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RSD

Rejection sensitive dysphoria (RSD) is a term used to describe intense emotional pain and dysregulation triggered by perceived rejection, criticism, or failure, frequently self-reported by individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Although commonly linked to ADHD, where it manifests as sudden, severe distress disproportionate to the triggering event—such as avoidance of social risks or explosive anger—RSD lacks formal diagnostic criteria in the and relies primarily on anecdotal accounts rather than robust empirical validation. Research on related concepts like rejection sensitivity shows associations with disrupted and outcomes, but RSD as a specific construct remains understudied, with small-scale or qualitative predominating over large controlled trials. Critics argue that its prominence in ADHD communities may reflect expanded symptom interpretation rather than a distinct causal mechanism, potentially influenced by trends and limited scrutiny in clinical literature. Management often involves off-label use of alpha-2 agonists like to target emotional volatility, distinct from standard ADHD stimulants, though is preliminary and individualized.

Medicine

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy

Reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD), now classified as type I (CRPS-I), is a chronic characterized by severe, disproportionate in a limb following minor or , without evidence of major . The condition was first described in the mid-20th century under the term RSD, implying involvement of the , but in 1994, the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) renamed it CRPS-I to encompass the broader spectrum of symptoms and avoid assumptions about exclusive sympathetic mediation, as clinical and experimental showed variable responses to sympathetic interventions. This reclassification emphasized regional with sensory, , , and motor abnormalities, supported by observations that not all cases respond predictably to sympathetic blocks. Diagnosis relies on the Budapest criteria, requiring continuing disproportionate to any inciting event, plus at least one symptom in three of four categories (sensory: or ; vasomotor: temperature asymmetry, skin color, or color asymmetry; sudomotor/edema: sweating or edema; motor/trophic: decreased , weakness, tremor, or ) and at least one sign in two or more categories observed during . These criteria demonstrate high (up to 99%) for identifying CRPS but lower specificity (around 68%), with confirmation sometimes via temporary relief from sympathetic blocks indicating autonomic dysregulation. Core symptoms include burning , swelling, skin temperature or color changes, and motor dysfunction, often triggered by fractures or surgery, with empirical evidence from and Doppler revealing instability. Incidence of CRPS-I is estimated at 0.3-1% following distal radius fractures, with higher rates in women and after upper extremity injuries, based on large cohort studies tracking postoperative outcomes. Physiological mechanisms center on , evidenced by elevated proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) in affected and , microglial activation in imaging, and a predominantly proinflammatory state in acute phases, distinguishing it from purely central or models lacking direct causal links in controlled data. Evidence-based treatments prioritize early intervention, with physical and improving function in cases under one year duration by promoting desensitization and movement. Bisphosphonates yield significant pain reduction in meta-analyses of randomized trials for early CRPS-I, while sympathetic blocks achieve over 50% pain relief in about 61% of patients. stimulation provides pain relief in roughly two-thirds of refractory cases, with success rates of 50-70% in early-stage interventions per aggregated trial data, underscoring the value of targeting neuroinflammatory and autonomic components over unverified psychological attributions.

Psychology

Rejection sensitive dysphoria

Rejection sensitive dysphoria (RSD) refers to an informal concept describing intense, transient emotional distress triggered by perceived or actual rejection, , or failure, often characterized by patients as overwhelming pain akin to a physical injury. The term was coined in the by William Dodson to capture self-reported experiences predominantly among individuals diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), where up to 99% of adults reportedly endorse such sensitivity, though prevalence estimates vary due to reliance on anecdotal and survey data rather than standardized measures. RSD is not formally recognized as a distinct or symptom in the or , lacking inclusion in official criteria for ADHD or related disorders, which has led to debates over its status as a valid construct versus a descriptive label for . Proposed mechanisms link RSD to ADHD through hypotheses of dysregulation, positing that deficits in signaling—central to reward processing and emotional regulation—heighten vulnerability to social threat cues, amplifying rejection as a dysregulated response rather than adaptive sensitivity. However, empirical support remains correlational; small cohort studies show associations between ADHD and rejection sensitivity, but no unique biomarkers distinguish RSD from general emotional variability or comorbid conditions like anxiety. Treatments are off-label, with alpha-2 agonists (e.g., , ) and stimulants reported to provide rapid symptom relief in case series of ADHD patients, potentially by modulating norepinephrine and pathways, though controlled trials are scarce and outcomes are not causally attributed to RSD specifically. Critics argue RSD lacks rigorous validation, potentially conflating ADHD-related or universal human responses to rejection with a pathologized entity, risking amid rising ADHD prevalence and medication use—from 5.2 to 19.4 per 1,000 individuals aged 6-64 in some populations between 2006 and 2022—driven by expanded criteria and awareness rather than new causal . While proponents note benefits for coping through targeted interventions, first-principles analysis highlights insufficient differentiation from normative emotional experiences, with no prospective studies confirming or long-term efficacy beyond effects in emotional self-regulation. This conceptual ambiguity may reinforce self-perceptions of victimhood, contrasting with favoring behavioral therapies for building over pharmacological framing of sensitivity as inherent deficit.

Statistics and Mathematics

Relative standard deviation

The relative standard deviation (RSD), often denoted as %RSD, quantifies the of a relative to its , expressed as a percentage to facilitate comparisons across scales or units. It is computed as %RSD = (s / |\bar{x}|) × 100, where s represents the sample standard deviation and \bar{x} the sample (using the of the to handle negative means). This formula normalizes absolute variability, rendering RSD dimensionless and suitable for differing in magnitude, such as concentrations in chemical analyses versus financial returns. For a with mean \bar{x} = 100 and standard deviation s = 5, %RSD = (5 / 100) × 100 = 5%, signaling low relative variability suitable for precise applications. In , %RSD evaluates measurement precision in techniques like (HPLC) or , where values under 2% for replicate injections typically confirm system suitability, and 5-10% or lower indicate reproducible performance across laboratories. In and , %RSD monitors process variability, such as batch uniformity in pharmaceutical or material distribution in mixing operations, with thresholds often set below 5% to ensure consistency. Per ICH Q2(R1) guidelines for analytical procedure validation, %RSD informs (intra-assay ) and intermediate assessments, where low values demonstrate method robustness, though acceptance limits are procedure-specific rather than universally fixed. RSD's primary advantage lies in its scale-independence, enabling valid inter-dataset comparisons without unit conversion, unlike raw standard deviation. However, it amplifies the impact of outliers on the standard deviation numerator, potentially distorting results in non-normal distributions, and yields unreliable large values when the mean nears zero, as division by a small denominator inflates the indefinitely. Thus, RSD suits symmetric, positive-mean but requires supplementary metrics like median-based alternatives for skewed or near-zero cases.

Economics and Finance

Serbian dinar

The (symbol: дин. or RSD) is the official of , subdivided into 100 , though the para is no longer in common circulation. It was introduced on January 24, 2003, replacing the at a following the formation of the State Union of from the of . The currency's code is RSD, reflecting Serbia's country code under , which was updated after Montenegro's in 2006. The (NBS) issues and regulates the , employing an inflation-targeting framework with a 3% medium-term goal to maintain . Coins circulate in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 20 dinars, featuring designs such as the Serbian coat of arms and numerical values in both Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Banknotes are issued in 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 5,000 dinar denominations, incorporating security features like holograms and watermarks; motifs often depict Serbian historical figures, cultural heritage sites, and national symbols, such as Nikola Tesla on the 100-dinar note. The dinar's modern iteration emerged amid Serbia's transition from the hyperinflationary , which suffered extreme volatility in the due to , civil wars, and excessive monetary financing of fiscal deficits, culminating in a peak monthly rate of 313 million percent in January . This episode, the second-longest in , eroded savings and necessitated multiple redenominations, with the "novi dinar" introduced in at 1 million old s to one new unit for partial stabilization. Post-2003 reforms emphasized fiscal discipline, NBS independence, and a managed , contrasting sharply with prior instability and enabling annual to average below 5% in most years from 2010 onward, though spikes occurred amid global shocks like the 2022 . In Serbia's , the facilitates domestic trade and payments, with its stability supporting GDP growth projected at 2.4% for 2025 by the IMF, amid a nominal GDP of approximately 10.3 trillion dinars in recent estimates. Remittances from the , particularly in , constitute a key inflow—equivalent to around 8-10% of GDP in peak years—bolstering and consumption, while EU accession negotiations since 2012 have incentivized structural reforms to align with standards, though full adoption remains distant. The NBS's interventions, including foreign reserve accumulation, have mitigated from external factors like prices, fostering resilience without formal pegs to foreign currencies.

Education

Recovery School District

The (RSD) was established by Louisiana Act 9, signed into law by Governor on May 2003, to intervene in chronically underperforming public schools statewide, defined as those in the bottom five percent academically or failing to meet specific state performance thresholds for multiple years. Following in August 2005, which devastated New Orleans and displaced much of its population, the state expanded the RSD's authority, taking over 107 of the city's lowest-performing schools from the Orleans Parish School Board by late 2005; these schools had previously exhibited proficiency rates as low as 35 percent across grades and subjects on state assessments in the 2004–2005 school year. The RSD's model emphasized operational , including flexible hiring, budgeting, and decisions, with a mandate to transform schools through restructuring or conversion to operators. By 2018, pursuant to state legislation like Act 91, the RSD had overseen the closure or conversion of nearly all its schools, culminating in reunification with the Orleans Parish School Board and conversion to Type 3B s, making New Orleans the nation's first fully -based system by 2019. Empirical analyses attribute these reforms to measurable gains: student proficiency in math and reading rose 11 to 16 percentage points between 2005 and 2015, with further increases yielding 27 percentage points overall from pre-Katrina baselines by the mid-2010s, alongside reductions in racial achievement gaps. High school graduation rates, college enrollment, and persistence improved relative to comparable districts, driven by competitive pressures among autonomous s that incentivized instructional innovation. Research from the Education Research Alliance for New Orleans, drawing on longitudinal student data, confirms causal links between the RSD's charter-centric approach and these outcomes, including higher test scores and long-term attainment metrics compared to pre-reform trends and similar districts. enabled targeted interventions, such as performance-based staffing and extended school days, yielding efficiencies in despite per-pupil expenditures aligning with state averages. Critics have raised concerns over , particularly uneven special education access and elevated teacher turnover in high-needs charters, though indicate these did not negate system-wide proficiency advances or improvements, challenging claims of inherent privatization failures by highlighting outcome-driven over centralized models.

Other school districts

The Richland School District in Washington state administers 23 public schools spanning pre-kindergarten through grade 12, with an enrollment of 14,305 students during the 2024 school year. Located in Benton County within the Tri-Cities region, the district manages routine K-12 operations including curriculum delivery and facility maintenance for its student body. The Public School District in oversees 50 schools serving approximately 17,441 students as of October 2025, marking a slight increase from prior years amid stable regional demographics. This district handles standard public education functions such as enrollment processing and grade-level programming for K-12 students in Olmsted County. Additional RSD entities include the in , which ranks highly in state performance metrics and operates multiple elementary, middle, and high schools across County. These districts generally function as localized public authorities focused on , budgeting, and with state education standards, without the specialized models seen in recovery-oriented systems.

Technology and Engineering

software design

Rigorous System Design (RSD) is a formal methodology for developing trustworthy software systems through a sequence of semantics-preserving transformations from high-level behavioral models to executable implementations. This approach emphasizes component-based architecture, , and iterative refinement to ensure correctness by construction, minimizing errors in complex systems such as scientific simulations and pipelines. Originating from research in and embedded systems, RSD integrates tools like BIP (Behavior, Interaction, Priority) frameworks to model concurrency and , enabling verifiable designs for applications requiring high reliability. Core principles of RSD include modularity via hierarchical component composition, where subsystems are developed independently and integrated without altering semantics, facilitating reuse in research contexts like physics modeling or bioinformatics workflows. Reproducibility is enhanced through formal verification steps that preserve behavioral equivalence across refinement levels, allowing researchers to trace computational outcomes back to initial specifications and reduce non-determinism in simulations. Alignment with standards such as FAIR principles for software can be achieved by designing components with explicit interfaces and metadata for interoperability, though RSD prioritizes causal correctness over data-centric FAIRness. In practice, RSD has been applied to construct concurrent software for systems, with extensions to scientific computing demonstrating reduced implementation defects through automated tools. For instance, in modeling distributed algorithms for , RSD's iterative process supports by refining abstract models into optimized code, potentially lowering overhead compared to ad-hoc development, as evidenced in formal method case studies where catches errors early in the cycle. Empirical evaluations in related rigorous design frameworks report efficiency improvements in development timelines due to modular reuse, though specific gains vary by application complexity; for example, semantics-preserving refinements have enabled deployment of verified systems in under a year for prototypes initially modeled in months. This methodology counters hype around informal agile practices by grounding software evolution in provable properties, particularly valuable for research software where causal accuracy in outputs—such as simulation reproducibility—directly impacts scientific validity.

Culture and Events

Record Store Day

Record Store Day is an annual event dedicated to promoting brick-and-mortar record stores through exclusive releases and in-store celebrations. Founded in 2007 by a group of record store owners facing competition from platforms and large chains, the inaugural event occurred on April 19, 2008. The primary goal is to drive customer traffic to these retailers, fostering community engagement and countering the erosion of physical sales amid the dominance of streaming services. Held on the third in —such as April 12 in 2025—the event features hundreds of limited-edition releases, primarily vinyl records, available exclusively at participating independent stores on the day of the event. These include titles from artists like , , and for 2025, with no pre-orders permitted to prioritize in-store purchases. A secondary event occurs on in November, extending the format. Economically, Record Store Day has correlated with sustained growth in vinyl sales, which rose for 18 consecutive years through , reaching over 43 million units in the U.S. alone, driven by consumer preference for tangible formats over alternatives. The event generates significant revenue spikes for independent retailers; for example, the 2025 edition produced the highest weekly vinyl album sales for indie shops since at least 1994. This reflects market demand rather than mere , as evidenced by consistent year-over-year increases in purchases despite abundant options. While praised for bolstering small businesses, the event faces criticism for encouraging , where resellers buy limited stock to inflate online prices, and for creating overcrowding that deters some stores from participating. However, empirical data underscores a net positive outcome, with the influx of buyers providing vital income streams that outweigh logistical drawbacks for most involved retailers.

Other Uses

Rock Sound Airport

Rock Sound International Airport (IATA: RSD, ICAO: ) is situated in , in the South district of , serving as a regional transportation hub for the island. The facility features a single designated 09/27, measuring 7,213 feet (2,199 meters) in length and 150 feet wide, with an elevation of approximately 10 feet above . It operates without a control tower, accommodating and scheduled regional flights primarily for domestic tourism to . The airport handles flights from carriers including , Makers Air, and Flamingo Air, with common routes to , Governor's Harbour, and George Town. Daily operations typically involve 10 to 15 flights, fluctuating seasonally to support visitor access to the island's resorts and beaches. Charter services, such as those by , also utilize the facility for private travel. Notable events include a June 5, 2018, of a 421B shortly after takeoff, which resulted in three fatalities; no other major incidents have been widely reported.

Rubber side down

"Rubber side down" is a phrase originating in culture, advising riders to maintain an upright position with the tires contacting the road surface to avoid . The term refers to the rubber treads of tires, emphasizing the mechanical reality that laying the bike down—intentionally or otherwise—exposes the rider to severe risks from sliding, , or loss of . Often paired with "shiny side up" to denote keeping the bike's painted surfaces facing skyward, it serves as a concise reminder of basic physics in riding: and favor stability when wheels remain grounded. The expression emerged within biker subcultures, likely among post-World War II veterans who popularized clubs, where informal reinforced group norms around hazard awareness without relying on formal regulations. It gained traction as a farewell or motivational among riders, underscoring personal accountability for vehicle handling amid inherent two-wheeled —motorcycles lack the four-point of automobiles, making operator skill the primary causal factor in avoiding tip-overs or high-sides. Empirical data from crash analyses highlight the stakes: in , U.S. motorcyclist fatalities reached 6,218, with single-vehicle incidents—often involving loss of upright control—accounting for about 40% of deaths, per reports. In formalized safety instruction, such as courses from the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF), the concept integrates into practical training, where instructors stress low-speed maneuvers to prevent drops that could escalate into full crashes. MSF curricula, based on data-driven rider education, demonstrate that trained operators experience fewer accidents by prioritizing and , aligning with first-hand mechanical feedback over abstract advisories. This thus embodies causal realism in : upright orientation directly mitigates transfer during evasive actions, reducing likelihood through rider-initiated rather than external interventions.

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