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Snow fence

A snow fence is a temporary or permanent barrier designed to control snow drifting by slowing wind speeds and promoting snow deposition in targeted areas, thereby preventing accumulation on roads, fields, or other infrastructure.^[1] These structures are essential in regions with heavy snowfall, such as the northern United States and Canada, where they mitigate hazards like reduced visibility and road closures.^[2] Snow fences are broadly categorized into two main types: structural (artificial) and living. Structural snow fences consist of prefabricated panels or slats made from materials like wood, metal, plastic, or synthetic fabrics, typically with 40-50% porosity to optimize snow trapping on the downwind side.^[1] They are often post-supported for heights up to 6 feet or truss designs for taller installations up to 14 feet, placed perpendicular to prevailing winds and set back 35 times their height from protected areas to allow space for snow storage.^[1] Living snow fences, in contrast, are rows of densely planted vegetation such as trees, shrubs, native grasses, or even standing corn stalks, which serve as natural windbreaks and require no annual replacement once established.^[3] Both types function by disrupting airflow, causing airborne snow particles to settle rather than drift into unwanted locations.^[2] The primary purposes of snow fences include enhancing road safety, reducing winter maintenance costs, and conserving water through controlled snowmelt in agricultural or watershed areas. For instance, studies in Wyoming demonstrated that properly installed structural fences can cut snow removal expenses by over 33% along interstate highways.^[1] Living snow fences offer additional environmental benefits, such as decreased use of road salts that harm waterways, habitat provision for wildlife, and economic incentives for farmers through compensation programs.^[3] Installation costs vary, with living options averaging $3 per linear foot compared to $7.25 for plastic structural fences, while both are far more economical than repeated plowing, which can cost 100 times more.^[3] Beyond transportation, snow fences are also employed for dune stabilization along coastlines and water supply augmentation in arid regions by trapping snow for gradual melt.^[2]

Definition and Mechanism

Purpose and Basic Design

A snow fence is defined as a semi-permeable barrier installed to redirect windblown snow, causing it to accumulate in controlled areas away from critical infrastructure such as roads, fields, or railways, rather than forming hazardous drifts in undesired locations.^[4] The primary purposes of snow fences include preventing snow buildup on transportation routes like highways, railways, and airport runways to maintain clear paths and reduce plowing needs; capturing and storing snow in agricultural settings to enhance soil moisture for crops and water conservation; and mitigating visibility hazards while lowering maintenance costs in regions prone to blizzards, where mechanical snow removal can be up to 100 times more expensive than using fences.^[4]^[5] Basic design elements of snow fences emphasize functionality for optimal snow capture: they typically stand 1-2 meters (3-6 feet) high to balance effectiveness and practicality, feature a porosity of 40-50% to permit partial wind passage while trapping snow particles, and are oriented perpendicular to prevailing winter winds (with deviations up to 25 degrees allowable) to maximize interception.^[4]^[6] Simple configurations often consist of slatted wooden panels mounted on posts, woven mesh netting supported by frames, or rudimentary natural barriers like brush piles, all engineered to promote snow deposition downwind without fully obstructing airflow.^[4]^[5]

Physical Principles of Operation

Snow fences operate by altering airflow through aerodynamic disruption, primarily reducing wind speed and generating turbulence that promotes the settling of airborne snow particles. As wind encounters the fence, it is forced to accelerate through the porous structure or over the top, creating a pressure differential that induces recirculation and turbulence immediately downwind. This turbulence dissipates kinetic energy, forming a low-velocity zone extending up to 10-15 times the fence height (H) downwind, where wind speeds can drop by 50% or more relative to upwind conditions. In this zone, saltating and suspended snow particles lose momentum and deposit rather than continue transporting across open areas, effectively intercepting blowing snow before it reaches protected sites like roadways.^[1] The porosity of the fence, defined as the fraction of open area, plays a critical role in balancing snow trapping efficiency with structural stability by preventing excessive wind pressure buildup. Optimal porosity around 50% allows sufficient airflow to minimize upstream stagnation while maximizing downwind turbulence for deposition; lower porosities increase trapping but risk fence overload, while higher ones reduce effectiveness. Snow drift length (L) can be estimated using the relation L = k \cdot H \cdot (1 - p), where p is the porosity fraction and k is a site-specific constant ranging from 1 to 10 depending on terrain and wind regime, providing a conceptual tool for predicting deposition extent based on these parameters.^[1]^[7] Deposition patterns typically feature a primary drift on the leeward (downwind) side, forming a lens-shaped accumulation that grows in stages until reaching equilibrium depths of 1-1.2H and lengths up to 30-35H, capturing the majority of intercepted snow. For solid or low-porosity fences, a secondary drift develops on the windward (upwind) side due to reduced airflow, holding about 15% of the total stored snow compared to the leeward drift. Efficiency is influenced by fetch distance—the upwind expanse of available snow source—and terrain slope, with longer fetches increasing transport rates and steeper slopes enhancing or disrupting deposition depending on wind alignment.^[1] Empirical studies in prairie environments, such as those along Wyoming highways, demonstrate that properly designed snow fences can reduce road snow accumulation and associated maintenance needs by 70-90%, with trapping efficiencies up to 80% when storage capacity matches annual snow transport and up to 90% cost reductions in severe drift scenarios.^[8]^[9]^[1]

Types of Snow Fences

Structural Snow Fences

Structural snow fences are engineered, non-vegetative barriers constructed to intercept windborne snow and promote deposition in controlled locations, thereby preventing drifts on roadways, runways, and other infrastructure. Common forms include rigid wooden slat fences supported by metal or wooden posts, plastic mesh panels for lightweight applications, and tubular metal frames for enhanced stability. These structures are available in temporary configurations, such as portable plastic mesh fences typically 6.5 to 8 feet tall, which can be erected and removed seasonally, or semi-permanent installations like truss-type designs anchored for multi-year use.^[1] A key advantage of structural snow fences is their rapid deployment, with temporary versions requiring about 3 person-hours per 100 feet of length, enabling quick response to impending storms. They allow precise porosity control, such as 45% in wooden slat designs, which facilitates snow trapping by permitting partial wind passage while reducing velocity and causing particle deposition. These fences demonstrate high durability, designed to withstand extreme winds up to 100 mph (161 km/h).^[1] Despite these benefits, structural snow fences present limitations, including visual obstructions that may compromise sight distances in curved or open terrains. They are vulnerable to structural damage under heavy snow accumulation, which can bury or overload components, and less robust variants like basic picket fences typically last only 5–10 years, shorter than more permanent options.^[1]^[10] Notable examples include Wyoming-style truss fences, which feature an 8-foot height and 45% porosity for optimal performance, and double-row slatted configurations that increase trapping efficiency through staggered barriers, as evaluated in economic comparisons showing favorable short-term returns despite higher maintenance. Additionally, taller structural fences, up to 12 feet, are deployed at airports to safeguard runways from drifting snow, particularly in areas with dry snowfall conditions, thereby reducing clearing operations and enhancing operational safety.^[1]^[6]^[11]

Living Snow Fences

Living snow fences consist of vegetative barriers, such as rows of trees, shrubs, or crops, planted perpendicular to prevailing winds to trap blowing snow and prevent drifts on roadways, farmsteads, and communities.^[12] These structures mimic the porosity of artificial snow fences through the density of branches and stems, typically arranged in multiple rows—often two—with 25-50% porosity to allow wind to pass while depositing snow.^[12] Common compositions include dense conifers like spruce, fast-growing shrub willows, or temporary standing corn stalks, which create a semi-permeable barrier that reduces wind speed and promotes snow accumulation in designated areas. When mature, living snow fences can capture up to 12 times more snow per foot of height than slatted structural fences.^[12]^[6]^[13] These fences offer several advantages over structural alternatives, including long-term sustainability lasting 20 or more years with proper care, seamless aesthetic integration into landscapes, and multifaceted benefits such as providing wildlife habitat and serving as windbreaks for erosion control.^[12] Unlike rigid structures, living snow fences can reach heights up to 10-15 feet (3-4.6 m), exceeding the capacity of typical 4-foot (1.2-meter) structural fences that may become buried.^[12] Additionally, they support pollinators and reduce crash severity along highways by up to 40%, as demonstrated in Minnesota Department of Transportation studies.^[12] Design considerations emphasize selecting hardy species suited to local climates, such as white spruce for coniferous density, to ensure resilience against harsh winters.^[12] Planting density is critical, with spacings of 1-2 meters between plants in a 50-50 mix of trees and shrubs to achieve optimal branch density without gaps, and fences should be sited 75-250 feet upwind from protected areas.^[12]^[14] Full effectiveness requires an establishment phase of 3-5 years, during which plants mature to 6-12 feet in height and develop sufficient porosity.^[12] Despite their benefits, living snow fences have limitations, including a slower initial setup compared to immediate-deployment structural options, vulnerability to pests and diseases like gypsy moths, and higher upfront planting costs.^[12]^[14] These factors necessitate careful site preparation and monitoring during the early years to mitigate risks from environmental stresses.^[6]

Design and Installation

Materials and Construction

Snow fences are typically constructed using durable materials suited to harsh winter conditions. Common options include wooden slats made from rot-resistant species such as cedar or treated pine, which provide a traditional, effective barrier due to their natural durability and ability to withstand moisture and freeze-thaw cycles.^[15] Plastic meshes, often composed of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), offer lightweight portability and resistance to corrosion, making them ideal for temporary installations. For enhanced longevity, metal components like galvanized steel tubing or posts are used, providing structural support while resisting rust in snowy environments. Posts themselves can be sourced from wood, steel, or recycled plastic, ensuring stability across various soil types.^[16]^[17] Construction techniques emphasize simplicity and modularity for efficient assembly and disassembly. Slats or mesh are attached to posts using wire weaving, staples, or clips, with slats spaced to achieve 40-50% porosity, typically 5-10 cm between slats depending on slat width, which optimizes snow deposition without excessive wind loading.^[16] Posts are driven into the ground to a depth of approximately one-third to one-half of their total length, typically 1-2 m depending on fence height and soil conditions, to ensure stability against wind forces up to 100 mph (about 45 m/s). Modular panel designs, such as pre-woven sections or truss frames, allow for quick setup, often requiring no specialized tools beyond a post driver.^[18]^[16] Material costs for snow fences average $3-8 per linear meter, depending on the type: plastic HDPE options around $2.65 per meter for seasonal use, while wooden slats with wire may reach $5-8 per meter due to labor in weaving. Sourcing follows established guidelines, such as those in SHRP H-320, which specify designs to withstand winds up to 100 mph (45 m/s), ensuring fences endure extreme conditions without failure.^[19]^[20]^[16] Innovations focus on sustainability, incorporating recycled composites to minimize environmental waste while maintaining performance. Recent developments include solar-integrated snow fences, which generate electricity for applications like snow melting while controlling drifts, as piloted in Minnesota in 2025.^[21]

Placement and Siting Guidelines

Effective placement of snow fences requires positioning them upwind of the area to be protected, at a minimum setback distance of 35 times the fence height to allow for snow deposition without overflow into the protected zone; for example, a 2-meter (6.5-foot) fence should be placed at least 70 meters (230 feet) upwind.^[16] The fence length should extend at least 20 times the fence height beyond the limits of the protected area on each side to fully capture drifting snow across the drift zone.^[16] Orientation must be perpendicular to the dominant wind direction, though deviations up to 25 degrees are acceptable without significant performance loss; for winds parallel to linear features like roads, a herringbone pattern of oblique fences can be used.^[16] Site assessment begins with evaluating the fetch, defined as the upwind distance to the nearest snow-obstructing feature, which determines available snow transport; fetches of 100 to 500 meters are typical for moderate drift control in open areas, while longer fetches up to 4 kilometers increase transport rates and require taller or longer fences.^[16]^[9] Terrain suitability is critical, with flat prairies or open plains optimal for uniform wind flow and drift capture; avoid sloped terrain where possible, as inclines can accelerate wind and reduce effectiveness, with placement preferred on ridge crests or immediately upwind of depressions rather than in low-lying areas.^[16]^[22] Modeling tools, such as those based on snow transport equations and site-specific wind data, aid in predicting drift patterns; differential GPS (DGPS) surveys can map terrain and validate simulations for precise siting.^[16]^[23] U.S. Department of Transportation guidelines, informed by the Strategic Highway Research Program, recommend these setbacks and orientations for highway applications to minimize maintenance needs, with adjustments like multiple parallel fences spaced 30 times the height apart for sites with variable wind directions.^[16] Common errors include siting fences too close to protected areas, leading to overflow drifts that encroach on roads or fields, and constructing excessively long fences beyond necessary extensions, which wastes materials without added benefit.^[16] Gaps in fence lines should also be avoided, as they allow wind acceleration and undermine overall performance.^[16]

Applications

Transportation Infrastructure

Snow fences play a critical role in highway and road maintenance, particularly in regions prone to blowing and drifting snow, such as the U.S. Midwest. By intercepting windborne snow particles and promoting deposition in designated areas away from roadways, these structures reduce the frequency of plowing operations and prevent road closures due to drifts. In Wyoming, along Interstate 80, the deployment of approximately 64 km of snow fences has cut snow and ice removal costs by 50 percent, with overall state investments exceeding 900 km of fencing contributing to fewer disruptions during winter storms. This approach not only minimizes maintenance efforts but also enhances driver safety by improving visibility and reducing ice formation on pavements.^[24]^[9] Recent innovations include solar-integrated snow fences, piloted along Interstate 80 in Wyoming as of 2021, which control drifts while generating renewable energy to power nearby facilities or roadside equipment.^[25] Railway operators in harsh winter environments, including the Siberian regions of Russia and the Canadian prairies, utilize snow fences to control drifts on tracks, thereby minimizing the risk of derailments caused by uneven snow depths or sudden transitions. In Canada, Canadian National Railway employs snow fences in open, windy areas to prevent accumulation on switches and rails, often integrating them with snow sheds—sloped-roof structures that protect against avalanches and debris in mountainous sections. Similarly, Russian railways in Siberia rely on permanent snow-barrier fences, repaired annually before November, to shield tracks from heavy snowfall, complemented by protective forests and snowplows for comprehensive drift management. These measures ensure reliable operations by maintaining clear paths for trains.^[26]^[27]^[9] At airports, snow fences are essential for protecting runways and tarmacs from drift encroachment, ensuring safe aircraft operations including takeoffs and landings. The Federal Aviation Administration recommends placing fences upwind of critical areas to minimize windblown snow across airfields, with 3.7-meter-high designs proving most effective in reducing clearing needs, though they must avoid runway safety areas, object-free zones, and navigational aids to prevent interference. These guidelines support efficient snow management near runway thresholds and operational zones, decreasing the duration and frequency of removal activities during storms.^[11] The effectiveness of snow fences in transportation infrastructure is evidenced by substantial economic benefits and performance in severe weather. States like Wyoming report annual maintenance savings in the millions through reduced closures—averaging 8.3 fewer days per year on fenced sections—and lower crash rates, with benefit-to-cost ratios often exceeding 10:1. Snow fences demonstrate their value by limiting drift-related disruptions on interstates and rail lines, allowing quicker recovery and safer travel compared to unfenced areas.^[28]^[9]

Agricultural and Water Management

Snow fences play a crucial role in agricultural practices by trapping windblown snow in fields, which enhances spring meltwater availability and soil moisture in arid and semi-arid regions. By creating controlled drifts, these structures can increase stored soil water, with techniques like stubble barriers yielding up to 12-14 cm of additional water storage depending on height, benefiting dryland farming. Ranchers utilize snow fences to safeguard livestock areas, directing snow accumulation toward holding ponds that replenish water supplies for cattle in water-scarce environments.^[29]^[30] In crop protection, snow fences mitigate wind erosion of topsoil by reducing wind speeds across fields, preserving fertile layers essential for productivity. They also prevent the burial of young plants under drifting snow, ensuring better emergence and establishment in early spring. Living snow fences, often consisting of tree and shrub rows, double as windbreaks that shield sensitive crops like those in orchards from desiccation and mechanical damage.^[31]^[13] For water management, snow fences promote groundwater recharge in the semi-arid western United States by concentrating meltwater infiltration into soils, supporting aquifer replenishment in drought-prone areas. In Montana agricultural settings, farms employ these fences to form dense drifts approximately 1-2 m deep, which melt gradually to provide reliable irrigation sources during the growing season.^[32]^[33] Economically, snow fences improve yields by 15-20% in snow-reliant regions through enhanced moisture retention, as demonstrated in studies on windbreak systems for winter wheat and other crops. Integration with crop residue fences, such as standing corn stubble rows, offers a cost-effective alternative that traps snow similarly while maintaining field residue for erosion control.^[34]^[35]

Regional Variations

In regions with extreme snowfall like Hokkaido, Japan, where annual accumulations can exceed 10 meters in areas such as Kutchan, snow fences have evolved into specialized forms to combat intense drifting and avalanches. Blower fences, characterized by adjustable slanted slats or vents on vertical poles, redirect wind to blow snow away from roadways, thereby enhancing visibility and minimizing drifts in constrained spaces. These structures, first tested in 1961 and refined through the 1960s, utilize sheet steel fins with bottom clearances of 90-120 cm to optimize airflow, and by 2009, they spanned approximately 300 km of national highways in Hokkaido.^[36] Additionally, rigid avalanche barriers, including snow sheds and pipe-supported structures, protect against slides in mountainous passes, integrating with broader countermeasures developed since the mid-20th century to handle severe storms. Beyond Japan, regional adaptations reflect local climates and needs. In the Russian taiga and Siberian lowlands, wooden snow fences—often simple slat designs—manage drifts to safeguard permafrost zones and infrastructure, drawing from early 20th-century studies on snow migration patterns that informed fence porosity and placement for even accumulation. In the European Alps, mesh netting fences are prevalent at ski resorts, where they stabilize snow layers at avalanche initiation points, reducing drift hazards on slopes and access routes through flexible, high-porosity barriers that allow partial wind passage. Australian implementations, primarily in the Snowy Mountains alpine region rather than the arid outback, adapt portable or mesh fences for infrequent but heavy snow events, focusing on temporary drift control around highways and facilities during rare intense falls.^[37] Technical and cultural variations underscore these adaptations. Japan's designs incorporate seismic resilience, as evidenced by post-earthquake assessments of fence durability in regions like Niigata, and often integrate with snow-melting systems using geothermal or sewage heat conduction in pavements to extend effectiveness in urban and rural settings. In contrast, North American prairie regions prioritize cost-efficient, low-maintenance wooden slat fences, optimized for vast open terrains to economically shield highways from widespread drifts, with porosity ratios tuned for maximum trapping efficiency per unit cost.

History

Early Development

The earliest documented references to snow fences date back to 1852, when Norwegian engineer G. D. B. Johnson described their use for controlling snow drifts. In the United States, initial applications emerged during the construction of the transcontinental railroad in 1868–1869, where rock fences were built to protect cuts from snow accumulation in southeast Wyoming. By the 1880s, widespread adoption began among western railroads, including the Union Pacific near Laramie, Wyoming, which employed wooden slat fences to prevent drifts on tracks; these designs, often of Swedish or Norwegian origin, remained largely unchanged and in use along rail lines into the 20th century.^[9] As railroads expanded across the Great Plains following the 1880s homesteading boom, wooden rail fences—initially built for livestock containment—were repurposed for snow control on prairie routes. The first documented road applications occurred in the 1890s in states like Minnesota, where fences were installed to combat "snow blockades" that repeatedly halted travel and commerce during harsh winters. Early designs involved trial-and-error between solid barriers, which created high but short drifts, and porous ones, which allowed partial wind passage to form longer, more manageable accumulations based on basic aerodynamic principles of wind deceleration. The devastating Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888, which buried the Midwest under deep drifts and caused over 200 deaths, accelerated adoption by underscoring the limitations of plowing alone and the need for preventive structures.^[9] In the 1930s, research on snow fences advanced with F.A. Finney's wind tunnel experiments at Michigan State College, which provided early guidelines for snow and drift control.^[9] Subsequent USDA studies in the mid-20th century, including those by Pugh in 1950, demonstrated that optimal porosity for snow barriers is approximately 50%, allowing effective snow distribution.^[38] Taller fences up to 4 meters were first deployed in 1900 on the White Pass and Yukon Railroad to enhance operational reliability amid increasing freight traffic, with broader implementation along railways continuing into the 1930s.^[9]^[38]

Modern Research and Advancements

Research on snow fences advanced significantly in the mid-20th century through studies on snow mechanics and drift patterns following World War II, building on 1940s wind tunnel experiments such as E.A. Finney's work on simulating snow drifting for highway design. By the 1950s, field and scale model tests contributed to quantitative understandings of porosity and fence orientation effects on drift control, laying groundwork for more efficient barrier designs.^[39] The 1990s marked a standardization milestone with the Strategic Highway Research Program's (SHRP) H-320 Snow Fence Guide, which synthesized decades of data to provide comprehensive design protocols, including optimal porosity (around 50%) and placement guidelines to maximize snow trapping while minimizing road incursions. Recent computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations have further refined porosity optimization, demonstrating that fences with 40-50% porosity reduce wind speeds more effectively downstream, enhancing snow deposition in targeted areas without excessive buildup at the barrier itself. These models, validated against field data, allow for site-specific adjustments that improve overall efficacy by up to 20-30% in drift control compared to traditional uniform slat designs.^[16]^[40]^[41] Advancements in hybrid structural-living systems combine rigid slatted barriers with vegetative windbreaks, offering dual benefits of immediate protection and long-term ecological integration; for instance, initial structural components stabilize young plantings until they mature into effective snow traps. In the 2020s, pilots such as the 2021 Blackfeet Environmental Office project have tested wooden snow fences for climate-adaptive designs that retain moisture longer in response to drier conditions.^[42]^[43] Globally, Japanese firm Riken Kogyo pioneered durable steel snow fences in the 1980s, featuring modular designs that withstand high winds and corrosion, influencing modern metallic barriers in snowy Asia. As of 2025, European initiatives in Austria have deployed plastic-free snow fences made from woven hemp, providing eco-friendly alternatives for alpine drift control without environmental persistence issues.^[44]

Maintenance and Environmental Considerations

Maintenance Practices

Maintenance of snow fences involves routine inspections, repairs, and seasonal care to ensure their effectiveness in controlling snow drift over time. For structural snow fences, typically constructed from slatted wood, plastic, or metal, inspections are essential to check for slat breakage, post leaning, or burial under snow, which can compromise performance. These fences are designed to withstand winds up to 100 mph (160 km/h), with repairs such as re-staking posts being critical to restore stability after damage. Temporary fences require seasonal removal and storage on non-agricultural land after winter to prevent degradation from summer exposure and allow farming activities, while permanent designs like truss-type fences need minimal intervention beyond anchoring checks.^[45] Living snow fences, composed of trees and shrubs, demand more ongoing biological care, particularly in the first three to five years after planting to promote establishment. Weed control through mulching, fabric barriers, or chemical methods is vital during this period to reduce competition and improve survival rates, supplemented by irrigation of 2-5 gallons per plant every 2-3 weeks in dry conditions or areas with less than 20 inches of annual precipitation.^[46]^[12] Pruning addresses storm damage and maintains plant health, while dead plants must be replaced promptly to avoid gaps; species like willows may require full replacement every 20-30 years depending on growth and site conditions.^[46] Protection from livestock and wildlife using fencing or tubes is also recommended throughout the lifespan.^[46] Tools and schedules for maintenance include spring cleanups to remove debris and assess winter damage, followed by fall pre-installation checks for structural integrity and soil conditions.^[45] For living fences, bi-monthly summer inspections monitor for pests, diseases, and weeds, with irrigation systems checked frequently.^[12] Annual maintenance costs for living snow fences average around $250 per mile, varying by site and scale.^[47] Best practices emphasize post-installation monitoring of snow drift patterns to make adjustments, such as maintaining bottom gaps of 10-15% of fence height in structural types to prevent burial.^[45] USDA guidelines for living snow fences stress site-adapted species selection and ongoing protection to maximize longevity and efficacy.^[46]

Ecological Impacts

Living snow fences, composed of trees and shrubs, offer significant ecological benefits by enhancing biodiversity. These structures create habitat corridors that support a variety of wildlife, including birds, insects, deer, and songbirds, while increasing edge habitats in agricultural landscapes that foster greater species diversity when managed appropriately.^[6]^[13] Additionally, they contribute to carbon sequestration through biomass accumulation in the planted vegetation, with estimates indicating approximately 4 tons of CO2 sequestered per acre of living snow fence over its lifecycle.^[48] Another key positive impact is the reduction in road salt application, which can decrease chloride use by up to 38% in treated routes, thereby lowering pollution levels in nearby water bodies and mitigating risks to aquatic ecosystems from elevated salinity.^[49] This reduction helps preserve water quality by limiting the runoff of de-icing chemicals into streams and groundwater. Despite these advantages, snow fences can have drawbacks. Structural snow fences, typically made of slatted wood or synthetic materials, alter local microclimates by modifying wind patterns and snow distribution, potentially leading to uneven soil moisture and temperature variations that affect nearby vegetation and soil processes. Poorly sited fences may also act as barriers that disrupt wildlife movement. Furthermore, if constructed from pressure-treated wood, these fences can leach preservatives like copper and arsenic into the soil during snowmelt, posing toxicity risks to soil organisms and contaminating runoff.^[50] On a broader scale, snow fences prevent erosion by trapping drifting snow and reducing wind speeds, which stabilizes soil and protects against wind-induced degradation in vulnerable areas.^[6] They also enhance climate resilience in drought-prone regions by conserving snowmelt; trapped snow releases water gradually in spring, supporting soil moisture and water availability during dry periods.^[51] To mitigate potential negative effects, living snow fences should incorporate native plant species, which promote ecological compatibility, reduce maintenance needs, and minimize invasive species risks.^[13] Environmental assessments of site-specific impacts on habitats and water resources are recommended prior to deployment.

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[30]
Windbreaks | UMN Extension
Windbreaks planted to trap snow on fields can add to soil moisture in the spring. Studies have shown this effect to increase crop yields by 15 to 20 percent.
[31]
How Standing Corn Keeps Iowa Roads Safer When Winter Blows In
Oct 17, 2025 · Not only are farmers compensated, but they receive the added benefit of increased soil moisture from the melting snow.Missing: percentage | Show results with:percentage
[32]
[PDF] L - USDA Forest Service
A summary of research on snow fences for road protection (Pugh 1950) ... Further benefits of a uniform snow cover in sheltered areas are that protection ...
[33]
First tracks - Montana State University
Dec 21, 2018 · MSU earth sciences professor Charles Bradley started snow research at MSU by combining scientific curiosity with a love of skiing. Bradley ...
[34]
[PDF] SCALE MODEL STUDIES ON SNOW DRIFTING - DTIC
Snow fence models:. Models of two different types of snow fences were con- structed and tested briefly to see if the 3J by 7 ft tunnel produced a pattern ...Missing: 1940s | Show results with:1940s
[35]
CFD Simulation of Snow Fences - BYU ScholarsArchive
Numerical modelling has been shown to be effective as a tool for exploring fence design possibilities. It is recommended that simulations are undertaken in the ...Missing: NDGPS | Show results with:NDGPS
[36]
Flow chart of the aerodynamic porosity optimization utilizing CFD
This study focuses on the combined simulation and optimization of the fence porosity considering the objective of reducing wind erosion over a triangular prism.
[37]
[PDF] Field Test and Evaluation of a Solar Snow Fence
May 25, 2023 · Durable – With a 30+ year design life, the system components and structure are built to survive and operate in the harshest and most extreme ...
[38]
Banking On Snow - Native News - University of Montana
Tribal climate adaptation specialists have erected snow fences to help retain moisture in fragile wetland ecosystems on the reservation.
[39]
[PDF] RIKEN KOGYO Inc.
For the first time in over 50 years, Riken Kogyo., Ltd, succeeded in developing snow protection fence from steel. We have contributed to the safety and ...
[40]
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### Summary of Snow Fence Guide (SHRP-W/FR-91-106)
[41]
[PDF] Living Snow Fence | Working Trees - USDA Forest Service
Living snow fences are rows of plants, like grasses, shrubs, and trees, that act as windbreaks to reduce blowing and drifting snow.Missing: definition construction materials
[42]
[PDF] NYSDOT Living Snow Fence Training | ESF Experts
establishment for one row willow snow fence in a corn field was $3,000/mi with annual maintenance cost of $250/mi. Can be effective in 2 – 3 years. Page 17 ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[43]
[PDF] Economic and Environmental Costs and Benefits of Living Snow ...
The use of shrub species are recommended. 3.7.3 Delay in Planting Crops and High Moisture Content. Due to the storage of snow around snow fence areas the ...
[44]
[PDF] SENSIBLE SALTING AND WATER RESOURCES - IPWMAN
• route yielded 38% reduction in road salt usage for season. Page 45. REDUCE SALT USE. Living Snow Fences. • 2018/2019 MCDOT and Farmer created Living Snow ...
[45]
New study reveals how fences hinder migratory wildlife in the West
Jan 12, 2021 · Researchers use animal tracking GPS data to highlight Wyoming fences that are impeding the movements of mule deer and pronghorn antelope.
[46]
Treated Wood in the Environment
May 8, 2025 · Treated wood exposed to sun, wind, rain, soil, and water may release chemicals onto the wood's surface. This process is called leaching.
[47]
The use of snow fences for snow conservation - NASA ADS
Our study describes how to actively apply the basics of snowdrift fences as snow-farming to establish snow depots as summer water source.Missing: snowmelt | Show results with:snowmelt
[48]
[PDF] Managing Your Environmental Responsibilities
This guide helps fulfill environmental obligations, recognize federal requirements, designate responsible parties, and complete requirements for construction ...