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Random password generator

A random password generator is a software tool or algorithm that produces unpredictable passwords by drawing from a character set or word list using cryptographically secure random number generation, thereby providing high entropy to resist guessing, dictionary, and brute-force attacks.^[1] These generators are essential for creating strong authenticators in digital systems, where passwords must meet minimum entropy thresholds—such as at least 20 bits for look-up secrets—and are often produced by credential service providers (CSPs) using approved random bit generators like those specified in NIST SP 800-90A.^[1] Unlike user-chosen passwords, which may fall short due to predictable patterns, random generators enforce security by design, typically supporting lengths from 6 to 64 characters without composition rules, while blacklisting common or compromised terms to enhance protection.^[2] Random password generators employ various methods to balance security and usability, including character-based selection from uppercase, lowercase letters, numbers, and symbols, or passphrase generation via word lists for better memorability.^[2] A prominent example is the Diceware method, developed by Arnold Reinhold in 1995 and refined by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), which randomly selects words from a list of 7,776 unique terms—each providing about 12.9 bits of entropy—to form passphrases like "correct horse battery staple," recommended at six words for approximately 77 bits of total entropy.^[3] Earlier standards, such as NIST's FIPS 181 from 1993, focused on automated generation of pronounceable syllables using a specific algorithm to produce readable yet secure passwords for access control.^[4] Modern implementations, aligned with OWASP and the updated NIST SP 800-63-4 guidelines (as of August 2025), prioritize length over complexity—suggesting 8 characters minimum with multi-factor authentication (MFA) or 15 without—and integrate with password managers to store and autofill these complex strings, reducing reuse risks.^[2]^[1] The adoption of random password generators addresses widespread vulnerabilities from weak passwords, as evidenced by guidelines emphasizing no periodic expiration unless a breach occurs and the use of salting with at least 32 bits alongside hashing functions like PBKDF2 for storage.^[1] By leveraging cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generators (CSPRNGs), these tools ensure compliance with assurance levels in frameworks like NIST SP 800-63B, promoting robust authentication in an era of increasing cyber threats.^[1]

Fundamentals

Definition and Purpose

A random password generator is a tool or method designed to produce unpredictable sequences of characters intended for use as passwords, leveraging sources of randomness to create credentials that resist guessing or brute-force attacks.^[5] These generators typically employ either true random processes, such as physical events, or pseudorandom algorithms seeded by entropy to ensure the output lacks discernible patterns.^[5] By automating the creation of such passwords, the tool addresses the limitations of human-generated credentials, which often suffer from predictability due to common word choices or personal information.^[6] The primary purpose of a random password generator is to produce high-entropy passwords—sequences with substantial unpredictability measured in bits—that users can adopt for authentication without needing to memorize them, thereby mitigating risks from weak, easily compromised passwords.^[6] This approach promotes stronger security practices by enabling the use of complex, unique passwords across multiple accounts, significantly increasing the computational effort required for unauthorized access.^[5] Entropy serves as a key metric here, quantifying the randomness and thus the resistance to cracking attempts.^[6] Random password generators emerged in the 1970s amid the rise of early computing systems, such as UNIX, where secure access to remote time-sharing resources necessitated automated methods to create non-trivial passwords beyond plain-text storage.^[7] These early implementations evolved from basic pseudorandom techniques to more robust tools, driven by vulnerabilities exposed in multi-user environments and the need to balance usability with protection against penetration attempts.^[7] At their core, random password generators rely on input sources of randomness, such as system entropy pools that aggregate unpredictable events like inter-keypress timings, disk seek times, or hardware noise, to seed the generation process.^[8] The output is formatted as strings of characters, often alphanumeric combinations including uppercase and lowercase letters, digits, and symbols, tailored to meet security requirements while remaining usable.^[5]

Role in Password Security

Random password generators play a crucial role in enhancing password security by producing unique, high-entropy strings that resist common attack vectors. These tools counter dictionary attacks, which rely on guessing common words or phrases, by generating passwords without recognizable language patterns, thereby increasing the computational effort required to crack them. Similarly, they mitigate credential stuffing attacks—where attackers use stolen username-password pairs from one breach to access other accounts—by facilitating the creation of distinct passwords for each service, preventing widespread reuse that amplifies breach impacts. By avoiding predictable patterns and promoting uniqueness, random password generators reduce the risks associated with weak password reuse, a practice that exposes users to cascading compromises across multiple platforms. The adoption of random password generators significantly contributes to breach prevention, as compromised credentials remain a primary entry point for cyberattacks. According to Verizon's 2025 Data Breach Investigations Report, credential abuse was the initial action in 22% of breaches, and stolen credentials were involved in 88% of basic web application attacks, underscoring the vulnerability of human-chosen credentials and the protective value of randomly generated alternatives.^[9] These generators help organizations and individuals meet security baselines that deter unauthorized access, thereby lowering the overall incidence of data exposures tied to authentication failures. When integrated with multi-factor authentication (MFA), random password generators strengthen layered security defenses without unduly impacting usability. Strong, randomly generated passwords serve as the first barrier, while MFA adds verification steps like biometrics or tokens, collectively thwarting even if one factor is compromised. Cybersecurity authorities emphasize this combination, noting that random passwords complement MFA by providing robust initial authentication that aligns with zero-trust principles. Despite their benefits, random password generators must address user adoption challenges to balance security with practicality. Highly complex outputs can be difficult to remember, leading to insecure workarounds like writing them down; to counter this, many generators support passphrase modes that create memorable yet secure sequences from random words. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) advocates for such approaches in its guidelines, recommending longer, user-friendly passphrases to encourage compliance while maintaining high entropy against brute-force and guessing attacks.

Generation Methods

Algorithmic Approaches

Algorithmic approaches to random password generation rely on computational methods that produce sequences of characters appearing random through deterministic algorithms. Pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) form the foundation of these methods, utilizing mathematical formulas to generate sequences that mimic true randomness when starting from an initial seed value.^[10] These generators are efficient for non-cryptographic applications but can be predictable if the seed or algorithm is compromised, making them suitable for basic password creation where security demands are low.^[11] For enhanced security, cryptographically secure PRNGs (CSPRNGs) are employed, which draw from high-entropy sources to ensure outputs are indistinguishable from true random bits even against adversaries with significant computational power. These systems incorporate entropy from hardware phenomena, such as thermal noise in electronic circuits, to initialize and maintain unpredictability.^[12] CSPRNGs adhere to rigorous standards, including those outlined in NIST Special Publication 800-90A, which specifies deterministic random bit generators (DRBGs) for cryptographic use.^[13] Common algorithms include linear congruential generators (LCGs) for simpler, non-secure implementations, which apply the recurrence relation X_{n+1} = (aX_n + c) \mod m to produce sequences from a seed X_0, where a, c, and m are constants.^[10] For cryptographic strength, algorithms like Fortuna are adopted, alongside NIST-approved DRBGs such as CTR_DRBG; Fortuna uses multiple entropy pools and AES encryption in counter mode to generate secure bits.^[14] The generation process typically begins with seeding the PRNG or CSPRNG using entropy input to establish the initial internal state, such as a value V or key in DRBGs.^[13] Subsequent iterations invoke the generator's update function to produce a stream of random bits or numbers, from which characters are selected—often by indexing into a character set like the 95 printable ASCII characters (codes 32 to 126)—or into a word list to form memorable passphrases.^[15]^[2] Finally, the output is validated to meet specified criteria, such as minimum length or inclusion of diverse character types, ensuring the password's usability and strength.^[13]

Mechanical and Manual Methods

Mechanical and manual methods for generating random passwords rely on physical processes to introduce entropy without computational aids, ensuring users can create secure passphrases in offline environments. These techniques leverage everyday objects like dice, cards, or coins to produce unpredictable sequences, which are then mapped to characters or words, providing a tangible alternative to digital tools that may be compromised by software flaws. One prominent method is Diceware, developed by Arnold Reinhold in 1995,^[16] which involves rolling five six-sided dice to select unique words from a predefined list of 7,776 terms, yielding passphrases such as "correct horse battery staple." Each roll corresponds to a number from 11111 to 66666, indexing into the list to avoid repetition and enhance memorability while maintaining randomness; the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) later refined this with a 7,776-word list optimized for common usage and pronunciation in 2016.^[3] The entropy per word is approximately 12.9 bits, calculated as the base-2 logarithm of the list size (log₂(7776) ≈ 12.9), allowing a five-word passphrase to achieve about 64.5 bits of security, sufficient for most applications when combined with minor modifications like capitalization. Card-based systems employ standard decks of playing cards, shuffled thoroughly and drawn sequentially to map suits and ranks to alphanumeric characters or word selections, offering a portable means of randomness generation. For instance, a 52-card deck can be used to derive 5.7 bits of entropy per card (log₂(52) ≈ 5.7), with multiple draws forming passwords; this approach, documented in security literature, resists digital eavesdropping since the shuffling occurs manually. Historical precedents include pre-digital era techniques like coin flips, where each fair coin toss provides 1 bit of entropy (log₂(2) = 1), strung together for binary strings converted to passwords, or punch cards from early computing days, punched randomly to encode bits via hole patterns. These methods offer key advantages, including complete offline usability without reliance on batteries or networks, and inherent resistance to software vulnerabilities like backdoors in pseudorandom number generators, as the entropy source is purely physical and verifiable by the user. Entropy calculations for dice-based systems, such as 2.58 bits per die face (log₂(6) ≈ 2.58), underscore their reliability when performed with standard, unbiased tools, though users must ensure fair randomization to avoid predictability.

Password Characteristics

Types of Passwords Generated

Random password generators produce various formats tailored to balance security, usability, and system requirements. One common type is character-based passwords, which consist of pure random strings drawn from a defined character pool, typically including uppercase letters (A-Z), lowercase letters (a-z), digits (0-9), and special symbols (e.g., !@#$%). For instance, a generator might output "X7kP9mQ2", ensuring high entropy through uniform randomness across the selected sets.^[17]^[5] Another format is passphrases, which generate sequences of unrelated words, often from a curated dictionary, to enhance memorability while maintaining length-based strength. These are particularly useful for human users, as they leverage natural language recall without sacrificing randomness. An example is "apple zebra 42 thunder", where words are selected independently via methods like Diceware, which uses dice rolls or equivalent pseudorandom selection from a 7,776-word list to form phrases of 5-8 words.^[16]^[18] Pronounceable passwords represent a hybrid approach, employing algorithms to create readable strings that mimic human language patterns, such as alternating consonants and vowels, for improved usability over purely random characters. These often incorporate numbers or capitalization, like "F1sh3rM4n" or "UN4TUNE8", generated by syllable-based concatenation to form pseudo-words.^[19]^[17]^[20] Generators also support customizable variants, allowing users or systems to specify parameters such as minimum and maximum length (commonly 12-128 characters), inclusion or exclusion of specific character sets, and avoidance of ambiguous characters to prevent input errors—such as omitting 'l' (lowercase L) versus '1' (one), or 'O' (uppercase O) versus '0' (zero). These options ensure compatibility with diverse policies, like those permitting up to 64 characters and broad character repertoires.

Strength and Entropy Calculation

Password entropy is a measure of the uncertainty or randomness in a password, expressed in bits, which quantifies its resistance to brute-force attacks by indicating the number of possible combinations an attacker would need to try.^[1] It is calculated as the base-2 logarithm of the total number of possible passwords in the space, assuming uniform randomness in generation.^[21] For character-based passwords, where each position is independently selected from a fixed character set, the entropy H is given by the formula:

H = L \times \log_2 (S)

where L is the password length and S is the size of the character set. For example, a 12-character password drawn from the 95 printable ASCII characters yields approximately 79 bits of entropy, as \log_2(95) \approx 6.57 and $12 \times 6.57 \approx 79.^[22]^[23] Passphrase entropy follows a similar principle but accounts for selection from a word list, calculated as the number of words multiplied by the log base-2 of the word list size. For a passphrase of W words from a list of size N, the entropy is H = W \times \log_2 (N). An example is a 5-word passphrase from a 2048-word list, such as the BIP39 mnemonic standard, providing about 55 bits of entropy since \log_2(2048) = 11 and $5 \times 11 = 55.^[24] Strength thresholds for passwords are guided by NIST recommendations in SP 800-63B (revision 4, 2025), which require verifiers to implement rate-limiting mechanisms to mitigate online guessing attacks and emphasize minimum lengths of 8 characters for user-chosen passwords or 6 characters if randomly generated by the credential service provider (CSP), with no composition rules to favor longer passphrases up to at least 64 characters. Passwords must also be checked against blocklists of compromised, common, or context-specific terms. These length-based requirements ensure sufficient resistance to attacks when combined with secure storage and other mitigations, without specifying direct entropy bit thresholds for passwords.^[1] Tools for estimating password entropy include online calculators that apply these formulas based on user inputs for length, character sets, or word lists, as well as built-in feedback in password generators from providers like Bitwarden, which display real-time entropy scores to guide users toward secure choices.^[23]^[25]

Standards and Compliance

FIPS 181

FIPS 181, formally titled the Automated Password Generator (APG), is a standard issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) on October 5, 1993, specifying an algorithm for federal departments and agencies to generate pronounceable passwords that balance memorability and security.^[26] The standard was developed in conjunction with FIPS PUB 112, which outlines password usage criteria, and became effective on March 25, 1994.^[19] It addresses the need for computer-generated passwords that users can easily recall while providing protection against unauthorized access in government systems.^[27] The generation method employs a pseudorandom number generator based on the Data Encryption Standard (DES) in Electronic Codebook mode (FIPS PUB 46-1), seeded with a 64-bit key derived from ANSI X9.17 Appendix C, to select characters from predefined digram (two-letter) and trigram (three-letter) tables modeled after English language patterns.^[19] This Markov chain-like approach builds syllable-like segments, typically alternating consonants and vowels, to form pseudo-words of 5 to 8 characters using only lowercase English letters; for example, it might produce passwords such as "blaxp" or "flimp".^[19] The algorithm ensures pronounceability by avoiding improbable letter combinations, with an upper limit of 100 attempts per character to prevent infinite loops, discarding invalid words if necessary.^[19] This results in approximately 5.7 billion possible 8-character passwords, yielding about 32 bits of entropy per such password.^[19] Although innovative for its era, FIPS 181's entropy output of 20-30 bits for typical 6- to 8-character passwords is now deemed insufficient against modern computational threats, including offline brute-force attacks that can exhaust the search space rapidly.^[19] The standard's table-based predictability also renders passwords susceptible to targeted guessing or dictionary attacks exploiting linguistic patterns.^[19] NIST withdrew FIPS 181 on October 19, 2015, as part of retiring obsolete standards no longer aligned with contemporary security needs.^[28] Prior to withdrawal, it remained a reference for password generation in various pre-2015 federal government systems requiring compliant, user-friendly authentication.^[27]

Modern Cryptographic Standards

Modern cryptographic standards for random password generation emphasize the use of cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generators (CSPRNGs) to ensure high entropy and resistance to prediction, particularly in the context of evolving computational threats. These standards build on deterministic methods to produce unpredictable bit sequences suitable for generating secure passwords, prioritizing compliance with approved entropy sources and algorithms to mitigate risks from brute-force and side-channel attacks.^[29] The NIST Special Publication 800-63B, part of the Digital Identity Guidelines, requires that verifier-chosen memorized secrets be generated using an approved random bit generator with a minimum length of 6 characters. While no specific minimum entropy in bits is mandated for memorized secrets, randomness and sufficient length are emphasized to resist attacks. This standard favors longer passphrases over complex character compositions, permitting up to 64 characters to enhance memorability while maintaining strength, as longer strings reduce user frustration without compromising security. Verifiers must implement rate-limiting to protect against online guessing attacks.^[30] Complementing this, NIST SP 800-90A specifies constructions for deterministic random bit generators (DRBGs), including the Hash_DRBG mechanism, which relies on hash functions like SHA-256 for pseudorandom output. Hash_DRBG requires seeding with high-entropy inputs—up to 256 bits of security strength—and supports periodic reseeding to sustain unpredictability during password generation processes. This approach ensures that generated passwords draw from a vast keyspace, making exhaustive searches computationally infeasible. In September 2025, NIST finalized SP 800-90C, which provides constructions for random bit generators (RBGs) that incorporate deterministic random bit generators from SP 800-90A and entropy sources from SP 800-90B.^[29]^[31] On the international front, ISO/IEC 18031:2025 provides a conceptual model for random bit generators in cryptographic applications, outlining requirements for both non-deterministic and deterministic types to produce secure random bits for information security purposes. It defines elements such as entropy sources and conditioning components, ensuring generators meet security levels suitable for password creation without prescribing specific implementations. Compliance with this standard involves using approved entropy sources, such as /dev/urandom on Unix-like systems, which leverages kernel-maintained CSPRNGs for continuous, non-blocking random output. Conversely, weak pseudorandom number generators like the rand() function in C libraries must be avoided, as they lack sufficient entropy and predictability resistance for cryptographic use.^[32] As of 2025, NIST standards are integrating quantum-resistant considerations into random bit generation frameworks, such as revisions to the SP 800-90 series, to address potential vulnerabilities from quantum computing in seeding and output validation. These updates consider quantum-resistant entropy sources where applicable, ensuring long-term resilience without altering core DRBG mechanisms.^[33]

Implementations

Software and Web Tools

Standalone software tools for random password generation include open-source applications like KeePass, which integrates a password generator utilizing a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator (CSPRNG) based on SHA-256, SHA-512, and Salsa20/ChaCha20 algorithms to produce high-entropy passwords locally on the user's device.^[34] Similarly, LastPass provides a built-in generator within its password manager that creates customizable random passwords, ensuring uniqueness and strength through secure randomization processes executed client-side.^[35] These tools often reference established algorithmic methods for entropy generation to maintain security without relying on external services.^[36] Web-based applications offer convenient, no-install options for password generation. For instance, RANDOM.ORG leverages atmospheric noise as a source of true randomness to produce sequences of bytes that can be formatted into passwords, providing an alternative to pseudo-random methods for users seeking hardware-independent entropy. This approach ensures high unpredictability, as the noise is captured via radio receivers tuned between stations.^[37] The Web Cryptography API, a W3C recommendation, enables JavaScript-based implementations of secure random number generation in browsers through methods like getRandomValues(), which fills arrays with cryptographically strong random values suitable for password creation. This standard supports web applications in performing operations such as key generation and hashing without exposing sensitive data to the server, promoting client-side security.^[38] Common features across these software and web tools include options for specifying password length, selectable character sets (e.g., uppercase, lowercase, numbers, symbols), and integration with system clipboards for easy copying. Open-source libraries like Apache Commons Lang's RandomStringUtils facilitate programmatic generation of random strings using SecureRandom for cryptographic security, allowing developers to embed robust password creation in custom applications.^[39] For enhanced accessibility, many tools extend to mobile platforms and browser environments. LastPass and KeePass offer dedicated mobile apps for iOS and Android, enabling on-the-go password generation with touch-friendly interfaces. Browser extensions, such as those for LastPass, integrate directly into web forms to generate and autofill passwords seamlessly during account creation.^[35]

Hardware Devices

Hardware devices for random password generation provide physical, tamper-resistant mechanisms to produce high-entropy passwords or one-time passwords (OTPs), leveraging true random number generators (TRNGs) based on unpredictable physical processes to ensure cryptographic security. These devices contrast with software solutions by offering dedicated hardware isolation, reducing risks from compromised host systems, and often incorporating features like secure elements for key storage and generation. Key fobs and tokens, such as the YubiKey, generate OTPs using integrated hardware random number generators (RNGs) that initialize timestamps with random values and increment them at fixed rates, incorporating additional entropy from internal sources like linear feedback shift registers fed by analog noise. The YubiKey's OTP mode produces 44-character codes that include a 16-bit random number for enhanced unpredictability, making them suitable for two-factor authentication where the hardware ensures the randomness cannot be easily replicated or predicted.^[40]^[41] Entropy hardware employs TRNGs that harvest randomness from physical phenomena, exemplified by Cloudflare's LavaRand system, which uses cameras to capture the chaotic motion of lava lamps—digitizing pixel values from the video feed to seed cryptographic pseudo-random number generators (CSPRNGs) with true entropy. This approach provides a reliable source of initial randomness for password generation in large-scale environments, where the physical unpredictability of thermal convection in the lamps ensures non-deterministic outputs. LavaRand's design draws from earlier concepts like Silicon Graphics' original Lavarand, emphasizing hardware-based entropy collection over algorithmic methods.^[42]^[43] USB security keys, such as the Nitrokey and OnlyKey, integrate TRNGs for offline password generation and storage, allowing users to derive or create passwords without relying on connected devices. The Nitrokey series supports OTP generation and key creation using its secure element, enabling tamper-resistant storage of credentials that can be accessed via USB for passwordless or multi-factor logins. Similarly, OnlyKey functions as a hardware password manager, generating and storing multiple passwords derived from a single PIN, with its offline capability ensuring generation occurs entirely within the device to prevent exposure to malware. These keys often reference CSPRNG seeding standards for post-processing raw entropy into usable passwords.^[44]^[45]^[46] Commercial products like YubiKey and Nitrokey provide TRNGs sufficient for generating strong passwords in seconds while maintaining high quality. For instance, hardware RNGs in such tokens can output randomness at rates supporting rapid OTP production without bottlenecks.^[47] DIY implementations, such as Arduino-based RNGs using clock drift sampling, offer accessible alternatives with entropy rates of approximately 56 bits per second, though they require careful validation to match commercial security levels.^[48] In high-security environments like banking and military applications, these devices ensure tamper-resistant password generation, where physical protections against side-channel attacks and secure boot processes safeguard the RNG from extraction or manipulation, providing verifiable entropy for compliance with standards like FIPS 140-2.

Security Considerations

Common Vulnerabilities

Random password generators can suffer from weak entropy sources, where predictable seeds such as system timestamps or low-variability inputs are used to initialize the pseudorandom number generator (PRNG), leading to duplicate or guessable passwords across multiple generations.^[49] This vulnerability arises because non-cryptographically secure PRNGs often rely on insufficiently random inputs, reducing the effective entropy pool and making outputs vulnerable to prediction by attackers who can infer the seed from contextual information like device boot times.^[50] For instance, in the 2008 Debian OpenSSL vulnerability (CVE-2008-0166), a packaging change removed a critical entropy source, causing the PRNG to produce predictable numbers used in key and password generation, compromising thousands of SSH keys and certificates.^[51] Implementation flaws in random password generators include side-channel attacks on PRNGs, where attackers exploit timing differences, power consumption, or cache behaviors during random number generation to infer internal states.^[52] These attacks can reveal the PRNG's seed or output sequence without direct access to the algorithm, particularly in software implementations lacking constant-time operations.^[53] Buffer overflows represent another common flaw, occurring when password generation code mishandles input lengths or memory allocation, allowing attackers to inject malicious code and potentially manipulate the randomness process or execute arbitrary commands.^[54] In 2021, a flaw in Kaspersky Password Manager's generator stemmed from an implementation error that limited password complexity, making outputs susceptible to brute-force attacks despite the tool's intent for strong randomness.^[55] User errors significantly exacerbate vulnerabilities in generated passwords, such as reusing the same password across multiple accounts, which defeats the purpose of randomization and amplifies risks from single breaches.^[56] Storing generated passwords insecurely, like in plain text files or unencrypted notes, exposes them to theft via malware or unauthorized access, rendering the generator's output as weak as manually created ones.^[57] Attacks on non-cryptographically secure PRNGs often involve seed prediction, where adversaries reverse-engineer the initial state from observed outputs or environmental data, enabling reconstruction of entire password sequences.^[58] In hardware devices, tampering poses a direct threat, as physical modifications to random number generators—such as altering entropy collection circuits—can introduce biases or controlled predictability, as seen in vulnerabilities affecting billions of IoT devices where flawed hardware RNGs produced non-random values exploitable for key generation flaws.^[59] Case studies highlight these issues: The 2014 Heartbleed bug (CVE-2014-0160) in OpenSSL allowed memory leaks that exposed random number generator states, indirectly weakening password and key entropy by revealing sensitive buffers.^[60] Additionally, as of May 2025, AI-based password generators have been found to lack true randomness, potentially introducing predictable patterns or biases in outputs due to the underlying machine learning models, making them vulnerable to analysis and cracking despite appearing complex.^[61]

Best Practices

When selecting a random password generator, prioritize tools that employ a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator (CSPRNG) compliant with standards such as NIST SP 800-90A, ensuring generated passwords meet minimum entropy requirements like at least 20 bits for authentication secrets.^[62] Such generators provide resistance to prediction and attacks by drawing from high-entropy sources, unlike weaker pseudorandom methods that may exhibit patterns. Effective usage involves generating a unique password for each account to mitigate risks from credential stuffing, storing them securely in a reputable password manager that supports encryption and autofill, and verifying post-generation randomness through visual inspection or basic statistical checks to detect obvious biases. Password managers facilitate this by enabling seamless adoption without memorization burdens, aligning with guidelines that discourage password reuse across services.^[62] Configure generators to produce passwords of at least 15 characters for single-factor authentication or 8 characters when used with multi-factor authentication (MFA), accepting the full range of printable ASCII characters including space and Unicode without enforced composition rules, as length provides better protection against brute-force attacks than forced complexity.^[1] For extended generation sessions, implement periodic reseeding of the CSPRNG after a fixed output volume to maintain entropy and prevent degradation in randomness quality. To ensure reliability, audit generators periodically using established randomness test suites such as NIST SP 800-22 or Dieharder, which evaluate statistical properties like uniformity and independence across large samples of output.^[63] These tools help identify flaws early, confirming the generator's suitability for cryptographic applications.^[64] In enterprise environments, policies should mandate the use of approved random password generators for all account creations and changes, coupled with mandatory training programs that educate users on secure generation, storage, and handling to foster a culture of proactive security.^[65] Such measures, including regular policy reviews, reduce human error and ensure consistent compliance across the organization.^[66]

References

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This document defines technical requirements for each of the three authenticator assurance levels. This publication supersedes corresponding sections of NIST ...4.2.2 · 4.3.2
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This paper describes the history of the design of the password security scheme on a remotely accessed time- sharing system. The present design was the ...
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When DRBG mechanism functions are distributed, a physically or cryptographically secure channel shall be used to protect the confidentiality and integrity ...
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Fortuna is a PRNG; it generates cryptographically secure pseudorandom numbers on a computer. It can also be used as a real random number generator.Missing: common password linear congruential
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how many characters there are. · Calculate the size of the pool of symbols from which you've taken the characters.
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Is there a FIPS 181 like standard for random password generation ...
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entropy of FIPS-181 automated password generator
Mar 9, 2014 · A 16-character password should give you over 64 bits of entropy. By the paper itself, a 10-character password corresponds to around 41 bits of input entropy.Is there a FIPS 181 like standard for random password generation ...Chrome generated passwords not high entropy?More results from security.stackexchange.com
[31]
Announcing the Withdrawal of Six FIPS Standards | CSRC
This notice announces the withdrawal of six Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS): FIPS 181, FIPS 185, FIPS 188, FIPS 190, FIPS 191 and FIPS 196.
[32]
https://www.iso.org/standard/81645.html
[33]
ISO/IEC 18031:2025 - Information technology — Security techniques
In stockThis document specifies a conceptual model for a random bit generator for cryptographic purposes, together with the elements of this model.
[34]
Post-Quantum Cryptography | CSRC
NIST initiated a process to solicit, evaluate, and standardize one or more quantum-resistant public-key cryptographic algorithms. Full details can be found ...Workshops and Timeline · Presentations · NIST PQC standards · Post-Quantum
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When is "Collect Additional Entrop... - KeePass - SourceForge
May 7, 2012 · KeePass uses a cryptographically secure pseudo-random number generator (based on SHA-256/SHA-512 and Salsa20/ChaCha20) for generating passwords, ...
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Password Generator - LastPass
The LastPass password generator creates random passwords based on parameters set by you. Parameters include password length, whether the password should be easy ...Missing: OWASP | Show results with:OWASP
[37]
Password Generator - KeePass
The password generator can create passwords using patterns. A pattern is a string defining the layout of the new password.Missing: CSPRNG | Show results with:CSPRNG
[38]
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) - RANDOM.ORG
RANDOM.ORG uses radio receivers to pick up atmospheric noise, which is then used to generate random numbers. The radios are tuned between stations. A possible ...
[39]
Web Crypto API - MDN Web Docs
Sep 2, 2024 · The Web Crypto API is an interface allowing a script to use cryptographic primitives in order to build systems using cryptography.
[40]
RandomStringUtils (Apache Commons Lang 3.19.0 API)
Generates random String s. Use secure() to get the singleton instance based on SecureRandom() which uses a secure random number generator.Missing: password | Show results with:password
[41]
Yubico OTP
The key's random number generator initializes the timestamp to a random value and begins incrementing it at a rate of 8 Hz. A slot containing a Yubico OTP ...Components of a Yubico OTP · Private ID
[42]
OTPs Explained - Yubico Developers
Random number. A 16-bit random number is picked from the internal random number generator to add some additional entropy to the final result. Checksum. A 16 ...The Yubico Otp Generation... · Private Id · Usage Counter
[43]
Randomness 101: LavaRand in Production - The Cloudflare Blog
Nov 6, 2017 · LavaRand uses lava lamps as a secondary source of randomness. A camera feeds the lava lamp video into a CSPRNG to generate random values.
[44]
LavaRand in Production: The Nitty-Gritty Technical Details
Nov 6, 2017 · LavaRand is a system using a video feed of lava lamps to provide an additional entropy source for production machines.<|separator|>
[45]
Passwords - Nitrokey Documentation
Select on the left side your Nitrokey on which your credential is stored. · Click on the “Passwords” tab. · Click on your desired credential, if your credential ...Missing: token | Show results with:token
[46]
Key Management - Nitrokey Documentation
The PIV smart card can generate a new private key on the Nitrokey. The command below will create a private key in key slot 9a with the RSA algorithm and a key ...
[47]
https://www.rambus.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/IntelRNG.pdf
[48]
[PDF] THE INTEL RANDOM NUMBER GENERATOR - Rambus
Although our estimates indicate that the hardware provides over 0.999 bits of entropy per output bit, a conservative assumption of ½ bit of entropy per output ...
[49]
Arduino Truly Random Number Generator : 4 Steps - Instructables
The Truly Random Numbers are real random numbers and are generated using an entropy source, and from thermodynamics we know, entropy is very closely related ...
[50]
CWE-338: Use of Cryptographically Weak Pseudo-Random Number ...
Weak generators generally take less processing power and/or do not use the precious, finite, entropy sources on a system.
[51]
Insecure Randomness: Weak Entropy Source - Fortify Taxonomy
A weak source of random or pseudorandom numbers may lead to vulnerabilities such as easy-to-guess temporary passwords, predictable cryptographic keys, session ...
[52]
CVE-2008-0166 Detail - NVD
May 13, 2008 · OpenSSL 0.9.8c-1 up to versions before 0.9.8g-9 on Debian-based operating systems uses a random number generator that generates predictable numbers.
[53]
Robust Pseudo-Random Number Generators with Input Secure ...
Dec 19, 2015 · Robust Pseudo-Random Number Generators with Input Secure Against Side-Channel Attacks. Michel Abdalla, Sonia Belaïd, David Pointcheval ...Missing: password | Show results with:password
[54]
[PDF] Program Analysis of Cryptographic Implementations for Security
In general, these vulnerabilities due to simple programming errors in cryptographic implementa- tions affect millions of devices, rendering millions of users.
[55]
Buffer Overflow Risks in Software Development - Veracode
A buffer overflow, or buffer overrun, is a common software coding mistake that an attacker could exploit to gain access to your system.
[56]
Flaw in Kaspersky Password Manager Password Generator Made ...
Jul 6, 2021 · Researchers have discovered the random password generator of the Kaspersky Password Manager (KPM) was generating passwords that were susceptible to brute-force ...
[57]
5 Biggest Mistakes Employees Make With Their Passwords
Oct 13, 2022 · Mistake #1: Reusing passwords; Mistake #2: Creating weak passwords; Mistake #3: Insecurely storing passwords; Mistake #4: Sharing passwords ...
[58]
Plaintext Storage of Passwords - Secure Code Warrior
May 18, 2020 · Learn best practices for securing sensitive data in Infrastructure as Code (IaC) by avoiding plaintext storage of passwords and credentials.Ai Coding Assistants: With... · Cybersecurity Risk... · Why Cybersecurity Awareness...<|separator|>
[59]
[PDF] Cryptanalytic Attacks on Pseudorandom Number Generators
When an attacker is directly able to dis- tinguish between PRNG outputs and random outputs, this is a direct crypt- analytic attack. This kind of attack is ...
[60]
A Critical Random Number Generator Flaw Affects Billions of IoT ...
Aug 9, 2021 · A critical vulnerability has been disclosed in hardware random number generators used in billions of Internet of Things (IoT) devices.
[61]
Heartbleed Bug - OWASP Foundation
This vulnerability allows an attacker to extract memory contents from the webserver through the vulnerability in the heartbeat.
[62]
McAfee 2023 Consumer Mobile Threat Report
Feb 27, 2023 · Our Consumer Mobile Threat Report uncovers trends in mobile threats, which detail tricks that hackers and scammers have turned to, along with ways you can ...Malicious And Fake Apps · How You Can Avoid... · Protecting Yourself While...
[63]
NIST Special Publication 800-63B
Passwords must be of sufficient effective strength and secrecy that it would be impractical for an attacker to guess or otherwise discover the correct secret ...2.2.2 · 2.3.2 · 3.1.6.1
[64]
SP 800-22 Rev. 1, A Statistical Test Suite for Random and ...
This paper discusses some aspects of selecting and testing random and pseudorandom number generators.Missing: password dieharder
[65]
Testing PCG random number generator | NIST STS & DIEHARDER
Jul 7, 2017 · The PCG generator did well on all the NIST tests. For every test, at least 9 out of 10 streams passed. The test authors say you should expect at least 8 out of ...Missing: password | Show results with:password
[66]
Require Strong Passwords - CISA
Long: At least 16 characters long (more is better) · Random: A mix of upper/lowercase letters, numbers and symbols or a passphrase of 5–7 unrelated words · Unique ...
[67]
Creating a strong password policy: A practical guide for organizations
This guide provides straightforward, industry-standard password policy best practices for developing comprehensive password rules that streamline processes.