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OA

Open access (OA) is a publishing model for scholarly communication in which research outputs, including peer-reviewed journal articles, books, and datasets, are made freely available online to readers without financial barriers such as subscriptions or paywalls, while typically retaining restrictions only on reuse governed by copyright or licensing terms like Creative Commons.^[1]^[2] This approach contrasts with traditional subscription-based models, shifting costs primarily to authors or funders via article processing charges (APCs) in "gold" OA or through self-archiving in repositories for "green" OA.^[3] Originating from efforts to address access inequalities in academia, OA gained formal momentum with the 2002 Budapest Open Access Initiative, which called for immediate free online availability of peer-reviewed literature to foster global scientific progress.^[4] Key models and implementation distinguish OA practices: gold OA involves publication in journals where APCs—often ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars—are paid upfront for open dissemination, while green OA permits authors to deposit accepted manuscripts in institutional or subject repositories after an embargo period, though compliance varies by publisher policies and funder mandates.^[5] Hybrid models blend subscription access with optional OA fees for individual articles, but these have drawn criticism for "double-dipping" revenues from both subscribers and authors.^[6] Proponents highlight OA's role in democratizing knowledge, particularly for publicly funded research, enabling broader citation impacts and innovation in fields like physics via early platforms such as arXiv, launched in 1991.^[7] Despite these benefits, OA has sparked significant controversies, including the rise of predatory publishers that exploit the pay-to-publish structure by charging fees for substandard or sham peer review, undermining scholarly integrity and inflating publication volumes with low-quality output.^[8]^[9] High APCs pose barriers for researchers in under-resourced institutions, perpetuating inequities despite OA's equity rhetoric, while mandates from funders like Plan S have accelerated adoption but strained budgets and disrupted traditional publishing ecosystems.^[5]^[10] These issues underscore tensions between accessibility goals and maintaining rigorous standards, with empirical evidence showing uneven adoption across disciplines due to entrenched subscription loyalties and varying OA compatibility.^[11]

Medicine

Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive breakdown of articular cartilage, accompanied by subchondral bone remodeling, osteophyte formation, and synovial changes, resulting in joint pain, stiffness, and functional impairment.^[12] It predominantly affects weight-bearing joints such as the knees, hips, and spine, as well as the hands, with symptoms typically emerging after age 50 but increasingly in younger adults due to injury or excess body weight.^[13] Unlike inflammatory arthritides, OA involves mechanical failure of joint tissues under repeated loading, where cartilage's inability to repair exceeds cumulative wear.^[14] As of 2021, OA afflicted 606.5 million people worldwide, representing an age-standardized prevalence of approximately 7.6%, with cases more than doubling since 1990 amid population growth and lifestyle shifts.^[15] In the United States alone, over 32.5 million adults are affected, underscoring its status as the leading cause of disability in older populations.^[16] Causal factors center on biomechanical overload, where obesity amplifies joint stress—each kilogram of excess weight increases knee loading by 4-6 times during gait—while prior trauma disrupts joint alignment, genetics impair extracellular matrix integrity, and aging reduces chondrocyte regenerative capacity.^[17] ^[18] Although secondary low-grade inflammation from debris and synovitis contributes to symptoms, empirical evidence positions OA as primarily degenerative rather than driven by primary inflammatory cascades, as synovial fluid cytokine levels remain lower than in rheumatoid arthritis and anti-inflammatory therapies fail to halt structural progression.^[19] ^[12] Non-pharmacologic interventions yield the strongest evidence for sustained benefit; randomized controlled trials show structured exercise programs, including strengthening and aerobic activities, reduce pain and improve function equivalently to oral NSAIDs, without the latter's risks of gastrointestinal bleeding or renal impairment.^[20] ^[21] Weight loss of at least 5% body mass in overweight individuals decreases knee OA risk by up to 50% over a decade and alleviates symptoms via reduced mechanical burden, outperforming analgesics in long-term disability prevention.^[22] NSAIDs provide short-term analgesia but do not modify disease course and are associated with adverse events in 10-20% of chronic users, prompting guidelines to prioritize lifestyle measures.^[21] Epidemiological reviews in 2025 highlight escalating incidence of early-onset OA, with global cases projected to reach 765 million by 2060, largely attributable to obesity prevalence doubling in many regions and rising sports injuries, independent of aging demographics alone.^[15] ^[23] These trends underscore modifiable lifestyle contributors over inevitable senescence, with biomechanical interventions offering causal leverage for mitigation.^[24]

Publishing and academia

Open access

Open access (OA) refers to the practice of providing immediate, free, and unrestricted online access to peer-reviewed scholarly research, without financial, legal, or technical barriers beyond those restricting reuse. The model gained formal momentum with the Budapest Open Access Initiative, launched on February 14, 2002, following a meeting convened by the Open Society Institute to accelerate global efforts for OA to peer-reviewed literature. Primary routes include gold OA, where articles are published directly in OA journals or platforms, often financed by article processing charges (APCs) paid by authors or funders; green OA, involving self-archiving of accepted manuscripts in repositories after an embargo; and diamond (or platinum) OA, which eliminates APCs through institutional or society sponsorship, making content free for both readers and authors. APCs in gold OA typically range from $1,000 to $6,000 per article, with global averages reported around $1,600–$2,600, though costs have risen amid market pressures.^[25]^[26]^[27] OA has expanded scholarly dissemination, with the global OA journal publishing market reaching approximately $2.1–$2.2 billion in 2023–2024, driven by funder mandates and transformative agreements shifting from subscriptions to author-side payments. Empirical analyses indicate OA articles often receive more citations and broader readership than paywalled equivalents, attributed to enhanced visibility, though systematic reviews highlight inconsistencies due to self-selection biases—higher-quality or more impactful work tends to opt for OA—and no conclusive causal link to inherent superiority. This visibility boost has facilitated greater global reach, particularly benefiting researchers in under-resourced regions, but aggregate evidence on accelerating scientific innovation remains mixed, with some studies showing increased patent citations from mandated OA yet no clear net acceleration in discovery timelines.^[28]^[29]^[30]^[31] Despite these gains, OA's cost transfer from subscriptions to APCs has introduced new inequities, as authors from low-income countries or unfunded disciplines bear disproportionate burdens, often sidelining rigorous but resource-poor research in favor of well-funded fields. The model's rapid growth has fueled predatory publishing, with estimates of over 15,000 such journals by 2022, characterized by lax peer review, exaggerated claims, and exploitation of APC revenue, leading to widespread dissemination of low-quality or fraudulent work. Retraction rates appear elevated in predatory OA venues compared to established subscription journals, reflecting diluted oversight, though comprehensive cross-model comparisons are limited by varying indexing and reporting. Hybrid journals—offering optional OA within subscription frameworks—persist as preferred in high-stakes disciplines prioritizing peer review integrity over universal accessibility.^[27]^[32] Funder-driven mandates, such as Plan S launched by cOAlition S in 2018, aim for full OA compliance by 2025, phasing out support for hybrid models and transformative agreements in favor of immediate gold or diamond routes, yet risk compressing timelines for quality transitions and reducing publication incentives amid unresolved funding gaps. As of 2024, Plan S reviews acknowledge partial success in OA uptake but unintended consequences like vendor lock-in and stalled progress in non-Western contexts, underscoring tensions between accessibility ideals and empirical realities of sustainable, high-fidelity scholarship.^[33]^[34]

Organizations

Order of the Arrow

The Order of the Arrow (OA) is a national honor society within Scouting America, originally established as a camp fraternity to recognize Scouts exemplifying cheerful service, brotherly love, and devotion to the outdoors. Founded on July 16, 1915, by E. Urner Goodman and Carroll A. Edson at Treasure Island Camp in the Philadelphia Council, the organization conducted its first induction ceremony, known as the Ordeal, that year to foster ideals of leadership and service among campers.^[35]^[36] Initially unofficial, it gained formal recognition as a Boy Scouts of America program in 1948, expanding to lodges aligned with local councils nationwide.^[35] Membership requires election by peers in Scouts BSA troops or crews, plus meeting camping participation thresholds—typically 15 days and nights of resident camping over the prior two years, with one long-term event—and completing the Ordeal, a 24-hour induction involving physical labor, fasting, and a ceremonial commitment to service.^[37] Successful candidates advance to Ordeal membership, with opportunities for Brotherhood status after six months of service and Vigil Honor for exceptional dedication. Organized into over 270 lodges tied to Scouting America councils, plus regional sections and a national committee, the OA coordinates service projects, fellowships, and training, though active participation has declined alongside broader Scouting enrollment drops, with nearly 100,000 members reported in 2024 amid losses of over a third of youth and a quarter of adults since 2016, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.^[38]^[39]^[40] Recent policy shifts reflect Scouting America's evolving youth protection standards, including 2024 clarifications on sleeping arrangements, two-deep leadership, and participation for ages 18–20, aimed at mitigating abuse risks while sustaining lodge operations amid overall membership erosion—Scouting America youth numbers fell over 50% from 2019 peaks.^[41]^[42]^[43] These updates coincide with business planning mandates for lodges to address financial sustainability, as declining enrollment pressures council resources and OA event viability. The society has historically developed leadership skills in millions of participants through service hours and training, yet faces critiques for perceived exclusivity—its election-based model inherently limits access, potentially discouraging broader engagement—and uneven long-term retention, with data indicating accelerated post-induction drop-off tied to competing youth priorities.^[39]^[40] The OA's use of Lenape-derived names, symbols, and ceremonial elements, inspired by local Native American traditions near its founding site, has drawn controversy for cultural appropriation, with Native advocates arguing it perpetuates stereotypes despite the organization's intent to evoke inspirational brotherhood.^[44]^[45] Responses include 1998 emphases on arrow iconography over ethnic imagery, a 2019 ban on youth dressing in Native regalia without tribal permission, and a 2021–2024 task force leading to policy revisions restricting certain American Indian activities deemed inappropriate, which some members view as eroding foundational traditions under external pressure rather than enhancing authenticity.^[44]^[46]^[45] These adaptations align with Scouting America's inclusivity mandates, including eligibility for female youth since 2019, but highlight tensions between preserving ceremonial integrity and addressing modern sensitivities.

Oxford Archaeology

Oxford Archaeology (OA) is a leading independent archaeological and heritage consultancy in the United Kingdom, established in 1973 as the Oxfordshire Archaeological Unit to address the increasing destruction of archaeological sites due to urban expansion and development pressures.^[47] Originally formed as a county-based rescue archaeology initiative, it evolved into a commercial entity operating under charitable trust status, with permanent offices in Oxford, Cambridge, and Lancaster, employing over 400 specialist staff as of 2024.^[48] OA conducts a wide range of field investigations, including trial trenching, open-area excavations, geophysical surveys, and environmental assessments, primarily commissioned through the developer-funded sector mandated by UK planning policy.^[49] The organization's work is governed by national planning frameworks, such as those originating from Planning Policy Guidance 16 (PPG16) in 1990, which require developers to mitigate impacts on archaeological remains via conditions under the Town and Country Planning Act or section 106 agreements, ensuring mitigation precedes construction.^[50] This model has positioned OA as Europe's largest archaeological unit by project volume, handling major infrastructure schemes like road improvements and housing developments, where empirical data from sites inform heritage preservation and enhancement.^[51] Outputs include detailed grey literature reports, monographs, and digital archives deposited with bodies like the Archaeology Data Service, providing verifiable datasets on stratigraphy, artifacts, and ecofacts that advance chronological and settlement pattern understandings without reliance on unsubstantiated interpretive overlays. Notable contributions stem from projects uncovering Roman-era features, such as cremation burials and settlements at sites like Alconbury Weald in Cambridgeshire and Corby in Northamptonshire, which have yielded quantifiable evidence of trade networks and rural economies through pottery, coinage, and structural remains.^[52] Medieval investigations, including the 2024 excavation at Oriel College revealing pre-1620 structures and the delineation of late Saxon defensive lines in Oxford, have refined timelines for urban development based on direct material correlations rather than documentary inference alone.^[48] ^[53] Earlier efforts, such as Iron Age enclosures in the Upper Thames Valley documented in 2000s monographs, demonstrate OA's role in aggregating site-specific data to model regional prehistory, prioritizing causal links from physical evidence like radiocarbon dates and feature distributions over ideologically driven reconstructions.^[54] While academic synthesis of such data can occasionally import prevailing institutional perspectives—often shaped by systemic biases in university-led research toward egalitarian or multicultural framings—OA's practitioner focus on planning-compliant deliverables emphasizes raw empirical outputs, mitigating interpretive overreach through adherence to Chartered Institute for Archaeologists standards.^[55]

Owners' association

An owners' association, also known as a homeowners association (HOA) or property owners association (POA), is a private, nonprofit organization formed by property owners in a shared real estate development, such as condominiums, townhomes, or subdivisions, to manage common areas and enforce recorded covenants, conditions, and restrictions (CC&Rs).^[56]^[57] These entities derive authority from contractual agreements binding on all owners upon purchase, focusing on maintenance of shared infrastructure like roads, landscaping, and amenities to prevent free-rider problems and preserve collective asset value through enforced contributions.^[58] Dispute resolution typically occurs via internal boards elected by members, with escalation to arbitration or courts when covenants are violated, emphasizing voluntary private governance over public oversight.^[59] Monthly assessments, averaging $243 nationwide in 2023 per U.S. Census Bureau data, fund operations and upkeep, with higher medians in states like New York ($739) reflecting denser urban developments.^[60] Empirical studies indicate these associations often correlate with higher property values, as HOA-governed homes sell at a premium—typically 5-6% above comparable non-HOA properties—due to standardized maintenance mitigating neglect in commons areas.^[61] However, other analyses reveal slower annual appreciation rates in HOA communities, attributing this to restrictive rules inflating costs without proportional benefits, highlighting trade-offs in economic incentives where collective enforcement safeguards short-term aesthetics but may constrain individual optimizations.^[62] Criticisms center on governance overreach, where boards impose fines for minor infractions—such as unapproved landscaping or vehicle parking—potentially eroding property owners' autonomy despite contractual origins.^[63] About 15% of homeowners report receiving violations annually, fueling disputes that escalate to litigation, which has risen notably in recent years amid claims of arbitrary enforcement and mismanagement.^[64]^[65] States like Florida have enacted reforms in 2024 to limit excessive fines, mandate transparency, and curb restrictions on personal property use, underscoring causal risks of concentrated board power leading to rent-seeking behaviors akin to principal-agent failures rather than communal harmony.^[66] While effective for basic upkeep in well-managed cases, poorly governed associations can mirror inefficient collectivist structures by prioritizing uniformity over owner incentives, prompting calls for stronger exit mechanisms or covenant reforms.^[67]

Science and technology

Office automation

Office automation refers to the use of computer hardware, software, and communication technologies to streamline administrative and information-handling tasks in office environments, including document creation, data storage, retrieval, and workflow coordination.^[68] This approach integrates tools such as word processors, spreadsheets, databases, and electronic mail systems to replace manual processes with digital equivalents, thereby enhancing efficiency in managing office functions.^[69] The concept gained prominence in the 1970s and 1980s amid the rise of personal computers and dedicated office software, with word processing emerging as the initial breakthrough for automating typing and editing tasks previously handled by secretaries and typists.^[70]^[71] By the mid-1980s, broader adoption included networked systems for data sharing and basic workflow automation, reducing reliance on paper-based filing and manual calculations.^[72] These developments marked a shift from labor-intensive clerical work to IT-supported operations, with early implementations focusing on core administrative duties like report generation and record-keeping. Empirical studies indicate that office automation significantly boosts productivity by minimizing repetitive manual labor and error rates in tasks such as data entry and document handling.^[73] For instance, automating workflows eliminates redundant processes, allowing employees to reallocate time to higher-value activities and yielding measurable gains in output per worker.^[74] However, this has coincided with employment shifts, including a notable decline in clerical roles; the share of clerical jobs in the U.S. labor force fell markedly from 1980 to 2015, particularly in urban areas, while front-office positions like secretaries decreased since 1990 due to software replacing routine administrative functions.^[75]^[76] Despite such displacements, automation has driven net economic benefits through expanded output and resource reallocation to non-routine tasks, countering fears of widespread unemployment with evidence of labor demand growth in complementary areas.^[77] In contemporary contexts, office automation extends to robotic process automation (RPA) and artificial intelligence integration, enabling handling of unstructured data and dynamic decision-making beyond rule-based rules.^[78] RPA software bots mimic human actions for tasks like invoice processing, while AI enhances predictive analytics and natural language processing for email triage and report summarization, further reducing operational costs and scaling administrative capacity without proportional staff increases.^[79] These advancements build on foundational IT integration but introduce adaptive capabilities, as seen in enterprise platforms combining RPA with machine learning for end-to-end process optimization.^[80]

Open architecture

Open architecture in engineering and military systems denotes a design paradigm utilizing published open standards to enable modular, loosely coupled components that support third-party integration and interoperability, thereby avoiding proprietary dependencies. The U.S. Department of Defense formalized this through the Modular Open Systems Approach (MOSA) in the late 1990s, mandating its use in major acquisition programs by 2004 to promote competition, technology refresh, and reduced lifecycle costs via standardized interfaces for hardware and software.^[81]^[82]^[83] In applications such as computing hardware and defense platforms—including avionics, sensor systems, and unmanned aircraft—open architecture facilitates rapid upgrades and cross-platform commonality, as seen in standards like the Sensor Open Systems Architecture (SOSA). DoD analyses project substantial savings, with GAO reports estimating millions in reduced sustainment and upgrade expenses through enhanced supplier competition and avoidance of sole-source contracts.^[84]^[85]^[86] Despite these advantages in flexibility and scalability, open architecture risks security vulnerabilities from non-vetted third-party components, potentially introducing integration flaws or safety hazards in high-stakes environments like aerospace. Defense engineering assessments highlight the need for hybrid models that incorporate closed elements in sensitive interfaces to bolster robustness against such threats, balancing empirical benefits of modularity with targeted protections informed by system-specific risk evaluations.^[87]^[88]

Length overall

Length overall (LOA), also denoted as OA in some engineering contexts, refers to the maximum horizontal distance measured parallel to the waterline from the foremost to the aftermost points of a vessel's hull, excluding appendages such as bowsprits or rudders.^[89] This measurement excludes protrusions beyond the extreme hull points to standardize assessments for design and regulatory purposes.^[89] In naval architecture, LOA has been a fundamental metric since the 19th century for calculating vessel stability, hydrostatics, and load capacities, influencing factors like buoyancy centers and metacentric height.^[90] It informs stability computations under frameworks such as Archimedes' principle, where hull length correlates with underwater volume and beam proportions for safe trim.^[91] Regulatory bodies like the International Maritime Organization (IMO) rely on LOA for freeboard assignments, safety standards, and classification of ships over 100 meters, including bulk carriers and tankers exceeding 150 meters.^[92]^[93] For docking and port operations, LOA determines berth allocations and compliance with conventions like SOLAS, with precise rounding to the nearest foot in U.S. regulations (e.g., fractions under 6 inches disregarded).^[94] In aviation, overall length measures the total span from the nose to the tail of an aircraft fuselage, excluding variable extensions like probes, and is essential for hangar sizing, runway compatibility, and certification under FAA standards.^[95] This dimension supports weight-and-balance calculations and infrastructure planning, as documented in aircraft characteristics databases for types in the National Airspace System.^[96] Unlike nautical LOA, aviation lengths are often specified in feet and inches for design positions, aiding precise engineering without encompassing wingspans or propellers.^[95] LOA metrics originated in early modern shipbuilding to quantify capacity beyond tonnage systems based on wine casks, evolving into codified standards by the 20th century for international trade and safety.^[97] In segmented vessels, IMO guidelines aggregate section lengths into a single LOA for unified regulatory treatment, ensuring consistent risk assessment.^[92] These measurements remain non-controversial, grounded in empirical hull geometry for operational feasibility.

Honors

Officer of the Order of Australia

The Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) is the second-highest rank in the General Division of the Order of Australia, conferred for distinguished service of a high degree to Australia or humanity at large, typically recognizing sustained contributions in specific fields such as the arts, sciences, medicine, business, education, public administration, or community service.^[98]^[99] The Order of Australia, including the AO level, was instituted on 14 February 1975 by Queen Elizabeth II on the advice of Prime Minister Gough Whitlam, replacing imperial British honours with a national system emphasizing merit-based recognition of Australian achievements.^[100] Appointments occur biannually, on Australia Day (26 January) and the King's Birthday (or equivalent), with a statutory limit of no more than 140 AO awards in the General Division per calendar year, excluding honorary and military distinctions.^[101] Nominations for AO are open to the public and submitted to the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet, where they undergo rigorous assessment by independent panels of experts in relevant fields before recommendation to the Council for the Order of Australia.^[99] The Council, chaired by the Governor-General and comprising eminent Australians, advises on selections to ensure alignment with criteria of national significance, prioritizing empirical impact such as innovations advancing public health, economic productivity, or cultural enrichment over mere longevity of service.^[100] Empirical data from award lists indicate a broad distribution across sectors: for instance, in recent years, recipients have included scientists for breakthroughs in vaccine development, business leaders for job creation exceeding thousands of positions, and philanthropists funding education initiatives reaching millions, reflecting a focus on verifiable outcomes rather than affiliations.^[102] While the process is structured to prioritize merit through expert vetting and nomination transparency, critics have occasionally alleged undue political influence in selections, pointing to patterns where public servants or figures aligned with government priorities receive disproportionate recognition compared to private-sector innovators.^[103] Such claims, often raised in media commentary on specific lists, suggest potential for subtle favoritism in a system ultimately approved by the executive, though no systemic empirical evidence of nepotism has been substantiated by official inquiries, and the Council's independence serves as a causal check against overt bias.^[104] Recipients wear a neck badge and ribbon, symbolizing mid-tier excellence below the Companion level (AC) but above Member (AM), with post-nominal "AO" denoting the honor's prestige in professional contexts.

People

Individuals with the initials OA

Osvaldo Ardiles (born August 3, 1952) is an Argentine former professional footballer and manager who primarily played as a midfielder. He contributed to Argentina's victory in the 1978 FIFA World Cup, appearing in five matches during the tournament held on home soil.^[105] Ardiles later joined Tottenham Hotspur in 1978, where he formed a notable partnership with Ricardo Villa and helped the club win the 1981 FA Cup and the 1984 UEFA Cup.^[105] His managerial career included stints at Swindon Town, where he achieved promotion to the Premier League in 1993 before a points deduction led to relegation, and Newcastle United in 1997.^[105] Omar Abdulrahman (born September 20, 1991) is an Emirati professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder or winger, renowned for his technical skill and vision. He rose to prominence with Al Ain, winning the UAE Pro-League multiple times and the 2016 AFC Champions League, scoring crucial goals in the competition.^[106] In 2016, Abdulrahman was awarded the AFC International Player of the Year, recognizing his dominance in Asian football despite injury setbacks that limited European moves.^[106] He has earned over 70 caps for the UAE national team, participating in Gulf Cup triumphs in 2013 and 2014.^[107] Olivia Attwood (born May 2, 1991) is a British television presenter and media personality who gained fame through reality programming. She appeared on the third series of Love Island in 2017, finishing as runner-up, which launched her into hosting roles including Getting Filthy Rich on ITVBe in 2020 and documentaries on topics like cosmetic surgery.^[108] Her career has involved public scrutiny over personal relationships and business ventures, such as clothing lines, amid transitions from glamour modeling to investigative journalism formats.

Places

Geographical locations

Output Areas (OAs) represent the smallest geographical units for census data dissemination in the United Kingdom, originally developed after the 2001 Census and refined for subsequent censuses including 2021.^[109] These areas are constructed to have between 40 and 250 households in England and Wales, with an average of approximately 150 households or 310 residents, ensuring statistical reliability while respecting privacy by aggregating data at this minimal scale.^[109] OAs form the building blocks for larger statistical geographies like Super Output Areas and are used across England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland for reporting small-area population, housing, and socioeconomic statistics.^[110] The Oa is a rugged peninsula extending from the southwest coast of the Isle of Islay in Argyll and Bute, Scotland, characterized by dramatic sea cliffs rising over 300 meters, moorland, lochs, and coastal habitats.^[111] Designated as a nature reserve by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds since 1961, it spans about 5 miles in length and supports diverse wildlife including breeding seabirds, peregrine falcons, and chough populations.^[111] The area features historical sites such as the American Monument, commemorating sailors lost in World War I shipwrecks off its shores in 1918.^[112] In Mexico, OA serves as the official two-letter abbreviation for the state of Oaxaca, a southern Pacific coastal entity covering 95,364 square kilometers with a population of approximately 4.2 million as of the 2020 census.^[113] Oaxaca is known for its mountainous terrain, including the Sierra Madre del Sur, and diverse indigenous communities comprising about 35% of its residents, primarily Zapotec and Mixtec peoples.^[114] Orakzai Agency, historically abbreviated OA, was a tribal administrative division in Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, established on November 3, 1973, to govern the Orakzai Pashtun population in a hilly region bordering Afghanistan.^[115] Covering roughly 1,800 square kilometers of dissected valleys and mountains, it transitioned to Orakzai District under Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province following the 2018 FATA merger, with a 2017 census population of about 0.4 million.^[115] The area has been marked by ongoing security operations due to militant activity since the early 2000s.^[116]

Other uses

Miscellaneous acronyms and terms

In the Dutch language, o.a. is an abbreviation for onder andere, meaning "among others" or "including," commonly used in writing to denote additional items or examples without listing them exhaustively.^[117]^[118] In military contexts, OA designates an operational area, defined as a specific geographic region assigned to a commander for the conduct or support of operations, distinct from broader theaters of war.^[119]^[120] OA may also refer to an optical amplifier, a device in fiber-optic communication systems that boosts the signal power of light pulses without converting them to electrical form, essential for long-distance transmission.^[121]

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Latest updates · cOAlition S Executive Director, Johan Rooryck, to leave cOAlition S in July 2025 · DIAMAS project releases Diamond Open Access Recommendations ...About · About cOAlition S and Plan S · Plan S Principles · Diamond Open Access
[34]
A mixed review for Plan S's drive to make papers open access
Oct 15, 2024 · Plan S, the effort by European funders to increase the share of journal articles that can be read without a subscription, has had an unintended outcome.
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History | Order of the Arrow, Scouting America
Goodman and Edson founded the Order of the Arrow when they held the first Ordeal Ceremony on July 16th of that year.Background · History Tests · Timeline · Directory
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Our History | Order of the Arrow, Scouting America
Goodman and Edson founded the Order of the Arrow when they held the first Ordeal Ceremony on July 16th of that year.
[37]
Membership | Order of the Arrow, Scouting America
The induction ceremony, called the Ordeal, is the first step toward full membership in the Order. During the experience, candidates maintain silence, receive ...
[38]
Organization & Structure | Order of the Arrow, Scouting America
An Order of the Arrow section consists of lodges within a geographic vicinity. Each section is led by a chief, vice chief, and secretary, who play a crucial ...Missing: ordeal | Show results with:ordeal
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[PDF] 2024 Impact Report (web2) - Order of the Arrow
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[40]
Lodge Leaders Challenged to Prioritize Membership Growth
Dec 7, 2022 · Since 2016, the Order has lost more than a quarter of our adult members and over a third of our youth, with the recent pandemic accelerating our ...Missing: enrollment | Show results with:enrollment
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Policy Updates | Order of the Arrow, Scouting America
Scouting America updated and clarified policies within Youth Protection and the Barriers to Abuse that address questions about sleeping.
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Scouting America Youth Protection Updates - Order of the Arrow
Nov 25, 2024 · These updates and clarifications can be found here under “Additional Resources.” This follows recent updates to the Age 18-20 Policy Updates ...
[43]
Scouting Groups Report Losing About 1.7 Million Members During ...
Jul 1, 2021 · The Boy Scouts have lost more than half of its members since 2019, while enrollment in the Girl Scouts dropped by 30 percent in one year, the groups estimated.<|separator|>
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Long accused of Indigenous misappropriation, Boy Scouts ask if it's ...
Apr 18, 2023 · Native American advocates say the Boy Scouts have misappropriated regalia and promoted racist stereotypes for more than a century.
[45]
Native Americans to Boy Scouts: Stop Plundering Our Past - VOA
Aug 5, 2019 · Scouts will no longer be allowed to dress up as “Indians” and incorporate Native American motifs into two of the order's more important ceremonies.
[46]
Policy Update: Changes Regarding American Indian Programming
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50 Highlights for 50 years | Oxford Archaeology
Jan 6, 2023 · Oxford Archaeology's 50 highlights include the Janus head, Dacre lion sculpture, and Barrington brooch, representing their offices.
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The UK planning system requires that anyone applying to develop a site or alter a building must properly assess the potential that archaeological or heritage ...Missing: funded | Show results with:funded
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Experts and innovators in commercial archaeology
Oxford Archaeology, founded in 1973, has experience in large and small projects, and provides commercially aware archaeologists who manage budgets and ...
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Projects - Oxford Cotswold Archaeology
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Oxford Archaeology at 50
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Homeowners Associations (HOAs)
An HOA, or Homeowners Association, is a “group of homeowners in a defined area” which could range from a two-unit townhome, a development of condos, or an ...
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46 CFR 170.055 -- Definitions concerning a vessel. - eCFR
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A ship which is composed of a series of permanently attached sections should have a freeboard determined by the overall length of the series.
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Fisheries of the Exclusive Economic Zone Off Alaska; Revisions to ...
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Officer of the Order of Australia. Individuals are appointed an Officer of the Order of Australia (AO) for distinguished service of a high degree to Australia ...Missing: establishment per
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Established as part of the Australian honours system by Letters Patent issued by Her Majesty The Queen on 14 February 1975 and as amended subsequently.
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Australia Day 2025 Honours List - Governor-General
There were 25 recipients of awards in the Military Division of the Order of Australia (1 AO, 11 AM and 13 OAM), three awards for distinguished service and 51 ...
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Osvaldo Ardiles · 1x World Cup winner · 1x Uefa Cup winner · 1x English FA Cup winner · 1x English Super Cup winner · All titles. Titles and season. 1x World ...
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Omar Abdulrahman is a 34-year old football player aus United Arab Emirates, (* Sep 20, 1991 in Al-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Abdulrahman is Feb 1, 2024 without ...
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Output Areas (OAs) are the lowest level of geographical area for census statistics and were first created following the 2001 Census. Using Census 2021 data, ...1. Output Areas (oas) · 2. Lower Layer Super Output... · 3. Middle Layer Super Output...
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Output Areas (OAs) are the lowest level of geographical area for census statistics and were first created following the 2001 Census.1. England And Wales · Output Areas (oas) · Lower Layer Super Output...
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The Oa Nature Reserve, Islay, Argyll & Bute - The RSPB
The Oa, on Islay, is a breathtaking nature reserve of dramatic sea cliffs, open moorland, freshwater lochs, coastal grassland & heath.
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Port Ellen is dominated to the south by the Oa peninsula. This is almost an island in its own right and is nearly cut off from Islay by several streams.
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[PDF] Mexico State Codes | Education
State Name. State. Abreviation. State Name. State. Abreviation. Aguascalientes. AG ... Oaxaca. OA. Chiapas. CS. Puebla. PU. Chihuahua. CH. Queretaro. QT. Coahuila.
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Australia Province and Mexico State Codes for Air/Ground Freight
Australia Province and Mexico State Codes for Air/Ground Freight ; Nayarit. NA ; Nuevo Leon. NL ; Oaxaca. OA ; Puebla. PU ; Queretaro. QA.<|control11|><|separator|>
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About Orakzai District
Responding to a long-standing demand of the Orakzais, the then President of Pakistan announced the creation of Orakzai Agency on 3 November 1973 and was ...
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Pakistan's Challenges in Orakzai Agency
Orakzai Agency has become the scene of violent clashes between security forces and Pakistani Taliban militants.
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Dutch abbreviations: a partial guide for expats | Expatica
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1. Operations Aerology shipboard METOC division 2. operating assembly 3. operational area 4. objective areaMissing: abbreviation | Show results with:abbreviation<|control11|><|separator|>
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How to abbreviate Operational Area? - Smart Define
OA: Operational Area(Army, Military). 2. OPAREA: Operational Area(Military). For more, try OPERATIONAL AREA on ALL ACRONYMS DICTIONARY. 8 years ago|310 views ...
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What does OA stand for? ; OA, Organization and Administration ; OA, Office of Applications ; OA, Office Assistant (various organizations).Business & Finance (14) · Military & Government (26) · Information Technology (10)