Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

RG Veda

RG Veda (Japanese: 聖伝 -RG VEDA-, Hepburn: Seiden: Rigu Vēda) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by the artist group Clamp. It was serialized in Shinshokan's monthly magazine Wings from September 1989 to May 1996, and collected into ten tankōbon volumes published by the same company from 1990 to 1996.^[1] This marked Clamp's debut as professional manga creators, following their dōjinshi work.^[2] The story draws inspiration from Vedic mythology and is set in a fantastical world of gods, warriors, and demons. It revolves around a prophecy foretelling that the reincarnated guardian god Ashura and the "Six Stars"—a group of destined warriors—will overthrow the tyrannical emperor Taishakuten, who seized power 300 years earlier by killing the previous ruler and Ashura. The narrative follows Yasha, a powerful warrior who protects the young Ashura and assembles the other stars to fulfill the prophecy.^[2] A two-part original video animation (OVA) adaptation produced by Animate Film was released in 1991 and 1992.^[3] The manga has been translated and published internationally, including English editions by Tokyopop (2002–2006, now out of print) and Dark Horse Comics (omnibus volumes starting 2016).^[4]

Background

Mythological inspirations

The Rigveda, an ancient Hindu scripture comprising over 1,000 hymns in Vedic Sanskrit dedicated to various deities and cosmic principles, forms the foundational mythological inspiration for CLAMP's RG Veda, directly influencing the series' title and its central prophecy of a destined savior amid celestial conflict.^[5] Composed orally by Indo-Aryan seers approximately between 1500 and 1200 BCE in the northwestern Indian subcontinent, it represents the oldest layer of Vedic literature and encapsulates early rituals, cosmology, and societal values.^[6] As the earliest Veda, it profoundly shaped subsequent Hindu texts, with its deities, hymns, and themes of dharma and cosmic order recurring in later narratives.^[7] Key mythological elements from the Rigveda adapted into RG Veda include the devas, luminous god-like beings who uphold ṛta (cosmic order), and asuras, powerful entities initially neutral or divine but later associated with chaos and opposition to the devas.^[5] The series incorporates the Rigveda's motif of cosmic battles, reimagining these as struggles between forces of harmony and disruption in a divine realm.^[5] CLAMP reinterprets the Rigveda's tripartite cosmology—encompassing heavenly, earthly, and underworld domains—into a fantastical setting of interconnected celestial planes governed by a hierarchical pantheon.^[5] In this framework, the Ashura clan emerges as a warrior lineage of asura descendants rebelling against the despotic rule of Taishakuten, a reenvisioned Indra who has seized the throne of heaven through betrayal and conquest.^[5] This adaptation transforms the Rigveda's abstract hymns into a narrative of prophesied upheaval, where asuras symbolize resistance rather than pure antagonism.^[5] CLAMP briefly blends these Vedic roots with original fantasy tropes to humanize the divine figures.^[5]

CLAMP's debut work

CLAMP, an all-female manga artist collective, originated in the mid-1980s in Osaka as a doujinshi circle initially comprising eleven members who produced fan works based on popular series.^[8] The group, which included future core members such as Nanase Ohkawa, Mokona, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Satsuki Igarashi, began meeting regularly at events in Osaka and Kobe to collaborate on self-published comics, fostering a creative environment centered on shared artistic passions.^[9] By 1987, CLAMP shifted from fan works to developing original content, marking their evolution toward professional aspirations while maintaining their collaborative structure.^[10] This transition culminated in RG Veda, which began as an original doujinshi before capturing the attention of publisher Shinshokan, leading to its professional serialization.^[11] The series debuted in Shinshokan's Wings magazine in May 1989 and ran until 1996, compiling into ten volumes that established CLAMP's presence in the shōjo manga landscape.^[9] Early challenges included downsizing the group to a core of seven members by the debut and navigating the demands of monthly serialization, yet this period solidified their workflow, with Ohkawa handling primary writing duties and Igarashi contributing detailed backgrounds and character designs.^[10] RG Veda served as CLAMP's manifesto, embodying their intent to challenge prevailing gender norms in manga through androgynous characters and themes of fluid identity, influenced by the members' high school-era discussions on representation in media.^[8] Ohkawa's narrative style emphasized emotional depth, while the group's art set a visual benchmark for future works.^[12] This debut not only showcased their collective strengths but also positioned CLAMP as innovators in an industry often dominated by male creators.^[8]

Story elements

Plot summary

Three hundred years prior to the main events, the god of thunder Taishakuten rebelled against the Heavenly Emperor, slaying both him and King Ashura of the guardian Ashura clan before usurping the throne of Tenkai, the heavenly realm.^[13] In the present, the last survivor of the Yasha clan, Yasha-ō, discovers a prophecy foretold by the stargazer Kuyō: a child of the destroyed Ashura race will lead the Six Stars—Yasha-ō, Ashura, Sōma, Ryu-ō, Karura-ō, and Kendappa-ō—in a rebellion to overthrow the tyrant and split the heavens asunder.^[14] Yasha-ō journeys to a sacred tree in the forest of Yasha, where he revives the genderless child Ashura, who has been sealed away since the massacre, marking the beginning of their quest to assemble the prophesied warriors and ignite the celestial revolution.^[15] In the early volumes, Yasha-ō and the rapidly maturing Ashura travel across realms to gather the Six Stars, recruiting Sōma, a skilled alchemist and strategist; Ryu-ō, the fierce dragon king; Karura-ō, the avian queen mourning her losses; and Kendappa-ō, a enigmatic leader, while fending off Taishakuten's relentless pursuit by his generals, including the deceptive Jikū and the loyal Bishamonten.^[16] Internal tensions simmer as visions reveal potential betrayals and Ashura's latent destructive power, but the group presses on, forging alliances amid battles that test their resolve. As the mid-volumes unfold, revelations deepen the conflicts: losses mount with the deaths of allies like Ryu-ō and Karura-ō, and betrayals surface, particularly from within the Stars, forcing confrontations that fracture the fellowship and expose the prophecy's true, apocalyptic intent to destroy the existing world order rather than merely reform it.^[17] The final volumes culminate in a devastating assault on Taishakuten's Zenmi-jō palace, where the assembled Stars clash with the usurper's forces in a prophecy-fulfilling war. Ashura fully awakens as the god of destruction, slaughtering foes and even former comrades in a rampage, but ultimately regains control and stabs themselves to avert further devastation, entering a deep sleep encased in a cocoon. Centuries later, Kujaku sacrifices himself to free and revive Ashura from their punishment for defying the prophecy, allowing them to awaken in a new era with Yasha-ō faithfully by their side.^[2]

Characters

The central characters of RG Veda revolve around the prophesied Six Stars, a group of divine warriors destined to challenge the tyrannical rule of heaven, each drawing from mythological archetypes with distinctive designs emphasizing CLAMP's signature androgynous beauty, elaborate traditional attire, and symbolic motifs like flames, swords, and celestial elements.^[18] Ashura, the genderless destroyer deity, stands as the core of the prophecy and one of the Six Stars, depicted with a delicate, childlike yet ethereal form, flowing white hair, and pale skin that underscores their otherworldly innocence. As the last survivor of the Ashura clan, Ashura wields immense destructive powers, including mastery over fire and a transparent sword called Shura-tō, but harbors deep internal conflict between a pacifist nature and the violent fate that compels destruction. Their relationships, particularly the profound bond of protection with Yasha-ō, highlight themes of guardianship amid inevitable doom.^[19]^[18] Yasha-ō functions as Ashura's devoted warrior guardian and a key member of the Six Stars, portrayed as a striking young man with long dark hair, sharp features, and armor evoking northern martial traditions. Renowned for his unparalleled combat prowess with the sword Yama-tō, Yasha-ō is motivated by unyielding vengeance for the massacre of his clan, which fuels his role as a fierce protector suppressing Ashura's darker impulses. His loyalty to Ashura forms the emotional backbone of their dynamic, blending fierce resolve with personal guilt over past losses.^[19]^[18] Among the other Six Stars, Sōma serves as the empress figure with illusory powers, designed in elegant, moon-inspired robes and darker skin tones reflecting her clan's heritage, often wielding fans or shurikens in graceful combat. Ryu-ō, the dragon prince and strategist of the group, appears as an impetuous youth with draconic accessories and flowing blue attire, commanding water manipulation through his bladed staff Ryūga-tō to support tactical maneuvers. Karura-ō embodies the wind deity and protector, illustrated with regal bird-like features, golden hair, and feathered elements, granting her flight and aerial combat abilities while prioritizing defensive roles for her allies. Kendappa-ō, the musician with hypnotic abilities, is rendered as a refined, long-haired aesthete in silken garments, using his lute to weave enchanting melodies that influence minds and bolster the group's coordination. These members' interconnections, such as Sōma's devotion to Kendappa-ō and Karura-ō's sibling ties, strengthen the Six Stars' collective resolve against their foes.^[19] Taishakuten acts as the primary antagonist, the tyrannical emperor whose coup d'état sparks the central conflict, visualized as a imposing, majestic figure with flowing robes, dark hair, and an aura of commanding authority. As a former guardian turned usurper of heaven's throne, he possesses overwhelming strength and strategic acumen, driven by complex motivations intertwined with obsessive love and an insatiable pursuit of absolute power, which complicates his opposition to the Six Stars.^[19]^[18] Supporting figures include minor deities like Kujaku, a enigmatic peacock deity who serves as a prophetic guide and occasional ally with prophetic visions and ambiguous loyalties, as well as various humans who function as victims of heavenly wars or peripheral allies providing shelter and information to the protagonists.^[19]

Production

Manga development

The manga RG Veda was developed through CLAMP's signature collaborative process, where the four core members—Nanase Ohkawa, Mokona, Tsubaki Nekoi, and Satsuki Igarashi—divided responsibilities fluidly to leverage their collective strengths. Ohkawa primarily handled story outlines and scripting, often starting from the ending and working backward in a brainstorming session with the group to refine plot elements. Mokona focused on character designs and key illustrations, while Igarashi and Nekoi contributed to storyboarding (conte), detailed drawing, and background elements. This division allowed for iterative revisions, though the lack of rigid roles meant all members influenced both narrative and visuals during production.^[20]^[21] Artistically, RG Veda began with a raw, somewhat rough aesthetic inherited from CLAMP's doujinshi roots, featuring ethereal, androgynous character designs that emphasized flowing lines and intricate celestial motifs to evoke mythological grandeur. Over the course of its ten volumes, the style evolved toward a more polished shōjo aesthetic, with refined details in panel compositions, eyelashes, and overall intricacy, reflecting the group's growing technical proficiency and adaptation to professional serialization demands. Mokona's use of airbrush techniques for backgrounds further enhanced the otherworldly atmosphere, transitioning from messy early panels to more consistent, detailed execution.^[22]^[21]^[23] Narratively, CLAMP employed non-linear storytelling, incorporating frequent flashbacks to reveal backstory and deepen character motivations, which intertwined with visual symbolism such as recurring star imagery and prophetic visions to underscore themes of fate. These decisions stemmed from group discussions emphasizing emotional depth and unpredictability, like sudden hero deaths, to heighten dramatic tension while drawing on Hindu mythological inspirations for a layered epic structure.^[20]^[21] The development faced challenges from the group's inexperience as debut professionals, including time-intensive story revisions, harsh deadlines requiring two pages per day, and balancing dense mythological elements with reader accessibility to avoid overwhelming complexity. Internal arguments arose from their close-knit dynamic, and the final chapters were rushed due to exhaustion, extending the serialization to seven years while the team learned on the job without formal training.^[22]^[20]^[21]

Anime adaptation

The anime adaptation of RG Veda consists of a two-episode original video animation (OVA) produced by Animate Film, with additional production involvement from Movic and Sony Music Entertainment (Japan) Inc. The first episode, directed by Hiroyuki Ebata, was released on June 1, 1991, and the second episode, directed by Takamasa Ikegami, followed on June 21, 1992.^[24]^[25] Key staff included CLAMP member Nanase Ohkawa, who wrote the script for both episodes to align closely with the original manga's narrative. Character designs were handled by Mokona (also known as Apapa Mokona), adapting CLAMP's intricate and ethereal style to the animated medium while preserving the distinctive visual motifs of the source material. The music was composed by Nick Wood, who also performed several tracks featured in the soundtrack.^[24] The OVA condenses the manga's sprawling storyline, concentrating on the early events surrounding Ashura's awakening and the initial gathering of the six stars prophesied to oppose Taishakuten, with shortened arcs for supporting characters and inserted action sequences to accommodate the medium's pacing demands within the 45-minute episode format. Due to the constrained budget common for early 1990s OVAs, the animation relies on static backgrounds and limited fluid motion in some sequences, yet the cel-shaded artwork received praise for its vibrant colors and detailed rendering of character expressions and costumes.^[24]^[26]

Media releases

Manga editions

The manga RG Veda was originally serialized in Shinshokan's monthly shōjo magazine Wings from the September 1989 issue to the May 1996 issue, comprising approximately 50 chapters with no significant censorship applied during publication.^[27] The chapters were collected into 10 tankōbon volumes by Shinshokan, released between February 1990 and August 1996.^[28] In 2006, Shinshokan issued a bunko edition in 7 volumes under the Wings Comics Bunko imprint, featuring a more compact format suitable for portable reading.^[29] Later editions included minor revisions for clarity and consistency, such as adjusted panel layouts in select scenes. The 2011–2012 omnibus edition (aizōban), published by Kadokawa as part of the CLAMP Classic Collection (also known as the deluxe edition), compiled the series into 5 volumes (vol. 1: December 3, 2011; vol. 2: February 4, 2012; vol. 3: April 26, 2012; vol. 4: July 27, 2012; vol. 5: October 30, 2012) with newly illustrated cover art by CLAMP.^[30] This version incorporated additional color pages from the original serialization, author afterwords providing insights into the creative process, and two side stories not emphasized in earlier releases, enhancing accessibility for new readers while preserving the core content.

Anime OVA

The RG Veda anime adaptation takes the form of a two-episode original video animation (OVA) series, with each episode lasting 45 minutes. Released in Japan across 1991 and 1992, the OVA covers the manga's initial arcs, focusing on the prophecy of the six warriors known as the Dark Stars and their assembly to challenge the tyrannical rule of Taishakuten, up to the formation of the core group.^[24] The first episode, titled "Twin City" and released on June 1, 1991, introduces the mythological setting, the ancient prophecy foretelling the fall of the heavens through the six stars, and Yasha-ō's initial quest to seek out and unite these destined warriors.^[25] The second episode, "Ice City," released on June 21, 1992, shifts to action-oriented sequences, depicting key battles as the protagonists encounter allies like Karura-ō and confront the first signs of betrayal within their emerging alliance.^[25] In Japan, the OVA was distributed on VHS and LaserDisc formats by Sony Music Entertainment Inc., making it available for home video consumption shortly after production.^[24] A DVD edition followed in later years, though specific remastering details for audio are not widely documented in primary release records. The content features no major edits from the source vision, with violence depicted in a stylized manner appropriate for the OVA's target audience of young adult viewers.^[24] The adaptation briefly diverges from the manga by condensing character backstories and accelerating the pace of the Six Stars' assembly to suit the limited runtime.

International publications

The manga adaptation of RG Veda has seen licensing and publication in several international markets beyond Japan. In North America, Tokyopop released an English-language edition consisting of 10 volumes between April 2005 and March 2007, with the first volume published on April 12, 2005, and subsequent volumes following a bimonthly schedule until completion.^[31] This edition is now out of print following the transfer of rights. In 2016, Dark Horse Comics acquired the North American license and issued a three-volume omnibus edition, with the first volume released on August 24, 2016, the second in February 2017, and the third in August 2018; these omnibuses collect the full series in a larger format with color pages and are available in both print and digital formats.^[4]^[32] European publishers have also localized the series. In France, Tonkam (an imprint of Panini Comics) handled the French translation, releasing a standard 10-volume edition in the 1990s followed by a deluxe 7-volume collector's edition starting in 2010 to mark the 20th anniversary, featuring enhanced artwork and formatting.^[33]^[34] In Germany, Carlsen Comics published a 7-volume German edition between 2004 and 2005, titled RG Veda: Seiden – Die heilige Legende, adapting the original Japanese subtitle "Seiten" (meaning "sacred transmission") to "Seiden" for localization.^[35]^[36] In Spain, Norma Editorial released a Spanish edition in 10 volumes from 2008 to 2009, including collector's editions with additional color pages, under the title RG Veda.^[37]^[38] The anime OVA adaptation has had limited international distribution, primarily through subtitled releases without a full English dub. In North America, Central Park Media licensed the two-episode series for VHS and DVD release in the early 2000s, following initial subtitled VHS distributions in the 1990s via partners like U.S. Manga Corps; these were later handled by ADV Films for some video-on-demand formats before the license lapsed.^[24] In the United Kingdom and Australia, Manga Entertainment released a subtitled VHS edition in 1993, accompanied by a separate English dub produced for those markets, which combined the episodes into a single feature-length presentation.^[39] As of 2025, the OVA is not widely available on major streaming platforms like Crunchyroll, though fan-subtitled versions circulate online; localization efforts retained the original title with minor subtitle adjustments for mythological terms to aid Western audiences unfamiliar with Vedic references.^[40]

Themes and analysis

Vedic and mythological influences

In RG Veda, the Devas are depicted as heavenly warriors who engage in epic battles against tyrannical forces, drawing directly from the Rigveda's portrayal of Devas as divine protectors and combatants in cosmic conflicts.^[5] The Ashura clan serves as antagonists akin to the demonic Asuras of Vedic lore, where Asuras represent adversarial powers often in opposition to the Devas, though CLAMP reimagines them as a once-noble but fallen lineage.^[5] Similarly, Taishakuten embodies the thunder god Indra, the Rigveda's king of the gods and wielder of the vajra weapon, but is recast as a rebellious usurper who overthrows the heavenly order, echoing Indra's role as a slayer of chaos yet subverting it into villainy.^[5] Symbolically, the series' Six Stars prophecy parallels the Vedic hymns' references to celestial divisions and cosmic cycles, such as the Rigveda's descriptions of the zodiac segmented into three, six, or twelve parts to signify eternal rhythms of creation and destruction.^[41] This structure mimics the cyclical prophecies in Hindu texts like the Rigveda, where divine alignments foretell upheavals in the universe, here adapted to drive the narrative of gathering star-marked individuals to challenge Taishakuten's reign.^[5] The work blends Indian mythological elements with broader Eastern influences, creating a syncretic fantasy realm that incorporates Japanese yokai-inspired motifs, such as avian-human hybrids reminiscent of tengu or karura figures, fused with Vedic lore to evoke a shared Asian spiritual heritage.^[40] CLAMP takes creative liberties by portraying deities with gender fluidity, as seen in Ashura's androgynous form, reflecting modern reinterpretations of ancient Vedic ambivalences where gods like Ardhanarishvara embody non-binary unity of masculine and feminine principles.^[5] This adaptation aligns with shōjo manga aesthetics while nodding to the Rigveda's fluid depictions of divine forms beyond strict gender binaries.^[5]

Identity and destiny motifs

In RG Veda, the theme of destiny manifests through the central prophecy of the Six Stars, which foretells the gathering of warriors to overthrow the tyrant Taishakuten and awaken the destructive god Ashura, compelling characters to confront the tension between predetermination and free will.^[5]^[42] This inescapable fate drives Ashura to declare, "I will… fight my fate," highlighting a rebellion against divine inevitability that questions whether personal agency can alter cosmic order.^[5] The exploration of identity in the series challenges traditional gender binaries through androgynous and genderless figures, particularly Ashura, whose neutral portrayal as a bishōnen archetype allows for fluid self-conception beyond male or female norms.^[5] This representation serves as an early form of LGBT visibility in manga, enabling female readers to identify with sexless or chūsei (neutral gender) characters, as Ashura's ambiguity subverts Vedic deity gender roles while emphasizing inner turmoil over physical form.^[5] The motif of sacrifice underscores themes of loyalty and redemption, exemplified by Yasha-ō's unwavering devotion to Ashura, which culminates in profound personal loss amid the clan's destruction.^[5] Ashura's ultimate act—stabbing themselves to avert harming Yasha—represents a redemptive self-annihilation that ends their world, blending destruction with cathartic release.^[5] These elements in RG Veda foreshadow CLAMP's later explorations of fluid identities and cyclical fates in works like xxxHolic and Tsubasa Reservoir Chronicle, where characters navigate multiverse destinies and transformative sacrifices akin to Ashura's rebellion against prophecy.^[43]

Reception and legacy

Manga critical response

Upon its release, RG Veda received acclaim for its artwork, marking CLAMP's professional debut with intricate and beautiful designs that showcased their early talent in fantasy illustration. A 2016 review in Otaku USA Magazine praised the series as a "sumptuous fantasy loosely based on Vedic (Hindu) mythology," highlighting the "beautiful artwork even though it’s CLAMP’s earliest work." The pacing in the initial volumes was particularly noted for its brisk momentum, avoiding prolonged foreshadowing common in similar manga, which kept the action engaging from the start.^[44] Critics and readers later pointed to shortcomings in the series' later volumes, where the complex plot became convoluted and the ending felt rushed, leading to underdeveloped characters and unresolved emotional arcs. Reviews on MyAnimeList described the narrative as "a little rushed towards the end," though not enough to fully undermine the story, while others noted insufficient depth in character backstories despite the epic scope. Similarly, aggregated feedback on Goodreads for the omnibus edition emphasized that "the plot felt rushed throughout the series" and "characters were too shallow," diminishing the impact of key tragic moments.^[45]^[46] In retrospective analyses, fans and commentators have highlighted RG Veda's underrated status within CLAMP's oeuvre, often overshadowed by their later hits like Cardcaptor Sakura. A 2020 CBR article described it as CLAMP's "most underrated series," lauding its "gorgeous and tragic" elements, including numerous character deaths and a somber twist revealing Ashura's sinister alter-ego, which underscore themes of despair and inevitability. The manga's distinct 1990s art style, with highly shaded and detailed panels, continues to be appreciated for its visual appeal in these discussions.^[47]

Anime critical response

The RG Veda OVA adaptation received mixed critical reception upon its 1991 release, with praise centered on its visual artistry and musical score but frequent criticism directed at its pacing and incomplete narrative arc. Reviewers highlighted the ethereal and intricate animation style, influenced by CLAMP's distinctive aesthetic, as a standout feature that captured the manga's mythological grandeur effectively.^[24]^[48] The soundtrack, composed by Nick Wood, was also commended for its haunting and atmospheric quality, enhancing the epic tone despite the production's brevity.^[49] However, detractors pointed to the OVA's sluggish pacing and rushed condensation of the source material into just two episodes, which left key plot elements underdeveloped and the story feeling unresolved.^[48]^[26] Animation quality was described as generally solid but hampered by noticeable shortcuts and inconsistent fluidity, attributed to the era's OVA production constraints.^[40] Jeremy A. Beard of THEM Anime Reviews rated it 2 out of 5 stars, calling it "easily the worst CLAMP anime adaptation to date" for failing to convey the manga's depth in character motivations and prophetic intrigue.^[26] Aggregate user ratings reflect this ambivalence, with IMDb assigning an average of 5.9 out of 10 based on 212 votes and Anime News Network users averaging 5.689 out of 10 from 235 ratings.^[50]^[24] The Anime Review gave it a C− grade, acknowledging the artwork's appeal but deeming the overall execution a "dud" due to its lack of engaging progression.^[48] In the context of 1990s anime, the OVA marked an early milestone for shojo-targeted productions, serving as CLAMP's inaugural adaptation and contributing to the genre's visual renaissance amid limited budgets typical of OVAs at the time.^[51] These financial restrictions often resulted in abbreviated formats that prioritized stylistic flair over comprehensive storytelling, a common challenge for emerging studios.^[40] Modern retrospectives, such as a 2025 analysis by KYOTO VIDEO, view the OVA more favorably as a foundational CLAMP artifact, appreciating its role in the group's evolution despite acknowledged flaws in adaptation fidelity and narrative closure.^[51] While the source manga's intricate plotting provided a strong baseline, recent discussions emphasize the OVA's enduring visual legacy in shojo anime history.^[24]

Cultural impact

RG Veda played a pivotal role in establishing CLAMP's signature style of mythological fantasy, blending ancient lore with intricate character dynamics and visually opulent storytelling, which laid the groundwork for their subsequent successes such as Magic Knight Rayearth and Cardcaptor Sakura.^[8] Serialized in 1989 as CLAMP's professional debut, the series introduced their experimental approach to shōjo manga, fusing Rig Vedic mythology with Shakespearean emotional complexity and celestial conflicts, thereby transitioning them from dōjinshi creators to influential professionals in the industry.^[8] This foundational work influenced later CLAMP titles by emphasizing fantastical worlds and relational depth, as seen in Rayearth's mecha-infused epic quests and Sakura's magical girl narratives, both of which expanded on RG Veda's thematic and aesthetic innovations.^[43] Beyond CLAMP's oeuvre, RG Veda pioneered the depiction of androgynous characters and queer themes within shōjo manga, reimagining Vedic deities through bishōnen archetypes, gender fluidity, and Boys' Love (BL) relationships that challenged traditional gender norms.^[5] Characters like the genderless Ashura and the romantic pairing of Taishakuten and Lord Ashura exemplified this approach, using shōjo aesthetics such as large eyes and fragmented narration to humanize divine figures and explore emotional bonds, thereby influencing 1990s shōjo works that incorporated similar representations of non-normative identities.^[5] Key themes of destiny and identity in RG Veda contributed to this impact by providing a narrative framework for queer explorations that resonated in subsequent manga.^[8] In the 2020s, RG Veda has been recognized in scholarly and retrospective discussions for its role in globalizing Vedic-inspired narratives within anime and manga, highlighting its adaptation of Rig Vedic elements into accessible fantasy entertainment despite remaining relatively underrated compared to CLAMP's later hits.^[5] As of 2025, no major revivals or adaptations of the series have occurred, though it continues to be cited in CLAMP retrospectives for norm-challenging contributions, such as early inclusion of LGBTQ+ themes in a genre dominated by heterosexual romance.^[8] This enduring legacy underscores RG Veda's influence on broadening shōjo manga's cultural scope, with over 100 million CLAMP volumes sold worldwide by 2024 reflecting the group's broader impact originating from this debut.^[8]

References

[1]
[PDF] MEMORY OF THE WORLD REGISTER - UNESCO
Rigveda is, thus, an important text for the scholars of Comparative Religion, Comparative. Mythology, Ritual, Anthropology, prehistory of the humankind and ...
[2]
[PDF] "The Invisible World of the Rigveda" in - Asian Languages & Literature
The Rigveda (also written R∘ gveda) is an anthology of 1028 metrical s¯uktas, “well-spoken. (poems),” in ten man.d.alas, “books,” in the oldest dialect of ...
[3]
The Oxford History of India • Book I — Chapter 2
### Summary of Rigveda Information
[4]
The Rigveda: Metrically Restored Text: Introduction
This online text of the Rigveda derives from the highly important Rig Veda: a Metrically Restored Text, by Barend A. van Nooten and Gary B. Holland, published ...
[5]
Asura Becomes Bishōnen: Decoding the “Shōjo-manga-fication” of ...
Aug 28, 2025 · PDF | The present study aims to explore the representation of Rig Vedic deities in Japanese manga artist group CLAMP's RG Veda manga.
[6]
Rigveda II, 42 and X, 58 - The Linguistics Research Center
Some of its hymns are believed to date from the beginning of the second millennium BC, or even earlier according to some scholars.
[7]
[PDF] VEDIC HINDUISM by S. W. Jamison and M. Witzel - Mathematics
Vedic mythology has attracted at least as much scholarly attention as. Vedic ... The religion of the Veda, the ancient religion of India (from Rig-Veda to.
[8]
CLAMP - The Legendary All-Female Manga Collective
Jan 9, 2025 · CLAMP started as a humble Osaka doujinshi group and became a ... 1980s, where a group of eleven young women formed a doujinshi circle.Missing: Kyoto | Show results with:Kyoto
[9]
Clamp - Collaboration (747) - AniDB
Apr 10, 2005 · However in 1987, the group stopped doujinshi and began creating original work; it was at this time they began working on RG Veda. Their first ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[10]
Making a Mangaka: #6 Clamp - Silent Manga Audition
Jun 13, 2018 · By the group's professional debut in 1989, Clamp had downsized considerably. Their work caught the attention of Shinshokan's Wings manga ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[11]
[Editorial Tuesday] The History of CLAMP - Honey's Anime
Aug 14, 2018 · In 1989 they were contacted by Shinshokan's Wings magazine and that's how RG Veda became the first manga made by CLAMP... and a litmus test ...Missing: origin | Show results with:origin
[12]
Women in Manga: The History of CLAMP - Game Rant
Jul 21, 2022 · Igarashi is responsible for testing out ideas that are developed by the group's story writer, Ohkawa. She also did the character designs for ...
[13]
RG Veda Omnibus Volume 1: CLAMP, CLAMP: 9781616559885: Amazon.com: Books
### Product Description and Plot Summary for RG Veda Omnibus Volume 1 by CLAMP
[14]
RG Veda Review Pages - The Anime Cafe
Three hundred years ago, Taishakuten overthrew the heavenly Emperor Tentei, claiming power for himself. At this time, he declared holy war on the Ashura Clan ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[15]
Review: RG VEDA - The Manga Test Drive
Jan 14, 2013 · PLOT: In a mythological land, the wicked king Taishakuten has overthrown the king and now rules the realm with an iron fist, even going so far ...Missing: summary - - | Show results with:summary - -<|control11|><|separator|>
[16]
RG Veda Omnibus Volume 2 eBook - Amazon.com
RG Veda, pronounced Rig Veda, is based on the classic Indian saga of the same name. Ashura has now placed trust in Kujaku, known for many lies, ...
[17]
RG Veda (Manga) - TV Tropes
RG Veda is a shoujo manga series by CLAMP, notable for being their professional debut work (as they had previously been a Doujinshi group)
[18]
Complete Over Analysis — RG Veda thoughts #8 (Vol 10/End)
Feb 4, 2016 · The end of the plot happened with the castle floating in the sky with forest and water all around. By the time Ashura wakes up everything has ...
[19]
Dark Horse To Release ''RG Veda''!
Jan 7, 2016 · RG Veda is a manga based on an Indian saga, following Yasha and Ashura's journey. It's a 600+ page, 3-volume omnibus, with the first volume ...
[20]
聖伝-RG VEDA-（CLAMP）のネタバレ解説・考察まとめ
Feb 12, 2023 · 『聖伝-RG VEDA-』の登場人物・キャラクター. 主要人物. 阿修羅（あしゅら）. CV：伊倉一寿本作の主人公。炎を操る六星の一人。父は先代阿修羅王、母は ...
[21]
CLAMP Interview – Manga: Masters of the Art (November/2005)
Ohkawa: At the time of our debut, we already had too much work to deal with in Kansai. where we had grown up. So we moved to Tokyo, where our publisher was. and ...Missing: development labor
[22]
Dani Cavallaro - CLAMP in Context - A Critical Study of The Manga ...
The title responsible for launching CLAMP's career as an. internationally renowned artistic team, RG Veda, was initially released in manga form from 1989 to ...
[23]
CLAMP Interview – Puff magazine (June/2004)
Ohkawa: The problem was that if we drew Babylon according to RG Veda's design, the story might come off as false. Mokona: Our art isn't realistic by any means, ...
[24]
Clamp Art Style Analysis: Part 1: Creation Process and Materials
Sep 15, 2023 · Ohkawa's style of writing for stories is not telling anyone the progression of the storyline before it happens reason for that is that when ...
[25]
RG Veda (OAV) - Anime News Network
RG Veda (OAV) ; Italian staff. Italian cast ; Executive producer: Francesco Di Sanzo · Alida Milana as Ashura. Angelo Maggi as Yasha. Barbara Berengo Gardin as ...
[26]
RG Veda - MyAnimeList.net
RG Veda. 6.04(4,067 users); Ranked #10045; OVA; Studios animate Film; More ... DirectorEbata, Hiroyuki. 61users Ohkawa, Nanase ScriptOhkawa, Nanase. 11users ...
[27]
Rg Veda - THEM Anime Reviews 4.0
Over 300 years ago the brutal Taishakuten killed the previous noble ruler of the world and has been consolidating his power by eliminating anyone who opposes ...
[28]
Amazon.co.jp
Insufficient relevant content. The provided URL (https://www.amazon.co.jp/%E8%81%96%E4%BC%9D-RG-VEDA-COMICS-%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9-%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%83%E3%83%88/dp/B002CZPEXO) contains only a copyright notice (© 1996-2025, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates) and a tracking image URL, with no details about the publication date, publisher, number of volumes, serialization info, re-edition details, or content variations for the RG Veda manga.
[29]
聖伝（1） - 株式会社新書館
聖伝（1） ; 著者, CLAMP 著 ; ジャンル, コミック > 少女コミック > ウィングス・コミックス ; 発行形態, コミック ; 発売日, 1990/02/25 ; 判型・ページ数, B6.Missing: RG VEDA ワイド
[30]
Amazon.co.jp
Insufficient relevant content. The provided URL content from Amazon.co.jp only includes a copyright notice (© 1996-2025, Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates) and a tracking image link, with no specific details about the RG Veda manga bunko edition such as publication date, publisher, number of volumes, re-edition, variations, color pages, or author notes.
[31]
RG Veda | Manga Wiki - Fandom
The story begins with him being defeated and beheaded by Taishakuten. We do not know much about him other than he appeared to be well liked by his people and ...
[32]
RG Veda Book One TPB :: Profile - Dark Horse Comics
Aug 24, 2016 · Yasha journeys the land as the companion and protector of the genderless Ashura, even knowing Ashura's fate is wound with doom for many.
[33]
Amazon.com: RG Veda Omnibus Volume 1 eBook
RG Veda, pronounced Rig Veda, is based on the classic Indian saga of the same name. The lush, sprawling epic follows Yasha, once a mighty warrior king, ...
[34]
RG Veda Deluxe Vol.1 - Clamp, Lepelletier, Elodie - Livres - Amazon
Rating 5.0 (3) - RG Veda version simple (1990/1996 – 10 tomes), RG Veda ... Édition deluxe sortie pour les 20 ans du manga, RG Veda est une histoire qui vaut le détour.
[35]
RG Veda 1 & 2 (édition anniversaire) - Clamp - Tonkam - ActuaBD
Jan 27, 2010 · Cette édition collector porte bien son nom et propose aux lecteurs un très bon produit. Au niveau du format, on est loin du manga sur papier ...
[36]
RG Veda Bd. 7: Seiden - Die Heilige Legende : Clemp - Amazon.de
Rating 5.0 (5) · 30-day returnsBook details ; Print length. 228 pages ; Language. German ; Publisher. Carlsen ; Publication date. 1 April 2005 ; Dimensions. 10.4 x 15.2 x 1.2 cm.
[37]
RG Veda Bd. 3 - Clamp: 9783551744838 - AbeBooks
RG Veda Bd. 3. CLAMP. Published by Carlsen Manga, 2004. ISBN 10: 3551744831 / ISBN 13: 9783551744838. Used / Softcover. Seller: medimops, Berlin, Germany. (5- ...
[38]
RG VEDA 07: 9788498474558: CLAMP - Amazon.com
30-day returnsPrint length. 296 pages ; Language. Spanish ; Publisher. NORMA EDITORIAL, S.A. ; Publication date. October 29, 2009 ; Dimensions. 0.35 x 4.33 x 6.69 inches.
[39]
RG VEDA 01 (EDICIÓN COLECCIONISTA) - Norma Editorial
MANGA ; SERIE RG VEDA (Ed. Coleccionista) ; FORMATO Rústica con sobrecubierta ; TAMAÑO 11,5x17,5 ; PÁGINAS 192 B/N + 8 pág. Color ; ISBN 978-84-984-7449-7.Missing: Spanish | Show results with:Spanish
[40]
RG Veda - Dubbing Wikia - Fandom
RG Veda ; Voice Director 1. Michael Bakewell (Manga UK) ; Voice Director 2. Arlen Tarlofsky (CPM) ; Ashura ; Kazue Ikura ; Deborah Makepeace ...
[41]
RG Veda – original video animation series review - MySF Reviews
Jul 4, 2017 · RG Veda – original video animation series review ; Original Release Dates: June 1, 1991 – June 21, 1992 (Japan) ; Suggested Age Rating: 13+
[42]
Vedic Origins of the Zodiac: Hymns of Dirghatamas in the Rig Veda
Jun 13, 2016 · The hymns of Dirghatamas speak clearly of a zodiac of 360 degrees, divided in various ways, including by three, six and twelve, as well as ...
[43]
[PDF] The Transformation of Indian Folklore in Japanese Anime
Jan 14, 2025 · RG Veda: Names Divorced from Meaning. Finally, Clamp's RG Veda is an anime series that discusses openly in interviews how Hindu and Buddhist ...
[44]
The Art Style of CLAMP - Baroque Armors & Avant-Garde Kimonos
Jan 25, 2025 · Flashback to the late 1980s, where CLAMP found its beginnings as a twelve-member doujinshi circle before slimming down to the powerhouse quarter ...From Doujinshi To Defining A... · Late 2000s Onwards - The... · The Heart Of Clamp's ArtMissing: history Kyoto
[45]
[Review] RG Veda - Otaku USA Magazine
Aug 31, 2016 · Yasha and Ashura travel the world, meeting and fighting interesting characters both good and evil, like Souma the alchemist, Gigei the dancer, ...Missing: plot summary - -
[46]
RG Veda | Manga - Reviews - MyAnimeList.net
The pace is good giving it space to know the characters and the world, but a little rushed towards the end, not so much to ruin the story. The characters is the ...
[47]
RG Veda Omnibus Volume 3 by Clamp - Goodreads
Rating 4.2 (114) Jul 1, 2017 · I think over, for the entire series, the characters were a little too shallow and the plot rushed the entire time. Because of this, even with ...
[48]
RG Veda Might Be CLAMP's Most Underrated Series - CBR
Nov 19, 2020 · RG Veda has both a manga and a two-episode OVA. The title is based on the "Rigveda," a reference to the ancient scripts of Hinduism. In RG Veda ...
[49]
RG Veda - The Anime Review
As the story begins, we are told that the Heavenly Emperor has been defeated and beheaded by Taishaku-Ten, who has usurped the throne.Missing: summary - - | Show results with:summary - -
[50]
Anime Review: RG Veda | The Nu Classical
Jun 3, 2015 · The story begins in a land where it was ruled by the Heavenly Emperor, who was killed and dethroned by the god of Thunder (no not that god of ...Missing: plot summary
[51]
RG Veda (TV Mini Series 1991) - IMDb
Rating 5.9/10 (212) Not that it is bad or anything, but there Clamp has a tendency of favoring very distinctive chins and jawlines. And some of the characters are really big in ...Missing: descriptions | Show results with:descriptions
[52]
RG Veda: Clamp's Dazzling Debut | KYOTO VIDEO - YouTube
Sep 16, 2025 · The possum gets around to talking about the four ladies of Clamp and the obscure OVA of their debut manga that helped launch the shojo anime ...Missing: Soma powers<|control11|><|separator|>