a young age, encouraging independent exploration without formal training in music or arts from the family itself.[13] Robinson's interest in electronic music emerged around age 12, sparked by playing the video game Dance Dance Revolution, whose soundtrack introduced him to the genre and profoundly shaped his early perceptions of sound and rhythm.[14][15] This led him to purchase his first album, Daft Punk's Discovery, which further fueled his fascination with electronic production techniques and melodic structures.[14] Entirely self-taught, he began experimenting with music software shortly thereafter, initially using tools like Sony ACID Pro before transitioning to FL Studio, where he arranged loops and manipulated samples in his bedroom.[16][13] As a teenager, Robinson honed his skills through trial and error, producing tracks that reflected his growing affinity for high-energy electronic sounds, and began uploading his early work to online forums to share with like-minded communities.[17][18] These initial experiments, often created late at night, marked the start of his hands-on learning process, building a foundation in composition and sound design without any professional guidance.[19][20]Personal life
Porter Robinson maintains a private personal life, sharing limited details about his relationships and family to protect their well-being. He has been in a relationship with Rika Mikuriya since 2017, and the couple announced their engagement in January 2022 before marrying in an intimate garden ceremony in Tokyo in May 2023. Robinson has emphasized the importance of safeguarding the privacy of his immediate family and close loved ones, noting that any public exposure encroaching on their safety is a significant concern for him.[21][22][23][24] Robinson has openly discussed his mental health challenges, particularly during the development of his album Nurture from around 2014 to 2020, when he experienced severe depression, anxiety, and obsessive-compulsive disorder that made music production feel impossible at times. In interviews, he described feeling profound unhappiness and self-doubt, convinced he might never create music again, but overcoming these struggles reshaped his perspective on life and art. These experiences have influenced the emotional themes in his work, such as vulnerability and renewal. His wife, Rika Mikuriya, has also shared her own battles with anxiety, highlighting a shared support system in their relationship.[25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Robinson resides in Los Angeles, where he has built much of his adult life, though he maintains strong personal ties to Japan through frequent travels and his marriage to Mikuriya, including trips together that have deepened their bond. These connections reflect a blend of his American roots and appreciation for Japanese culture on a personal level.[32][24] In terms of philanthropy, Robinson established the Robinson Malawi Fund in 2019 following his younger brother's diagnosis with a rare form of lymphoma, aiming to support pediatric cancer treatment in developing countries like Malawi by funding direct patient care. The initiative had raised over $320,000 as of 2022 through efforts including his Second Sky festival, where he matched donations to amplify impact.[33][34][35][36][37] While not exclusively focused on mental health, Robinson uses his platform to advocate for awareness of such issues by sharing his own story, tying it to themes of resilience in his music.Professional career
Beginnings and Spitfire (2005–2013)
Robinson began producing music at the age of 12, initially experimenting with hands-up tracks using software like Sony ACID Pro and drawing inspiration from video game soundtracks and dance music.[38] By age 14, he was uploading early demos to MySpace under the alias Ekowraith, releasing his debut single "Booming Track" in 2008, which showcased his emerging interest in electro house and dubstep elements.[18] These online uploads quickly garnered attention within underground dubstep and electro house communities, leading to remixes and broader recognition by 2010. In 2010, Robinson's breakthrough track "Say My Name" topped Beatport's Electro House chart, establishing him as a rising talent in the EDM scene. At age 18, he signed with Skrillex's newly launched OWSLA label in the summer of 2011, securing a one-EP deal that marked the imprint's inaugural release.[10] That September, he released the Spitfire EP through OWSLA, featuring high-energy tracks like "Say My Name," "Unison," and the title track, blending aggressive dubstep drops with complextro influences. The EP achieved significant commercial success, debuting at number 1 on the iTunes Dance chart while peaking at number 30 on the UK Dance Albums chart.[39][40][41] Following Spitfire's momentum, Robinson inked major label deals with Big Beat Records for North America and Ministry of Sound for international markets, releasing the single "Language" in April 2012, which expanded his sound into more melodic electro house territory.[42] This period also saw him embark on early tours, including opening slots for Skrillex on his summer tour and Tiësto, as well as debut performances at major festivals like Electric Daisy Carnival (EDC), Ultra Music Festival, and Coachella in 2012.[43][44] These appearances helped transition his style from pure dubstep roots toward a broader EDM palette, solidifying his presence on the global stage.[15]Worlds and Virtual Self (2014–2019)
In February 2014, Porter Robinson announced his debut studio album Worlds through a cryptic 10-hour video uploaded to his official website, marking a significant departure from the high-energy electro house of his earlier work toward a genre he helped pioneer known as future bass, characterized by emotional, melodic pop-electronic elements inspired by anime, video games, and virtual fantasy worlds.[45][46] The album, released on August 12, 2014, via Astralwerks, featured tracks like "Sad Machine," which utilized vocal synthesis to evoke nostalgia and introspection, and collaborations such as "Polygon Dust" with Norwegian duo Lemaitre, blending chiptune influences with uplifting synths.[47] This shift reflected Robinson's desire to create music that prioritized personal expression over festival anthems, building on his growth following the Spitfire era.[5] The album's promotion emphasized immersive experiences, including the Worlds Live tour, which debuted on August 28, 2014, and featured custom visuals combining anime aesthetics, pixel art, and glitch effects to transport audiences into a hyperreal digital universe, performed across arenas and festivals worldwide.[48][49] Supporting videos, such as tour episode recaps on YouTube, further engaged fans by showcasing behind-the-scenes production and live performances, enhancing the album's thematic narrative of escapism and emotional connection.[50] In 2017, Robinson launched the Virtual Self alias as an outlet for harder-edged techno and rave sounds reminiscent of early 2000s happy hardcore and trance, releasing the self-titled EP on November 29 via Virtual Self Co., which included the lead single "Ghost Voices" and tracks like "EON BREAK."[51][52] The project debuted with surprise festival sets, such as at Holy Ship! in January 2018, where Robinson performed in full Virtual Self regalia, emphasizing high-energy, nostalgic rave anthems that contrasted Worlds' subtlety.[53] Critically, Worlds received acclaim for its innovative emotional depth, debuting at number one on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart and number 18 on the Billboard 200, with sustained popularity evidenced by sold-out Worlds Live performances through 2019.[54] The Virtual Self EP earned a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording for "Ghost Voices" at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards in 2019, highlighting its impact in revitalizing trance and rave elements within electronic music.[55]Nurture (2020–2023)
Following the release of his debut album Worlds in 2014, Porter Robinson began developing Nurture around 2016, entering a prolonged creative process marked by severe mental health challenges, including depression, anxiety, and writer's block, compounded by personal tragedies such as his younger brother's cancer diagnosis and treatment. These struggles led to years of intermittent progress, with Robinson openly describing periods where he felt unable to create music that aligned with his emotional state. The COVID-19 pandemic further delayed the project, originally slated for September 2020, prompting revisions to the tracklist—from an initial 11 songs to 14—and additional refinement during isolation. The album was ultimately released on April 23, 2021, through Mom + Pop Music, representing a deeply personal culmination of self-production focused on vulnerability and recovery.[56][28][57] Nurture prominently features Robinson's own vocals across much of the record, a departure from his earlier work, emphasizing introspective themes of hope, isolation, and emotional healing. Standout track "Look at the Sky," released as a single in January 2021, serves as an anthem of optimism, with Robinson explaining it as a reminder "that there's good reason for hope, and that people can meaningfully improve themselves and the world" amid despair. Similarly, "Get Your Wish," the lead single from January 2020, delves into self-doubt and the pain of unfulfilled desires, using ethereal synths and confessional lyrics to convey a sense of longing and introspection. These elements underscore the album's core as a therapeutic exploration of personal growth, blending electronic pop with folktronica influences to evoke comfort in uncertainty.[58][59] Promotion for Nurture leaned heavily into virtual and immersive experiences due to the ongoing pandemic, beginning with the online Secret Sky festival in April 2021, where Robinson debuted an extended Nurture Live set blending album tracks with visual storytelling. This performance was later expanded at the in-person Second Sky festival in Oakland in September 2021, marking the album's first full live rendition and highlighting its emotional depth through synchronized visuals and audience interaction. A companion live album, Second Sky 2021 (Live), was released exclusively on Apple Music in September 2021, capturing the set's energy and further extending the project's reach. During this era, Robinson briefly channeled contrasting high-energy expressions through his Virtual Self alias, providing an outlet distinct from Nurture's introspective tone.[60][61] Commercially, Nurture achieved strong initial success, debuting at number one on Billboard's Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart in May 2021 and sustaining presence on related tallies through fan engagement. Its virality was amplified on TikTok, where tracks like "Look at the Sky" inspired over 200,000 user-generated videos, driving organic streams and connecting with younger audiences through themes of resilience. This grassroots momentum, combined with critical praise for its authenticity, solidified Nurture as a landmark in Robinson's catalog, emphasizing emotional impact over mainstream metrics.[62][63]SMILE! :D and recent projects (2024–present)
On April 23, 2024, Porter Robinson announced his third studio album, SMILE! :D, slated for release on July 26, 2024.[64] The album, released via MOM+POP Music, features 10 tracks blending electronic production with pop sensibilities, including the lead single "Cheerleader," which highlights themes of unbridled joy through its upbeat, hyperpop-infused sound.[65] Additional singles like "Knock Yourself Out XD" preceded the full release, emphasizing the project's energetic and experimental vibe.[66] Building on the introspective emotional arc of Nurture, SMILE! :D shifts toward post-recovery optimism, reflecting Robinson's personal growth in themes of happiness and resilience.[67] The album received positive critical reception for its raw honesty and eclecticism, with reviewers praising its wild, genre-blending approach as Robinson's most intriguing work to date.[68] To promote SMILE! :D, Robinson launched the SMILE! :D World Tour in August 2024, encompassing over 70 dates across multiple continents through 2025.[69] The tour kicked off in North America with a show at MGM Music Hall at Fenway in Boston on August 29, 2024, and extended to international legs including Asia (such as Taipei on December 10, 2024; Seoul on December 12, 2024; and Tokyo on February 10, 2025), Australia in early 2025, and U.S. festival appearances like EDC Orlando from November 7 to 9, 2025.[70][71] In 2025, Robinson continued his creative output with a collaboration on the single "kill me for always" alongside Michael Clifford, released on June 25 via Hopeless Records.[72] The track marks his involvement in Clifford's project SIDEQUEST, blending electronic elements with pop-rock influences.[73] In May 2025, a vinyl edition of Worlds Live at Second Sky 2019 was released, compiling live edits from his 2019 performance at the festival.[74] SMILE! :D has achieved streaming success, amassing 1.8 million monthly listeners on Spotify as of late 2025.[75] The album's reception has been bolstered by fan engagement, including listening parties and online discussions that highlight its uplifting impact.[76]Artistry
Musical style and evolution
Porter Robinson's early work, particularly during the Spitfire era from 2005 to 2013, was rooted in dubstep and electro house, characterized by heavy, wobbling basslines and explosive, festival-oriented drops tailored for high-energy club environments. Tracks like "Spitfire" exemplify this phase with aggressive synth stabs, rapid percussion, and build-ups that prioritize crowd engagement over subtlety, reflecting the dominant EDM trends of the time.[18] A significant evolution occurred with the 2014 album Worlds, where Robinson transitioned to future bass and chiptune elements, integrating vocal synthesis and J-pop-inspired melodic structures. This shift introduced brighter, more uplifting synths and glitchy 8-bit sounds, as seen in "Flicker," which combines chopped vocal samples with soaring drops, moving away from bass-heavy aggression toward emotive, anime-influenced electronic landscapes. Production here heavily utilized virtual vocal tools like Vocaloid for synthetic harmonies, creating a sense of otherworldly euphoria. By the Nurture era (2020–2023), Robinson's style became minimalist and piano-driven, emphasizing sparse electronic arrangements that highlight raw emotional depth through delicate keys and ambient textures. Songs such as "Lifelike" feature gentle piano motifs layered with subtle reverb-heavy synths and field recordings, fostering introspection rather than dancefloor intensity; this period showcased his preference for self-mixing to preserve intimacy in the sound design. In the Smile! :D phase (2024–present), Robinson embraced hyperpop and experimental joy, with maximalist productions blending distorted guitars, rapid-fire beats, and playful vocal manipulations for a chaotic yet celebratory vibe. Tracks incorporate live-edited elements and virtual instruments to evoke 2000s nostalgia alongside futuristic edge, marking his most genre-fluid exploration to date. Across these phases, Robinson's production techniques involve virtual instruments and software such as Ableton Live, with a hands-on approach to mixing for a personal sonic identity.Themes and influences
Porter Robinson's music frequently explores themes of escapism, portraying idealized digital and fantastical realms as refuges from reality. In his debut album Worlds, this is evident through immersive soundscapes inspired by virtual reality, creating a sense of boundless fantasy where listeners can transcend everyday constraints.[77] The album's use of android-like vocals, such as in tracks featuring synthetic voices that blend robotic detachment with human emotion, underscores a central motif of the interplay between technology and humanity, questioning how artificial elements can evoke profound emotional connections.[78] Subsequent works delve into personal vulnerability and recovery. Nurture reflects Robinson's journey through depression and creative block, transforming mental health struggles into anthems of healing and optimism, where music serves as a therapeutic bridge to emotional renewal.[27] His latest album, Smile! :D, shifts toward unfiltered expressions of joy amid inner turmoil, embracing raw, exuberant pop to capture fleeting moments of happiness and self-acceptance despite underlying anxieties.[79] Robinson's artistic influences draw heavily from Japanese animation and pop culture, particularly Vocaloid software, which shaped his early experimentation with synthetic voices and narrative-driven visuals.[80] The 90s rave and early internet electronic scenes also profoundly impacted him, as seen in the Virtual Self project, which recreates the nostalgic, cybernetic haze of Y2K-era online communities and trance aesthetics.[81] These elements manifest in cultural collaborations, such as the 2016 anime short film Shelter, co-produced with Madeon and animated by A-1 Pictures, which weaves a story of simulated isolation and connection through futuristic visuals and electronic sound.[82] Over time, Robinson's work has evolved from high-energy, crowd-pleasing anthems in his early career to deeply personal storytelling, prioritizing emotional authenticity over spectacle as he integrates lived experiences into introspective narratives.[56]Works and performances
Studio albums
Porter Robinson has released three studio albums. His debut, Worlds, marked a shift toward more emotive, synth-pop influenced electronic music.[83]Worlds (2014)
Released on August 12, 2014, by Astralwerks, Worlds debuted at number 18 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart; it also peaked at number 86 on the UK Albums Chart and number 13 on the Australian Albums Chart.[84]| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Divinity" (featuring Amy Millan) | 6:08 |
| 2. | "Sad Machine" | 5:50 |
| 3. | "Years of War" (featuring Breanne Düren and Sean Caskey) | 3:56 |
| 4. | "Flicker" | 4:39 |
| 5. | "Fresh Static Snow" | 4:28 |
| 6. | "Sea of Voices" | 4:19 |
| 7. | "Goblin Dance" | 1:26 |
| 8. | "Hear the Bells" | 4:42 |
| 9. | "Fellow Feeling" | 4:07 |
| 10. | "Goodbye to a World" | 5:10 |
| 11. | "Worlds" | 3:40 |
Nurture (2021)
Nurture was released on April 23, 2021, by Mom + Pop Music, peaking at number 52 on the Billboard 200 and number 1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart; it reached number 42 on the UK Album Downloads Chart.[86]| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Lifelike" | 1:35 |
| 2. | "Look at the Sky" | 5:10 |
| 3. | "Get Your Wish" | 3:39 |
| 4. | "Wind Tempos" | 2:25 |
| 5. | "Musician" | 4:43 |
| 6. | "do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti-do" | 2:20 |
| 7. | "Mother" | 1:14 |
| 8. | "Dullscythe" | 4:02 |
| 9. | "Sweet Time" | 5:10 |
| 10. | "Mirror" | 4:00 |
| 11. | "Something Comforting" | 4:30 |
| 12. | "Unfold" | 2:55 |
| 13. | "Feels Right" | 4:03 |
| 14. | "Cloak" | 3:41 |
Smile! :D (2024)
The third studio album, Smile! :D, was released on July 26, 2024, by Mom + Pop Music; it debuted with 14,000 units sold in its first week and charted on the Billboard 200.[4]| No. | Title | Length |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | "Knock Yourself Out XD" | 2:48 |
| 2. | "Cheerleader" | 3:57 |
| 3. | "Russian Roulette" | 3:11 |
| 4. | "Perfect Pinterest Garden" | 3:46 |
| 5. | "Year of the Cup" | 3:53 |
| 6. | "Kitsune Maison Freestyle" | 3:47 |
| 7. | "Easier to Love You" | 3:25 |
| 8. | "Mona Lisa" | 4:13 |
| 9. | "Is There Really No Bright Side?" | 4:08 |
| 10. | "Everything to Me" | 3:25 |
Extended plays
Robinson's early career featured the debut EP Spitfire, released September 13, 2011, by OWSLA, which topped the iTunes Dance chart and Beatport overall chart.[88]Spitfire (2011)
- "Spitfire" – 6:45
- "Unison" – 5:50
- "100% in the Bitch" – 4:11
- "Vandalism" (featuring Amba Shepherd) – 7:20
- "The State" – 5:57
Virtual Self (2017)
- "Particle Arts" – 3:54
- "Ghost Voices" – 4:26
- "a.i.ngel (Become God)" – 5:01
- "Key" – 3:32
- "EON BREAK" – 3:40
Singles
Selected singles include "Language", released April 10, 2012, by Big Beat Records in the US and Ministry of Sound in the UK, which peaked at number 9 on the UK Singles Chart and number 17 on the Billboard Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart.[92] "Shelter", a collaboration with Madeon, was released August 11, 2016, by Columbia Records, reaching number 42 on the Billboard Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart.[93] In 2025, Robinson featured on "kill me for always" by Michael Clifford, released June 25, 2025.[94]Remix albums
Worlds Remixed (2015)
Released October 2, 2015, by Astralwerks, this remix album features reworks of tracks from Worlds by artists including Galantis and Madeon.[95]Live albums
Worlds Live at Second Sky 2019 (2025)
A live recording from the 2019 Second Sky Festival performance, released May 9, 2025, by Astralwerks as a vinyl compilation of edited Worlds tracks.[8]Side projects and collaborations
The Virtual Self project includes the 2017 EP and singles such as "Ghost Voices" (August 18, 2017), which has been remixed by artists like Lane 8.[96] Key collaborations encompass Shelter with Madeon, as noted above.Tours and live shows
Porter Robinson began performing live sets in support of his debut EP Spitfire during 2011 and 2012, including a notable appearance at Ultra Music Festival in Miami, where he showcased tracks from the release alongside other electronic acts.[97][98] These early performances helped establish his presence in the EDM scene, featuring high-energy DJ sets at festivals and club venues across North America. In 2014, Robinson launched the Worlds Live Tour to promote his album Worlds, running through 2015 with dates across North America, starting August 28 in Seattle and concluding in Miami in October 2014.[99] The tour featured innovative production, including custom visuals created by teams like Invisible Light Network, blending anime, pixel art, and glitch effects synchronized to the music.[48] Robinson performed live elements such as singing, sample triggering, and keyboard playing using custom Ableton Live patches for real-time control of both audio and visuals, marking a shift from traditional DJ sets to a more immersive, narrative-driven show.[49] Under his Virtual Self alias, Robinson debuted live sets in 2018, including a main stage performance at Coachella that capped the project's initial campaign with trance-influenced productions and custom acrylic staging for dynamic visuals.[100][101] He followed with appearances at festivals like Ultra Music Festival and EDC Las Vegas, emphasizing real-time editing and layered sound design to evoke early 2000s club aesthetics.[102] In 2021, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, Robinson hosted the Secret Sky live stream event, a virtual concert filmed with Blackmagic Design cameras to deliver a full Nurture performance to global audiences.[103] This led to the Nurture Live Tour in late 2021 and 2022, spanning 22 U.S. states with synchronized video walls and floors for immersive visuals, including shows at Red Rocks Amphitheatre and Second Sky Festival.[104] He also presented a "Together Live" band format at Second Sky 2022, reimagining Nurture tracks with live instrumentation. Robinson founded the Second Sky Festival in 2018, with its inaugural edition held June 15-16, 2019, in Oakland, California, in partnership with Goldenvoice, featuring his own headline sets alongside curated electronic artists.[105] The event returned in 2021 as a hybrid virtual-physical experience and continued annually, serving as a platform for Robinson's performances through 2022. The Smile! :D World Tour, announced in April 2024, marks Robinson's largest outing yet, with over 70 dates across 20 countries from August 2024 to late 2025.[106] The North American leg began August 29-30 in Boston, including stops at Forest Hills Stadium and the Hollywood Bowl, while the 2025 extension features a DJ set at EDC Orlando on November 7-9, Australian dates in February 2025 announced in October 2024, and an Asia leg with dates in late 2024 and early 2025 in cities including Bangkok, Singapore, Taipei, Seoul, and Tokyo.[71][107][108][109][110]Recognition
Awards and nominations
Porter Robinson has earned recognition through various awards and nominations in the electronic dance music field, including a Grammy nod and wins at MTV-affiliated events.[55][111]| Year | Award | Category | Nominated work | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | mtvU Woodie Awards | Artist of the Year | Himself | Won[111] |
| 2017 | Electronic Music Awards | Single of the Year | "Shelter" (with Madeon) | Nominated[112] |
| 2017 | Electronic Music Awards | Live Act of the Year | Himself (with Madeon) | Nominated[112] |
| 2019 | Grammy Awards | Best Dance Recording | "Ghost Voices" (as Virtual Self) | Nominated[55] |
| 2022 | Billboard Music Awards | Top Dance/Electronic Album | Nurture | Nominated[113] |
| 2024 | UK Music Video Awards | Best Production Design in a Video | "Cheerleader" | Nominated[114] |
| 2025 | Electronic Dance Music Awards | Male Artist of the Year | Himself | Nominated[115] |
| 2025 | Electronic Dance Music Awards | Favorite Album | Smile! :D | Nominated[116] |
| 2025 | Libera Awards | Music Video of the Year | "Cheerleader" | Nominated[117] |