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Rime

Rime may refer to:

A natural phenomenon involving the deposition of ice, known as rime ice (see Natural phenomenon).
An archaic spelling of "rhyme" in linguistics and poetry, including concepts like rime riche and rime tables (see Linguistics and poetry).
Literary works, such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge's ''The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' and Dante Alighieri's ''Le Rime'' (see Literature).
Other uses, including the Rimé movement in Tibetan Buddhism and the 2017 puzzle video game ''Rime'' (see Other uses).

Natural phenomenon

Definition and characteristics

Rime ice is a type of white, opaque ice deposit that forms when supercooled water droplets in fog or clouds rapidly freeze upon contact with surfaces below 0°C, such as trees, power lines, or aircraft wings.^[1] This process results in a granular, milky appearance due to the entrapment of numerous tiny air bubbles during the instantaneous freezing of the small droplets.^[2] Physically, rime ice exhibits lower density compared to other ice forms, typically ranging from 200 to 900 kg/m³, making it less compact and more brittle than clear ice.^[3] It often develops irregular, spiky accretions oriented into the wind, with two main variants: soft rime, which is feathery and fragile like crystalline needles under calm conditions, and hard rime, which is denser, more opaque, and solid in stronger winds.^[4] These characteristics arise from the rapid freezing that prevents the droplets from spreading or coalescing smoothly, leading to a rough, non-adhesive surface. Rime ice differs from hoar frost, which forms directly from the deposition of water vapor onto surfaces without involving liquid droplets, resulting in delicate, feathery crystals rather than granular deposits.^[5] In contrast to glaze ice, which is transparent, denser (over 900 kg/m³), and highly adhesive due to slower freezing of larger supercooled droplets or freezing rain, rime ice appears milky and opaque with lower adhesion.^[6] Observed primarily in sub-zero temperatures amid freezing fog or low-lying clouds, rime ice can accumulate to weigh down vegetation and structures, potentially causing branches to snap or power lines to fail.^[2] On aircraft, it disrupts aerodynamics by roughening surfaces, reducing lift, and increasing drag and weight, posing significant hazards during flight in icing conditions.

Formation and types

Rime ice forms when supercooled water droplets, typically in the temperature range of -2°C to -10°C, present in freezing fog or cloud, collide with surfaces below 0°C and freeze instantaneously upon impact.^[7] This process traps air bubbles within the ice, resulting in an opaque, rough deposit, with the direction and density of accretion influenced by wind speed, which drives the droplets toward the windward side of objects.^[8] The droplets must remain liquid despite subfreezing temperatures due to supercooling, requiring high relative humidity in the fog or mist, and overall air temperatures below 0°C but generally not lower than -20°C to sustain the necessary liquid water content.^[9] The primary types of rime ice are distinguished by wind conditions and resulting structure. Soft rime develops in calm or light wind environments, where supercooled droplets from light mist deposit evenly on all sides of objects, forming a feathery, fragile layer of thin ice needles or scales resembling sugar crystals, often at temperatures below -8°C.^[10] In contrast, hard rime accretes under moderate to high winds, creating a denser, comb-like or granular opaque white deposit primarily on windward surfaces, which is more adhesive and difficult to remove.^[7] Clear ice, while related, arises from slower freezing of larger supercooled droplets, producing a transparent, dense layer without trapped air, distinguishing it from the opaque rime forms.^[8] These conditions are prevalent in mountainous regions, such as Mount Washington in New Hampshire, where persistent fog and strong winds lead to heavy rime accumulation on exposed structures like flagpoles and trees.^[11] In atmospheric processes, rime accretion on falling snow crystals within clouds can produce graupel, rounded pellets of soft hail 2-5 mm in diameter.^[12] For aviation, rime ice poses hazards by forming rough deposits on propellers and airfoils, disrupting airflow and increasing drag, while the associated fog reduces visibility.^[2]

Linguistics and poetry

Archaic spelling of rhyme

"Rime" serves as an archaic spelling of "rhyme," referring to the correspondence of sounds, particularly at the ends of words or lines in poetry. This variant entered English through Old French rime (meaning "rhythm" or "measured flow"), borrowed from Medieval Latin rhythmus, ultimately tracing back to Greek rhythmos ("proportion, measured motion").^[13] The term first appeared in English around the late 12th century, initially denoting a structured arrangement in verse rather than solely sound similarity, reflecting its rhythmic origins.^[14] In historical usage, "rime" was the predominant spelling in Middle English literature, as seen in works by Geoffrey Chaucer, where it described poetic meter and sound harmony.^[14] This form persisted through the Renaissance, appearing in texts by William Shakespeare and other contemporaries, before a shift occurred in the 17th century. Influenced by Renaissance classical scholarship aiming to align with the Latin rhythmus, the spelling evolved to "rhyme" by incorporating the 'h', becoming standardized by the late 16th century.^[15] By the mid-17th century, "rhyme" became standardized in English orthography, though "rime" lingered in some poetic circles to evoke medieval authenticity.^[16] Within linguistics, "rime" also denotes a specific phonological unit: the portion of a syllable comprising the vowel (nucleus) and any following consonants (coda), excluding the initial consonant cluster (onset). For instance, in the syllable "ing" from "string," the rime is "ing" while the onset is "str."^[17] This technical usage, rooted in syllable structure analysis, parallels the poetic sense by emphasizing sound patterns but applies broadly to phonology rather than versification.^[18] Today, "rime" is considered archaic for "rhyme" and is rarely used in standard English spelling, though it persists in scholarly discussions of orthographic evolution and historical poetry. Its retention in titles like Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1798) intentionally invokes an antique tone, distinguishing it from the modern "rhyme" to enhance archaic atmosphere.^[19] This spelling choice underscores ongoing interest in how English orthography reflects etymological and cultural shifts.^[20]

Rime riche

Rime riche, or "rich rhyme," is a form of rhyme in which the rhyming words share not only the identical vowel sound from the stressed syllable onward but also the preceding consonant, typically involving at least three phonemes to create a near-homophonic effect, making it stricter and more emphatic than standard rime suffisante (sufficient rhyme). This technique produces a heightened auditory and semantic resonance, often between words of different meanings, enhancing the poetic texture through sonic identity.^[21] In French poetry, rime riche emerged as a valued device during the classical period beginning in the 17th century with François de Malherbe's reforms, which emphasized precision and harmony in versification, and persisted through the Romantic era to Victor Hugo, where it served to underscore emphasis, irony, or emotional depth. By the 19th century, its use proliferated among Romantic and Parnassian poets, becoming a key element in their aesthetic, as Théodore de Banville declared it essential for poetic salvation ("Sans rime riche, point de salut"). In English poetry, rime riche has been adopted more sparingly due to the language's relative scarcity of homophones compared to French, though it appears occasionally for deliberate effect in works influenced by French prosody.^[21] Classic French examples include "mer" (sea) rhyming with "mère" (mother), both pronounced /mɛʁ/ but with different meanings, where the full stressed syllable aligns identically, and in Victor Hugo's "Demain, dès l'aube" (1856), the rimes riches in stanza three—such as "tombe" (falls/grave) repeated as homonyms—intensify the poem's themes of loss and foreboding, prefiguring the speaker's grief at his daughter's tomb.^[22] In English, examples like "write" and "right" or "port" and "deport" demonstrate the technique, linking distinct concepts through sonic overlap for ironic or emphatic wordplay.^[23] The significance of rime riche lies in its ability to amplify musicality and multilayered meaning via homophonic interplay, positioning it as an advanced tool in forms like sonnets and ballads, though occasionally critiqued for potential facileness in resolution; nonetheless, it remains prized for elevating emotional and thematic intensity in verse.^[22]

Rime tables

Rime tables, known in Chinese as yùntú (韻圖) or děngyùntú (等韻圖), are tabular charts that systematically categorize Chinese syllables according to their phonological components, extending the fǎnqiè (反切) spelling system used in earlier rime dictionaries.^[24] They organize syllables by initial consonants (onsets, or shēngmǔ 聲母), rhyme groups (finals, or yùnmǔ 韻母), and the four tones of Middle Chinese—level (píng 平), rising (shǎng 上), departing (qù 去), and entering (rù 入)—providing a visual framework for pronunciation and rhyme analysis.^[25] Originating as an analytical tool from the Qieyun rime dictionary compiled in 601 AD during the Sui dynasty, rime tables represent a native Chinese phonological model that tabulates syllables from such dictionaries to facilitate learning and composition.^[26]^[27] The structure of rime tables typically features a grid-like arrangement, with columns representing the initials (often grouped into categories such as labials, dentals, and velars) and rows delineating rime groups subdivided into four děng (等, divisions or grades) that account for variations in medial vowels and other articulatory features.^[24] For instance, the influential Yunjing (韻鏡, "Mirror of Rhymes"), a key Song dynasty text from 1161 AD, contains 43 such charts, each with 23 columns for 36 initials and 16 rows covering finals across the four tones, using representative characters to denote homophonous syllables.^[25] Additional distinctions include kāikǒu (開口, open mouth) versus hékǒu (合口, gathered mouth) for labialization and shè (攝, groupings) for broader rhyme classifications, enabling precise mapping of syllable types without listing every character.^[24] This tabular format contrasts with linear rime dictionaries by emphasizing intersections of onsets and rimes, revealing the syllable structure as initial plus rime.^[27] Rime tables evolved during the late Tang and early Song dynasties (roughly 9th to 11th centuries), likely influenced by Buddhist monks adapting Sanskrit syllabaries to Chinese phonology, as a means to interpret and expand upon the Qieyun system's 193 rhymes into more comprehensive frameworks like the 206 rhymes of the Song-era Guangyun.^[25]^[27] They were primarily developed to assist in poetry composition, scriptural recitation, and standardized pronunciation, with subsequent texts like the Qieyun zhǐnán (切韻指南, 1336 AD) refining the model for Ming and Qing dialect studies.^[24] In modern scholarship, rime tables serve as foundational resources for reconstructing Middle Chinese sounds, informing the development of Hanyu Pinyin and comparative analyses of Chinese dialects.^[25] The significance of rime tables lies in their provision of a structured phonological grid that underpins historical comparative linguistics, allowing scholars to trace evolutions in Chinese syllable inventory and articulatory features across eras.^[24] By integrating the four tones with 206 rhyme groups, they offer a complete schematic of Middle Chinese, essential for understanding how initials and rimes combine to form the language's monosyllabic morphemes, and continue to influence phonological theory in East Asian linguistics.^[25]^[27]

Literature

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a narrative poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, originally published under the archaic spelling "Rime of the Ancyent Marinere" to evoke an older English poetic tradition. Composed between 1797 and 1798 in collaboration with William Wordsworth, it appeared as the opening piece in their joint collection Lyrical Ballads (1798), marking a pivotal work in English Romantic literature. The poem spans 625 lines in its 1817 version, structured as a ballad in seven parts, and underwent numerous revisions across 18 known editions, including significant changes in 1800, 1817 (with added marginal glosses in Sibylline Leaves), and 1834, where Coleridge modernized spellings, deleted lines, and refined the narrative for clarity and rhythm.^[28]^[29]^[30] The plot follows an unnamed ancient mariner who stops a wedding guest to recount his voyage. His ship, driven by a storm to icy Antarctic waters, is freed by the arrival of an albatross, seen as a good omen. In a moment of irrational impulse, the mariner shoots the bird with his crossbow, unleashing a curse: the wind dies, leaving the crew becalmed and tormented by thirst under a scorching sun, while ghostly figures—Death and Life-in-Death—appear, gambling for the sailors' souls and claiming all but the mariner. The dead crew hang the albatross around his neck as a symbol of guilt. In redemption, the mariner blesses the beauty of water snakes, allowing the albatross to fall away; the ship moves homeward, crew revived briefly by spirits before perishing, and the mariner is left to wander eternally, compelled to retell his tale as penance.^[28]^[31] Central themes include sin and its consequences, profound guilt, and the path to atonement, as the mariner's thoughtless act disrupts harmony with nature, drawing supernatural retribution. The poem critiques anthropocentrism, portraying nature as a interconnected spiritual force that demands reverence, with the mariner's redemption arising from empathetic appreciation of its creatures. Supernatural elements, such as spectral ships and animistic visions, underscore divine intervention and moral allegory, influenced by biblical motifs like Cain's curse and the Wandering Jew legend.^[28]^[32] As a cornerstone of Romanticism, the poem exemplifies the movement's emphasis on emotion, imagination, and the sublime power of nature over rationalism, introducing Coleridge's concept of "suspension of disbelief" in poetry. It popularized the idiom "an albatross around one's neck," denoting a burdensome guilt or hindrance derived directly from the mariner's ordeal. The work's blend of supernatural narrative and ethical allegory has profoundly influenced modern poetry, inspiring adaptations in verse, music, and visual art by emphasizing psychological depth and ecological awareness.^[28]^[33]^[34]

Le Rime

Le Rime is a collection of lyric poems composed by Dante Alighieri throughout his life, spanning the late 13th and early 14th centuries, and encompassing themes of love, politics, and philosophy. Unlike Dante's more structured works, these poems remained uncompiled during his lifetime, forming a diverse body of sonnets, canzoni, ballate, and sestine that reflect his evolving poetic voice. Modern scholarly editions, such as that by Domenico De Robertis, organize them thematically to highlight their progression from youthful experimentation to mature introspection.^[35]^[36] A notable subset within Le Rime is the Rime Petrose, consisting of four canzoni written around 1296, which depict an intense, unrequited love for a woman allegorically named "Petra" (stone). These poems employ stark, rocky imagery—such as crystalline hardness and wintery desolation—to convey emotional turmoil and physical desire, departing from the idealized courtly love of Dante's earlier verse. The series culminates in a shift toward moral and philosophical reflection, foreshadowing deeper existential concerns in his later writings.^[37]^[38] Le Rime serves as a crucial bridge between Dante's early prosimetrum La Vita Nuova, which embodies the "sweet new style" of tender devotion, and the epic grandeur of the Divine Comedy, marked by its sublime theological scope. Comprising approximately 90 poems in total, the collection illustrates Dante's stylistic evolution, from sensual and rhetorical flourishes to contemplative depth, while incorporating elements that would influence Petrarchan lyric traditions, such as intricate rhyme schemes (rime) and personal introspection. It also explores existential themes like human frailty and divine order, positioning these lyrics as experimental groundwork for his major works.^[39]^[40] Composed largely during Dante's exile from Florence beginning in 1302, Le Rime captures the turbulence of his political banishment and intellectual pursuits, contributing to the standardization of the Tuscan dialect as a literary vernacular. This historical context infuses the poems with a sense of displacement and urgency, transforming personal expression into a broader commentary on civic and moral life.^[35]^[39]

Other uses

Rimé movement

The Rimé movement, meaning "unbiased" or "non-sectarian," emerged in the mid-19th century in eastern Tibet, particularly in the Khams region around Derge, as a response to increasing sectarian divisions exacerbated by the dominance of the Gelug school.^[41] This initiative sought to preserve and compile overlooked teachings from various Tibetan Buddhist lineages, including Sakya, Kagyu, and Nyingma, amid political upheavals like the Nyarong War and the need to maintain cultural and religious heritage.^[42] The movement's compilation efforts spanned from the 1840s to the 1890s, fostering an ecumenical approach that countered the exclusionary tendencies of the time without attempting to merge distinct traditions.^[43] Key figures in founding the Rimé movement included Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo (1820–1892), a Sakya lama renowned for his broad studies across traditions, and Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thayé (1813–1899), a Karma Kagyu scholar who also engaged deeply with Nyingma practices.^[41] They collaborated closely with Chokgyur Lingpa (1829–1870), a prominent Nyingma tertön (treasure revealer), on projects like the revelation and dissemination of terma texts.^[43] The movement drew inspiration from earlier ecumenists such as Longchenpa (1308–1364), a Nyingma master who emphasized the unity underlying diverse teachings.^[42] Later leaders, including the 14th Dalai Lama and the 16th Karmapa, have endorsed and perpetuated its principles, integrating them into contemporary Tibetan Buddhist discourse.^[42] At its core, the Rimé approach promoted non-sectarianism by encouraging practitioners to remain rooted in their primary lineage while studying and appreciating others, thereby ensuring universal access to the Dharma without bias or syncretism.^[41] It stressed personal choice in spiritual paths and cross-lineage dialogue, viewing all authentic teachings as valid expressions of the same ultimate truth.^[42] This philosophy avoided creating a new school, instead serving as a meta-tradition that safeguarded diversity amid historical pressures toward uniformity.^[43] The movement's enduring impact is evident in its major scholarly output, particularly Jamgön Kongtrül's Five Treasuries (mdzod lnga), a vast compilation inspired by Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo that preserved endangered texts and rituals.^[43] Notable among these are the Rinchen Terdzö, a 63-volume collection of Nyingma terma teachings, and the Sheja Dzö (Treasury of Knowledge), a comprehensive philosophical encyclopedia completed in 1863.^[41] These works, along with others like the Treasury of Precious Instructions, reduced sectarian barriers by making diverse instructions widely available and have profoundly shaped modern Tibetan Buddhism's inclusive ethos.^[43]

Rime (video game)

Rime is a puzzle-adventure video game developed by the Spanish studio Tequila Works and published by Grey Box. Released in 2017, it follows a young boy who awakens on a mysterious Mediterranean-inspired island after a shipwreck, guided by a fox companion as he explores ruins, solves environmental puzzles, and uncovers the island's secrets through a narrative told without dialogue. The game emphasizes emotional storytelling, discovery, and non-violent interaction, drawing inspiration from titles like Ico and Journey.^[44]^[45]

Gameplay

Played from a third-person perspective, Rime centers on exploration across a vibrant, open island filled with ancient structures, wildlife, and optical illusions. The player controls a boy dressed in white who climbs sheer cliffs, manipulates objects to redirect light or sound, and shifts perspectives to align patterns and reveal hidden paths. A key mechanic involves the boy's ability to emit "shouts"—sonic bursts that interact with the environment, such as activating mechanisms, startling animals, or illuminating dark areas to progress. There is no combat; instead, the focus is on puzzle-solving through observation and environmental manipulation, with collectibles like glowing orbs revealing backstory fragments via flashbacks. The experience typically lasts 5 to 8 hours, encouraging multiple playthroughs to uncover optional secrets and reinterpret the narrative.^[44]^[46]^[47]

Development

Development of Rime began in 2013 at Tequila Works under the working title Echoes of Siren, initially pitched to Microsoft for Xbox Live Arcade but rejected due to scope concerns. The project was then funded by Sony as a PlayStation 4 exclusive, allowing the small team of around 20 developers to refine its artistic vision influenced by Studio Ghibli films, surrealist art, and emotional adventure games like Ico and Journey. Built using Unreal Engine 4, the game evolved from an isometric RPG prototype during Deadlight's production into a linear yet exploratory title. In 2016, publishing rights reverted to Tequila Works after Sony's exclusivity ended, enabling a multiplatform release under Grey Box. The studio aimed to create an emotionally resonant experience prioritizing atmosphere over complex mechanics.^[48]^[49]^[50]

Release

Rime launched on May 26, 2017, for PlayStation 4, Windows, and Xbox One, followed by a Nintendo Switch port on November 14, 2017, in North America. It later became available on Amazon Luna in October 2020. Priced at around $30, the game received a "Teen" rating for fantasy violence and mild language. No major expansions or sequels were developed, though Tequila Works referenced its IP in later projects before the studio's insolvency in 2024. Following the insolvency, the intellectual property rights for Rime were auctioned in April 2025 as part of the studio's liquidation process. Auction results were not publicly detailed, but the IP was offered for bids until May 14, 2025.^[51]^[52]^[53]^[54]

Reception

Critics gave Rime mixed-to-positive reviews, with Metacritic scores averaging 72/100 across platforms, praising its stunning visuals, evocative soundtrack by David García Díaz, and sense of wonder but critiquing simplistic puzzles, technical issues, and a narrative twist revealed too early via trailers. It was lauded for evoking emotion through exploration rather than words, though some found it derivative of its influences. The game earned a nomination for Best Puzzle Game at IGN's Best of 2017 Awards and sold approximately 500,000 units worldwide, considered a modest success for an indie title.^[51]^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58]

References

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RIME | 中州韻輸入法引擎
Rime Input Method Engine, rimes with your keystrokes. 下載、安裝完成後，切換到Rime 輸入法，立即擊響中文之韻。按組合鍵 Ctrl+` 或 F4 鍵喚出輸入方案選單，由此 ...下載及安裝幫助與反饋
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Full article: Review of marine icing and anti-/de-icing systems
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Mar 15, 2018 · During formations, soft rime has the appearance of white ice needles and scales. These are usually fragile and can easily be shaken off objects.
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Dec 29, 2023 · ... ice transparent and having a density of over 900 kg/m3. On the other hand, rime ice forms when the temperature is lower than −10 °C. When ...
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Hard rime is formed by the rapid freezing of supercooled water so that the droplets freeze more or less individually, leaving air gaps.
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Rime Ice · Low temperatures—generally -10 to -20 degrees C—but with smaller drops, it can occur at warmer subfreezing temperatures · Lesser amounts of liquid ...
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Soft rime is deposited under calm or low-wind conditions on all sides of exposed objects. Soft rime easily drops if an object is shaken.
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Rime ice is simply frozen fog. When the air temperature drops below freezing, the tiny water droplets contained in the fog freeze onto any exposed objects.
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### Summary of the Rimé Movement
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### Summary of Jamgön Kongtrül's Role and Impact
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RiME on Steam
Rating 4.5 (1,445) · 14-day returnsExplore the beautiful, rugged world of RiME. Armed with your wits and a will to overcome—and the guidance of a helpful fox—you must explore the enigmatic island ...
[49]
RiME video game: Interview and hands-on preview - Red Bull
Feb 7, 2017 · The 4-year wait for RiME is nearly over. The long-awaited indie darling is nearly here; we go hands-on and speak with the team behind it.Missing: reception | Show results with:reception
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Rime Hands-On: Answering the Burning Questions – IGN First
Jan 6, 2017 · We've played Rime and can finally reveal the answer to the question, "What is Rime?"
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Rime review | PC Gamer
Rating 62% · Review by Samuel RobertsMay 25, 2017 · Rime took me about eight hours to finish, and it's oddly paced. The first and second sections feel very long, and the third—featuring an AI ...
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Microsoft regrets passing on PS4-exclusive Rime - Engadget
Feb 20, 2014 · Microsoft rejected Rime, the colorful action RPG from Deadlight studio Tequila Works, before the team signed a PS4-exclusive deal with Sony ...
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Tequila Works reacquires the rights to Rime from Sony - VG247
Mar 16, 2016 · Xbox boss Phil Spencer stated later that the Xbox Live rejection was a mistake, but "part of job is living with mistakes." Word on the game went ...
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RIME: A Look Into Gameplay - 80 Level
Jan 11, 2017 · The design of RIME started during the development of Deadlight. It was supposed to be an isometric action role-playing game, with hunting, ...
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RiME Reviews - Metacritic
Rating 80% (66) Platforms: PlayStation 4; Nintendo Switch; PC; Xbox One. Initial Release Date: May 26, 2017. Developer: Tequila Works. Publisher: Tequila Works. Genres:.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Rime Switch Version Release Date Announced - IGN
Aug 3, 2017 · Tequila Works' Rime is coming to Nintendo Switch on November 14 in North America and November 17 in Europe. The puzzle-adventure game will ...
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Play RiME | Amazon Luna - No Download Required
Amazon Luna: RiME is a single-player puzzle adventure game about a young boy shipwrecked on a mysterious island after a torrential storm.Missing: video | Show results with:video
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Rime Review - IGN
Rating 6.5/10 · Review by Marty SlivaMay 26, 2017 · A beautiful but shallow puzzle-platformer that's a bit too derivative. On the surface, Rime is a gorgeous, melancholy adventure of a lone ...
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RiME game review: An unforgettable memorial vacation - Ars Technica
May 29, 2017 · RiME game review: An unforgettable memorial vacation. Simple puzzles, end-game bummers can't tank this masterful interactive story.Missing: reception | Show results with:reception
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Best Puzzle Game - Best of 2017 Awards Guide - IGN
Dec 20, 2017 · Solving every puzzle won't take too long, but Snipperclips is continuously clever in its puzzle design and adorably fun to watch play. Runner-up.
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RiME (Tequila Works, 2017) | Sales data - DeVuego
Range: 307.380 - 768.450 units. Estimated sales by DeVuego based on the number of user reviews (Boxleiter method), according to VGInsights criteria and ...