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Riddim

In Jamaican popular music, particularly reggae and dancehall, a riddim is the instrumental rhythm track—primarily composed of bass and drums—that serves as the foundational backing for songs, allowing multiple vocalists to record interpretations over the same pattern.^[1] This production method, known as the riddim method, treats the riddim and vocal "voicings" as separable, reusable elements, diverging from Western conventions of fixed song structures by emphasizing communal adaptation and performance in sound system culture.^[2] Originating in the late 1960s through the practice of creating "versions"—instrumental remixes with vocals removed, as in The Paragons' 1967 track "On the Beach"—riddims evolved in the 1970s alongside dub music, where engineers like King Tubby and Lee "Scratch" Perry manipulated recordings in real-time for live dances, prioritizing low-frequency bass and syncopated rhythms. By the 1980s, digital innovations accelerated this evolution; the iconic "Sleng Teng" riddim, produced by King Jammy in 1985 using a Casio MT-40 drum machine, supported over 500 songs by various artists as of 2025,^[3] marking a shift to pre-composed, standardized tracks that dominated dancehall production. Riddims hold profound cultural significance in Jamaica, reflecting sound system competitions, oral traditions, and resistance to copyright norms by viewing musical elements as public domain resources, while influencing global genres like hip-hop, reggaeton, and drum and bass through Jamaican diaspora.^[1]

Overview

Definition

A riddim is the instrumental rhythm track that forms the foundational backing in Jamaican genres such as reggae and dancehall, typically consisting of drums and bass over which vocalists record their lyrics or "toasts."^[4]^[5] In this system, the riddim serves as a prerecorded accompaniment that multiple artists can use to create distinct songs, allowing for a shared musical base that supports numerous versions.^[6]^[7] The term "riddim" derives from the Jamaican Patois pronunciation of the English word "rhythm," highlighting its function as a reusable template for composition and performance in these traditions.^[8] This reuse often results in one riddim underpinning 10 or more songs by different artists, fostering a collaborative and iterative approach to music production.^[6]^[7] A prominent example is the "Diwali" riddim, produced by Steven "Lenky" Marsden in 2002, which powered hits including Sean Paul's "Get Busy" and was voiced by several other artists, demonstrating the riddim's versatility as a bass-heavy instrumental core.^[9]

Musical Characteristics

Riddim tracks are defined by their prominent bass lines, which emphasize sub-bass frequencies typically ranging from 40 to 60 Hz to create a deep, resonant foundation that drives the music's groove.^[10] These bass lines are melodic and lock tightly with the drums, forming the core rhythmic structure known as the riddim.^[11] Accompanying this are offbeat skank rhythms played on guitar or keyboards, characterized by syncopated upstrokes on the off-beats that add a signature choppy, percussive texture.^[12] Drum patterns often employ the one-drop style, where the kick drum hits only on the third beat and the snare on the second, creating a sparse, laid-back feel, while steppers variants feature a more insistent kick on every beat for added drive.^[13] Structurally, riddims are composed in 4/4 time signature at tempos between 80 and 120 beats per minute, allowing for a relaxed yet danceable pace suitable for live performances.^[14] The arrangement revolves around repetitive four-bar loops that provide a stable platform for vocal improvisation, incorporating elements like hi-hats for subtle shuffle, snares for accents, and keyboard stabs for melodic punctuation.^[15] This cyclical design ensures the track's focus remains on rhythm rather than harmonic progression, prioritizing groove over complexity. Unlike complete songs, riddims exist as purely instrumental backings without vocals, specifically engineered to support deejay toasting or singer adaptations by multiple artists over the same track.^[16] In production, riddims evolved from analog tape loops in the 1970s, where live band recordings were manually spliced for repetition, to digital methods post-1980s, utilizing synthesizers and drum machines like the Casio MT-40 for precise rhythm patterns and cleaner, more replicable sounds.^[17] This shift, exemplified by the 1985 Sleng Teng riddim, enabled widespread reuse and marked the onset of computerized Jamaican music.^[18]

History

Origins in Jamaican Music

The origins of riddim can be traced to pre-1960s Jamaican music genres, where foundational rhythms from African-derived traditions blended with colonial influences to create the rhythmic structures that would later define reusable instrumental tracks. Mento, Jamaica's earliest popular music form developed during the plantation era and prominent until the 1950s, fused African call-and-response patterns and rhythmic impulses with British harmonic scales, establishing a percussive foundation with acoustic instruments like the rhumba box and banjo that emphasized offbeat accents.^[19] Calypso, imported from the Eastern Caribbean but adapted locally in the late 1950s, introduced forward-driving rhythms and choral elements that complemented mento's folk style, while Kumina—a ritual music rooted in Congolese African traditions—contributed steady drumming and bass-heavy pulses through practices like those led by drummers such as Count Ossie, influencing the polyrhythmic complexity seen in early Jamaican soundscapes.^[19] These elements converged in ska during the mid-to-late 1950s, where American R&B and jazz fused with mento and calypso to produce upbeat tracks featuring prominent bass lines and horn sections, laying the groundwork for the bass-driven instrumentals central to riddim.^[20] In the 1960s, riddims began to standardize as reusable backing tracks through the innovations of producers at studios in Kingston, particularly Clement "Coxsone" Dodd at Studio One, Jamaica's first Black-owned recording facility established in 1963. Dodd, inspired by American jazz and R&B, employed a house band including the Skatalites and Sound Dimension to create consistent instrumental rhythms for multiple vocalists, transitioning from ska's energetic tempos to the slower, more groove-oriented rocksteady style around 1966-1968, which emphasized heavy bass and guitar skanks influenced by R&B.^[21] This approach allowed for efficient production of hits, with riddims serving as versatile foundations over which singers like Alton Ellis recorded, marking a shift toward the modular track system that became a hallmark of Jamaican music.^[22] Studio One's output during this period, including rocksteady tracks with melodic bass lines, solidified riddim as a commercial and artistic tool, enabling producers to maximize limited resources in Jamaica's burgeoning recording industry.^[21] A pivotal example of this early riddim practice is the "Real Rock" instrumental, recorded in 1968 by the Sound Dimension band at Studio One under Dodd's production, which became one of the first widely reused backing tracks in Jamaican music history. Its simple yet infectious groove, featuring a laid-back bass line and organ accents, was versioned by numerous artists starting in the late 1960s, demonstrating the riddim's potential for adaptation across vocal styles and establishing a template for longevity in the genre.^[6] This development was deeply intertwined with Kingston's sound system culture in the city's slums during the 1950s and 1960s, where mobile DJ outfits like Sir Coxsone's Downbeat system competed in "sound clashes" by playing exclusive imported R&B records and locally cut specials—early exclusive riddims—to captivate crowds and gain prestige in impoverished communities.^[23] These high-stakes events in areas like Trench Town fostered the demand for unique, high-quality instrumentals, propelling the evolution of riddims as competitive assets in Jamaica's vibrant street music scene.^[24]

Evolution and Digital Revolution

In the 1970s, the dub influence on riddims expanded through experimental techniques by bands like the Roots Radics and Sly & Robbie, who incorporated echo and reverb effects to create instrumental versions on B-sides of singles. These "version excursuses" stripped away vocals to emphasize basslines and drums, fostering a culture of remixing that became central to riddim evolution.^[25]^[26] The digital revolution began in 1985 with King Jammy's production of the "Sleng Teng" riddim, utilizing the Casio MT-40 keyboard's preset rhythm to craft a synthetic backing track for Wayne Smith's "Under Mi Sleng Teng." This affordable device, priced around $150, enabled cheaper production without live bands, shifting riddims toward electronic sounds and inspiring over 250 subsequent recordings.^[27] During the 1990s and 2000s, the rise of ragga—a substyle of dancehall—influenced riddims with faster tempos, often exceeding 90 beats per minute, drawing from hip-hop's rhythmic drive and electronic beats to energize sound system clashes. The 1993 Jamaican Copyright Act introduced royalties for reused riddims and recordings, complicating traditional versioning practices but encouraging formal registration to secure profits for producers.^[28]^[29] From the 2010s to 2025, riddims fused with EDM and trap, as seen in Major Lazer's dancehall-EDM hybrids that blended deejay flows with electronic drops, broadening global appeal. Examples like the Street Vybz Riddim (2010) by Notnice highlighted street-oriented energy, while top 2025 riddims, such as those on Riddims World, emphasized unity themes amid resilience and joy, reflecting reggae's adaptive roots.^[30]^[31]^[32]

Types

Classical Riddims

Classical riddims refer to the foundational instrumental tracks in Jamaican music from the analog era, spanning the 1960s to the early 1980s, characterized by live recordings using organic instrumentation such as horns, live drums, and guitar before the widespread adoption of digital synthesizers. These riddims emerged during the transition from rocksteady to reggae, providing reusable backing tracks that emphasized communal sound system culture and vocal versioning.^[6] Distinctive features of classical riddims include slower tempos typically ranging from 70 to 90 beats per minute, which contributed to their laid-back yet rhythmic feel, along with prominent horn sections for melodic accents and the signature "skank" guitar rhythm—choppy offbeat chords that sync with the hi-hat. Live drums often followed the one-drop pattern, where the emphasis falls on the third beat, omitting the one, while bass lines provided a deep, steady foundation tied to the genre's roots in rocksteady and early reggae. These elements created an organic, warm sound that contrasted with later digital productions.^[33]^[11] Key examples illustrate their enduring influence. The "Real Rock" riddim, originally recorded in 1967 by Sound Dimension at Studio One under producer Clement "Coxsone" Dodd, features a simple yet infectious groove with organ and guitar accents, serving as an instrumental cornerstone that has been versioned in over 100 songs, including Willie Williams' "Armagideon Time" (1979), establishing a template for riddim reusability across reggae subgenres.^[34]^[35] Similarly, the "Nanny Goat" riddim from 1968, produced by Coxsone Dodd and first voiced by Larry Marshall, exemplifies early reggae with its bouncy bass and horn-driven melody, marking one of the genre's transitional tracks from rocksteady and later revived in the 1990s for hits like Buju Banton's "Woman No Fret." The "Stalag" riddim, released in 1973 as "Stalag 17" by keyboardist Ansel Collins and producer Winston Riley, showcases a menacing organ riff and tight drum breaks, versioned over 300 times in reggae and dancehall, including Sister Nancy's iconic "Bam Bam" (1982), which highlighted female deejaying prowess. These riddims not only defined the analog sound but also popularized the practice of multiple artists recording over a single track, influencing the structure of Jamaican music production.^[36]^[37]^[6]

Ragga and Digital Riddims

Ragga riddims emerged in the 1990s as a high-energy evolution of dancehall, characterized by fast tempos typically ranging from 90 to 110 BPM, aggressive synthesizers, and sampled elements that emphasized electronic aggression over traditional instrumentation.^[18] These riddims supported the raw, toasting style of deejays, fostering a more confrontational sound suited to sound system clashes and urban dancehall scenes. A seminal example is Dave Kelly's Pepperseed Riddim from 1994, produced under Madhouse Records, which featured sharp synth stabs and looping basslines that propelled hits by artists like Buju Banton and Shabba Ranks, marking a shift toward synthetic dominance in Jamaican music production.^[6] Digital riddims, central to ragga's development, relied on keyboard-driven compositions and minimalistic loops, enabling producers to craft repetitive, hypnotic backings with reduced reliance on live bands. This approach, pioneered in the mid-1980s but peaking in the 1990s, used affordable synthesizers like the Casio CZ series to generate bass-heavy patterns that could be easily replicated and voiced by multiple artists. The Punanny Riddim, produced by Steely & Clevie in 1986 and revisited in subsequent releases, exemplifies this with its sparse keyboard riffs and percussive snaps, supporting over 300 recordings including tracks by Shabba Ranks and early deejay anthems that highlighted sexual bravado and street energy.^[38] Similarly, the Buzz Riddim of 2001, crafted by Troyton Rami and Roger Mackenzie for Black Shadow Records, featured clean digital synths and a buzzing bass motif at around 95 BPM, underpinning global hits like Sean Paul's "Gimme the Light" and influencing crossover appeal.^[39] In the 2020s, digital ragga riddims have extended into hybrid forms incorporating trap influences, such as booming 808 bass drums and hi-hat rolls, while retaining dancehall's offbeat skank for a fusion that appeals to streaming platforms and international audiences. The Africa We Want Riddim, released by Conquering Records in 2020, blends conscious digital loops with subtle trap undertones, hosting tracks by Anthony B and Skarra Mucci that explore themes of African unity and cultural resilience amid global challenges.^[40] By 2025, top reggae riddims like those in the annual charts continued this trend, emphasizing motifs of unity and perseverance through electronic-trap hybrids that adapt traditional riddim structures for modern production tools.^[32]^[41] Unlike classical riddims, which drew from organic live instrumentation like horns and guitars in roots reggae eras, ragga and digital variants prioritize electronic synthesis and programmed loops, creating a leaner, more versatile foundation that facilitates global remixing and adaptation across genres.^[42] This electronic focus, accelerated by the 1985 Sleng Teng breakthrough, democratized production but shifted away from the warmer, acoustic textures of earlier styles.^[43]

Usage

In Dancehall and Sound Systems

In Jamaican sound systems, deejays, also known as toasters, perform by improvising vocals over instrumental riddims during dances, a practice that emerged prominently in the 1970s as systems competed in high-stakes events to captivate crowds.^[44] King Tubby, a pioneering engineer and sound system operator, innovated by creating exclusive dub versions of riddims—stripped-down instrumentals designed specifically for toasting—which were played at his system's clashes, intensifying the competitive atmosphere and elevating the role of live vocal performances.^[45] These clashes often featured deejays like U-Roy, who in the 1970s pioneered a rhythmic, conversational toasting style over riddims, transforming the deejay from a mere announcer into a central performer and laying the foundation for dancehall's vocal-riddim synergy.^[46] Within dancehall sessions, riddims serve as foundational backings for clashes, where rival sound systems alternate playing tracks to outdo each other, and for "versions," in which deejays or singers create successive takes on the same instrumental to build energy and showcase lyrical prowess.^[47] This interplay, exemplified by U-Roy's 1970s recordings where he toasted over existing riddims at events like those hosted by King Tubby's system, highlighted how the riddim's repetitive structure facilitated spontaneous, crowd-engaging improvisation.^[48] In recording practices, versioning allows multiple artists to record vocals over a single riddim, fostering prolific output and communal creativity in dancehall production. A seminal example is the "Sleng Teng" riddim, introduced in 1985, which has inspired over 500 versions by artists ranging from Wayne Smith to contemporary deejays, demonstrating the riddim's enduring versatility as a shared canvas for vocal expressions.^[3]^[49] Into the 2020s, riddims remain integral to Jamaican dancehall events and sound clashes, with digital formats now dominant as systems play riddim-based dubplates and exclusives via USB drives, adapting traditional competition dynamics to modern technology while preserving the live energy of toasting and selector battles.^[50]

Global Adaptations

Riddims have significantly shaped reggaeton, a genre originating in Puerto Rico during the 1990s, through the adoption of the dembow rhythm—a percussive pattern derived from Jamaican dancehall riddims like the 1990 Bobby Digital production for Shabba Ranks' "Dem Bow." This rhythm, characterized by its syncopated kick-snare pattern, became the foundational backbone of reggaeton tracks, enabling producers to layer Spanish-language vocals over imported Jamaican instrumental beds. For instance, Daddy Yankee's 2004 hit "Gasolina" prominently features the dembow rhythm, which propelled the song to global success and exemplified how riddims facilitated the fusion of dancehall with hip-hop and Latin influences.^[51]^[29] In the UK, grime music from the early 2000s drew heavily from dancehall riddims, particularly via the dembow pattern, which influenced the genre's fast-paced, bass-heavy beats and MC-driven style. Producers like Wiley and DJ Target incorporated riddim elements into grime tracks, creating crossovers such as Kano's "P's and Q's" (2005), which echoes the repetitive basslines and triplet flows of Jamaican originals. This adaptation helped grime evolve as a distinctly British sound while maintaining ties to Caribbean rhythms, with dembow serving as a rhythmic bridge between dancehall and UK urban music.^[52]^[53] The riddim concept has also permeated electronic dance music (EDM), most notably through the emergence of "riddim" as a dubstep subgenre in the mid-2010s. Originating around 2014 amid dubstep's evolution, this style emphasizes minimalist, repetitive sub-bass drops and triplet percussion, directly borrowing the heavy bass focus and rhythmic simplicity of Jamaican riddims. Canadian producer Excision played a pivotal role, with tracks like "Throwin' Elbows" (2016) showcasing the genre's aggressive, wobble-heavy sound that resonated in festival circuits. By 2025, riddim continued to fuel EDM fusions, appearing in hybrid sets at events like Lost Lands, where it blended with trap and melodic dubstep to maintain relevance in bass music scenes.^[54]^[55] In African music, particularly Nigerian Afrobeat, digital riddims have been repurposed by artists blending dancehall's reusable instrumentals with highlife and fuji elements. Producers like Sarz and Rexxie have incorporated riddim patterns into tracks such as Mr Eazi's "Leg Over" (2017 remix), which reuses dembow-inspired beats to create cross-cultural hits that dominate streaming platforms. This adaptation highlights riddims' portability in the diaspora, amplified by 2020s viral TikTok challenges where dancehall tracks like Popcaan's "Family" (2017) sparked global dance trends, garnering millions of user-generated videos.^[56]^[57] Global adaptations of riddims have not been without challenges, particularly regarding copyright since Jamaica's 1993 Copyright Act formalized protections for musical works. Pioneering producers Steely & Clevie filed a landmark 2023 lawsuit against reggaeton artists including Daddy Yankee and Karol G, alleging infringement of their 1989 "Fish Market" riddim, which they claim birthed the dembow pattern used in hits like "Gasolina" and "Tusa" without licensing. The case, ongoing as of 2025 with recent court motions for evidence gathering and summary judgment, underscores tensions over riddim reusability in international remixes, potentially reshaping compensation for Jamaican creators in global markets.^[29]^[58]^[59]

Producers

Pioneering Producers

Clement "Coxsone" Dodd established Studio One in 1963 as a pivotal recording studio and label in Kingston, Jamaica, where he produced foundational ska and early reggae riddims using live session musicians like keyboardist Jackie Mittoo and bassist Leroy "Horsemouth" Wallace.^[60] Dodd's "Real Rock," recorded in 1967 by the Sound Dimension house band, emerged as one of the most enduring riddims, serving as the backing track for over 300 subsequent recordings across reggae subgenres due to its simple yet versatile rocksteady groove.^[6] Lloyd James, known as King Jammy, marked a shift toward digital production in the mid-1980s while apprenticing under King Tubby, innovating with synthesizer-based rhythms that replaced traditional live instrumentation.^[61] His breakthrough came with the "Sleng Teng" riddim in 1985, crafted on a Casio MT-40 keyboard and featured on Wayne Smith's "Under Mi Sleng Teng," which popularized fully computerized beats and inspired over 200 vocal adaptations, fundamentally altering dancehall's sound from analog to synth-driven formats.^[61]^[6] In the 1990s, the production duo Steely & Clevie—comprising Wycliffe "Steely" Johnson and Cleveland "Clevie" Browne—advanced dancehall through drum machine-centric grooves, blending programmed percussion with sparse basslines to create high-energy tracks suited for sound systems.^[62] Their "Punanny" riddim, released in 1990, powered slack-themed hits by artists like Shabba Ranks and Admiral Bailey, emphasizing rhythmic drive over melodic complexity.^[63] Later, the 1999 "Street Sweepa" riddim showcased their evolution, featuring tight, repetitive drum patterns that supported vocal clashes from performers such as Beenie Man and TOK, solidifying their influence on the genre's golden era.^[64]^[6] Sly & Robbie, the longstanding partnership of drummer Lowell "Sly" Dunbar and bassist Robbie Shakespeare, dominated the dub and roots reggae scenes from the 1970s through the 1990s, engineering over 200 original riddims at studios like Channel One and Black Ark.^[65] Known for pioneering echo and reverb techniques, they stripped tracks to rhythmic essentials, creating immersive soundscapes that influenced global electronic music; notable examples include their work on riddims for Dennis Brown and Black Uhuru, where delay effects amplified bass and percussion for hypnotic depth.^[65]^[6]

Contemporary Producers

Steven "Lenky" Marsden emerged as a key figure in early 2000s riddim production with his creation of the Diwali riddim in 2002, which powered global hits including Sean Paul's "Get Busy," Wayne Wonder's "No Letting Go," and Lumidee's "Never Leave You (Uh Oooh, Uh Oooh)."^[9] This riddim's buoyant, keyboard-driven sound blended dancehall with international pop appeal, achieving widespread crossover success and influencing subsequent hybrid productions.^[66] Marsden continued his impact into the 2010s by incorporating digital elements into riddims that fused traditional dancehall with modern electronic textures, maintaining relevance through collaborations with evolving artists.^[9] Daryl "Supa Dups" Brooks, a prominent producer from the Black Chiney collective, contributed significantly to the riddim landscape in the early 2000s and beyond, with his work extending into high-profile dancehall-infused tracks.^[67] In the 2020s, Supa Dups collaborated with Drake on tracks like "Controlla" and "Too Good" featuring Rihanna from the 2016 album Views, where he co-produced dancehall-inspired beats that sampled Jamaican rhythms and propelled the genre's global reach.^[68] These productions highlighted his ability to bridge dancehall riddims with hip-hop, earning Grammy recognition and solidifying his role in contemporary fusions.^[69] Mario "Dunw3ll" Dunwell has been a prolific riddim producer since the late 2000s, utilizing digital tools like FL Studio to craft beats for major dancehall artists in the 2010s and 2020s.^[70] Based in Kingston, Jamaica, Dunwell's label, Dunwell Productions, has released numerous riddims, including the 2015 3AM Riddim and the 2019 track "Leader" by Masicka and Dexta Daps, emphasizing versatile, bass-heavy patterns that support vocal versatility.^[71] His approach prioritizes full production involvement over beat purchasing, distinguishing him in an era of digital accessibility.^[72] Producers like Notis have also risen in prominence in the 2020s, creating riddims such as the 2023 "Greatest" for artists including Popcaan and Shenseea, blending dancehall with afrobeats influences as of 2025.^[73] By 2025, labels like Conquering Records have gained prominence through releases such as the 2020 Africa We Want Riddim, a conscious reggae riddim featuring artists like Anthony B and Skarra Mucci, which addressed themes of African unity and heritage.^[40] This riddim appeared in top rankings for 2020, underscoring the label's role in sustaining roots-oriented productions amid digital shifts.^[74] Emerging Jamaican labels, including Tads Records with its 2025 Reggae Party Riddim, continue to innovate within top riddim lists from 2020-2025, fostering new talents and hybrid styles that blend traditional elements with global influences.^[32]

Cultural Impact

In Jamaican music, the bass within riddims serves as a profound cultural anchor, embodying low-frequency vibrations that symbolize grounding and resistance, particularly within Rastafarian and yardie communities from the 1960s onward. These deep tones evoke a sense of rootedness to the earth and African heritage, aligning with Rastafarian principles of spiritual connection and defiance against colonial legacies.^[75] In sound system culture, this bass materiality—where sound becomes tactile force—reinforces communal identity and acts as a sonic emblem of resilience in marginalized urban yards.^[76] The social function of riddim's bass extends to driving communal dances, where its pulsating low end fosters unity among impoverished communities, transforming street gatherings into spaces of collective empowerment and escape. Linked intrinsically to "bass culture" in sound system lore, it creates an immersive environment that unites participants through shared physical sensation, often described as a vectorial force field that both attracts and propels bodies in rhythm.^[77] This role is evident in how bass-heavy sessions at dancehalls and rallies inspire synchronized movement and social bonding, countering isolation in socioeconomically challenged neighborhoods.^[78] Over time, the bass in riddims has evolved from the dramatic drops and echoes of 1970s dub productions to the intensified sub-bass frequencies in 2020s digital riddims, consistently delivering therapeutic and physical impacts that resonate through the body. Early dub techniques, pioneered by engineers like King Tubby, emphasized bass as a meditative pulse, while contemporary digital enhancements amplify its visceral effects, evoking primal comfort akin to a maternal embrace and rattling listeners' physiology for cathartic release.^[75] Throughout this progression, bass maintains its role in sound system practices, adapting to technologies like dubplates and streaming while preserving its capacity to heal and energize communities.^[76] Bass lines in riddims are frequently derived from nyabinghi drumming traditions, which provide a foundational rhythmic structure emphasizing spiritual resonance through repetitive, heartbeat-like patterns. The nyabinghi ensemble, including the deep bass drum struck with a padded stick, influences the "one drop" rhythm central to reggae riddims, linking modern bass grooves to Rastafarian grounations where drums facilitate divine communion and ancestral invocation.^[79] This derivation underscores bass's role in elevating collective spirituality, as the low-end vibrations mimic the earth's pulse and foster a sense of transcendent unity during performances.^[78]

Influence on Dance and Identity

Riddims serve as the rhythmic backbone of dancehall choreography, dictating specific movements and pacing through their tempos and structures. In dancehall sessions, the steady, repetitive beat of a riddim influences dancers to synchronize their steps, with faster tempos in ragga-style riddims—often exceeding 90 beats per minute—prompting more energetic and acrobatic routines compared to slower roots reggae variants.^[80] Iconic moves like the bogle, a fluid gyration from shoulders to hips invented by dancer Gerald "Bogle" Levy in the early 1990s, emerged directly in response to riddims such as the Bogle Riddim, embodying the improvisational flow encouraged by the track's groove.^[81] Similarly, the gully creeper, popularized by Elephant Man's 2008 track on the Creepa Riddim, features low-to-the-ground creeping motions that mirror the riddim's slinky bassline, illustrating how producers tailor rhythms to inspire localized dance innovations.^[82] Beyond physical movement, riddims function as carriers for patois-infused lyrics that articulate Jamaican pride, experiences of migration, and resistance against socioeconomic oppression. Dancehall artists layer vocals over shared riddims using Jamaican Patois—a creole blending English, African, and indigenous elements—to convey narratives of resilience and cultural affirmation, as seen in tracks addressing urban poverty and colonial legacies.^[83] For Jamaican diaspora communities, these riddim-based songs reinforce identity amid displacement, with lyrics evoking homeland pride and the challenges of migration, helping migrants maintain cultural ties in places like Toronto and London.^[84] In the 2020s, social media platforms have amplified this role, enabling diaspora users to remix and share riddim-driven content that sustains patois expression and communal resistance narratives across global networks.^[85] In performative contexts like sound system clashes, riddims heighten dramatic tension by providing a sonic foundation for rival DJs and MCs to trade lyrical barbs and exclusive versions, escalating the event's energy through strategic drops and builds.^[86] The Stalag riddim, popularized by Sister Nancy's 1982 track "Bam Bam", exemplifies this by inspiring widespread dance responses in clashes and sessions, where its infectious hook prompts crowd participation and iconic freestyle moves that symbolize dancehall's competitive spirit.^[87] By 2025, riddims continue to globalize Jamaican identity through viral TikTok challenges, where users worldwide recreate dancehall moves to contemporary riddims like the Tropical Feeling, fostering cross-cultural engagement and reinforcing diaspora connections to Jamaican heritage via short-form videos.^[88]

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Dodd's Studio One was Jamaica's first Black-owned recording facility and is regarded as Jamaica's Motown because of its consistent output of hit records. Studio ...
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Inside The Rich History of Jamaica's Iconic Studio One and Clement ...
Mar 6, 2018 · Arguably the most important figure in Jamaican music, Dodd (1932-2004) discovered and recorded a very young Bob Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny ...
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A brief history of Jamaican soundsystem culture - Red Bull
Aug 14, 2017 · From Sir Coxsone to DJ Kool Herc, soundsystem culture has played a pivotal role in music's evolution. So before Red Bull Culture Clash 2017, ...
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A History of Sound System and Emcee Culture (Chapter 2)
Coxsone's Studio One was the breeding ground for the island's early superstars such as Bob Marley, John Holt, Marcia Griffiths, Toots and the Maytals, Lee ' ...
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History of Dub Music - Connecting Jamaica
These early dub versions, usually found on the B-side of vinyl singles, removed the vocals and brought bass-lines and drums to the forefront, adding echo ...
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Dub Revolution
This essay explores the evolution of dub reggae in Jamaica and the contributions of some of its most innovative pioneers.<|separator|>
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How Casio accidentally started reggae's digital revolution - Engadget
Dec 4, 2015 · The story of the "sleng teng" riddim (as it is known) in reggae history is well documented, but its origins are based on myth.
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Raggamuffin | Ragga Jungle | Мusic Gateway
Jun 6, 2023 · This new sound, which came to be known as dancehall, was characterised by its faster tempo, electronic beats, and catchy hooks. The Impact of ...
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Can You Copyright a Rhythm? | Pitchfork
Sep 25, 2024 · Jamaica did not establish copyright for music recordings until 1993. Marshall says reggae and dancehall's culture of versioning and remixing was ...
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Dec 31, 2019 · Rewind! A look back at the 30 most essential dancehall singles and bashment party anthems of the decade (2010 through 2019).<|separator|>
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Street Vybz Riddim - EP by Notnice | Spotify
Listen to Street Vybz Riddim on Spotify · EP · Notnice · 2022 · 5 songs. ... Album • 2020 · Obeah Me. Single • 2024 · Rated M. Album • 2023. © 2022 Notnice ...
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Aug 26, 2025 · In summary, 2025's riddims showcase reggae's evolution while honoring its roots, with themes of unity, resilience, and joy dominating. As the ...
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5 characteristics of reggae music - Blog - Splice
Jan 26, 2023 · Tempo and meter. The average tempo of a reggae tune ranges between 80 – 110 BPM, which is slightly slower than the usual commercial pop song.
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Four Dancehall Riddims That Keep Rocking - The World from PRX
Apr 24, 2014 · REAL ROCK. REALROCK2(Coxsone). The “Real Rock” riddim is a fundamental part of the dancehall story. In the original 1967 track by Sound ...<|separator|>
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Where I'm Coming From: 60 Years of Jamaican Music in 60 Songs
Aug 6, 2022 · In 1992, Jamaica's Penthouse Records revamped the “Nanny Goat” rhythm (or “riddim,” in Jamaican parlance), which yielded several hits in the ...
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Punanny Riddim (1986)
Browse all tunes (songs) using the Punanny Riddim. This riddim was created by King Jammy, Steely & Clevie in 1986 ... Turbo Punanny Riddim (1992). Mad Punanny ...
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Paid and Played | Miami New Times
Mar 6, 2003 · The uniqueness in “Gimme the Light,” then, is that the Buzz riddim used for the song was created by a Miami-based dancehall producer: Troyton ...
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Free deliveryAfrica We Want Riddim by Conquering Sound, released 03 February 2020 1. Anthony B, Conquering Sound - Anthony B - African Love 2.
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The Evolution of Dancehall Sound: 10 Key Stages from Kingston ...
Sep 26, 2025 · This long-form essay traces the genre's evolution through technology, production practices, lyrical themes, and global feedback loops, showing ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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The beginner's guide to: dancehall | MusicRadar
Aug 16, 2021 · There are riddims which stick closely to the organic instrumentation of roots reggae and others which are more influenced by other genres ...
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1985 saw the advent of early digital technology which allowed Jamaican producers to experiment with new sounds, culminating in a seismic change in the way ...
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Jun 11, 2015 · The instrumental spaces built into Tubby's dubs provided deejays an opportunity to develop toasting beyond just providing contrast to a singer's ...Missing: 1970s | Show results with:1970s
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Interview with U-Roy - SOUND SYSTEM CULTURE
May 2, 2022 · ” Tubby's recorded some excusive discs for his sound system with U Roy toasting over some of the rhythm tracks Tubby had mixed in his studio.
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The Originator - Wax Poetics
Jul 27, 2021 · Following Machuki's lead, U-Roy soon became the resident toaster on Doctor Dickie's, a local sound system established by his friend, Dickie Wong ...
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Oct 6, 2021 · Dub pioneer Tubby started creating 'specials' – or exclusive tracks – to be played by his and other systems. This morphed into something else ...
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Perfect Sound Forever: U-Roy - Furious.com
The album produced by Tappa Zukie featured outstanding tracks like "Dancehall Memory," which recycled an old Studio One riddim and had the deejay reminisce ...
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Aug 8, 2025 · After a time, Davey received a Casio MT-40, an electronic keyboard programmed with 22 instrument sounds, a mini bass keyboard and six preset ...
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Versioning Pioneers In Reggae - by Dubmatix
May 15, 2025 · Sleng Teng – Wayne Smith (Jammy's, 1985). First Cut: “Under Mi Sleng Teng”. Estimated Versions: Over 500. Artists Who Used It: Tenor Saw ...
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“Chase Sound Boys Out of Earth”: The Aura of Dubplate Specials in ...
Aug 7, 2025 · ... sound clash”, as MacLeod and Chamberlain (2012) note, has declined in. popularity in both Jamaica and Finland, dubplates still continue to be ...
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Mar 18, 2024 · The rhythm track (or “riddim” as it's referred to in Jamaican parlance) propelling "Dem Bow" was first used by Jamaican production duo Steely ...
[53]
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Nov 28, 2014 · And although grime is very much a melting pot music, drawing influences from the history of UK dance music as well as from US hip hop and ...
[54]
Remembering the Era of Novelty Grime Riddims | NUKG Monthly
Dec 5, 2023 · Nathan Evans' UK garage and club music column explores the era of novelty grime riddims and why silliness is still a core part of UK dance ...
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Riddim: A Brief History | Relentless Beats
Apr 17, 2019 · The word riddim comes from the Jamaican pronunciation of rhythm and is also a variation of reggae. Music sharing platforms such as Beatport ...
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Jun 29, 2025 · A decade-by-decade look at the history of dubstep, from its UK roots to the riddim-fueled stages shaking the scene today.
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Oct 21, 2021 · Lost in Riddim is a pit stop in the middle of Wizkid's tour, but it's a pivotal one. For the first time, he'll perform his summer smash “Essence ...<|separator|>
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Dancehall Songs 2020 | TikTok
Aug 25, 2025 · TOP DANCEHALL Songs of 2020: Vibes and Bangers. Discover the best dancehall bangers from 2020! Enjoy highlights from Dexta Daps, Shenseea, ...
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Copyrights and copywrongs in Jamaican music
Apr 27, 2022 · Recording studios still draw on hundreds of shared riddims and sample, including riddims derived from foreign songs” (p. 76).
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Coxsone Dodd, 72, Pioneer of the Jamaican Pop Music Scene
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Wayne Smith's Under Mi Sleng Teng – the song that revolutionised ...
Feb 20, 2014 · The late Wayne Smith's digital dancehall smash Under Mi Sleng Teng changed the face of Jamaican music, conquered the world and is a rough and rugged epitaph to ...
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Wycliffe 'Steely' Johnson obituary | Pop and rock - The Guardian
Sep 28, 2009 · Wycliffe "Steely" Johnson, who has died aged 47 after complications related to diabetes, was half of Steely and Clevie, one of Jamaica's most successful ...Missing: biography | Show results with:biography
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Twenty Years Of Diwali - DancehallMag
May 1, 2022 · Released in May 2002, the Diwali Riddim has soared across borders, genres and generations but were it not for Steven 'Lenky' Marsden's ...
[66]
Supa Dups News - DancehallMag
Drake's Dancehall Hit 'One Dance' Certified Diamond, 'Controlla' Goes 5X Platinum ... Drake's hit song One Dance, which features Nigerian artist WizKid and ...Missing: collaborations | Show results with:collaborations
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Drake – Controlla Lyrics - Genius
“Controlla” is a dancehall-infused song in which Drake details his commitment to a woman. ... Drake, Boi-1da, Supa Dups, Allen Ritter, Di Genius, Andrew Thomas, ...
[68]
Supa Dups | LEWITT
Apr 20, 2017 · We chat to Supa Dups, Grammy-winning producer extraordinaire, whose work with Rihanna, Drake, and EMINEM has put him at the top of his game.Missing: collaborations | Show results with:collaborations
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Dunw3ll's productions run deep | Entertainment - Jamaica Gleaner
Mar 7, 2021 · Mario 'Dunw3ll' Dunwell began experimenting with beats in 2006. Now, he's perceived as a silent star in the galaxy of Jamaican music producers.
[70]
Dunw3ll takes the lead - Jamaica Observer
Sep 19, 2019 · Leader, a collaboration between Masicka and Dexta Daps has been making the dance and radio rounds in recent weeks. It is produced by Mario “Dunw3ll” Dunwell.
[71]
Dunw3ll Says Those Who Only Buy Beats Are Investors, Not Music ...
Oct 28, 2022 · Dancehall producer Mario 'Dunw3ll' Dunwell has rued the mushrooming of beat-buyers ascribing themselves the title of music producers.
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Top 50 Riddims of 2020 - Dancehall Reggae
Apr 8, 2025 · TOP REGGAE DANCEHALL RIDDIMS OF 2020: · Africa We Want Riddim – Conquering Records (Reggae) · Ave Style Riddim – Jones Ave Records (Dancehall) ...
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Audio tactility, movement, and bass materialism - The Indy
Feb 18, 2022 · Bass's audio-tactile transgression has been discussed most directly by musicians in and surrounding the sound system culture of Jamaica. The ...
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Low End Theories: Bass Culture, Sound Systems, and Popular Music
Bass and Afro-diasporic sound system culture are defining elements of many popular musics today. Dub-reggae practices are embedded in the pop industry as well ...
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Devotion: Nyabinghi | Red Bull Music Academy Daily
Jul 20, 2017 · Nyabinghi drumming takes its name from a form or “mansion” of Rastafari and created the rhythmic bedrock for ska, rocksteady and reggae.
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The Function of Bass and Rhythm in Roots Music: The Burning ...
from congas and bongos to nyabinghi drums — bring reggae back to its African and Rastafarian spiritual roots. The ...
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Nyabinghi is Reggae's Root, and Ras Michael is ... - Bandcamp Daily
Mar 6, 2020 · Nyabinghi drumming is an extension of the Nyabinghi order, the oldest spiritual mansion of Rastafarianism linking the religion to its African heritage.
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Give Dem Di Dance An Investigation of the Jamaican Culture ...
From the tempo of the music that drives the pacing of the dance steps and the ways in which the participants sway side to side, the sacred is manifested and a ...
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[PDF] Dancehall Culture and its World:
Nov 4, 2009 · Dancing itself and the specific 'moves' reflect the dynamism of the culture, in that many dancehall dance moves are extremely difficult and take ...
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Elephant Man – Gully Creepa Lyrics - Genius
[Intro] A wha' happen to dem Ice?! Gully Creepa, Gully Creepa, Gully Gully Creepa Da riddim yah mek everybody waan dance! [Chorus] Mr. Wacky a di teacher, ...
[81]
Soul rebels and dubby conquerors. Reggae and dancehall music in ...
Dec 8, 2017 · In the 1990s, a vibrant reggae and dancehall scene emerged in several German cities, and in the early 2000s songs of reggae artists such as ...
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[PDF] Jamaican Migrant and Canadian Host in Toronto's Transnational ...
May 12, 2013 · While migrants enacted their Jamaican ethnicity in places where reggae was played, many non-Jamaicans satisfied a curiosity in the music of ...
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[PDF] dancehall music and its - University of Pennsylvania
Feb 10, 2025 · The practice of mento musical style and dance is the beginning of dance hall culture in Jamaica. Mento and burru allowed enslaved people to ...
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Sound clashes are a thrilling reggae tradition. Will AI ruin them?
Aug 5, 2024 · A musical gladiatorial contest where sound systems battle against one another with creative mixing, hyped-up MCs and exclusive – often incendiary – recordings.Missing: USB | Show results with:USB
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Sister Nancy Talks "Bam Bam," Why She Loves Jay-Z & Longevity In ...
... dancehall, Sister Nancy is recognized for her influential, highly sampled single "Bam Bam." She recorded the early dancehall anthem in 1982 when she was ...
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Beyond “Bam Bam”: Dancehall Icon Sister Nancy on Her Improbable ...
Mar 21, 2017 · Beyond “Bam Bam”: Dancehall Icon Sister Nancy on Her Improbable Career. The influential Jamaican singer remembers the first time she hopped ...