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Rouge

Rouge is a cosmetic, typically in the form of a red or pink powder, cream, or liquid, applied to color and highlight the cheeks, lips, or sometimes fingernails.^[1] The term derives from the French word rouge, meaning "red," which traces etymologically to the Latin rubeus ("reddish"), reflecting its characteristic hue.^[2] Historically, rouge ranks among the earliest known cosmetics, with evidence of its use dating to prehistoric applications of red ochre pigments for facial adornment in ancient Egyptian, Greek, and Roman societies, where it symbolized vitality, status, or ritual significance.^[3]^[4] In modern formulations, it often incorporates synthetic dyes or natural pigments like carmine, evolving from rudimentary earth-based mixtures to refined products that enhance facial contours through techniques such as blending or contouring.^[5] While primarily associated with beauty enhancement, rouge has occasionally carried cultural connotations of artifice or excess, though its enduring role underscores a consistent human preference for simulating flushed, healthy skin tones across civilizations.^[1]

Linguistic and Compound Uses

As a Color and Term

"Rouge" denotes the color red in French, serving as the standard term for this hue in the language. Etymologically, it stems from Old French "roge" or "rouges," evolving from Latin "rubeus," an adjective meaning "red" or "reddish," which itself connects to Proto-Indo-European roots associated with redness, such as "*h₁rudʰrós."^[2] ^[6] In English, "rouge" entered usage as a descriptor for red during the Middle English period, with the earliest recorded attestation appearing before 1425 in texts like the Medulla Grammatice, where it functioned as a direct synonym for the color.^[7] While less common in modern English outside of borrowed phrases—such as "vin rouge," specifying red wine—"rouge" retains a specialized application to denote a red pigment or coloring agent akin to ruby tones.^[1] As a color term, rouge corresponds to a medium-intensity red hue, often represented in digital color systems by the hexadecimal code #D7707E, with RGB values of (215, 112, 126), yielding a warmer, slightly desaturated profile dominated by red but tempered by green and blue components. This distinguishes it from ruby red, a deeper, more vivid variant evoking gemstone purity with greater saturation (typically around RGB 224, 17, 95), and crimson, a brighter red with pronounced blue undertones for a blood-like intensity (hex #DC143C).^[8] ^[9]

Cosmetic Applications

Rouge refers to a cosmetic colorant applied to the cheeks as blush or to the lips to impart a reddish hue, typically derived from iron oxides such as ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃), which provides the characteristic red tint through its inorganic pigment properties.^[10]^[11] These pigments are ground into fine particles for blending with carriers like talc, oils, or water-based emulsions to achieve desired textures and longevity on the skin.^[12] Contemporary formulations of rouge are available in three primary types: powder, which allows for dry application via brush for a matte finish; cream, offering a moist, blendable consistency suitable for finger or sponge application to mimic natural flush; and liquid, providing precise control and often a dewy effect through dropper or applicator use.^[13]^[14] Powder variants, such as pressed compacts, are favored for oily skin types due to their absorbency, while creams and liquids adhere better to dry complexions for enhanced wear.^[13] The use of rouge originated in ancient Egypt around 3000 BCE, where red ochre—a naturally occurring iron oxide-rich clay—was crushed and mixed with water or animal fats to create rudimentary pastes applied to cheeks and lips, symbolizing vitality and status for both men and women.^[15]^[4] This practice relied on mineral pigments for their stability and vibrancy, with hematite occasionally substituted for deeper tones.^[16] By the late 19th century, advancements in synthetic pigment production enabled more consistent and pure iron oxide formulations, reducing variability from natural sources and improving safety by minimizing impurities.^[17] In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration regulates iron oxides as color additives exempt from batch certification, deeming them safe for cosmetic use based on toxicological data showing low absorption and no significant health risks at approved levels.^[18]^[12]^[19] Synthetic variants, produced via controlled precipitation of iron salts, ensure uniformity and compliance with purity standards under 21 CFR Parts 73 and 74.^[17]

Industrial Compounds

Industrial rouge denotes a fine powder of iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃), also known as jeweler's rouge or red rouge, utilized as a mild abrasive for achieving high-polish finishes on metals, glass, and gems.^[20] This compound derives its efficacy from the hardness of hematite, the mineral form of Fe₂O₃, rated at 5 to 6.5 on the Mohs scale, enabling it to remove fine surface imperfections from softer substrates like gold (Mohs 2.5–3) and silver (Mohs 2.5) without deep gouging.^[10] In contrast to cosmetic variants, industrial rouge contains no talc, binders, or dermatological additives, prioritizing pure abrasive action validated through metallographic and optical testing for surface roughness reduction to nanometer levels.^[21] Historically recognized as one of the earliest polishing agents, rouge has been applied in jewelry fabrication to buff precious metals and in optics for lens refinement, with documented use predating modern abrasives.^[22] Contemporary applications extend to precision industries, where it is charged onto buffs or laps to produce mirror-like finishes on brass, stainless steel components, and telescope mirrors, often in formulations with particle sizes refined to under 5 microns for minimal subsurface damage.^[23] Its chemical inertness prevents unwanted reactions during polishing, as confirmed by material safety data and empirical wear tests showing superior cut rates over alternatives like tripoli for final stages.^[24]

People

Historical and Notable Individuals

Joseph Édouard de La Motte-Rouge (February 3, 1804 – January 29, 1883) was a French military officer who rose to the rank of general de division. Born in Pléneuf-Val-André, he commanded forces during the Franco-Prussian War, including at the Battle of Artenay in November 1870, where his Army of the Loire contingent engaged Prussian troops numbering around 30,000.^[25]^[26] He authored Souvenirs et campagnes, a two-volume memoir detailing his service.^[27] Emmanuel de Rougé (April 11, 1811 – December 27, 1872), vicomte and member of the House of Rougé, was a pioneering French Egyptologist and philologist. As curator of the Louvre's Egyptian department from 1849 and professor of Egyptology at the Collège de France, he advanced hieroglyphic decipherment following Champollion, collaborating with Karl Richard Lepsius on standardized transliteration systems.^[28]^[29] His works include detailed studies of Egyptian inscriptions copied during scientific missions.^[30] Frédéric Rouge (1867–1950) was a Swiss painter renowned for landscapes depicting the Rhône Valley and the Alps. Born in Aigle to a shoe manufacturer, he trained in art from youth and settled in Ollon in 1903, producing portraits and regional scenes that earned him a dedicated museum in Aigle.^[31]^[32] Alain de Rougé (September 9, 1871 – November 25, 1936) served as a French deputy in the Assemblée Nationale, representing Sarthe. Born and died in Précigné, his political career focused on regional interests during the early 20th century.^[33]

Fictional Characters

Video Game and Media Figures

Rouge the Bat is an anthropomorphic bat introduced in the Sonic the Hedgehog video game series as a playable character in Sonic Adventure 2, released for the Sega Dreamcast on June 23, 2001, in Japan and June 19, 2001, in North America.^[34] Portrayed as a cunning jewel thief with an insatiable greed for gems and artifacts like the Chaos Emeralds, she initially allies with Shadow the Hedgehog to pursue personal gain while covertly serving as a spy for the Guardian Units of Nations (G.U.N.), a military organization.^[35] Her design emphasizes agility and allure, featuring white fur, tan skin, turquoise eyes, and bat wings that enable key gameplay abilities such as flight, gliding over gaps, and precise aerial maneuvers during treasure-hunting and combat segments.^[36] In gameplay, Rouge's mechanics highlight stealth and acrobatics, including wall-climbing, kicking attacks with superhuman strength, and infiltration tools like bombs for environmental interaction, reflecting her espionage training and thieving expertise.^[35] She reappears as a prominent anti-hero in Sonic Heroes (released December 30, 2003, in Japan), where she forms Team Dark with Shadow and the robot E-123 Omega, focusing on high-speed action stages that leverage her flight for scouting and her kicks for enemy defeats, often prioritizing loot collection amid team objectives.^[37] Further roles in titles like Shadow the Hedgehog (2005) and Sonic Riders (2006) expand her as a competitive Extreme Gear racer and ally in multiverse threats, consistently driven by self-interest tempered by occasional loyalty to G.U.N. missions.^[37] Beyond core games, Rouge features in spin-off media such as the Sonic X anime (premiering April 6, 2003, in Japan), adapting her game persona into episodes involving jewel heists and espionage alongside Sonic's cast, and crossover titles like Mario & Sonic at the Olympic Games series, where her athletic traits suit event-based competitions.) Her characterization remains consistent across Sega's canon, emphasizing manipulative sarcasm and vanity without heroic redemption, as evidenced by persistent treasure motifs in titles up to Sonic X Shadow Generations (2024).^[35]

Places and Geography

Natural Features

The Rouge River in south-central Ontario, Canada, originates near the Oak Ridges Moraine and flows southward approximately 106 kilometers through the Greater Toronto Area municipalities of Richmond Hill, Markham, Pickering, and Toronto before emptying into Lake Ontario at Rouge Beach. Its watershed spans 336 square kilometers of varied terrain, including forests, wetlands, and urban-adjacent valleylands, supporting fluvial geomorphology shaped by glacial till and Ordovician shales. The river's name, derived from the French term for "red," reflects the reddish tint from eroding clay banks observed by early French explorers in the late 18th century. Indigenous Anishinaabe peoples have inhabited and traversed the watershed for over 10,000 years, using the river—known to them as Chi Sippi ("Large Creek" in Anishnaabemowin)—as a key canoe route linking to Lake Simcoe and the upper Great Lakes.^[38]^[39]^[40]^[41] Rouge National Urban Park, federally established in 2015 as Canada's first urban national park, conserves 79 square kilometers of the river's upper and middle watershed, preserving ecological corridors amid suburban development. The park's biodiversity arises from its position at the convergence of deciduous Carolinian forests, mixed woodlands, and Great Lakes-St. Lawrence ecosystems, hosting over 1,700 documented species of vascular plants, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Key natural attributes include kettle lakes, meandering oxbows, and riparian zones critical for species like salmonids historically abundant in the river.^[42]^[43] In Quebec's Laurentides region, another Rouge River extends 161 kilometers from Lac de la Fougère through the Laurentian Mountains to the Ottawa River, noted for its reddish sandbanks and rugged hydrology featuring cascades and valleys suited to whitewater activities. This naming similarly stems from sediment-induced coloration, underscoring French colonial observations of local geology across eastern Canada.^[44]

Facilities and Structures

The Ford River Rouge Complex in Dearborn, Michigan, stands as a landmark industrial facility spanning approximately 600 acres, with construction initiated in 1915 when Henry Ford acquired the marshland site along the Rouge River. Designed primarily by architect Albert Kahn, the complex's development accelerated from 1918, incorporating 93 buildings totaling nearly 16 million square feet of manufacturing space by the 1930s.^[45] ^[46] At its zenith during that decade, it employed over 100,000 workers and achieved vertical integration by processing raw materials like iron ore into finished automobiles, including innovative features such as a continuous-flow glass plant operational from 1923.^[46] Today, rebranded as the Ford Rouge Center, it sustains around 6,000 employees focused on modern assembly, such as F-150 truck production, while select historic structures have been adapted for sustainable operations.^[47] In Quebec, Canada, multiple bridges designated as Pont Rouge—translating to "Red Bridge"—represent key transportation infrastructure, often featuring covered wooden designs for durability in rural settings. The Pont Marchand, colloquially known as Pont Rouge, crosses the Coulonge River and measures 151.59 meters, making it Quebec's longest covered bridge; built in 1898 from pine, it has endured through repairs to support pedestrian and light vehicle passage.^[48] Similarly, the Pont Rouge over the Palmer River in Sainte-Agathe-de-Lotbinière, constructed in 1928, exemplifies provincial engineering standards of the era with its enclosed truss structure to protect against weather-induced decay.^[49] These spans, integral to local connectivity, distinguish themselves through human-engineered modifications like toll systems in earlier iterations for funding maintenance between Quebec City and Montreal.^[50]

Arts and Entertainment

Film and Television

Rouge is a 1987 Hong Kong supernatural romantic drama directed by Stanley Kwan, starring Anita Mui as the ghost of courtesan Fleur and Leslie Cheung as a tabloid journalist tasked with finding her reincarnated lover from a 1930s suicide pact. The film interweaves past and present, exploring themes of enduring love, historical transience, and urban alienation in pre-handover Hong Kong, with Fleur haunting 1987 to locate her partner's spirit amid modern skepticism. It received critical acclaim, earning six Hong Kong Film Awards including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Actress for Mui, and holds a 7.3/10 rating on IMDb from over 3,900 user votes alongside an 83% approval on Rotten Tomatoes.^[51]^[52] Three Colors: Red (Trois couleurs: Rouge), the 1994 finale of Krzysztof Kieślowski's Three Colors trilogy, was directed by Kieślowski and stars Irène Jacob as Geneva-based model Valentine Dussaut, who forms an unlikely bond with reclusive retired judge Joseph Kern (Jean-Louis Trintignant) after hitting his dog with her car. The narrative delves into fraternity through interconnected lives, chance encounters, and ethical voyeurism, culminating in themes of fate and redemption amid a ferry disaster linking characters from prior trilogy films. Widely praised for its philosophical depth and visual poetry, it garnered a 100% Rotten Tomatoes score from 62 reviews, an 8.1/10 IMDb rating from 115,000+ votes, a Palme d'Or nomination at Cannes, and an Academy Award nomination for Best Director.^[53]^[54] Rookie Agent Rouge (Yanzhi), a 2016 Chinese period spy thriller television series directed by Xu Zizhou, features Zhao Liying as Lan Yan, a woman in 1937 Shanghai mistaken for a Japanese agent who infiltrates a Nationalist organization to prove her innocence by exposing a traitor. Spanning 48 episodes, it blends espionage, romance, and historical intrigue during the Second Sino-Japanese War, emphasizing personal agency amid political turmoil. The series achieved significant viewership on mainland Chinese platforms, contributing to Zhao's rising stardom, though specific metrics like peak ratings remain tied to domestic broadcasts.^[55] Metallic Rouge, a 2024 Japanese anime television series produced by Bones to mark its 25th anniversary and directed by Motonobu Hori, follows android "Nean" operative Rouge Red Star (voiced by Rina Satō in Japanese) as she hunts the Immortal Nine terrorists on Mars alongside investigator Naomi Orthmann, uncovering conspiracies in a human-android coexistence fraught with prejudice. Airing 12 episodes from January to March 2024, it draws on cyberpunk motifs of identity and rebellion, receiving mixed reception with a 3.4/5 Amazon Prime average from early viewers critiquing pacing but praising animation quality.^[56]

Music

Rouge is a Brazilian pop girl group formed in 2002 through the SBT and Disney Channel talent competition Popstars, comprising singers Aline Wirley, Fantine Thó, Karin Hils, Lu Andrade, and Li Martins.^[57] The group's self-titled debut studio album, released on August 19, 2002, by Columbia Records, sold over 2 million copies in Brazil, achieving double platinum certification from Pro-Música Brasil and becoming the best-selling album by a girl group in the country.^[57] Their second album, C'est La Vie, followed on May 4, 2003, continuing their commercial success with multiple hit singles and certifications including gold, platinum, and diamond awards across their discography.^[58] Over their initial four-year run, Rouge released pop tracks emphasizing upbeat rhythms and Portuguese-language lyrics, establishing them as one of Brazil's top-selling acts with aggregate album sales exceeding 6 million units.^[58] "Rouge" is also the title of a 1977 single by Japanese kayōkyoku singer Naomi Chiaki, released on April 10 by Nippon Columbia as the lead track from her album of the same name.^[59] The song, characterized by orchestral arrangements and Chiaki's emotive vocals, peaked in popularity within Japan's enka-adjacent pop scene, inspiring numerous covers and contributing to her catalog of over 400 recordings.^[60] The album version appeared on July 25, 1977, blending traditional Japanese melodic structures with Western influences typical of the era's kayōkyoku genre.^[60]

Literature and Other Media

"Rouge" is a psychological horror novel by Mona Awad, published on September 5, 2023, by Marysue Rucci Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster. The story centers on Belle, a young woman obsessed with skincare routines, who returns to California after her mother Noelle's apparent suicide following a visit to the enigmatic beauty spa La Maison de Méduse, marketed as "Rouge." The narrative blends fairy tale elements with gothic horror, critiquing the beauty industry's commodification of youth and identity, while exploring mother-daughter dynamics and multiracial heritage through surreal motifs like jellyfish and mirrors.^[61]^[62] In comics, the anthropomorphic bat character Rouge from the Sonic the Hedgehog franchise appears in print adaptations and original stories beyond her video game origins. Her first cameo occurs in Archie Comics' Sonic the Hedgehog #98, released June 2001, with a full appearance in issue #116 in October 2002, where she is depicted as a treasure-hunting mercenary allied with the government agency G.U.N.^[63] She features prominently in subsequent Archie series like Sonic X, debuting in issue #1 (September 2005) as a cameo and #2 (October 2005) fully, often engaging in jewel thefts and rivalries with Knuckles the Echidna. Later, in IDW Publishing's Sonic the Hedgehog series, Rouge appears starting in Sonic #5 (2018), continuing her role as a sly operative in team-ups against Dr. Eggman.^[64] "Rouge: Poems," a 2016 collection by J.R. Rogue, compiles over 130 original poems exploring themes of love, loss, and introspection, self-published and available digitally.^[65]

Organizations and Institutions

Companies and Businesses

Air Canada Rouge, a wholly owned subsidiary of Air Canada established in 2013, operates as a low-cost leisure airline focused on seasonal sun destinations from Canadian hubs. It flies a fleet of around 40 Airbus A319, A320, and A321 aircraft, serving routes to over 60 destinations with an emphasis on cost efficiency through higher-density seating and targeted marketing to vacation travelers.^[66]^[67] Rouge, a Philadelphia-based restaurant opened in 1998 on Rittenhouse Square, specializes in American cuisine including burgers, salads, and craft cocktails, with operations centered on indoor dining and prominent sidewalk seating for up to 100 patrons. Acquired by owners Rob and Maggie Wasserman in 2008, it generates revenue through daily lunch, dinner, and late-night service, positioning it as a fixture in the city's hospitality market with consistent foot traffic from the adjacent park.^[68]^[69]^[70] Rouge International, founded in 2009 in Hong Kong, functions as a venture capital and advisory firm targeting technology, sustainability, and innovation sectors. With 11 to 50 employees, it applies VC-style strategies to over 1,000 businesses, emphasizing transformation and accelerator programs for early-stage investments and portfolio growth.^[71]^[72]

Groups and Associations

Friends of the Rouge (FOTR) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization established in 1986 in southeast Michigan to promote restoration, stewardship, education, and advocacy for the Rouge River watershed, which spans 467 square miles and serves 1.5 million residents across urban and suburban areas.^[73] The group organizes volunteer cleanups, stream monitoring, tree plantings, and paddling events, having mobilized thousands of participants to remove over 100 tons of trash from the river since inception, alongside habitat enhancement projects that improved water quality metrics such as reduced E. coli levels in targeted segments.^[73] FOTR collaborates with government agencies like the Michigan Department of Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy on regulatory compliance and enforcement, driven by the watershed's historical pollution from industrial effluents and combined sewer overflows.^[73] In Canada, Friends of the Rouge Watershed operates as a charitable organization dedicated to protecting and restoring the ecological integrity of the Rouge River watershed in the Greater Toronto Area, engaging volunteers in habitat restoration, invasive species removal, and public education programs since its formation to support the 79-square-kilometer Rouge National Urban Park established in 2015.^[74] The association fosters community involvement through guided hikes, citizen science monitoring of biodiversity indicators like fish populations and water clarity, and advocacy for policy measures addressing urban runoff, with achievements including the restoration of over 10 hectares of riparian zones and partnerships with Toronto and Region Conservation Authority on flood mitigation aligned with the river's French-derived name reflecting its reddish sediment-laden waters from glacial till.^[74] Membership comprises local residents, students, and environmentalists, emphasizing grassroots stewardship to counteract development pressures in the densely populated region.^[74] The Rouge Valley Foundation, affiliated with the Rouge Valley Conservation Centre in Toronto, functions as a nonprofit entity focused on heritage preservation through research, restoration, and interpretive programs in the Rouge Valley, including seed banking for native plants and public trails maintenance to sustain biodiversity in an area influenced by 19th-century French colonial naming conventions for its red-hued soils.^[75] Key activities encompass ecological monitoring yielding data on species recovery, such as increased sightings of at-risk amphibians, and community outreach events drawing hundreds annually, supported by donations and grants without commercial operations.^[75] These groups derive their nomenclature from the respective Rouge Rivers, etymologically tied to French "rouge" denoting red, attributable to iron-rich clay deposits observable in riverbanks and sediments, underscoring regional hydrogeological characteristics over political or ideological connotations.^[73]^[74]

Sports and Games

Terminology in Canadian Football

In Canadian football, a rouge, also known as a single, awards one point to the kicking team when a punt, missed field goal, or failed convert attempt enters the opponent's end zone without the ball being advanced beyond the goal line by the receiving team.^[76] ^[77] This occurs if the ball is downed, caught, or goes out of bounds in the end zone, or if the returner fails to exit the area before being tackled.^[76] After a rouge, the non-offending team scrimmages from its 35-yard line, promoting strategic decisions on kick coverage and returns.^[76] Unlike American football, where such kicks typically yield no points beyond touchbacks, the rouge incentivizes precise kicking and aggressive returns in the wider Canadian field.^[78] The term and rule trace to 19th-century rugby codes, including Sheffield Rules, where a rouge denoted a minor score from a ball touched down behind the goal line, later adapted in Canadian play as the sport diverged from rugby influences in the 1870s and 1880s.^[79] Early Canadian football rules, formalized by unions like the Ontario Rugby Football Union in 1883, incorporated the rouge to penalize passive defense on kicks and facilitate tie-breaking in low-scoring games.^[80] The inaugural national championship on December 25, 1884, between Montreal Football Club and Toronto Argonauts featured a rouge as its first score, underscoring its role from the sport's organized beginnings.^[81] Etymologically, "rouge" likely derives from the rugby term, with unconfirmed speculation tying it to the French word for "red," perhaps alluding to a colored marker or official signal for the score.^[76] ^[79] In the Canadian Football League (CFL), rouges contribute to scoring dynamics, often arising from 40-50% of missed field goals in mid-20th-century play and remaining relevant in close contests despite occasional rule debates.^[80] For instance, the rule decided the outcome in a 2024 Toronto Argonauts victory, reviving discussions on its preservation for maintaining tactical depth.^[80] Historically, the rouge's one-point value aided in resolving draws under early tiebreaker systems, a function less emphasized today but integral to the CFL's distinct 3-4-6-1 scoring progression.^[80]

Other Uses

Technology and Software

Rouge is an open-source syntax highlighting library implemented entirely in Ruby, utilizing a lexer-based system to analyze and colorize source code for visualization in documents, web pages, and terminals.^[82] It supports syntax highlighting for 226 languages, including Ruby, JavaScript, Swift, Go, C++, and Haskell, with lexers designed for compatibility with Pygments formats to facilitate extensions and ports.^[83] The library generates output in HTML for web embedding or ANSI 256-color sequences for terminal display, enabling efficient rendering without external dependencies.^[82] Originally developed by Jeanine Adkisson and introduced around 2013 as a pure-Ruby alternative to Python-dependent tools like Pygments, Rouge gained adoption for its speed in Ruby environments, avoiding subprocess overhead and enabling seamless integration in static site generators.^[84] By 2017, it became the default highlighter for Jekyll 3.x, powering syntax coloring in GitHub Pages for millions of repositories.^[85] This server-side approach contrasts with client-side JavaScript libraries like highlight.js, offering lower latency and consistent rendering independent of browser capabilities.^[86] Actively maintained under the rouge-ruby organization, Rouge's latest release, version 4.6.1 on September 25, 2025, includes lexer improvements for languages such as Ruby, TOML, and Lua, alongside additions like Bicep support in 4.6.0 and COBOL in 4.5.0.^[87] Its extensibility allows community contributions for new lexers via pull requests, with ongoing enhancements prioritizing accuracy and performance over broader but less precise alternatives.^[88] In development workflows, it excels in tools like Kramdown and Asciidoctor for markdown processing, where precise tokenization ensures reliable highlighting without runtime errors from malformed code.^[89]^[90]

Miscellaneous Applications

Jeweler's rouge is a fine abrasive polishing compound, primarily ferric oxide (Fe₂O₃), employed in metalworking to produce a mirror-like finish on soft metals such as gold, silver, brass, copper, and nickel.^[91] Applied to buffing wheels during the final polishing stage, it burnishes surfaces by removing microscopic imperfections while minimizing material removal, achieving high luster without altering dimensions significantly.^[92] This compound, available in bar or powder form, has been a staple in jewelry fabrication since at least the early 20th century, with formulations optimized for precious metals to prevent scratching.^[93]^[94] In pharmaceutical manufacturing, "rouge" denotes iron oxide corrosion deposits on stainless steel components of high-purity water systems and process skids, appearing as reddish-brown to black discolorations.^[95] Formation occurs due to factors including elevated temperatures above 60°C, residual chlorides from cleaning agents, or passive layer breakdown in austenitic steels like 316L, potentially leading to particle release that contaminates products or accelerates further degradation.^[96]^[97] Classifiable into types such as inherent (from steel mill oxides), manufacturing-induced, or operational corrosion, rouge necessitates derouging via chemical treatments like citric or phosphoric acid followed by passivation to reinstate the chromium oxide layer, ensuring compliance with GMP standards.^[98]^[99] Observed since the 1990s in biopharma facilities, its management has evolved with validated protocols to mitigate risks without assuming it forms a protective patina.^[100]

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English word rouge comes from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewdʰ-, Latin rubere, and later Proto-Indo-European *h₁rudʰrós (Red.) *h₁rewdʰ- (Proto-Indo-European).Missing: meaning | Show results with:meaning
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Rouge has the hex code #D7707E. The equivalent RGB values are (215, 112, 126), which means it is composed of 47% red, 25% green and 28% blue.
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Souvenirs et campagnes. Volume v.2 1895 [Leather Bound]: La ...
Amazon.com: Souvenirs et campagnes. Volume v.2 1895 [Leather Bound]: La Motterouge, Joseph Edouard de, général.: Libros.Missing: biography | Show results with:biography<|separator|>
[28]
Rougé, Emmanuel, vicomte de - Encyclopedia.com
Rougé was curator of the Egyptian section of the Louvre and professor of Egyptology at the Collège de France. He and Lepsius produced a consistent system for ...
[29]
Emmanuel de Rougé - Soirée au Louvre Research Project
De Rougé became a professor of Egyptology at the Collège de France, a senator, and a prolific author —publishing numerous books and articles while continuing ...
[30]
Etudes Egyptologiques 11 Inscriptions hiéroglyphiques copiées en ...
Apr 23, 2018 · Etudes Egyptologiques 11 Inscriptions hiéroglyphiques copiées en Egypte pendant la mission scientifique de M. le vicomte Emmanuel de Rougé (1877).
[31]
Artist Biography & Facts Frederic Rouge - askART
Louis Frédéric Rouge was born the son of a shoe manufacturer in Aigle. Early on, his artistic talent was encouraged by his parents. Rouge received extensive ...
[32]
Frédéric Rouge Museum - The Swiss Spectator
The museum is dedicated to the painter Frédéric Rouge (1867-1950), known for his paintings ofthe Rhône Valley, the Alpes and other topics.
[33]
Alain de Rougé - Base de données des députés français depuis 1789
Alain de Rougé · Né le 9 novembre 1871 à Précigné (Sarthe - France) · Décédé le 25 novembre 1936 à Précigné (Sarthe - France). Mandats à l ...
[34]
Sonic Adventure 2 (Video Game 2001) - Release info - IMDb
Sonic Adventure 2 was released in the US on June 19, 2001, in the UK and Japan on June 23, 2001, and in the US for Gamecube on Feb 12, 2002.Missing: Sega | Show results with:Sega
[35]
Rouge the Bat - Sonic Retro
Personality and traits. Rouge is vain, manipulative, sarcastic, and sassy, with a mean streak not really seen in any of the games' other female characters ...
[36]
Rouge the Bat - Sonic Wiki Zone - Fandom
Flight; Super strength; Super speed; Acrobatic skills and reflexes; Martial arts skills; Treasure hunting skills; Espionage; Stealth; Professional thief ...Gallery · Miscellaneous · Rouge the Bat (disambiguation) · Rockstar Rouge
[37]
Rouge the Bat/History and appearances | Sonic Wiki Zone - Fandom
In Sonic Rivals, Rouge mainly appears in Shadow's story. When she communicates with Shadow about what she discovered about Eggman, the transmission cuts off.Sonic Rivals series · Sonic Forces · Other game appearances · Mario & Sonic series
[38]
Rouge National Urban Park - Geology
Nov 29, 2022 · The Rouge Watershed covers an area of 336 km2 and stretches from the Oak Ridges Moraine in the north to the shores of Lake Ontario in the south.
[39]
Toronto beaches: Rouge Beach - blogTO
Aug 7, 2012 · French explorers renamed the Rouge in the late 1700s, inspired by the way the river's red clay banks melt into the water as it flows past.<|separator|>
[40]
Scarborough Indigenous First Nations - Heritage Toronto
Scarborough is not a First Nations name – the closest Indigenous name being “Chi Sippi” for the Rouge River, which means Large Creek in Anishnaabemowin.
[41]
Indigenous history - Rouge National Urban Park - Parks Canada
Jan 23, 2023 · The Rouge is home to many historic and significant travel paths. Indigenous peoples used these paths since time immemorial, running from ...
[42]
Environment - Rouge National Urban Park
Nov 29, 2022 · Home to more than 1,700 species of plants and animals, Rouge National Urban Park's amazing biodiversity is a result of the park's location ...
[43]
Rouge National Urban Park | The Canadian Encyclopedia
Jul 25, 2018 · The park offers 25 km of trails to hike, with approximately 75 additional kilometres planned. The expanded trail system will connect the park to ...
[44]
Rouge River (Québec) | The Canadian Encyclopedia
Nov 12, 2015 · The Rouge River is a tributary of the Ottawa River. Its source is Lac de la Fougère, in the northeast part of Rouge-Matawin Wildlife Reserve ...
[45]
Ford Rouge Complex | Southwest Detroit Auto Heritage Guide
Henry Ford began buying the property that was to become the Rouge in 1915, acquiring a 2,000-acre stretch of bottomland along the Rouge River. The Rouge River ...
[46]
Ford Rouge Factory History and Timeline | The Henry Ford
At its peak in the 1930s, more than 100,000 people worked at the Rouge. To accommodate it required a multi-station fire department, a modern police force, a ...
[47]
History - Ford Rouge Factory Tour - Henry Ford Museum
About 6,000 Ford employees work at the Rouge. Now called the Ford Rouge Center, the 600-acre site remains Ford Motor Company's largest single industrial complex ...
[48]
Pont Marchand - Fort-Coulonge
... Bridge is affectionately known as the Pont Rouge by locals. At 151.59 meters long, it is the longest covered bridge in Quebec. Constructed of pine in 1898 ...
[49]
Pont Rouge (Red Bridge) over the Palmer River in Sainte-Agathe-de ...
Nov 5, 2021 · The Pont Rouge (Red Bridge) of Sainte-Agathe-de-Lotbinière was built over the Palmer River in 1928, covered bridges were already commonplace here in Quebec.
[50]
Pont Marchand - Mansfield et Pontefract
The Felix Gabriel Marchand Bridge is affectionately known as the Pont Rouge by locals. At 151.59 meters long, it is the longest covered bridge in Quebec.
[51]
Rouge (1987) - IMDb
Rating 7.3/10 (3,921) An exquisite, enduringly resonant elegy for both lost love and vanishing history, Rouge is made all the more surreal thanks to its transcendently melancholy ...
[52]
Rouge | Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 83% (6) The first in a string of noteworthy Lillian Lee adaptations filmmaker Stanley Kwan's "Rouge" is a surreal anxiety attack on celluloid that relies heavily on ...
[53]
Three Colors: Red (1994) - IMDb
Rating 8.1/10 (115,284) "Red" is not only about a young woman who finds shelter in an older man's life, but it is also about chance, hope, and fate. Irene Jacob stars as Valentine ...Plot · Full cast & crew · User reviews · Parents guide
[54]
Three Colors: Red - Rotten Tomatoes
Rating 100% (62) A complex, stirring, and beautifully realized portrait of interconnected lives, Red is the captivating conclusion to a remarkable trilogy.
[55]
Watch Rookie Agent Rouge | Netflix
Rookie Agent Rouge ... After being mistaken for an enemy spy in 1937 China, a desperate woman tries to acquit herself by agreeing to sniff out a traitor among her ...
[56]
Watch Metallic Rouge - S01 | Prime Video - Amazon.com
Rating 3.4 (4) Songstress Sarah Fitzgerald takes a mysterious girl named Rouge as her helper. After one of her performances, Sarah and her lover are attacked, and a woman ...
[57]
Rouge - MusicBrainz
Aug 22, 2018 · The group's debut studio album, the best-selling self-titled Rouge (2002), sold more than 2 million copies in Brazil, becoming the best-selling ...Missing: awards | Show results with:awards
[58]
Rouge biography | Last.fm
Sep 26, 2025 · In four years of career, they achieved four Gold, three Platinum and one Diamond album in Brazil and released various hit singles, becoming the ...Missing: awards | Show results with:awards
[59]
Rouge – Song by Naomi Chiaki - Apple Music
Apr 10, 1977 · Rouge / Kaette Oide - Single · Naomi Chiaki · 10 April 1977 · Performing Artists · Composition & Lyrics · More By Naomi Chiaki · Africa, Middle East ...Missing: performance | Show results with:performance
[60]
Releases by Naomi Chiaki - SecondHandSongs
Albums ; ルージュ {Rouge}, ちあきなおみ (Naomi Chiaki), July 25, 1977, Nippon Columbia ; 円舞曲 {Enbukyoku}, ちあきなおみ (Naomi Chiaki), June 1974, Nippon ...
[61]
Rouge | Book by Mona Awad | Official Publisher Page
“Highlighting the horrors of beauty, Mona Awad's Rouge is a horror novel that will take up permanent residence in your mind." —The Observer “Rouge plays ...
[62]
Book Review: 'Rouge,' by Mona Awad - The New York Times
Sep 9, 2023 · In This Dark Fairy Tale, the Beauty Industry Is the Villain. Mona Awad's new novel, “Rouge,” indicts the quest to be fairest of them all.
[63]
Rouge the Bat (Sonic the Hedgehog) - League of Comic Geeks
Information · First Appearance (Cameo). Sonic the Hedgehog #98. Jun 2001 · First Appearance (Full). Sonic the Hedgehog #116. Oct 2002 · First Appearance (Post- ...
[64]
Rouge the Bat (Sonic X) - Archie Comics - League of Comic Geeks
Rouge the Bat. Information. First Appearance (Cameo). Sonic X #1. Sep 2005. First Appearance (Full). Sonic X #2. Oct 2005. Featured in these Comics. View All.
[65]
Rouge: Poems by J.R. Rogue | Goodreads
Rating 4.4 (128) Sep 11, 2016 · Rouge has 130+ collection and I've only like 40 of them. For something that I got for free, it's not that bad. Show more.
[66]
Air Canada Rouge
Offering direct access to amazing destinations, and with valuable perks built-in to your ticket, you can maximize your trip when you fly Air Canada Rouge.
[67]
https://www.planespotters.net/airline/Air-Canada-Rouge
[68]
Rouge
Known for classic burgers, this American eatery offers sidewalk seating for ample people-watching.Menus · Group Dining · Events · Hours & Location
[69]
Rouge - Philadelphia Magazine
Sep 13, 2006 · WHEN NEIL STEIN, flush from the success of Striped Bass, opened Rouge in 1998, it heralded the beginning of a New Center City. Stein, like the ...Missing: founding | Show results with:founding
[70]
Rouge on Rittenhouse Square to close for renovation
Dec 20, 2018 · Rouge, which opened in 1998 at 205 S. 18th St.Read moreMichael Klein.
[71]
Rouge International - Home
Founded since 2009, Rouge International and Rouge Ventures has been focusing on venture capital and expert venture capital style strategies for business ...
[72]
Rouge International & Rouge Ventures | LinkedIn
Transformation Venture Capital Style, Accelerator, Tech Venture Capital | Rouge International & Rouge ... founded by Travis Kelce and Patrick Mahomes, is a ...
[73]
About Us - Friends of the Rouge
Friends of the Rouge (FOTR) is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization that was founded in 1986 to raise awareness about the need to clean up the Rouge River in ...Missing: Association | Show results with:Association
[74]
Friends of the Rouge Watershed | Protect & Act Now
At Friends of the Rouge Watershed, we engage, educate, and inspire the community to protect and restore the Rouge River ecosystem.Missing: Association | Show results with:Association
[75]
Rouge Valley Conservation Centre
The Centre focuses on environmental restoration, monitoring and research and offers interpretive walks and educational programs for the general public.
[76]
Defining the one-point score awarded in Canadian Football League
Nov 17, 2024 · In the CFL, the kicking team is awarded a rouge if the team either misses a field goal or punts the football, and the receiving team does not get the ball out ...
[77]
SPORTS TALK: The 'rouge' is one of CFL's unique rules - Oyen Echo
Sep 2, 2025 · A team is awarded one point if a punt or a missed field-goal attempt is kicked into the other team's end zone and the opposing team does not catch the ball.
[78]
What Are the Differences Between Canadian Football and American ...
A kicked extra point is worth one point in both forms of the game. However, the exception is the rouge or single point, which is only in Canadian football. This ...
[79]
rouge ((n.)) - DCHP-3
The origin is considered “obscure” in DCHP-1, but is almost certainly inherited from the English rugby term of that name. A rouge is sometimes also ...
[80]
CFL rouge: Why some want the football single to stay - Toronto Star
Sep 7, 2024 · ... history at the University of Guelph. “And that's the key point in all of this: the rouge rule originated as a way of breaking ties.” Unlike ...
[81]
O Canada and Your Silly Football Rules
Jun 2, 2020 · The first point scored in Canada's first national championship game in 1884 resulted from a rouge.<|control11|><|separator|>
[82]
rouge-ruby/rouge: A pure Ruby code highlighter that is ... - GitHub
Rouge is a pure Ruby syntax highlighter. It can highlight over 200 different languages, and output HTML or ANSI 256-color text.WikiIssues 154
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Rouge
An elegant, extendable code highlighter written in pure Ruby. · Plenty of Languages. Rouge supports 226 languages and counting, including Ruby, JavaScript, Swift ...
[84]
Better GitHub-style syntax highlighting with Rouge - Alex Peattie
Jun 4, 2013 · middleman-syntax uses Rouge by default in version 1.2+. This post focuses on middleman (which this site is built on) but rouge can be used ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[85]
Syntax highlight with Rouge in Jekyll | inDev. Journal
Mar 18, 2017 · By default, Jekyll 3 and versions above integrated with Rouge, a pure Ruby syntax highlighter which supports over 100 languages.
[86]
Code highlighting in Rails apps - Avo
Learn about the different ways to add code rails code highlighting to a Rails application using server-side and client-side solutions.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[87]
Releases · rouge-ruby/rouge - GitHub
This release focuses on bug fixes and compatibility improvements across multiple lexers. We've fixed Ruby method definition highlighting for comparable ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[88]
https://github.com/rouge-ruby/rouge/wiki/List-of-supported-languages-and-lexers
[89]
Syntax Highlighting With Rouge - Kramdown
To use Rouge, set the option 'syntax_highlighter' to 'rouge' and make sure that Rouge is available. The Rouge library can be installed, e.g., via Rubygems by ...
[90]
Rouge - Asciidoctor Docs
Rouge is an extendable code highlighter written in Ruby that supports a vast array of languages. To use it, assign `:source-highlighter: rouge` in the document ...
[91]
What Is Jewellers Rouge? | The Bench - Cooksongold
Nov 12, 2018 · Jeweller's rouge is a jewellery polishing compound, used especially for achieving a high shine with precious metals such as silver and gold.
[92]
Red Jeweler's Rouge Polishing Compound - Contenti
In stock Free deliveryRed Jeweler's Rouge is a fine polishing compound for gold, silver, brass, and copper, creating a high lustre finish by burnishing metal surfaces.
[93]
Red Jeweler's Rouge Polishing Compound, 1 lb. - Enkay Tool
In stock Free delivery over $50Red Jeweler's Rouge is for buffing soft metals like gold and silver, and also polishes brass, copper, and nickel. It is applied on buffing wheels.
[94]
https://benchmarkabrasives.com/blogs/news/how-to-use-the-jewelers-rouge
[95]
The Effects of Rouge and the Importance of Derouging ... - Astro Pak
Dec 4, 2020 · In the biotech and pharmaceutical industries, one such type of corrosion is referred to as rouge—a collective term for a trio of iron-based ...
[96]
Addressing Rouge in Biopharmaceutical Manufacturing Systems
Sep 15, 2010 · Rouge is a corrosion product of stainless steel that ranges in color from reddish brown to blue or black. The general types of corrosion are ...
[97]
https://inoxpassivation.co.uk/blog/rouge-what-is-it
[98]
Classifying Rouge Helps Define Remediation Procedures
Sep 2, 2012 · Rouge is a form of surface corrosion that can form on stainless steel when exposed to high-purity water at elevated temperatures.Advancing... · Newsletter · Astrazeneca Is Next To Reach...
[99]
[PDF] DEROUGING AND PASSIVATION - STERIS Life Sciences
Rouge describes a variety of discolorations on stainless steel surfaces and is composed primarily of iron oxides. Sometimes rouge is generated elsewhere (e.g., ...
[100]
Myth – Rouge is a Protective Layer | Astro Pak
Jun 15, 2021 · A recurring myth in some industries is that “rouge is a protective layer” that enhances, rather than degrades, stainless steel's durability.