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Rocket Internet

Rocket Internet SE is a Berlin-based investment firm founded in 2007 by German brothers , , and Samwer, which incubates, builds, operationally develops, and strategically invests in internet and technology companies across emerging and developed markets globally. The company, initially focused on replicating successful U.S. internet business models in underserved regions like , , and , was a publicly traded entity that delisted from the in 2020 following its 2014 IPO, with a of approximately €2.5 billion as of November 2025 (based on over-the-counter trading). Rocket Internet's approach emphasizes rapid scaling through operational expertise, a global network of entrepreneurs, and significant capital deployment, having launched over 200 companies and employed more than 42,000 people at its peak in 2018. Notable successes include e-commerce platforms like , which became one of Europe's largest online fashion retailers, and , a leading meal-kit delivery service that went public in 2017. The firm has also backed high-profile ventures such as , a food delivery giant, and , Southeast Asia's e-commerce leader acquired by Alibaba in 2016 for $1 billion. As of 2025, Rocket Internet continues to operate through its arm, Global Founders Capital, focusing on early-stage investments in digital business models, with recent activity including a July 2025 stake in gaming company Mighty Bear Games. The company reported trailing twelve-month revenue of $75.39 million in November 2025, reflecting a shift toward a more investment-oriented model after divesting many operational assets. Under CEO Oliver Samwer, Rocket Internet maintains its headquarters in and prioritizes sustainable value creation for shareholders through a portfolio spanning , , and .

Overview

Founding and Key Figures

Rocket Internet was founded in October 2007 in , , by brothers Marc Samwer, Oliver Samwer, and Alexander Samwer. The three entrepreneurs, hailing from a well-to-do family in , established the company as an to rapidly build and scale ventures, drawing on their prior successes in the . The Samwer brothers' backgrounds were marked by early forays into and that honed their approach to business replication. In 1999, they co-founded Alando, a auction platform modeled after , which they sold to the American company just 100 days after launch for $43 million, establishing 's presence in . Building on this, in 2000 they launched Jamba!, a provider offering ringtones and games, which was acquired by in 2004 for $273 million. These exits provided the financial foundation and validated their strategy of adapting proven U.S. models to European markets, inspiring the creation of Rocket Internet. From its inception, Rocket Internet's vision centered on replicating successful internet business models from the U.S. and adapting them for emerging and underserved markets worldwide, with an emphasis on superior execution, speed to market, and operational efficiency over original innovation. The company was initially bootstrapped using proceeds from the brothers' previous ventures, allowing them to operate independently in the early years. By , external support arrived with the first investment from Swedish investment firm Kinnevik, marking the beginning of significant institutional backing for expansion.

Corporate Evolution and Current Status

Rocket Internet underwent a significant transition to becoming a publicly traded entity with its initial public offering (IPO) on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in October 2014, where shares were priced at €42.50, raising approximately €1.3 billion. This move marked a shift from its origins as a private to a more formalized structure aimed at scaling its startup-building operations amid growing investor interest in European tech ventures. The company later reversed this public status through a delisting process announced on September 1, 2020, via a self-tender offer at €18 per share, which was completed by the end of October 2020. This delisting enabled Rocket Internet to return to a private entity focused on long-term investments, free from the pressures of quarterly public reporting and market volatility that had challenged its valuation since the IPO. As of November 2025, Rocket Internet operates as a privately held company headquartered in , , with additional global offices supporting its international reach. Its active portfolio encompasses over 200 companies across six continents, which at its peak employed more than 42,000 people across its ventures in 2018. While no public revenue figures are available post-delisting due to its private status, the company's influence remains notable through its involvement in seven unicorn startups as of May 2025.

History

Early Development (2007–2014)

Rocket Internet's early development began with the launch of its first major venture, , in 2008. Inspired by the U.S.-based online shoe retailer , was established as a European platform focused on footwear and apparel, quickly becoming a flagship success for the incubator through rapid scaling and market adaptation. By emulating proven business models, Rocket Internet demonstrated its cloning approach early on, prioritizing execution speed over innovation to capture untapped markets. The company expanded aggressively into emerging markets starting around 2010, entering regions such as , , and the with localized clones of successful concepts. Notable examples include Dafiti, launched in 2011 as a fashion retailer targeting , and Lazada, introduced in 2012 as an Amazon-inspired platform for . By 2014, Rocket Internet had launched over 100 such ventures across more than 50 countries, leveraging centralized operations to build like and technology stacks shared among portfolio companies. This "startup factory" model enabled efficient replication and growth, with a focus on high-volume recruitment and standardized processes to accelerate launches. Funding played a crucial role in fueling this expansion, with Rocket Internet securing €155 million from Swedish investment firm Kinnevik between 2009 and 2013, including a significant tranche in 2011 that supported its operational buildup. However, the period was not without challenges; in 2011, approximately 20 employees departed amid reports of intense work culture and high turnover rates at the then-130-person firm. Despite such hurdles, the strategy paid off, positioning Rocket Internet for its pre-IPO growth phase.

Public Era and Challenges (2014–2020)

Rocket Internet's (IPO) on the in October 2014 marked a significant milestone, raising approximately €1.4 billion at €42.50 per share and achieving a of €6.7 billion on the first day of trading. The shares experienced an initial surge, reaching a peak of €68 in early 2015 amid high investor enthusiasm for the company's aggressive expansion model. However, concerns over escalating losses at its portfolio companies led to a sharp decline, with the stock falling to around €15 by mid-2017. In 2015, while the group reported a net loss of €197.8 million, its key startups collectively incurred an aggregate adjusted EBITDA loss of €1 billion, up from €600 million the previous year, highlighting the capital-intensive nature of scaling operations in emerging markets. Facing public market scrutiny, Rocket Internet pivoted toward profitability in its operational strategy during this period, prioritizing investments in more mature sectors like and to reduce burn rates. A notable success was the November 2017 IPO of , its meal-kit delivery service, which debuted at €10.25 per share and valued the company at around €1.7 billion, with Rocket retaining a of over 50%. This exit provided a financial boost and exemplified the company's shift from rapid cloning to nurturing high-growth assets. Despite these efforts, portfolio companies' aggregate revenue grew to €2.8 billion in 2016 from €2.4 billion in 2015, yet the group posted a net loss of €741.5 million, driven by impairments and deconsolidations. Investor relations were strained amid the volatility, exemplified by major shareholder halving its approximately 13% stake in February 2017 by selling 10.9 million shares (6.6% of capital) to institutional investors at €19.25 per share, netting €209.8 million and contributing to a 14% drop in 's stock price that day. Kinnevik fully exited its position in June 2017 by selling the remaining stake for €217 million. These moves underscored waning confidence from early backers, even as Rocket maintained €1.5 billion in cash reserves at the end of 2016 to support ongoing investments. Persistent net losses, including €617 million in the first half of 2016 alone, further eroded . By 2020, the cumulative pressures of quarterly reporting and short-term market expectations prompted Rocket Internet to pursue delisting from the and stock exchanges. The company launched a public delisting self-tender offer at €18.57 per share in September 2020, aiming to repurchase up to 8.84% of its share capital initially, with an approving further buybacks. This strategy enabled a focus on long-term value creation in its core holdings, such as and , without public disclosure burdens; the tender ultimately resulted in the buyback of the majority of outstanding shares not already controlled by founders, effectively privatizing the firm by late October 2020. The move valued the company at around €2.6 billion, a fraction of its IPO peak, but aligned with a strategic emphasis on patient capital deployment.

Post-Delisting Period (2020–Present)

Following its delisting from the and stock exchanges in October 2020, Rocket Internet shifted focus toward long-term private investments, operating through its arm Global Founders Capital for early-stage opportunities. Global Founders Capital supports nascent tech ventures across global markets while providing operational expertise from Rocket's network. This move coincided with portfolio rationalization efforts, where Rocket divested from underperforming assets to streamline operations amid a broader tech sector downturn, allowing greater flexibility without public market pressures. As of November 2025, Rocket Internet's active portfolio comprises more than 200 companies, reflecting sustained incubation and investment activity across emerging markets. The firm continues investment activity, with recent stakes in and sectors. Rocket has achieved numerous portfolio exits, strategically emphasizing sustainable growth in core areas such as , , and , leveraging its playbook for rapid scaling in fragmented international markets while prioritizing operational support over aggressive cloning. As a entity, Rocket Internet has faced challenges including reduced on financials and performance metrics, limiting external visibility into its decision-making processes. Despite this, the firm continued global expansion, maintaining investments on six continents amid economic volatility in the tech sector, such as funding constraints during downturns. This approach has enabled resilience but underscores ongoing adaptation to regulatory and market uncertainties in high-growth regions.

Business Model

Incubation and Cloning Approach

Rocket Internet's incubation strategy revolves around identifying proven business models from mature markets, primarily the , and replicating them in emerging or underserved regions through targeted local adaptations. This cloning mechanic emphasizes superior execution rather than groundbreaking , enabling the company to minimize risk by building on validated concepts. For example, Rocket Internet adapted Uber's ride-hailing into EasyTaxi, tailoring it for operations in , , and where such services were nascent. At the core of this approach is a standardized operational playbook that leverages centralized teams in for critical functions such as technology development, , marketing, , and legal support. These shared resources allow portfolio companies to deploy scalable and reuse code, contracts, and best practices across ventures, reducing setup times and costs. A pivotal guideline is the "100-day rule," which requires launching a and evaluating market traction within 100 days to determine continued investment or pivots. The model's effectiveness derives from its focus on speed to market and , which provide first-mover advantages in high-growth areas. At its peak in , Rocket Internet's portfolio companies employed over 42,000 people operating in more than 100 countries, achieving operational efficiencies that smaller competitors cannot match, fostering rapid scaling. This strategy has been particularly successful in sectors like , , and travel, where quick localization and aggressive expansion capture substantial user bases early. Post-2015, following its public listing and market pressures, Rocket Internet shifted from strict cloning toward hybrid models that blend replicated frameworks with proprietary innovations, while emphasizing strategic investments through vehicles like Global Founders Capital.

Investment Structure and Vehicles

Rocket Internet employs a structured investment approach through dedicated vehicles that facilitate both incubation and external opportunities in the technology sector. The primary early-stage venture capital arm is Global Founders Capital, established in 2013 as a global seed and growth investor backing entrepreneurs in category-defining ventures. This fund, now operating as the corporate venture capital division of Rocket Internet, deploys capital from the company's balance sheet, with approximately €300 million available for investments as of 2024. Complementing this, Global Growth Capital serves as the growth equity and debt unit, providing financing to scale established portfolio companies, particularly in fintech sectors through loans exceeding £100 million to select firms. The European Founders Fund, an earlier vehicle launched prior to 2013 and restructured into Global Founders Capital, focused on European opportunities and contributed significantly to the company's early funding. In terms of allocation, Rocket Internet prioritizes its internal incubation process, where it builds and operationally supports new ventures, while allocating resources to external investments through these vehicles. In 2020, the firm launched Flash Ventures, a pre-seed initiative to identify and back nascent startups globally, marking a shift toward quicker deployment in seed and Series A rounds; it operated until its closure in 2024. Following this, Rocket Internet continues to emphasize early-stage investments primarily through Global Founders Capital. This strategy enables the company to maintain a diversified portfolio exceeding 200 active investments as of 2025, primarily in , healthtech, and consumer internet sectors. Governance of these investments remains centralized under the Samwer brothers, who retain operational control through key leadership roles, including Oliver Samwer as CEO overseeing strategic decisions and investment oversight. This structure ensures alignment with the firm's long-term objectives, supported by a management board and that monitor portfolio performance. To manage risk, Rocket Internet diversifies its investments across six continents, mitigating market-specific vulnerabilities through geographic spread and sector variety. Proceeds from successful exits are reinvested into new rounds, sustaining the capital pool for ongoing and external bets without reliance on frequent external .

Portfolio

Core Sectors and Focus Areas

Rocket Internet's core sectors encompass , particularly in and groceries, alongside solutions such as payments and lending, mobility and travel services, and platforms. These areas form the backbone of its , reflecting a strategic emphasis on consumer-facing businesses that leverage scalable digital models. More recently, the firm has expanded into emerging domains like and tech, with investments in ventures such as mobile gaming studios and personalized health platforms. Geographically, Rocket Internet prioritizes emerging markets, with a significant portion of its activities in , the (MENA), and , where it targets high-growth opportunities in underserved regions. This focus complements investments in developed markets, including and the , enabling a balanced global footprint across six continents. The approach aligns with its incubation model, which adapts proven business concepts to local contexts in these dynamic economies. The evolution of Rocket Internet's sectors began with a concentration on retail clones between 2008 and 2012, replicating successful models in new markets. From 2013 onward, it pivoted toward broader services, incorporating , , and ecosystems to capitalize on digital service demands. By 2025, the increasingly integrates AI-driven ventures, enhancing in core areas like and emerging tech sectors. As of 2025, Rocket Internet's active portfolio comprises more than 200 companies worldwide, including seven valued at over $1 billion each, underscoring the scale and impact of its sector-focused investments.

Notable Active Companies

Rocket Internet maintains an active portfolio exceeding 200 companies across , emphasizing scalable and technology ventures in regions including , , and . A prominent example is , Europe's largest online retailer, which Rocket Internet co-founded in 2008 and in which Global Founders Capital continues to hold a stake as of early 2025; the company boasts a of approximately €5.9 billion as of November 2025 and serves millions of customers with a diverse range of apparel and lifestyle products. , a global leader in online backed by Rocket Internet, operates in over 70 countries, achieving a market cap of approximately €4.8 billion as of November 2025. Among emerging unicorns and high-growth entities, Flash Coffee stands out as a tech-enabled coffee chain in , backed by Rocket Internet since 2020; in April 2025, it raised $3 million to accelerate expansion, targeting over 70 stores in by year-end and emphasizing rapid delivery and app-based ordering. Everstox, a Munich-based platform providing AI-driven warehousing and fulfillment services, has secured $26 million in funding from investors including Rocket Internet and plans a Series B round in 2025 to enhance its modular software for brands across . In the gaming sector, Rocket Internet made a strategic investment in Mighty Bear Games in July 2025, supporting the Singapore-headquartered studio's development of player-centric titles and blockchain-integrated experiences, building on its prior total funding of approximately $17 million. These investments highlight Rocket Internet's focus on , , and , with portfolio companies collectively driving substantial scale through operational efficiencies and regional dominance.

Exits and Divestments

Major Exits and Sales

Rocket Internet has executed numerous portfolio exits, totaling 75 as of 2025, spanning IPOs, acquisitions, and stake sales across , , and sectors. These divestments have provided and returns, often driven by strategic partnerships or maturation in emerging regions. A landmark exit occurred with , Southeast Asia's leading platform founded by Rocket in 2012. In April 2016, acquired a controlling stake in Lazada through a $1 billion investment, during which Rocket sold a 9.1% stake for $137 million while retaining an 8.8% holding. The following year, in June 2017, Rocket divested its remaining stake to Alibaba for $276 million, yielding a total return of approximately $413 million on an initial investment of about $20.5 million and enabling Alibaba's expansion in the region. In Latin America, Rocket's e-commerce venture Linio, launched in 2012, was sold to Chilean retailer Falabella in August 2018 for $138 million. This acquisition integrated Linio's online marketplace operations across seven countries into Falabella's ecosystem, reflecting Rocket's strategy to exit mature markets amid intensifying competition from global players like Amazon. The 2017 IPO of Delivery Hero marked another key milestone. Rocket, holding a 35% stake in the food delivery company it co-founded in 2011, benefited significantly as the firm raised about €450 million ($507 million) on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in June, achieving a valuation exceeding $5 billion. This public listing provided partial liquidity for Rocket and underscored the scalability of its cloned business models in high-growth sectors. Other notable divestments include the 2019 sale of Carmudi's operations to auto platform CarDekho, allowing Rocket to refocus the classifieds site on core Asian markets after earlier regional retrenchments. Similarly, following Jumia's 2019 IPO on the —the first major African tech listing—Rocket sold its remaining 11% stake by November 2019, capitalizing on the event despite subsequent share volatility. In the post-delisting era after 2020, Rocket pursued more selective strategic sales to optimize its holdings. A recent example is the October 2025 acquisition of The Coterie, a premium baby care brand in which Rocket participated via a 2022 Series A , by Brands in a transaction valued at over $1 billion. This deal highlights a shift toward high-value consumer goods exits as Rocket streamlines its portfolio amid a more conservative approach. Overall, Rocket's evolved from rapid monetizations in the —often via quick flips or IPOs in emerging markets—to deliberate sales post-2020, aimed at concentrating resources on fewer, higher-potential assets following its delisting and the broader tech downturn.

Financial Outcomes and Lessons

Rocket Internet's exits have yielded mixed financial outcomes, with notable gains from successful divestments offset by significant losses from failed ventures. A prominent example is the partial sale of its stake in to Alibaba in April 2016, which generated proceeds of approximately $137 million, followed by the sale of the remaining 8.8% stake in June 2017 for $276 million that contributed to overall portfolio realizations. However, failures such as the 2016 bankruptcy of Take Eat Easy, a startup in which Rocket held a substantial , led to write-downs that exacerbated the company's H1 2016 net loss of €617 million, up from €45.9 million the prior year. Overall, while specific internal rates of return (IRR) for Rocket's portfolio are not publicly disclosed, investor analyses suggest successful exits like those in have delivered IRRs exceeding 20% for select holdings, though the high volume of launches resulted in many underperforming assets. These exits have had a tangible impact on Rocket's investment strategy and capital recycling. Proceeds from divestments, including the transactions, helped fund subsequent new investments in the mid-2010s, enabling continued expansion into emerging markets. Post-delisting in , Rocket shifted toward a more concentrated portfolio, such as and , aiming for higher valuation multiples through long-term nurturing rather than rapid scaling. This approach has allowed greater focus on high-potential assets amid market volatility, with the delisting facilitating strategic flexibility unencumbered by public market pressures. Key lessons from these outcomes underscore the importance of in emerging markets, where Rocket's model accelerated market entry but often overlooked local adaptations, contributing to high failure rates across its broader portfolio typical of . Diversification across sectors like and mitigated some risks, yet the emphasis on speed led to operational strains and during downturns. In 2025, amid a recovering landscape, recent activities such as the investment in Mighty Bear Games highlight potential for positive yields from selective bets in gaming and tech, though the studio's shutdown of its project Mighty Action Heroes in July 2025 illustrates ongoing challenges in execution.

Leadership and Governance

Founders and Executive Team

Rocket Internet was co-founded in 2007 by the German brothers , Oliver, and Alexander Samwer, who have remained central figures in the company's direction. Oliver Samwer serves as , overseeing the incubation of startups and strategic investments through the family's arm, Global Founders Capital; he is known for his intense operational focus, exemplified by his demand for team commitments "signed with their blood" to emphasize dedication. Samwer, the eldest brother, contributes to strategic initiatives and acts as an advisor to Global Founders Capital, drawing on his experience in scaling early ventures like the auction site Alando, which was acquired by in 2000. Alexander Samwer, the youngest, previously served on the board of directors of until 2023, one of Rocket Internet's notable successes modeled after U.S. platforms, and focuses on investment decisions. The executive team is supported by a compact headquarters operation in , employing around 378 staff members who handle incubation, investments, and oversight, while portfolio ventures rely on external local operators for day-to-day execution across global markets. Key members include Dr. Arnd Lodowicks as , who joined in 2014 with expertise in finance and auditing from . This lean structure enables rapid deployment of resources to new companies without bloating central overhead. The Samwer brothers exert significant influence through their majority ownership via Global Founders Capital, which allows for direct involvement in and has drawn for a hands-on, micromanaging style that prioritizes speed and execution over autonomy. Since 2020, there have been no major executive departures or shifts among the founding team, with the focus shifting toward long-term holdings and compliance enhancements through added supervisory board members like Gregor Janknecht and Timo Klein to navigate global regulations. The is chaired by Soheil Mirpour, with members including Gregor Janknecht (Deputy Chairman) and Timo Klein.

Ownership and Decision-Making

Following its delisting from public stock exchanges in September 2020, Rocket Internet operates as a with majority ownership controlled by the Samwer brothers—Marc, , and —primarily through their firm Global Founders Capital (GFC). At the time of delisting, GFC held a 45.11% stake, complemented by Samwer's personal 4.53% holding, ensuring founder dominance over equity structure. As of 2025, this structure persists, with the brothers maintaining effective majority control via GFC, which has evolved into Rocket Internet's dedicated arm for deploying its balance sheet investments. Early Kinnevik, once a significant , fully divested its remaining 6.6% stake in 2017, reducing its involvement to zero well before delisting. Governance is characterized by a founder-dominated board, where the Samwer brothers exert substantial influence over strategic direction, reflecting a shift to a more streamlined private structure post-delisting. The Management Board, led by CEO Oliver Samwer and CFO Arnd Lodowicks, handles operational oversight, while decisions remain highly centralized at the company's headquarters. Although annual meetings occur, is minimal compared to its public era, aligning with the reduced regulatory burdens of private status. Investor relations have transitioned to selective, non- engagements since , focusing on strategic partnerships rather than broad shareholder bases. With no shareholders remaining after the delisting buyback, Rocket Internet pursues targeted collaborations, such as co-investments through GFC, to support its incubation model without diluting control. underscores a -led approach, where the Samwers prioritize high-conviction bets on new ventures and retain veto authority on major decisions, including exits and divestments, to preserve alignment with long-term operational goals. This centralized dynamic enables agile decision-making but limits external input beyond select partners.

Controversies

Copycat Strategy Criticisms

Rocket Internet has faced significant criticism for its "copycat" or strategy, which involves replicating successful business models from established companies, primarily , and deploying them in underserved markets with rapid execution. Critics argue that this approach lacks originality and innovation, instead prioritizing aggressive replication to capture before competitors can respond. For instance, the company has been derisively called a "clone factory" that stifles European by encouraging short-term gains over genuine idea generation. A prominent example is Wimdu, launched in 2011 as Rocket Internet's European of , which quickly drew backlash for allegedly poaching users and mimicking the platform's features without adding unique value. publicly warned users about such clones, highlighting concerns over unethical tactics that could undermine trust in the original model. This incident exemplified broader accusations of predatory behavior, particularly in emerging markets like and , where Rocket's ventures were said to employ intense, ""-style expansion to dominate nascent sectors, often at the expense of local innovators. For instance, Rocket's CityDeal, a of , was acquired by in 2010 for an undisclosed amount, avoiding legal conflict. In response, Rocket's founders, particularly Oliver Samwer, have defended the strategy as a legitimate "fast follower" model, emphasizing that superior execution in new geographies outweighs invention, much like how global car manufacturers adapt proven designs. In a statement ahead of the company's IPO, Samwer argued that all successful ideas are borrowed to some degree, positioning Rocket as an efficient builder rather than a thief. Despite these defenses, the approach damaged the firm's reputation among peers and investors, with figures like entrepreneur labeling the Samwer brothers "despicable thieves." The criticisms persisted into 2025, with ongoing scrutiny of the company's cloning approach and its historical impact on European entrepreneurship. However, the strategy's impact is mixed: while it tarnished the company's image and led to high employee turnover, it also generated substantial successes, propelling the Samwer brothers to billionaire status through high-profile exits. Ongoing debates highlight the ethical tensions between rapid scaling and originality in global tech ecosystems.

Internal and Competitive Disputes

Rocket Internet has been criticized for its demanding work environment, often characterized by long hours and a management style perceived as fear-based, contributing to a toxic culture in its early years. Employee reviews frequently highlight intense pressure and lack of work-life balance, with multiple accounts describing an atmosphere of high stress and rapid burnout. As of 2025, former employees continue to accuse the company of fostering a toxic work culture and exploiting workers, echoing earlier complaints about high stress and burnout. In 2012, disaffected staff at the company's incubator began quitting en masse, with former senior manager Christian Weiss reporting around 25 departures due to dissatisfaction with the operational intensity. High employee turnover was a persistent issue, particularly before 2015, as the fast-paced cloning model led to frequent staff churn amid aggressive expansion goals. The company's competitive tactics have sparked conflicts with rivals, including strategic investments to consolidate control over similar ventures. For instance, in 2015, Rocket Internet acquired a significant stake in , a direct competitor to its own in the online space, aiming to dominate markets through ownership of parallel clones. This approach extended to regions like , where Rocket-backed clashed with local leader , resulting in antitrust scrutiny over market dominance. In 2022, Brazil's competition authority (CADE) fined , a in (in which Rocket Internet also holds a stake), 718,000 reais (about $138,000) for failing to notify regulators of its 2017 acquisition of a 7.8% stake in the company, highlighting concerns over gun-jumping in mergers that could entrench dominance in the sector. Internal investor relations also strained, notably with major shareholder Kinnevik, which halved its stake in Rocket Internet in February 2017 amid disagreements over valuation and growth strategy. The Swedish firm, once Rocket's largest investor, clashed with the Samwer brothers on aggressive expansion tactics and portfolio assessments, leading to a complete exit by mid-2017 after selling its remaining 217 million-euro holding. Similar tensions arose in , though less documented, where regulatory bodies examined e-commerce dominance, but specific actions against Rocket's ventures like Jabong were limited to broader market probes without major penalties. By 2025, public reports of such disputes have diminished, reflecting Rocket's shift toward a more mature investment portfolio.

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