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Running Fence

Running Fence was a temporary environmental sculpture by artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude, erected in Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, from September 10 to 21, 1976.^[1] The project consisted of 42 sections of white woven nylon fabric, each 18 feet (5.5 meters) high and collectively spanning 24.5 miles (39.4 kilometers) eastward from the Pacific Ocean near Jenner, across private ranchlands owned by 59 property owners, supported by steel posts, cables, guy wires, and earth anchors.^[1] Fully self-financed by the artists without public funds or sponsorships, it exemplified their approach to large-scale, site-specific works that temporarily transformed landscapes to provoke public engagement with everyday environments.^[1] Conceived in 1972, the realization of Running Fence required navigating extensive bureaucratic hurdles, including 17 public hearings and the preparation of California's first environmental impact report for an artwork, amid opposition from environmentalists and locals concerned about visual intrusion, wildlife disruption, and land use precedents.^[2]^[3] A group named the Committee to Stop the Running Fence challenged permits through litigation, yet approvals were ultimately granted by county supervisors after demonstrations of minimal, reversible impact—such as full removal of materials post-exhibition and no permanent alterations to the terrain.^[4]^[5] This process highlighted the project's defining characteristic: the interplay between artistic vision, legal negotiation, and community involvement, with ranchers leasing access and workers drawn from local hires. As a landmark in land art, Running Fence drew over a million visitors during its brief existence, fostering direct encounters with the altered seascape that shifted perceptions of rural California and influenced subsequent environmental and public art initiatives.^[1] Its legacy persists through commemorative markers and scholarly analysis, underscoring how temporary interventions can achieve enduring cultural resonance without ecological harm, countering initial skepticism from regulatory bodies accustomed to permanent developments rather than ephemeral art.^[6]

Conception and Planning

Origins and Conceptual Development

In 1972, Christo and Jeanne-Claude conceived the Running Fence project after encountering a snow fence while driving along the Continental Divide, which sparked the idea of a vast, temporary fabric barrier traversing open landscapes to highlight environmental contours and transience.^[7] ^[8] This initial vision evolved from their broader practice of large-scale, site-specific installations that temporarily alter perceptions of space without permanent alteration, self-financed through sales of preparatory drawings and collages.^[1] The concept was first documented that year in a collage titled Running Fences (Project for the West Coast of USA), depicting an expansive white nylon structure extending 18 feet high and spanning miles across undulating terrain toward the ocean.^[1] Over the subsequent years, they refined the scale to 24.5 miles, selecting Sonoma and Marin Counties in California for its rolling hills, coastal proximity, and ranchland amenable to visual interplay between the fence's fluid lines and natural features like fog, wind, and sunlight.^[9] This development emphasized impermanence—the work would stand for only two weeks before complete removal, leaving no trace—underscoring their philosophy that the process of planning, negotiation, and execution constituted integral artistry.^[9] Central to the conceptual framework was the fence's role in celebrating landscape rhythms rather than obstructing them, with white fabric chosen for its neutrality and reflectivity, allowing viewers to experience the site's inherent beauty anew through framed vistas and dynamic movement.^[7] Preparatory works, including pencil, charcoal, and fabric collages produced from 1972 onward, served both as artistic outputs funding the project and tools for visualizing environmental integration, rejecting traditional sculpture in favor of ephemeral, participatory environmental intervention.^[1]

Permitting and Legal Negotiations

The permitting process for Running Fence began with negotiations for easements from approximately 60 landowners and lessees whose properties the proposed 24.5-mile route would cross, requiring repeated visits and agreements that allowed temporary installation in exchange for no compensation beyond the project's self-funding.^[2] In November 1974, Running Fence Corporation filed a use permit application with Sonoma County's Board of Zoning Adjustments, describing the project as an 18-foot-high white nylon fabric fence intended for a 14-day exhibition, followed by complete removal by November 1, 1975.^[10] Sonoma County agencies, including the Environmental Protection Committee and Board of Supervisors, conducted an initial study and held public hearings before approving the permit on March 18, 1975, along with a negative declaration stating no significant environmental impacts warranted a full Environmental Impact Report (EIR).^[10] Opposition emerged primarily from environmental groups such as the Committee to Stop the Running Fence, co-chaired by Lois Raymond, and COAAST, led by Virginia Hechtman, who contested the project's potential effects on wildlife, traffic, and coastal aesthetics, leading to 17 contentious public hearings across county and state levels.^[11] ^[2] On May 28, 1975, opponents filed suit in Sonoma County Superior Court, arguing the negative declaration lacked substantial evidence and an EIR was required under the California Environmental Quality Act; the court agreed on June 19, 1975, revoking the permit and mandating an EIR.^[10] Running Fence Corporation appealed, and on September 17, 1975, the California Court of Appeal reversed the Superior Court's ruling, holding that the county's agencies had discretion to issue the negative declaration based on evidence of minimal, temporary impacts and issuing a writ prohibiting further interference.^[10] ^[11] Parallel negotiations involved the California Coastal Zone Conservation Commission, which denied a coastal permit on June 18, 1975, citing incomplete environmental filings, and later issued an injunction against ocean extension, though construction proceeded without full compliance, risking fines up to $20,000.^[11] Marin County approved its portions with fewer disputes, renewing permits as needed.^[11] The process incorporated nine lawyers and resulted in 26 conditional use stipulations, such as immediate removal if deemed a traffic hazard, with associated costs exceeding $126,000 for permits and environmental studies.^[11] Despite ongoing appeals, including a denied injunction in Marin Superior Court on September 8, 1976, the project advanced to construction in September 1976 after four years of bureaucratic engagement.^[11]

Design and Technical Specifications

Materials and Engineering

The Running Fence consisted primarily of 240,000 square yards of heavy woven white nylon fabric, selected for its fire-resistant properties to mitigate risks in the coastal environment.^[9] This fabric was divided into approximately 2,050 panels, each measuring 18 feet in height and spanning segments up to 60 feet in length, allowing the structure to undulate across the landscape.^[12] The panels featured integrated ribs for structural integrity, precisely anchored to the ground to maintain form under varying wind conditions.^[12] Support for the fabric came from 2,050 steel poles, each driven into the earth and connected by 90 miles of steel cable strung along upper and lower edges.^[9] Approximately 350,000 hooks secured the fabric to these cables, while guy wires and over 13,000 earth anchors provided tension and stability against lateral forces.^[9] The poles, typically 20-30 feet tall depending on terrain, were engineered to allow controlled billowing of the fabric, transforming wind into a dynamic visual element rather than a destructive force.^[13] Engineering efforts included extensive wind tunnel testing on prototypes of the fabric, poles, and cable system to ensure durability in gusts up to coastal norms, conducted by a specialized team prior to full-scale construction.^[13] These tests informed adjustments to cable tension and anchor depths, preventing collapse while preserving the ephemeral, flowing aesthetic intended by artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude. Post-exhibition, the steel poles were distributed to participating landowners for reuse, underscoring the temporary nature of the materials.^[13]

Scale and Route Details

The Running Fence spanned 39.4 kilometers (24.5 miles) in total length and reached a height of 5.5 meters (18 feet) along its course.^[1] It required 200,000 square meters (2.15 million square feet) of heavy woven white nylon fabric, supported by 2,050 steel poles each 6.4 meters (21 feet) long and 8.9 centimeters (3.5 inches) in diameter, along with 145 kilometers (90 miles) of steel cable and 14,000 earth anchors.^[1] The route began inland near Petaluma in Sonoma County and extended westward across private ranchlands owned by 59 ranchers in Sonoma and Marin counties, paralleling but north of U.S. Route 101 through rolling coastal hills.^[1]^[14] It crossed 14 public roads, including State Highway 1, and passed through the town of Valley Ford before terminating at the Pacific Ocean near Bodega Bay, where the fence extended into the sea with two perpendicular "legs."^[1]^[15] The installation was designed for viewing along 64 kilometers (40 miles) of adjacent public roads in the two counties.^[1]

Construction Process

Preparatory and Building Phases

Following the resolution of permitting issues, preparatory work for the Running Fence commenced with the staking of the project's route in late summer 1974. Christo personally marked out the 24.5-mile path across 48 private properties in Sonoma and Marin Counties, incorporating switchbacks and turns to navigate terrain features, while securing agreements from 59 ranchers for access.^[11]^[1] The route began inland near Freeway 101 and extended eastward to Bodega Bay, crossing 14 roads and the town of Valley Ford, with adjustments made to avoid two property refusals and other obstacles.^[11] Material acquisition and fabrication formed a core preparatory element, involving the procurement of 240,000 square yards of white woven nylon polyamide fabric, sourced partly from recycled automobile airbags for cost efficiency and durability.^[16] This was sewn into over 2,000 panels, each measuring approximately 18 feet by 68 feet, alongside 2,050 steel poles (each 21 feet long and 3.5 inches in diameter), 90 miles of steel cable, 350,000 hooks, and 14,000 earth anchors.^[1]^[11] Engineering assessments, including wind tunnel tests, ensured the components could withstand gusts up to 60 miles per hour, with poles designed for shallow embedding—about 3 feet into the soil without concrete—to minimize environmental disturbance.^[13] Building phases initiated in March 1976 under contractor Theodore Dougherty, with a local crew of 74 workers (70 men and 4 women) tasked with digging post holes, installing poles, and stringing cables along the inland portions of the route.^[11] This foundational work progressed methodically across the ranchlands, adhering to the artists' specifications for temporary, reversible installation. From August 24 to September 6, 1976, a smaller specialized team focused on the sensitive coastal zone, employing helicopters for precise anchor placement and cable tensioning to prepare for final fabric deployment.^[11] All efforts were self-funded by Christo and Jeanne-Claude through sales of preparatory drawings and collages, emphasizing the project's independence from external grants.^[9]

Installation Timeline

The physical construction of Running Fence occurred primarily in the late summer of 1976, after four years of planning, permitting, and legal battles resolved in favor of the artists. Crews, numbering in the several hundreds and including local ranchers from 59 properties, began site preparation and pole erection in August, embedding 2,050 steel poles—each 18 feet (5.5 meters) tall and 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) in diameter—approximately 3 feet (91 cm) into the ground along the 24.5-mile (39.4 km) route across Sonoma and Marin counties.^[3]^[1] These poles were secured with 90 miles (145 km) of steel cables, guy wires, and 14,000 earth anchors to withstand coastal winds.^[17] By early September, teams strung the cables and attached the fabric panels, consisting of 2,050 sections of white woven nylon—totaling 240,000 square yards (200,000 square meters)—using 350,000 hooks, with the final panels unfurled into the Pacific Ocean at Bodega Bay between September 8 and 10.^[18]^[16] The installation crossed 14 public roads, incorporating gates for passage, and was completed on September 10, 1976, enabling public access along a 40-mile (64 km) viewing route.^[1] The work remained standing for 14 days, from September 10 to 23, 1976, during which over 100,000 visitors observed it before mandatory removal commenced on September 24 to comply with temporary permits.^[1] All materials were dismantled by October, recycled or distributed to ranchers, leaving no permanent trace.^[9]

Exhibition and Dismantlement

Public Viewing Period

The Running Fence installation was accessible to the public for a period of 14 days, from September 10 to September 24, 1976, after which it was systematically dismantled.^[1]^[16] This ephemeral exhibition aligned with Christo and Jeanne-Claude's philosophy of temporary environmental artworks, funded entirely by the artists without public subsidies or sales of preparatory works.^[9] The structure's white nylon fabric panels, billowing in the wind across rolling hills, created dynamic visual effects observable during daylight hours, with no formal entry fees or tickets required. Public viewing was facilitated exclusively from approximately 64 kilometers (40 miles) of existing public roads that paralleled the fence's 39.4-kilometer (24.5-mile) route through Sonoma and Marin Counties, as the installation traversed private ranchlands with landowner permissions.^[1] The path crossed 14 roads and passed through the town of Valley Ford, incorporating gates that permitted passage for vehicles, livestock, and wildlife without interruption.^[1] Visitors typically drove or walked along these routes, such as State Route 1 and local farm roads, to experience the fence's progression from inland hills toward the Pacific Ocean at Bodega Bay. An estimated two million people viewed the work during this interval, drawn by media coverage and local promotion, though exact figures remain unverified beyond contemporary reports.^[19] Local festivities accompanied the viewing period, including community gatherings in areas like Valley Ford, where residents and tourists observed the installation's interaction with the landscape.^[20] Access points were unmanaged beyond basic signage, emphasizing the artists' intent for unmediated, self-guided encounters rather than curated events or guided tours.^[21] Weather conditions in mid-September, typically mild coastal fog and breezes, influenced the fabric's movement, enhancing its sculptural qualities for observers.^[22]

Post-Exhibition Cleanup

The removal of Running Fence began on September 24, 1976, fourteen days after its completion on September 10, 1976, adhering to agreements with the 59 participating ranchers and county, state, and federal agencies.^[1] All installation components were systematically dismantled, including 200,000 square meters of white woven nylon fabric, 2,050 steel poles (each 18 feet or 5.5 meters tall), 145 kilometers of steel cable, 14,000 earth anchors, and 350,000 hooks.^[1] The nylon fabric was repurposed by distributing the panels to the ranchers, who used them for agricultural needs such as covering manure piles.^[23] Steel elements and other hardware were removed for industrial recycling, with no permanent fixtures like concrete employed in the original construction to facilitate full site restoration.^[1] Post-dismantlement inspections confirmed the Sonoma and Marin County hillsides returned to their pre-installation state, with no visible traces remaining, fulfilling the temporary nature stipulated in the project's 450-page Environmental Impact Report.^[1] This process addressed potential litter from public viewing by incorporating waste management measures, ensuring compliance with environmental permits and minimizing ecological disruption.^[13]

Controversies and Challenges

Environmental Impact Debates

The installation of Running Fence sparked significant debate over its potential ecological effects, particularly in the sensitive coastal zones of Sonoma and Marin counties, where the 24.5-mile structure traversed ranchlands and terminated at the Pacific Ocean. Environmental opponents, including the Committee to Stop the Running Fence led by Lois Raymond and Mary Fuller McChesney, argued that the project would obstruct scenic views, commercialize public landscapes, and disrupt fragile estuarine habitats.^[11] Marine biologist Dr. Joel Hedgpeth criticized the fence as a threat to coastal ecosystems, likening the nylon fabric to "a roll of toilet paper" that could harm wildlife migration and water quality.^[11] Groups like COAAST, through spokesperson Virginia Hechtman, initially assessed the project neutrally but later opposed it, contending that its profit-oriented nature—funded by Christo and Jeanne-Claude's sale of preparatory drawings—made it incompatible with coastal conservation priorities.^[11] These concerns prompted the preparation of the first Environmental Impact Report (EIR) ever required for an artwork, a 265-page document commissioned and fully funded by the artists at a cost of $39,000, completed in 1975 by Environmental Science Associates.^[11] ^[24] The EIR evaluated potential effects on archaeology, air quality, traffic, soil erosion from 500 steel posts, wildlife (including bird flight paths), and visual aesthetics, concluding that the project would cause no irreversible physical environmental damage.^[11] ^[25] It identified the primary "significant change" as alterations in public "ideas and attitudes" toward land use, rather than tangible ecological harm, with mitigation measures including temporary installation (limited to 14 days from September 10 to September 24, 1976) and full removal leaving no visible trace.^[11] Seventeen public hearings addressed these issues alongside artistic merit critiques, fostering contentious discussions that aligned ranchers—concerned with property rights—against urban environmentalists and local artists who viewed the fence as a Trojan horse for development.^[2] Legal challenges ensued, with the California Coastal Commission initially denying a permit in June 1975 for lacking an EIR, though the California Court of Appeal overturned a related superior court ruling on September 17, 1975, deeming the report sufficient and restoring approval.^[11] Post-exhibition, the fence was dismantled by October 22, 1976, with no reported ecological disasters, property damage, or long-term disruptions to local flora, fauna, or soil integrity, validating the EIR's assessments despite initial fears.^[11] The project's temporary scope and self-funded compliance set a precedent for environmental reviews of ephemeral art, though critics maintained that the bureaucratic process itself imposed unnecessary administrative burdens without commensurate ecological risk.^[26]

Bureaucratic and Property Rights Hurdles

The realization of Running Fence required securing voluntary easement agreements from fifty-nine landowners, primarily ranchers, whose properties the 24.5-mile route traversed across Sonoma and Marin counties.^[27] These negotiations, beginning in 1972, involved compensating ranchers for temporary access and installation rights, with many ultimately supporting the project as a counter to perceived government overreach in land use regulations.^[4] Despite initial reluctance from some due to concerns over disruption to grazing and farming operations, the artists' persistence—offering financial incentives and emphasizing the two-week exhibition duration—garnered broad landowner consent by 1975.^[2] Bureaucratic obstacles included obtaining multiple permits from Sonoma and Marin county planning departments, as no existing zoning ordinances addressed temporary, large-scale art installations spanning 18 feet in height.^[13] Christo and Jeanne-Claude pursued approvals by classifying the structure akin to an agricultural fence, necessitating building permits, design reviews, and conditional use authorizations.^[2] The project underwent the first-ever Environmental Impact Report (EIR) for an artwork under California's emerging environmental laws, assessing potential effects on agriculture, wildlife, and coastal zones, which extended the approval timeline from conception in 1972 to final grants in September 1976.^[3] Opposition from environmental groups, organized as the Committee to Stop the Running Fence, prolonged proceedings through challenges to the EIR's adequacy and claims of visual blight and habitat disruption, leading to seventeen public hearings at county and state levels.^[4] ^[28] Legal battles ensued, including Running Fence Corporation v. Committee to Stop the Running Fence (1975), where courts upheld the county's use permit against claims of procedural irregularities, and related superior court writs contesting environmental committee findings.^[5] ^[10] The artists employed nine lawyers to navigate these suits, while a separate permit denial from the California Coastal Commission for the fence's extension into Bodega Bay prompted adjustments to end onshore, avoiding further federal waterway complications.^[11]

Reception and Critical Analysis

Contemporary Public and Media Response

The Running Fence project elicited a polarized public response in Sonoma and Marin Counties during its brief exhibition from September 8 to 22, 1976. Local opposition was organized through groups like the Committee to Stop the Running Fence, which filed lawsuits challenging environmental permits and accused the project of potential harm to wildlife migration and scenic views; critics such as artist Mary Fuller McChesney dismissed it as a "money-making proposition" rather than genuine art.^[11] Environmentalists, including Virginia Hechtman of Citizens of America Against a Sonoma Takeover, expressed fears that it could erode agricultural land protections under the Williamson Act and invite further development exceptions.^[19] In contrast, ranchers provided strong support, with 59 landowners leasing access to their properties for fees ranging from $200 to $5,500 each, viewing the endeavor as a stand against bureaucratic overreach; dairy farmer Les Bruhn stated, "I don’t know anything about art, but I like these folks."^[29] This divide often aligned with political lines, pitting liberal environmental advocates against conservative landowners and developers who saw the project as a challenge to government restrictions.^[19] Media coverage was extensive and national in scope, amplifying both controversies and spectacle. Major outlets including NBC, CBS, ABC, and German television broadcast the installation, while newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle labeled it an "illegal leap" due to unresolved coastal permits, and the Washington Post reported on the legal battles.^[11] Local publications such as the Sonoma West Times and News covered debates with headlines like "Running Fence Has its Problems" and "Artists Speak from Both Sides of the Fence."^[19] The project drew filmmakers Albert and David Maysles, whose documentary captured the social and logistical dimensions, contributing to its portrayal as a cultural phenomenon rather than mere environmental disruption.^[2] Public turnout exceeded expectations, with an estimated two million visitors over the two-week period, including international sightseers who likened the undulating fabric to the Great Wall of China or sailing ships; in Valley Ford, a local poll indicated 90% of residents deemed it "fabulous," though crowds caused temporary traffic issues without major incidents.^[2]^[19]^[11] Visitors accessed the site orderly by car, bicycle, and chartered flights, boosting the local economy through Christo and Jeanne-Claude's reported $1 million expenditure on leases and labor, though some locals remained skeptical of its artistic value.^[29] Despite initial resistance, the exhibition's temporary nature and self-funded model ultimately framed it in media narratives as a triumphant, if contentious, assertion of artistic autonomy.^[11]

Artistic Merit and Economic Critiques

Critiques of the artistic merit of Running Fence centered on its conceptual scope and ephemeral nature, with proponents viewing the project as a holistic integration of process and form, while detractors dismissed it as mere spectacle or gimmickry. Christo and Jeanne-Claude maintained that the artwork encompassed not only the 24.5-mile installation of white nylon fabric panels but also the preceding four years of negotiations, permitting battles, and logistical preparations, transforming bureaucratic hurdles into integral elements of the creative act.^[2] ^[11] Art critic Pierre Restany praised this approach as a deliberate challenge to established social and institutional orders, arguing that such confrontations were essential to the evolution of art.^[11] Conversely, local artist Mary McChesney labeled Christo an "arrogant, wheeler-dealer egomaniac" and the project "fascist art," contending that it imposed a domineering visual intrusion on the natural landscape rather than harmonizing with it.^[19] Similarly, critic Alfred Frankenstein faulted the unpermitted extension of the fence into the Pacific Ocean on September 10, 1976, as a betrayal of the project's painstakingly negotiated integrity, undermining its aesthetic and ethical coherence.^[2] ^[11] Despite these objections, the installation drew approximately two million visitors during its two-week public viewing period in September 1976, many of whom experienced it as an epiphanic revelation of the coastal landscape's contours and light.^[2] Economic critiques highlighted the project's substantial costs and self-financing model, often framing it as an extravagant endeavor detached from practical utility. The total expenditure exceeded $3 million, far surpassing the initial $400,000 estimate, with significant outlays including $300,000 in legal fees from opposition challenges, $87,000 in permit processing, $39,000 for the environmental impact report, and $120,000 for four specialized anchor-driving trucks.^[11] Funding came entirely from private sources, primarily Christo's sales of preparatory drawings and collages—such as small works at $4,200 and larger ones up to $19,000—to over 100 museum directors, collectors, and dealers, supplemented by contributions raising over $700,000.^[11] Opponents, including McChesney, portrayed it as a profit-driven scheme masquerading as art, with unsubstantiated rumors suggesting ties to commercial interests like fast-food chains seeking land development footholds.^[11] Christo dismissed economic considerations as irrelevant to the work's purpose, emphasizing its independence from public funds.^[23] On the positive side, the project provided direct financial benefits to participating ranchers through land leases ranging from $200 to $5,500 per property, aiding struggling dairy farmers amid rising property taxes and industry declines, while post-dismantlement materials were returned for reuse.^[19] These infusions, though modest relative to overall costs, stimulated local employment and visitation in Sonoma and Marin counties during the installation phase.^[19]

Legacy and Influence

Impact on Environmental Regulation

The Running Fence project, completed in 1976, represented the first instance of an artwork requiring a comprehensive Environmental Impact Report (EIR) under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), enacted in 1970 to assess potential environmental effects of proposed actions.^[3]^[30] The 450-page EIR, prepared by Environmental Science Associates at the artists' expense of approximately $125,000 (equivalent to over $700,000 in 2023 dollars), evaluated impacts on agriculture, wildlife habitats, scenic resources, air quality, and coastal zones across Sonoma and Marin counties.^[26]^[24] This process established that large-scale temporary installations, despite their ephemeral nature (the fence stood for only 14 days), warranted scrutiny comparable to permanent developments due to their spatial extent—24.5 miles long and 18 feet high—and potential for visual and ecological disruption.^[13] Legal proceedings, including Running Fence Corp. v. Superior Court (1976), tested CEQA's application to artistic endeavors, with courts upholding the need for permits while affirming the project's conditional approval after 17 public hearings and mitigation measures such as fabric tension adjustments to reduce wind resistance and post-exhibition removal protocols.^[10] These hurdles underscored tensions between regulatory frameworks designed for enduring infrastructure and transient art, prompting refinements in how agencies evaluate short-term projects; for instance, the EIR's emphasis on reversible impacts influenced subsequent guidelines distinguishing temporary from cumulative effects.^[3] The project's navigation of these requirements arguably shaped broader environmental permitting practices for non-commercial, site-specific works by demonstrating feasible compliance models, including landowner consents from 59 ranchers and baseline ecological surveys.^[1] Christo and Jeanne-Claude's approach to visual impact mitigation—such as undulating fabric heights to harmonize with terrain—has been credited with informing later CEQA protocols on aesthetic assessments, prioritizing empirical mitigation over outright prohibition.^[3] However, critics noted the EIR's resource intensity as a cautionary example of bureaucratic overreach for low-residue activities, though no substantive long-term ecological harm was documented post-dismantlement.^[26] This precedent extended to federal and state reviews for similar wrapped or fenced installations, reinforcing that artistic intent does not exempt projects from causal environmental analysis.^[24]

Broader Cultural and Artistic Ramifications

The Running Fence project expanded the boundaries of land art by prioritizing ephemerality and process over permanence, distinguishing it from contemporaneous earthworks by artists such as Michael Heizer, which often altered landscapes enduringly. Completed on September 10, 1976, after four years of planning that integrated fabrication, legal navigation, and community negotiation as core elements, it exemplified art as a temporal intervention that reframed everyday materials like nylon fabric and steel poles within vast natural settings, using over 240,000 square yards of fabric across 24.5 miles.^[9]^[11] This approach influenced subsequent environmental installations by underscoring the aesthetic value of transience, where the work's existence for just 14 days—drawing two million viewers—challenged traditional notions of artistic durability and commodity.^[2] Culturally, the project democratized art production by embedding bureaucratic and social dialogues into its fabric, requiring 18 public hearings, easements from 59 ranchers, and a 450-page environmental impact report, thereby transforming opposition from conservative landowners into advocacy through persistent engagement.^[1]^[2] This model of artist-led, self-financed endeavors—costing three million dollars raised solely through sales of preparatory sketches and collages—highlighted art's capacity to intersect with civic processes without taxpayer subsidy, fostering a legacy of public art as collaborative spectacle rather than elite imposition.^[11]^[9] In the long term, Running Fence's ramifications extended to reinterpretations in political discourse, such as artist Luis Camnitzer's 2017 proposal to adapt its form for U.S.-Mexico border symbolism, illustrating its enduring provocation on themes of division and connection in landscapes.^[2] Preserved through documentation like the 2010 Smithsonian exhibition, it continues to inform contemporary practices in site-specific art, emphasizing how procedural hurdles and communal involvement can amplify a work's conceptual reach beyond its physical footprint.^[9]

Documentation and Archival Materials

Films and Photographs

The 1977 documentary film Running Fence, directed by Albert and David Maysles with Charlotte Zwerin, provides the primary cinematic record of the project's development from 1972 to 1976.^[31] Filmed over the four-year span, it depicts the artists' negotiations with over 50 landowners, permit hearings before the California Coastal Commission, and the 13-day installation period in September 1976, when 2,050 panels of white woven nylon were erected across 24.5 miles of rolling hills.^[32] The 57-minute film emphasizes the temporary nature of the work, which stood for only two weeks before removal, and highlights community divisions, with some residents viewing it as an innovative spectacle while others saw it as an unnecessary disruption.^[33] Photographic archives form a core component of the project's documentation, featuring more than 240 images by Wolfgang Volz, Gianfranco Gorgoni, and Harry Shunk that detail preparatory sketches, site surveys, fabric panel fabrication, and the fence's alignment with coastal topography.^[9] These black-and-white and color photographs, produced between 1972 and 1976, capture the scale of the 18-foot-high structure and its interaction with the landscape, including its path through private pastures toward the Pacific Ocean.^[1] In 2008, the Smithsonian American Art Museum acquired the complete archive, which integrates these images with preparatory collages, legal documents, and a 68-foot scale model to preserve the ephemeral installation's process and rationale.^[27] A 1977 traveling exhibition titled Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972–76: A Documentation Exhibition, organized by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, showcased selections from these photographs alongside film excerpts and artifacts, touring museums in Europe and the United States to contextualize the project's logistical and aesthetic execution.^[27]

Publications and Exhibitions

The primary publications documenting Running Fence include Christo: Running Fence, a 114-page volume published by Harry N. Abrams in 1977, featuring photographs by Wolfgang Volz and text by Werner Spies that chronicles the project's execution and sociological context.^[34] Another key work, Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972-76, published in 1977, incorporates narrative texts by David Bourdon and Calvin Tomkins, alongside chronologies, maps, correspondence, and technical details spanning the project's four-year development.^[35] A later publication, Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence, issued in 2010 by the Smithsonian American Art Museum, draws from the artists' complete archive to revisit the installation's planning and scale, including preparatory drawings, photographs, and material samples.^[36] Dedicated exhibitions of Running Fence-related materials began with a 1977 traveling documentary show assembled by Christo, which toured museums in Europe and the United States, presenting project documentation such as models, drawings, and records of the permitting process.^[37] The Smithsonian American Art Museum mounted a major retrospective, "Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence," from April 2 to September 26, 2010, displaying over 350 archival items—including 46 preparatory drawings and collages, a 58-foot scale model, more than 240 photographs by Wolfgang Volz and others, nylon fabric panels, and steel poles—organized by curator George Gurney to highlight the project's bureaucratic and creative dimensions.^[9] Individual preparatory works, such as collages and drawings from 1975-1976 depicting the fence's proposed path, have been shown in permanent collections at institutions like the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Metropolitan Museum of Art.^[38]^[39]

References

[1]
Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972-76
Running Fence: 5.5 meters (18 feet) high, 39.4 kilometers (24.5 miles) long, extending east-west near Freeway 101, north of San Francisco, on the private ...
[2]
the politics of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's Running Fence - Artforum
Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Running Fence, 1972–76, woven nylon, steel cables, steel poles, guy wires, hooks, earth anchors, 18' × 24 1/2 miles.
[3]
[PDF] The first EIR of an Art Work: The Running Fence (ID-017) by ...
This presentation reviews the pioneering environmental impact assessment of a work of art, the Running. Fence by Christo and Jeanne-Claude, ...
[4]
Beauty Wrapped in Bureaucracy: An Art Law Tribute to Christo and ...
Jul 28, 2020 · However, protesters with concerns over environmental impacts formed the Committee to Stop the Running Fence to drag out permit hearings.
[5]
RUNNING FENCE CORPORATION v. COMMITTEE TO STOP THE ...
The application for the use permit describes the 'Running Fence' as a major modern art project consisting of an 18 foot high heavy white nylon fabric fence ...
[6]
REVISITING CHRISTO'S MAGICAL FENCE - The Press Democrat
May 30, 2010 · As it navigated the regulatory landscape in Sonoma and Marin counties, the “Running Fence” became a precursor of other celebrated land use ...
[7]
Christo's California Dreamin' - Smithsonian Magazine
Inspired by a snow fence they saw while driving along the Continental Divide in 1972, Christo and Jeanne-Claude envisioned a large installation that would ...
[8]
Christo, Artist of 'Running Fence,' Dies at Age 84 | Pacific Sun
Jun 1, 2020 · The installation, inspired by a snow fence Christo and Jean-Claude saw while driving along the Continental Divide in 1972, was conceived as ...
[9]
Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence
From 1972 to 1976, Christo and Jeanne-Claude conceived, planned, and created the Running Fence, an eighteen-foot-high white nylon fence that stretched more than ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies<|control11|><|separator|>
[10]
Running Fence Corp. v. Superior Court - Justia Law
[2] The application for the use permit describes the "Running Fence" as a major modern art project consisting of an 18-foot high heavy white nylon fabric fence ...
[11]
Running Fence - The New Yorker
Mar 21, 1977 · Running Fence” by Calvin Tomkins was published in the print edition of the March 28, 1977, issue of The New Yorker.
[12]
Christo and Jeanne-Claude: On the Making of the Running Fence
Apr 1, 2010 · Christo: The exhibition is about the making of the Running Fence. There were many parts to the project that could not be seen in photos or ...Missing: snow | Show results with:snow
[13]
Christo's Running Fence: Grand Vision and Detailed Execution
Mar 22, 2017 · Since there were no zoning ordinances regarding 18-foot-high, 24.5-mile-long temporary objects, Christo pursued the construction permits as if ...Missing: controversies | Show results with:controversies
[14]
Running Fence (Project for Sonoma County and Marin County, State ...
Christo, Running Fence (Project for Sonoma County and Marin County, State of California) Pacific Ocean, Town of Valley Ford, State Highway 1, Petaluma ...Missing: route path
[15]
Running Fence (Project for Marin and Sonoma County, State of ...
Christo, Running Fence (Project for Marin and Sonoma County, State of California) Pacific Ocean at Bodega Bay, Franklin School Road, Town of Valley Ford ...Missing: route path
[16]
Remembering the "Running Fence" at American Art Museum
Apr 6, 2010 · The structure took four years of planning, 240,000 square yards of nylon fabric (recycled material from castaway car air bags) and 360 able- ...Missing: construction | Show results with:construction
[17]
Remembering Running Fence 50 Years Later: Christo and Jeanne ...
Sep 26, 2022 · Christo completed numerous drawings while planning the Running Fence project, including this one done in 1975 in pencil, charcoal and ball- ...Missing: date | Show results with:date
[18]
Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972
Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Christo, Jeanne-Claude, Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California, 1972-76, Installation, September 8-10, 1976, ...
[19]
Christo's Trojan Horse - Petaluma Historian
Dec 23, 2022 · Bulgarian-born artist Christo asserted that his installation—a 18-foot high nylon fence stretching 24.5 miles across Sonoma and Marin counties ...Missing: permits | Show results with:permits
[20]
In Memory of the Artist, Christo - Charles M. Schulz Museum
Jul 1, 2020 · The county seemed to revel in the attention and the general festivities that marked the 14-day period that Running Fence was up. From the ...
[21]
From the Archives: Memories of Christo's Running Fence
Feb 20, 2024 · In 1976, Christo's large-scale artwork "Running Fence" was installed over 24.5 miles of Sonoma and Marin farmland.Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[22]
Christo's Running Fence winding through Valley Ford ... - Calisphere
Title: Christo's Running Fence winding through Valley Ford, California, September, 1976; Creator: Volz, Wolfgang; Date Created and/or Issued: 1976Missing: exact | Show results with:exact
[23]
LeBaron: Christo's death revives memories of 1976 and the North ...
Jun 8, 2020 · Visiting Judge John Golden of Lake County invalidated Christo's Sonoma County permit. But in September the State Court of Appeals overturned ...
[24]
Christo and Jeanne-Claude and American Environmentalism | Athanor
7In the political realm, the artists' fight for legal ap-proval of Running Fence was a challenge from the begin-ning. For almost two years, until the end of ...
[25]
A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT: RUNNING FENCE | David Prowler Blog
Jan 6, 2011 · In two volumes the EIR describes the Fence and what it might do to the environment. It lays out impacts on archeology, traffic, air quality, ...
[26]
Decades after Sonoma 'Running Fence,' Christo still making art
Nov 24, 2010 · “Over the River” is generating no more or less controversy than the artists' other projects. During the commenting period, debate was fierce. As ...
[27]
Running Fence, Project for Sonoma and Marin Counties, California
From 1972 when the Running Fence was first conceived until 1976 when it was completed, Christo and Jeanne-Claude faced seemingly insurmountable challenges.Missing: inception | Show results with:inception<|separator|>
[28]
A Tribute to Christo's Unforgettable Art Works | The New Yorker
Jun 2, 2020 · The Christos eventually needed nine lawyers to help them through the lawsuits and the seventeen public hearings at the state and county level.
[29]
Gaye LeBaron: Christo’s death revives memories of 1976 and the North Bay’s ‘Running Fence’
### Summary of Public and Media Response to Running Fence in 1976
[30]
History - Environmental Science Associates
ESA completes first environmental impact report (EIR) of Christo's Running Fence, a 24-mile temporary fabric art piece spanning two counties in Northern ...
[31]
Running Fence - MAYSLES FILMS
RUNNING FENCE depicts the long struggle by the artists, Christo and Jeanne-Claude, to build a 24 mile fence of white fabric over the hills of California ...
[32]
Running Fence (1977) - IMDb
Rating 7.5/10 (165) An engrossing document of Christo and Jeanne-Claude's efforts to build a 24 1/2-mile-long, 18-foot-high fence of white fabric across the hills of northern ...
[33]
Christo and Jeanne-Claude Films Head to Criterion Channel
Sep 14, 2020 · Still from 'Running Fence' (1977). The artist Christo, wearing a. Still from Running Fence (1977). Courtesy Criterion Channel. To realize ...
[34]
Christo, The Running Fence Project, 114-Page Book ... - Gallery 98
Christo, The Running Fence Project, 114-Page Book, Photographs by Wolfgang Volz, Published by Harry N. Abrams, 1977. $60. Add to cart. Size: 9 x 8 Inches.
[35]
Christo: Running Fence, Sonoma and Marin Counties, California ...
In stock 7-day returnsThis book thoroughly documents the project from conception to exhibition - with a chronology, fact sheet, maps, correspondence with interested parties, ...Missing: catalogs | Show results with:catalogs
[36]
Christo and Jeanne-Claude: Remembering the Running Fence
From 1972 to 1976, Christo and Jeanne-Claude conceived, planned, and created the Running Fence, an eighteen-foot-high white nylon fence that stretched more ...
[37]
“The Running Fence at 33″…an extended family gathers round ...
Sep 13, 2009 · This material was put together by Christo in 1977 as a running fence documentary exhibition that traveled around Europe and the US. The ...<|separator|>
[38]
Christo | Running Fence, Project for Sonoma County and Marin ...
A conceptual art sketch featuring a landscape with a flowing curtain-like element, annotated.Missing: origins | Show results with:origins
[39]
Christo - Running Fence, Project for Sonoma County and Marin ...
Title: Running Fence, Project for Sonoma County and Marin County, State of California ; Artist: Christo (American (born Bulgaria), Gabrovo 1935–2020 New York)Missing: shows | Show results with:shows