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RELX

RELX is a multinational corporation headquartered in , , that develops and provides information-based and decision tools for professional and business customers. The company operates across four principal market segments: Risk, which offers for and compliance; Scientific, Technical & Medical (STM), focused on research and health solutions; Legal, providing professional and tools; and Exhibitions, organizing events. Formed in 1993 through the merger of British publisher International and scientific publisher , RELX—formerly known as Reed Elsevier—has transformed over the past decade from a print-based operation into a technology-centric group, employing more than 9,000 technologists among its approximately 36,000 total staff. Serving clients in over 180 countries, RELX emphasizes combining rich data sets with advanced technology to enhance , productivity, and outcomes in high-stakes sectors, while achieving strong financial performance, including total shareholder returns that have outperformed every other FTSE 100 stock since the end of 2011.

History

Origins and Early Development

Albert E. Reed acquired the Upper Tovil paper mill in , , in 1894, establishing the foundational operations in paper manufacturing that preceded diversification into printing and publishing. The business incorporated as Albert E. Reed & Company in 1903, formalizing its structure amid expansion into board and carton production, with initial revenues centered on industrial products rather than books. By the mid-20th century, Reed had evolved to include trade book publishing and early exhibitions, such as the 1960s launch of specialized shows, while maintaining print-based models for revenue through sales and advertising. Elsevier originated in 1880 when five Dutch booksellers, led by Jacobus George Robbers, formed NV Uitgeversmaatschappij in , drawing its name from the 16th-century Elzevir printers but operating independently. The company initially emphasized general literature and reference works, including the multi-volume Winkler Prins encyclopedia first published in 1870s editions and expanded under Elsevier's stewardship, generating income via book sales and subscriptions. From the early 1900s, it pivoted toward scientific publishing, launching specialized journals in fields like and , with print subscriptions forming the core revenue stream amid growing academic demand. Cahners Publishing commenced operations in 1946 under founder Norman L. Cahners in the United States, beginning with a niche magazine targeted at manufacturers. It rapidly scaled by acquiring and developing trade periodicals for sectors including plastics and , relying on revenues from print editions and early integrations by the . This U.S.-focused entity complemented European predecessors by addressing industrial media needs, predating its integration into broader portfolios through print-centric models.

Key Mergers and Formations

In 1993, International , a publisher focused on trade books, magazines, and exhibitions, merged with NV, a scientific and professional publisher, to form Reed Elsevier through a effective January 1. The companies contributed their businesses to two jointly owned entities, Elsevier and Elsevier Finance , establishing a dual-listed structure where each parent holding company held equalized economic stakes in the combined operations, with listings on the London and stock exchanges. This arrangement preserved separate shareholder bases while enabling unified management and operational synergies in , services, and , reflecting the trend in fragmented markets amid rising demand for specialized content. The merger capitalized on complementary strengths: Reed's consumer and business media portfolio alongside Elsevier's dominance in academic journals, technical books, and databases, creating economies in distribution, content aggregation, and international expansion without immediate integration of corporate identities. Governance was coordinated through equal board representation and joint decision-making, avoiding full legal merger to respect national regulatory and shareholder interests in the UK and Netherlands. In 1997, Reed Elsevier pursued U.S. expansion in trade media by acquiring Chilton Business Group from ABC Inc. for $447 million, integrating its 39 specialist magazines—covering industries like automotive and construction—into the existing Cahners Publishing division, which Reed had controlled since acquiring full ownership in 1977. This bolstered Reed Elsevier's position in publishing, enhancing market penetration in where trade events and directories were key revenue drivers. The combined entity achieved substantial scale post-merger, with pro forma annual turnover exceeding £2 billion by 1993 and growing through the decade via organic expansion and bolt-on deals, underscoring the efficiencies of cross-Atlantic consolidation in an era of analog-to- transition.

Expansion, Rebranding, and Modern Era

Following the formation of Reed Elsevier in 1992, the company pursued expansion in the post-2000 period by investing in analytics platforms, particularly in and tools, to capitalize on growing demand for data-driven decision-making amid the shift from analog to digital workflows. This strategic pivot addressed causal factors such as the declining viability of print and the rising value of integrated information solutions, enabling RELX to develop proprietary technologies like LexisNexis risk analytics, which processed vast datasets for predictive insights in and . To streamline operations and prioritize high-margin segments, RELX executed divestments of lower-yield assets prior to , including trade publications and print-based businesses that no longer aligned with its analytics focus. These moves, such as offloading portions of Business Information, allowed reallocation of toward technology-enabled products, reducing exposure to commoditized content markets and enhancing through a leaner . In February 2015, Reed Elsevier announced a to RELX Group , effective July 1, alongside a simplification that consolidated its dual-listed entities into a single unified , aimed at improving for investors and signaling the departure from its heritage toward an analytics-centric identity. The name change underscored the empirical success of transitioning to decision tools, with RELX's reflecting investor recognition of its pivot, as evidenced by sustained share price appreciation post-rebranding amid broader trends. In the , RELX has accelerated integration across its platforms, embedding for enhanced in areas like detection and clinical decision support, which has driven underlying revenue growth of 8% in the first nine months of 2025. This growth trajectory, consistent with 2024 performance, stems from organic advancements in AI-enabled workflows rather than mere volume increases, countering any perceptions of stagnation by demonstrating resilient to technological imperatives and client needs for actionable .

Business Segments

Scientific, Technical & Medical

The Scientific, Technical & Medical (STM) division of RELX, operated primarily through its subsidiary Elsevier, specializes in providing peer-reviewed scholarly content and analytics tools that support research discovery, validation, and application across scientific, technical, and medical fields. Elsevier curates and disseminates high-quality content by subjecting submissions to rigorous peer review, accepting only a fraction of the millions received annually, which adds value through verification of empirical claims and methodological soundness rather than unfiltered dissemination. This process incurs substantial costs for editorial oversight and expert validation, justifying subscription and access models that fund ongoing curation amid rising submission volumes exceeding 3.5 million in 2024. Elsevier maintains a portfolio of over 3,000 journals, publishing more than 720,000 articles in 2024 from those submissions, serving researchers in disciplines including , , and physical sciences. Content is accessible via platforms like , launched in March 1997 as an early online repository for electronic journals and books, which now hosts over 23 million articles and integrates analytics for citation tracking and impact assessment. Innovations such as AI, introduced in early 2025, employ generative AI and to summarize articles, answer queries, and facilitate discovery by surfacing evidence from peer-reviewed sources, reducing research time while maintaining fidelity to verified data. Metrics underscore the division's influence: Elsevier journals are cited by 243 of the 244 Nobel laureates in science and from 2015 to 2024, reflecting high citation impacts driven by selective rather than volume alone. Partnerships with academic institutions and governments, such as data provision for university rankings via and SciVal, further amplify reach and utility in evaluating research output. To address accessibility, supports models in subscription journals, allowing authors to opt for on a per-article basis, alongside fully titles; in 2024, it published over 250,000 articles—a 30% year-on-year increase—and launched 50 new fully journals, balancing broad dissemination with sustained investment in integrity.

Risk Management Solutions

LexisNexis Risk Solutions forms the foundation of RELX's Risk segment, delivering analytics and decision tools that aggregate public records, proprietary data, and transaction histories to predict and mitigate risks in fraud, , and compliance. These solutions target industries such as , , and specialized sectors, where enables probabilistic modeling of threats, outperforming isolated verification methods by correlating disparate signals for higher detection accuracy. In , tools assess policyholder risk and claim anomalies using geospatial, behavioral, and historical datasets to curb fraudulent payouts. Identity verification platforms employ multi-layered checks, including biometric cross-referencing and device fingerprinting, to authenticate entities and prevent account takeovers or synthetic identities. For prevention, screening matches against sanctions lists, politically exposed persons, and adverse media in , while transaction monitoring flags laundering patterns through network analysis of payment flows. This approach yields causal insights into risk propagation, as evidenced by platforms processing over 104 billion transactions annually to isolate anomalous behaviors before losses materialize. Subsidiaries bolster domain-specific intelligence: Accuity specializes in payments data, providing routing codes, correspondent banking details, and anti-money laundering filters to streamline cross-border transactions and enforce regulatory adherence for global . Operations merged with in July 2024 to enhance unified fraud defenses. Cirium delivers aviation analytics, aggregating flight schedules, fleet data, and delay metrics to model operational risks, enabling airlines and insurers to forecast disruptions and underwrite hull or liability exposures with granular precision. Empirical outcomes demonstrate loss reduction: ' fraud detection contributes to averting costs amplified by multipliers, where each dollar lost to in North American financial institutions incurs $4.41 in total expenses, including recovery and deterrence, as of 2024 data showing a 32% rise in these burdens since 2022. In 2025, the segment supported RELX's 8% underlying revenue growth through first-half expansions in AI-driven tools like location for risk scoring. Such integrations have elevated detection rates by over tenfold for adopting banks via networked , surpassing standalone rule-based systems.

Legal Services and Analytics

LexisNexis Legal & Professional, RELX's legal division, delivers integrated platforms combining extensive legal databases with advanced analytics to support , compliance, and decision-making for professionals worldwide. Its core offerings include Lexis+, which provides access to the most comprehensive collections of U.S. and international , statutes, regulations, and secondary sources such as treatises and practice guides. These resources enable precise searches across billions of documents, facilitating validation of precedents and statutory interpretations essential for litigation and advisory work. Analytics capabilities extend to predictive tools like Lex Machina, which leverage historical docket data to forecast litigation timelines, judicial tendencies, and potential outcomes, including damages awards and motion success rates. Such features draw from and court records to model case trajectories, aiding in and strategy formulation for law firms and corporate counsel. In 2024, the division reported revenues of £3,245 million, reflecting 4% underlying growth driven by electronic solutions comprising 79% of total revenue. Recent AI integrations, including Lexis+ AI launched commercially in 2024, enhance efficiency through generative capabilities for brief analysis, document summarization, and contract review. These tools automate identification in agreements, compare against filings for alternatives, and generate hallucination-free citations linked to primary sources, reducing manual review time from days to minutes in complex analyses. A Forrester Total Economic Impact study on Lexis+ AI found large U.S. firms achieved 225 hours of annual savings per research staff member, alongside improved accuracy in multi-jurisdictional queries. Adoption is widespread, with surveys indicating 68% of U.S. firms incorporating legal analytics by 2022, rising amid client demands for data-driven insights. These advancements support rule-of- initiatives by equipping users in government and academia with tools for transparent, evidence-based legal processes.

Exhibitions and Events

, RELX's exhibitions division, organizes approximately 350 events annually across 41 industry sectors, including , , and , with a focus on facilitating networking and market sourcing. In 2024, the portfolio included 282 face-to-face events held in 25 countries, attracting millions of participants and leveraging data tools to connect exhibitors and buyers. These gatherings enable direct interactions that support product sourcing, market intelligence, and economic development in host regions. Prominent events in the portfolio include All-Energy, the UK's largest low-carbon and renewables exhibition, which in achieved record attendance exceeding 7,000 participants across 57 sessions on , , and in sectors. In and -related fields, events like Aluminium 2026 highlight advancements in lightweight materials for automotive, aerospace, and building applications, with strong pre-event bookings signaling industry confidence. Metrics from RX events demonstrate tangible outcomes, such as £2.2 billion in business deals generated at WTM alone, underscoring the role of these platforms in forging commercial partnerships. Post-COVID recovery has been robust, with the segment achieving 8% underlying in the first half of 2025, establishing above pre-pandemic benchmarks through expanded and per . This reflects sustained demand for in-person trade formats, including those in defense-adjacent aerospace exhibitions, which operate within market-driven dynamics of integration and procurement rather than subsidized or ideological mandates. Events in the portfolio empirically drive through exhibitor demonstrations and attendee collaborations, while facilitating contracts as measured by reported deal values and economic spillovers, such as $5 billion in impact from RX's 10 events in 2024.

Corporate Governance

Leadership and Executive Team

Erik Engstrom has served as of RELX since November 2009. During his tenure, the company has transitioned from a print-based publisher to an -focused group, integrating technology across operations with over 9,000 technologists employed to support data-driven solutions. This strategic pivot has coincided with adjusted expansion to 33.9% in 2024, reflecting efficiency gains from analytics adoption and business mix shifts. Engstrom, a Swedish national born in 1963, previously served as CEO of starting in 2004 after roles at Partners; he holds an MSc in Economics from the , an MSc in Engineering, and an MBA. Nick Luff has been since September 2014, managing capital allocation including acquisitions and disposals to refine the portfolio toward high-growth segments. In the first half of 2025, for instance, RELX executed small acquisitions totaling £260 million alongside disposals under his oversight, aligning with a focus on returns through buybacks and dividends. Luff, a graduate, brings prior leadership experience that has supported RELX's leverage reduction to 1.8x net debt to adjusted EBITDA by 2024. Other senior executives include Kumsal Bayazit, CEO of Scientific, Technical & Medical since 2019, who joined in 2004 and previously led strategy and exhibitions; she holds an MBA from and a degree from UC Berkeley, contributing to digital content growth in research analytics. Mark Kelsey, CEO of Risk since 2012 after joining in 1983, has advanced tools for insurance and compliance, with an MBA from Bradford University. Mike Walsh, CEO of Legal since 2011, oversees operations with a focus on AI-enhanced , holding a JD from and a degree from Yale. These leaders' tech and industry backgrounds have driven RELX's emphasis on verifiable, data-centric decision tools across segments.

Board Structure and Oversight

RELX functions as the sole parent company of the RELX Group following the 2018 merger that simplified its prior dual-parent holding structure involving RELX , with RELX now owning 100% of the operating subsidiary RELX Group plc. The company adheres to UK standards applicable to its primary listing, while maintaining secondary listings on and the via American Depositary Shares, ensuring consistent disclosure and oversight across jurisdictions. The Board of Directors consists of 10 members: two executive directors— Erik Engstrom and Nick Luff—and eight independent non-executive directors, including independent Chair and Senior Independent Director Suzanne Wood. All non-executive directors meet independence criteria under governance codes, providing robust oversight of strategy, , and performance without executive influence. The Board's structure delegates specific functions to standing committees, all comprising solely independent non-executive directors, to maintain accountability and specialized scrutiny. Key committees include the Audit Committee, chaired by Suzanne Wood, which oversees financial reporting integrity, internal controls, , and independence; it met four times in 2024 to review significant judgments such as pension valuations and impairments. The Committee, chaired by Alistair Cox, designs executive pay to align with business outcomes, emphasizing variable elements over fixed base salaries. Remuneration structures link incentives directly to empirical metrics: the Annual Incentive Plan bases payouts on revenue growth (100% achievement in 2024) and adjusted operating profit (81.3% achievement), yielding 80% of maximum; the Long-Term Incentive Plan vests on relative TSR against , , and European peers (full achievement), growth (92.5%), and ROIC (full), resulting in 97% vesting for the 2022-2024 cycle. This performance orientation has supported sustained outperformance, with RELX's TSR reaching 328% over the decade to end-2024, compared to 83% for the FTSE 100. The and Nominations Committees, both chaired by , handle board composition, succession, and effectiveness reviews, with the 2024 external evaluation affirming strong oversight capabilities and no material weaknesses. Absent notable controversies in board functioning, this framework has facilitated disciplined capital allocation toward analytics-driven segments, prioritizing over extraneous priorities.

Financial Performance

Revenue and Profit Trends

RELX's reported has expanded from $8.8 billion in 2015 to $12.1 billion in 2024, demonstrating steady growth amid varying economic conditions and currency fluctuations. Underlying growth, adjusted for acquisitions, disposals, and exchange rates, has averaged approximately 7% annually over this period, reflecting organic expansion driven by demand for solutions. This trajectory highlights the company's ability to maintain momentum through diversification into higher-value, recurring streams. Adjusted operating margins have improved progressively, rising to 33.9% for the full year 2024 from 33.1% in 2023, primarily due to a business mix shift favoring scalable and products over lower-margin activities. In the first half of 2025, margins further increased to 34.8%, accompanied by underlying revenue growth of 7% and adjusted operating profit growth of 9%, with revenues also advancing 7%. Reported revenue for the period reached £4,741 million, up from £4,641 million the prior year. These profit trends are underpinned by structural advantages, including proprietary data curation and network effects in platforms, which erect high and support margin expansion even as the company scales. The emphasis on subscription-based models has enhanced revenue quality and predictability, contributing to resilience against cyclical downturns in sectors like exhibitions.

Key Metrics and Investor Returns (2015–2025)

RELX PLC generated a total shareholder return (TSR) of approximately 239% from October 2015 to October 2025, reflecting compounded share price appreciation and reinvested dividends amid consistent operational execution in analytics-driven segments. This decade-long performance equated to an annualized return exceeding 13%, substantially outpacing broader market benchmarks like the FTSE 100, which delivered lower cumulative gains over the same period. Shareholder value was augmented through progressive dividend policies and aggressive buybacks. The company paid an annual of $0.87 per share in 2025, yielding 1.92% at prevailing prices, with dividends distributed semiannually and increased annually from base levels around €0.40 total in 2015. Buybacks totaled billions across the period, including £600 million in 2015 and a planned £1.5 billion for full-year 2025, reducing by over 20% cumulatively and boosting . Recent shareholder yield, combining dividend and buyback components, reached 3.36% trailing twelve months. Financial supported growth without excessive risk, as net to adjusted EBITDA remained stable near 2x throughout 2015–2025, fluctuating modestly from around 2.0x in prior years to 2.2x by mid-2025, underpinned by strong cash conversion exceeding 95%. This ratio enabled sustained capital returns while funding investments, contrasting with higher in cyclical media peers. In 2025, RELX shares demonstrated momentum early in the year, reaching an all-time high closing price of $55.36 on May 27, before moderating to year-to-date TSR of 4.20% as of October 24 amid broader market volatility; enterprise value approximated $95.5 billion at that juncture. Relative to information services peers like Thomson Reuters, RELX's decade TSR reflected superior compounding from recurring revenue streams in legal, risk, and scientific analytics, sectors less exposed to advertising downturns.

Strategic Evolution

Acquisitions and Divestments

RELX has strategically divested non-core assets, including print and consumer media operations, to concentrate resources on , , and legal solutions. Prior to 2015, the company sold various consumer publishing units and, between 2006 and 2019, divested over 300 print magazine titles in 65 transactions, substantially reducing reliance on declining print revenue streams and generating proceeds to fund higher-margin digital investments. These divestments, such as the ongoing shedding of legacy media holdings, enabled capital reallocation toward accretive areas, with selective disposals continuing into recent years—including seven small asset sales in 2024 and two in the first half of 2025—yielding modest proceeds relative to acquisition spending. In parallel, RELX employs a disciplined program of bolt-on acquisitions, typically completing about 10 annually at an average spend of £400 million, targeting data sets, technologies, and firms to enhance core capabilities in detection, verification, and regulatory . Notable transactions include the 2015 acquisition of MLex, a provider of real-time regulatory insights, strengthening Legal & Professional's compliance offerings; the 2018 purchase of ThreatMetrix for £580 million, integrating advanced fraud prevention and device into ; and the 2020 acquisition of ID Analytics for $375 million, expanding consumer and fraud capabilities. More recent deals underscore a focus on AI-enhanced , with five small acquisitions in 2024 totaling £195 million and three in the first half of 2025 for £262 million, including Insurtech Insights in March 2025 to bolster events and integration. These acquisitions, often integrated within months to RELX's scale, have empirically added to underlying and growth—contributing approximately 1-2% annually in targeted segments through and synergies—while maintaining high returns on invested exceeding 20% in mature holdings. Net acquisition spending, however, occasionally exerts a short-term drag on adjusted growth metrics due to integration costs, with 2024 net divestitures at -$0.158 billion reflecting disciplined portfolio pruning.

Shift to Data Analytics and Innovation

During the , RELX strategically pivoted from traditional print publishing toward digital platforms and advanced , recognizing the growing demand for integrated data solutions that deliver predictive insights over mere information dissemination. This transformation involved substantial investments in technology infrastructure, including , capabilities, and workflow automation, to reposition the company as a provider of decision-support tools for professional sectors. By leveraging proprietary content from its publishing heritage—such as legal precedents, scientific journals, and datasets—RELX developed products that enable clients to forecast outcomes, assess risks, and optimize operations. Key innovations emerged in AI-driven applications, including for risk evaluation in and , as well as generative AI for extracting and synthesizing insights from vast document repositories. For instance, tools in the Risk division utilize historical data patterns to model potential or breaches, while Scientific, Technical & Medical offerings incorporate AI to accelerate research discovery through and trend prediction. These advancements have been deployed across subscription-based platforms, contributing to RELX's reported underlying of 7% in 2024, with a shift toward higher-margin comprising the majority of expansion. By 2023, over 90% of revenues derived from subscription models, underscoring the efficacy of this evolution in sustaining profitability amid digital disruption. The subscription-oriented approach has yielded robust client retention and predictable cash flows, with recurring revenues forming the bulk of the business and supporting adjusted operating profit growth of 10% in 2024. RELX's competitive edge persists through deep data moats—built on exclusive, curated datasets spanning decades—that resist by open-access competitors, ensuring sustained leadership in for regulated industries where accuracy and verifiability are paramount. This model counters broader industry fears of disruption by emphasizing causal linkages between data inputs and verifiable outcomes, rather than volume alone.

Societal Impact and Debates

Contributions to Knowledge and Decision-Making

RELX's Scientific, Technical, and Medical (STM) division, primarily through , advances knowledge dissemination by publishing over 720,000 research articles in 2024, representing more than 17% of the world's scientific output and garnering 29% of global citations. These publications, accessible via platforms like , enable researchers to build upon prior work, accelerating discoveries in fields such as health, climate, and energy; for instance, 's journals contributed to the 2024 Lancet Countdown on health and , synthesizing data from 53 indicators across 57 organizations. Tools like AI further support decision-making by providing analytics for 24,500 institutions and 30,000 journals, allowing prioritization of impactful research. In risk and legal domains, enhances prevention and enforcement by analyzing 121 billion transactions annually and detecting 690 million human-initiated attacks alongside 2 billion bot attacks in 2024. These capabilities enable organizations to mitigate losses proactively; for example, integration with networks like the Network yielded a 71% uplift in detection for , preventing £630,000 in over 20 days. Legal analytics tools, such as Lexis+ , deliver measurable returns, with users reporting 200% productivity gains and 3.5 hours daily time savings per professional, facilitating more precise case preparation and . RELX's exhibitions arm, , fosters B2B connections through 282 events attracting over 6 million attendees in 2024, generating leads via digital tools like the Lead Manager App and supporting industry innovation and local . Across segments, RELX's analytics-driven platforms promote causal improvements in outcomes, as evidenced by 94% satisfaction with ClinicalKey AI's accuracy in clinical decisions and for underserved groups via Risk Classifier, which increased applications by 403% for Black communities from 2019 to 2023. Such tools yield ROI multiples by integrating proprietary data with , enabling evidence-based choices that reduce errors and optimize resource allocation.

Academic Publishing and Access Issues

Elsevier, RELX's primary academic publishing arm, operates a subscription-based model for access to its journals, which has drawn criticism for high pricing that exacerbates access barriers, particularly for institutions in lower-income countries and individual researchers without institutional affiliations. In 2023, Elsevier generated $3.8 billion in revenue from peer-reviewed journals, contributing to RELX's overall scientific, technical, and medical (STM) segment profits with operating margins around 38%. Critics argue these prices reflect market power derived from the prestige of Elsevier's branded journals rather than proportional costs, as academic authors and reviewers contribute labor without compensation, with global peer review coordination estimated at $1.5 billion annually but largely subsidized by unpaid expertise. Publishers like Elsevier counter that subscription fees fund extensive quality assurance beyond peer review, including editorial management, plagiarism detection, data archiving, and digital infrastructure to handle growing research output—annual global R&D spending and article volumes have risen 3-4%—while maintaining rejection rates that ensure selectivity. Elsevier's pricing policy ties increases (historically around 5% annually) to content volume growth and value-added services, such as analytics tools and perpetual access rights, rather than direct reviewer payments, which remain standard across the industry due to the volunteer nature of scholarly contribution. These investments support a hybrid system where subscriptions coexist with open access (OA) options, avoiding the pitfalls of pure OA models that have seen predatory journals proliferate without equivalent quality controls. A prominent case illustrating negotiation dynamics occurred in 2019 when the (UC) system ended talks with over unsustainable price hikes, leading to a temporary loss of access to new articles starting July 10, 2019. The standoff, which highlighted demands for broader without inflated fees, resolved in March 2021 with a transformative "read-and-publish" agreement valued at approximately $11 million in the first year (growing 2.6% annually), enabling UC authors to publish in Elsevier hybrids at no additional cost to them while retaining subscription access. This outcome, achieved after two years of impasse rather than a sustained , underscored the leverage of large consortia but also Elsevier's unwillingness to fully capitulate, as the deal bundled subscriptions with capped publishing rather than dismantling paywalls entirely. Open access initiatives have prompted to adapt, with transformative agreements covering hybrid journals and a shift toward higher uptake—industry-wide projections estimate 44% of articles by 2025—yet experiments reveal trade-offs, as article processing charges (APCs) for gold averaged $2,000-3,230 in 2023, often shifting costs to authors or funders without demonstrable quality improvements over subscription models. has waived fees for over 20% of its outputs in some partnerships and emphasizes rigorous standards to counter criticisms of diluted in rapid outlets, where predatory practices have undermined trust. These adaptations reflect pragmatic responses to funder mandates like , but evidence suggests hybrid models sustain revenue streams more effectively than pure disruptions, which have failed to displace established publishers due to persistent demand for vetted, high-impact outlets. As of 2025, Elsevier continues evolving through expanded transformative deals and technology investments, amid a competitive landscape that includes rivals like and Wiley, collectively sharing a $20 billion where no single entity holds status—evidenced by ongoing antitrust scrutiny over practices like unpaid review coordination rather than outright dominance. Claims of monopolistic pricing overlook switching feasibility for institutions and the citation lock-in from entrenched prestige, but dynamics, including recent lawsuits alleging via trade groups, highlight pressures for reform without validating alternatives that compromise reliability. Competition fosters negotiation gains, as seen in UC's deal, while Elsevier's adaptations balance access expansion with sustainability, debunking narratives of unassailable control.

Security, Defense, and Government Partnerships

, a division of RELX, provides analytics tools such as Accurint for Government to U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (), enabling efficient and location of individuals subject to through cross-referencing public and commercial records including addresses, employment history, and . In February 2021, signed a $22.1 million with to support these operations, which utilized for over 1 million searches in a seven-month period ending in early 2022, facilitating targeted actions that uphold laws central to national and border . These tools enhance operational precision by aggregating disparate sources, reducing reliance on incomplete records and minimizing errors in high-stakes processes, thereby supporting rule-of-law without necessitating broader overreach. RELX also maintains contracts with the U.S. Department of Defense () and its Defense Counterintelligence and Security Agency (DCSA), supplying risk and background verification services critical for personnel security clearances and counterintelligence efforts. A notable example is a 2023 contract valued at $47.1 million for DCSA, building on prior task orders that provide data-driven insights to safeguard operations and mitigate insider threats. In 2023, RELX received a $10.1 million modification to an existing task order for similar support, underscoring the company's role in bolstering national through verifiable, compliant data services that align with free-market principles of specialized analytics provision. Through its RX exhibitions division, RELX organizes global events focused on and cyber defense, such as ISC West and Infosecurity Europe, which convene industry stakeholders to showcase technologies addressing evolving threats and foster legitimate international partnerships in sovereign defense capabilities. These exhibitions generate economic value by facilitating transactions, , and job creation in the security sector, with events like ISC West drawing thousands of participants to advance innovations in physical and without endorsing illicit arms . RELX asserts that its government-related contracts and events comply fully with legal standards, prioritizing public safety and operational efficacy amid criticisms from advocacy groups, which often overlook the empirical enhancements to enforcement accuracy provided by aggregated data.

Environmental and ESG Claims

RELX's subsidiaries, particularly , provide geospatial and risk used by oil and gas companies for exploration and seismic surveys, drawing criticism from environmental advocates who argue these services enable extraction despite the company's commitments. RELX maintains that such offerings constitute neutral, demand-driven rather than for any industry, emphasizing with legal and ethical standards in provision. These services generated amid needs, with critics like the highlighting perceived conflicts but lacking evidence of direct causation in emissions increases beyond standard industry practices. In August 2024, a former RELX employee filed a proposed class action lawsuit in Massachusetts federal court, alleging securities fraud through greenwashing by overstating sustainability efforts while deriving significant revenue from fossil fuel-related data services, claiming retaliation for internal complaints. RELX defended its disclosures as accurate reflections of operational improvements and voluntary initiatives, not misleading omissions. On October 21, 2025, the court dismissed the suit, finding insufficient evidence of material misstatements or retaliation under securities and employment laws. RELX reported an 80% reduction in Scope 1 and 2 location-based carbon emissions since 2010, achieving this through operational efficiencies like optimizations and shifts, with its 2024 net-zero target by 2040 verified by the . 3 emissions, largely from supply chains and customer use, remain challenging to fully mitigate given the -focused serving diverse sectors including energy. The company met all pre-set 2025 environmental targets, including waste diversion and water efficiency, but external pressures to divest from high-emission clients have not materially altered streams, underscoring a of core over ideologically driven restrictions. In Q3 2025, RELX posted strong underlying of approximately 7%, demonstrating amid activist scrutiny. Such ESG mandates, when imposed externally, risk diverting resources from value-creating activities, as evidenced by RELX's sustained performance by resisting full alignment with demands.

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