Russell Shorto
Russell Shorto (born February 8, 1959) is an American author, historian, and journalist renowned for his narrative nonfiction works that explore pivotal historical moments through personal stories and primary sources, with a particular focus on Dutch colonial influences in early America and broader themes of liberty, identity, and cultural exchange.[1][2] Born and raised in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, Shorto graduated from George Washington University in 1981 and began his career as a freelance writer before becoming a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine, where he has covered topics ranging from European welfare systems to religious history.[3][4] He has held prominent institutional roles, including director of the New Amsterdam Project at the New-York Historical Society and senior scholar at the New Netherland Institute in Albany, New York, positions that have supported his research into early New York history.[5][2] Shorto's breakthrough came with The Island at the Center of the World (2004), a national bestseller that reexamines the Dutch founding of Manhattan through newly translated 17th-century documents, highlighting themes of tolerance and pluralism that shaped American identity; his books have been translated into 14 languages and the work earned widespread acclaim for its vivid storytelling.[6][2] Subsequent works include Descartes' Bones (2008), tracing the philosopher's remains and intellectual legacy; Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City (2013), which chronicles the city's rise as a hub of innovation and tolerance; Revolution Song (2017), weaving together the lives of six individuals to depict the American Revolution; Smalltime (2021), a personal memoir uncovering his family's ties to organized crime in post-World War II Pennsylvania; and Taking Manhattan (2025), detailing the 1664 English conquest of New Amsterdam and its lasting impacts on New York.[6][7] His contributions to Dutch-American historical understanding were recognized with a knighthood in the Order of Orange-Nassau from the Dutch government in 2009, and he was inducted into the New York State Writers Hall of Fame in 2018.[5][2] Shorto, who has lived extensively in the Netherlands, continues to blend rigorous scholarship with accessible prose, influencing public perceptions of transatlantic history.[1][8]Early Life and Education
Childhood in Pennsylvania
Russell Anthony Shorto was born on February 8, 1959, in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, a gritty industrial steel town in the Allegheny Mountains known for its working-class communities and immigrant heritage.[1][9] Shorto grew up in an Italian-American family with deep roots in Sicilian immigration; his great-grandparents, illiterate arrivals from early 20th-century Sicily, anglicized their surname from Sciotto to Shorto after settling in Johnstown over a century ago, where the elder Sciotto reportedly became one of the area's first moonshiners.[10] His paternal grandfather, Rosario Joseph "Russell" Shorto (1914–1981), was the son of Sicilian immigrant Tony Shorto and operated as a small-time mob boss in post-World War II Johnstown, running a numbers racket and gambling operation that employed around 100 people and generated millions in revenue over two decades, though the family adhered to a strict code of silence about these activities.[11] Shorto's father, Anthony "Tony" Shorto (1938–2019), son of the mobster, aspired to join the family business but was physically rebuffed by his father, leaving a legacy of tension and unspoken trauma that permeated the household.[12][13] In this blue-collar environment of factory hum and ethnic enclaves, Shorto's early years were marked by subtle glimpses of his family's shadowy world, fostering an initial curiosity about hidden histories and personal narratives. As a child, he had sporadic encounters with his imposing grandfather, including one downtown meeting where the elder Russell gifted him a watch, and playful explorations in his grandmother's basement where he discovered a dice cage used in the gambling trade—artifacts that hinted at the "boys" who frequented the family orbit without full explanation.[14] While the veil of secrecy limited direct storytelling, fragments of family lore about immigrant struggles and local underworld dealings provided Shorto's first exposure to the raw, human drama of American life, planting seeds for his later pursuit of narrative history.[15] He spent time at his grandparents' home pretending to read comic books amid the backdrop of soap operas, an early ritual that quietly nurtured his affinity for imaginative engagement with stories.[14] Johnstown's own turbulent past, including its legacy as a hub of steel production and the devastating 1889 flood that reshaped the region, surrounded Shorto with tangible layers of local history during his formative years, though his family's insular dynamics directed his budding interests inward toward personal and communal tales rather than formal study.[12] No major family relocations disrupted his Pennsylvania upbringing, allowing consistent immersion in this milieu until high school achievements at Johnstown Catholic High School paved the way to higher education.[1][14]University Education
Russell Shorto attended George Washington University in Washington, D.C., graduating in 1981 with a bachelor's degree in philosophy.[16] His studies in philosophy emphasized critical thinking and narrative analysis, skills that later informed his approach to historical nonfiction and journalism.[16] While specific enrollment dates are not documented in available records, Shorto's time at the university aligned with the standard four-year undergraduate program following his high school graduation. No records of scholarships, academic awards, or extracurricular involvement in student journalism or historical societies during his university years have been identified in public sources.Professional Career
Early Journalism Roles
After graduating from George Washington University in 1981 with a degree in English, Russell Shorto launched his writing career by producing historical non-fiction for young readers, an entry-level avenue that allowed him to build skills in research and narrative reporting on American history and culture.[1] His debut publication, Thomas Jefferson and the American Ideal (1988), part of Barron's Educational Series' Henry Steele Commager's Americans line, examined the life of the Founding Father through engaging biographical storytelling, foreshadowing Shorto's enduring focus on pivotal figures in U.S. origins.[17] This work marked his initial professional step into historical feature writing, blending factual reporting with accessible prose. Throughout the early 1990s, Shorto expanded this role with additional works in educational publishing that delved into themes of exploration, civil rights, and national identity while refining his ability to synthesize archival sources into compelling narratives. These assignments in educational publishing served as foundational training, emphasizing concise reporting and thematic depth that would characterize his later magazine contributions. By the mid-1990s, Shorto transitioned toward more adult-oriented work, publishing Gospel Truth (1995), a non-fiction work grounded in first-century research that demonstrated his evolving expertise in investigative narrative techniques.[18] This period of freelance and commissioned writing solidified his reputation as a historian-journalist attuned to American life's cultural undercurrents.Historical Scholarship and Directorships
In 2013, Russell Shorto was appointed Senior Scholar at the New Netherland Research Center, part of the New York State Library's New Netherland Institute, where he focused on advancing research into Dutch colonial history and its influence on American development.[19] His responsibilities included utilizing state archives to explore the Dutch-American impact on events like the American Revolution, while also engaging in public outreach to broaden understanding of the 17th-century Atlantic world and colonial New York.[19] This role built on his prior journalistic experience, positioning him as a bridge between archival scholarship and accessible historical narratives. From 2008 to 2013, Shorto served as director of the John Adams Institute in Amsterdam, an organization dedicated to fostering transatlantic dialogue through cultural and intellectual programs.[20] In this capacity, he oversaw events such as lectures and discussions on American history, literature, and politics, emphasizing American-Dutch relations and shared democratic values, including explorations of Dutch influences on early New York.[21] These initiatives promoted cultural exchanges, drawing speakers and audiences to examine themes like tolerance and governance that originated in the colonial era.[22] In 2022, Shorto founded the New Amsterdam Project at the New-York Historical Society, serving as its director to illuminate the Dutch origins of New York City.[23] The project aims to connect the history of early Manhattan—encompassing Dutch innovations in trade, tolerance, and urban planning—with contemporary issues such as inequality and environmental challenges, through conferences, curricula, and public programs.[23] It highlights archival materials to reframe New York's foundational narrative beyond English colonial dominance. Shorto's other scholarly engagements include his 2021 appointment as executive director of the Diamonstein-Spielvogel Institute for New York City History, Politics, and Community Activism at the New-York Historical Society, where he leads archival initiatives on 20th- and 21st-century social movements, including civil rights and historic preservation.[24] He has also collaborated on projects like lectures and archival digitization efforts tied to 17th-century Atlantic history, such as those involving the New Amsterdam History Center's mapping of early New York.[25]New York Times Contributions
Russell Shorto has served as a contributing writer for The New York Times Magazine since the early 2000s, producing a series of long-form feature articles that delve into historical narratives intertwined with personal reflection and contemporary relevance.[26] His tenure reflects a progression from broader journalistic roles to this prestigious outlet, where he has contributed over two dozen pieces exploring themes of cultural identity, societal evolution, and overlooked historical episodes.[4] Shorto's signature style in these articles combines meticulous historical research with immersive, first-person storytelling, often illuminating how past events shape modern dilemmas. For example, in "Going Dutch: How I Learned to Love the European Welfare State" (May 3, 2009), he draws on his years living in Amsterdam to analyze the Netherlands' progressive social policies, contrasting them with American individualism and sparking widespread debate on welfare systems.[8] Similarly, "No Babies?" (June 29, 2008) examines Europe's fertility crisis through demographic data and personal anecdotes from Dutch families, highlighting tensions between career ambitions and traditional values.[27] Other notable works include "Faith at Work" (October 31, 2004), which traces the resurgence of religion in American corporate life, and "This Very, Very Old House" (March 5, 2006), a profile of an economist using Amsterdam homes to study economic cycles over centuries.[26][28] His contributions have extended to opinion essays and travel features that connect historical undercurrents to current events, particularly regarding New York's Dutch colonial roots. Pieces such as "The Un-Pilgrims" (November 27, 2003) argue for greater acknowledgment of Dutch settlers in the American origin story, while more recent articles like "The Old Haunts" (April 26, 2015) guide readers through archaeological digs in Lower Manhattan, revealing layers of colonial history.[29][30] "Rembrandt in the Blood" (February 27, 2019) exemplifies his narrative flair by chronicling a Dutch aristocrat's quest to authenticate a lost Rembrandt painting, blending art history with family legacy.[31] These works have influenced public discourse by bridging scholarly insights with accessible prose, often echoing themes from his books on American and European foundations, such as the Dutch impact on liberty and pluralism.[32] Shorto has not held formal editorial roles at the Times, nor maintained recurring columns, but his output consistently prioritizes depth over brevity to foster broader understanding of identity and heritage.[4]Literary Works
Key Non-Fiction Books
Russell Shorto's The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America was first published in 2004 by Doubleday, with an ISBN of 978-0385503493.[33] The book reconstructs the multicultural history of New Netherland, the Dutch colony encompassing modern-day New York, through the analysis of over 12,000 pages of untranslated Dutch archival documents that had been largely ignored by English-speaking historians.[33] It centers on the rivalry between the authoritarian director-general Peter Stuyvesant and the more liberal lawyer Adriaen van der Donck, highlighting how Dutch ideals of tolerance, commerce, and individual rights influenced the colony's development in the 17th century and laid foundational elements for American society.[34] In Descartes' Bones: A Skeletal History of the Conflict Between Faith and Reason, published in 2008 by W. W. Norton & Company (ISBN 978-0393061946), Shorto traces the posthumous journey of philosopher René Descartes' remains from Sweden back to France in 1666, using this narrative to explore the enduring tension between rationalism and religion in Western thought. Drawing on historical records of exhumations, reburials, and scientific examinations across centuries—including during the French Revolution—the book argues that Descartes' legacy, symbolized by his bones, embodies the modern struggle to reconcile empirical inquiry with spiritual beliefs.[35] Shorto's Gospel Truth: On the Trail of the Historical Jesus, released in 1997 by Riverhead Books (ISBN 978-1573220569), investigates the life of Jesus Christ as a historical figure by applying journalistic scrutiny to biblical texts and early Christian sources. The work synthesizes scholarly debates from the Jesus Seminar and other historical-critical approaches to portray Jesus not as a divine entity but as a charismatic Jewish reformer in 1st-century Roman Judea, whose teachings on social justice and anti-authoritarianism were reshaped by later church politics.[36] Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City, published in 2013 by Doubleday (ISBN 978-0385538183), explores the evolution of Amsterdam from a medieval trading post to a 17th-century powerhouse of commerce, art, and tolerance. Utilizing diaries, maps, and archival materials, Shorto illustrates how the city's innovative responses to flooding, religious pluralism, and economic experimentation created a model of liberalism that emphasized individual freedom and cultural diversity, influencing global ideas of urban progress and openness.[37] Revolution Song: The Story of America's Founding in Six Remarkable Lives, published in 2017 by W. W. Norton & Company (ISBN 978-0393245547), weaves a narrative of the American Revolution through the intertwined stories of six individuals from diverse backgrounds, including a freed slave, a Native American leader, and a British loyalist. Set against the mid-18th-century colonial context of escalating tensions with Britain, the book emphasizes how personal experiences of freedom and oppression during events like the Boston Tea Party and the Declaration of Independence continue to resonate in contemporary debates over liberty. In his 2021 memoir Smalltime: A Story of My Family and the Mob, issued by W. W. Norton & Company (ISBN 978-0393245585), Shorto uncovers his grandfather's involvement in organized crime in small-town Pennsylvania during the mid-20th century, blending family oral histories with declassified FBI files, court records, and newspaper archives.[38] The narrative delves into the post-World War II era's economic pressures on Italian-American immigrants, illustrating how local mob operations intertwined with everyday life, corruption, and the American Dream's darker undercurrents.[38] Shorto's most recent work, Taking Manhattan: The Extraordinary Events That Created New York and Shaped America, published on March 4, 2025, by W. W. Norton & Company (ISBN 978-0393881165), examines the pivotal year of 1664 when England seized the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam through negotiation rather than conquest. Utilizing primary sources like colonial correspondence and treaties, the book contextualizes this bloodless handover within the broader Anglo-Dutch wars and the 17th-century Atlantic world, arguing that it transformed Manhattan into a hub of capitalism and cultural pluralism that defined New York's—and America's—future trajectory.[39]Recurring Themes and Critical Reception
Throughout his body of work, Russell Shorto consistently explores themes of multiculturalism in colonial America, highlighting the diverse ethnic and cultural interactions that shaped early settlements like New Netherland. In books such as The Island at the Center of the World, he emphasizes the tolerant, pluralistic society fostered by Dutch colonists, who interacted with Indigenous peoples, Africans, and other Europeans, laying foundations for America's multicultural identity.[40][34] Shorto's narratives often bridge European and American histories by tracing the influence of Dutch governance, trade, and legal innovations on U.S. institutions, portraying New York as a product of transatlantic exchanges rather than solely English Puritan origins.[41] Additionally, personal narratives form a core motif, as Shorto delves into individual lives amid historical upheavals—such as the experiences of figures like Adriaen van der Donck or enslaved Africans—to humanize broader events and reveal conflicts over freedom and identity.[42] Shorto's writing has received widespread critical acclaim for its engaging narrative style, which blends rigorous scholarship with vivid storytelling to make complex history accessible. Reviewers have praised The Island at the Center of the World as a "triumph of scholarship and a rollicking narrative," noting its role in reshaping public understanding of U.S. origins by foregrounding Dutch contributions to pluralism and capitalism.[34] The book achieved New York Times bestseller status and influenced discussions on American exceptionalism, with critics like Douglas Brinkley commending its "eloquent and readable" prose that uncovers forgotten archives.[43][44] Across his oeuvre, Shorto is lauded as a "master of historical narrative" for prioritizing character-driven accounts over dry chronology, earning endorsements from outlets like The New York Times for revitalizing public interest in colonial history.[45] Shorto's impact extends to genre innovation, particularly with Smalltime: A Story of My Family and the Mob, which blends family memoir with historical analysis of mid-20th-century organized crime, shifting toward introspective storytelling that personalizes broader social histories. Critics highlight how the book triumphs across genres—memoir, local history, and crime narrative—by examining the emotional toll of his grandfather's mob life in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, thus popularizing hybrid forms that integrate personal revelation with documented events.[46] This work has been described as "moving, wryly funny, and richly detailed," influencing readers to view family histories as microcosms of American undercurrents like immigration and economic disparity.[47] Over decades, Shorto's style has evolved from objective historical reconstructions in early works like Descartes' Bones to more subjective, memoir-infused approaches in later books, reflecting a deliberate embrace of personal perspective to deepen emotional resonance. Initially focused on archival objectivity to illuminate intellectual histories, his method grew toward narrative immersion, culminating in Smalltime as his first explicit family memoir, where he interweaves autobiography with research to explore identity and legacy.[48] This progression aligns with his belief that history gains meaning through individual conflicts, allowing subjective elements to enhance rather than undermine factual integrity.[42]Awards and Honors
Literary Prizes
Russell Shorto's literary achievements have been recognized through several prestigious awards, particularly for his innovative narrative histories that blend meticulous research with engaging storytelling. His breakthrough work, The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America (2004), earned the Washington Irving Medal for Literary Excellence in 2004, awarded by the Saint Nicholas Society of the City of New York in recognition of its outstanding contribution to New York history through scholarly yet accessible prose.[49] The book also received the New York City Book Award in 2005 from the New York Society Library, honoring its role in illuminating overlooked aspects of the city's multicultural origins and earning praise for redefining early American colonial narratives.[50][34] In 2018, Shorto was inducted into the New York State Writers Hall of Fame as part of a class that included Colson Whitehead and Jacqueline Woodson, celebrated for his enduring impact on American historical nonfiction and his ability to make complex histories vivid and relevant.[51] The induction ceremony took place on June 5, 2018, at the Princeton Club of New York, where Shorto was honored alongside other inductees for advancing New York State's literary legacy through works that explore themes of freedom, identity, and cultural fusion.[5] That same year, his book Revolution Song: A Story of American Freedom (2017) won the Fraunces Tavern Museum Book Award, given annually since 1972 to the best new work on the American Revolutionary War era, with the award presentation highlighting Shorto's polyphonic approach to retelling the Revolution through diverse personal stories.[52][53] Shorto's recognition continued into 2019 when Revolution Song was named a finalist for the George Washington Book Prize, one of the largest literary awards for early American history at $50,000, underscoring his skill in crafting innovative, character-driven histories that challenge traditional viewpoints.[54] These accolades, spanning from his early focus on Dutch colonial influences to later examinations of revolutionary ideals, reflect a career marked by nominations and prizes from historical and literary organizations that value narrative depth over conventional academic formats.[55]Official Recognitions
On September 8, 2009, Russell Shorto was knighted in the Order of Orange-Nassau by the Dutch government in a ceremony held in New York City.[56] The honor recognized his contributions to promoting Dutch heritage in America, particularly through his authorship of The Island at the Center of the World, which illuminated the history of the 17th-century Dutch colony of New Amsterdam and fostered greater understanding between the Netherlands and the United States.[5][56] In 2019, Shorto received the Ambassador K. Terry Dornbush Award from the Netherland-America Foundation, acknowledging his outstanding contributions to strengthening Dutch-American relations through his historical scholarship and public engagement.[57] The award, named after former U.S. Ambassador to the Netherlands K. Terry Dornbush, highlights individuals who advance transatlantic ties in line with the foundation's mission.[58] Shorto holds the title of Senior Scholar at the New Netherland Institute, a position that recognizes his expertise in Dutch colonial history and supports ongoing research into New Netherland's legacy.[5] This affiliation underscores his institutional contributions to historical preservation beyond administrative roles.[2]Personal Life
Family and Relationships
Russell Shorto has been married to Pamela Twigg since the early 1990s.[59] The couple shares a blended family consisting of three children—Anna, Eva, and Anthony—and three stepchildren—Reinier, Hector, and Benjamin. Shorto's family life has intersected with his professional pursuits, particularly during his extended residence in Amsterdam from 2007 to 2013, where his son and stepsons were born, and his daughters spent significant portions of their childhood.[60] Twigg has provided personal support in his writing career, including photographing him for book promotions and public appearances.[61] Family dynamics have notably influenced Shorto's work, as seen in his 2021 memoir Smalltime, which incorporates ancestral stories passed down through generations, revealing hidden aspects of his lineage that shaped his understanding of personal and cultural identity.[14] Shorto has publicly discussed how exploring these familial narratives strengthened family bonds and informed his approach to historical writing.[62]Residences and Lifestyle
Russell Shorto resided in Amsterdam, Netherlands, from late 2007 to 2013, during his tenure as director of the John Adams Institute, an organization promoting Dutch-American cultural exchange.[8] He lived in a 17th-century apartment overlooking one of the city's oldest canals, immersing himself in the urban environment that informed his historical writing on Dutch influences.[8] During this period, Shorto adapted to Dutch cultural norms, embracing the bicycle as his primary mode of transportation and appreciating the integration of espresso and local gin in everyday social settings like cinemas, which contrasted with American habits.[8] He also experienced the Netherlands' welfare system firsthand, including high income taxes offset by benefits such as quarterly child allowances and annual vacation stipends, which gradually shifted his perspective on European social policies.[8] In 2014, Shorto relocated from Europe to Cumberland, Maryland, in the Appalachian Mountains, seeking a quieter setting conducive to his research and writing on American history.[63] The move was motivated by the need for proximity to Revolutionary War sites and East Coast archives, facilitating work on his book Revolution Song.[63] Cumberland's lifestyle offered abundant hiking trails and scenic views but limited urban amenities like diverse restaurants or vibrant nightlife, aligning with Shorto's focus on immersive historical exploration over metropolitan bustle.[63] Family considerations played a role in selecting this rural base, providing space for personal life amid his scholarly pursuits.[63] As of 2025, Shorto continues to reside in Cumberland, Maryland, where he maintains a low-key routine centered on writing and occasional travel for book promotions and lectures.[64] No extended returns to Europe have been reported, though his work often draws on transatlantic themes.[65]Bibliography
Books
Russell Shorto's non-fiction books, primarily works of narrative history and biography, span themes from religious scholarship to American and European history. His bibliography includes the following major titles, listed chronologically with key publication details.- Gospel Truth: The New Image of Jesus Emerging from Science and History, and Why It Matters (1997, Riverhead Books, ISBN 978-1-57322-056-9, 336 pages)[36]
- Saints and Madmen: How Pioneering Psychiatrists Are Creating a New Science of the Soul (1999, Henry Holt and Company, ISBN 978-0-8050-5901-4, 304 pages)
- The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony That Shaped America (2004, Doubleday, ISBN 978-0-385-50349-5; paperback edition 2005, Vintage Books, ISBN 1-4000-7867-9, 384 pages)[66]
- Descartes' Bones: A Skeletal History of the Conflict Between Faith and Reason (2008, Doubleday, ISBN 978-0-385-51753-9, 320 pages; paperback edition 2009, Vintage Books, ISBN 978-0-307-27566-0, 336 pages)
- Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City (2013, Doubleday, ISBN 978-0-385-53357-6, 400 pages)
- Revolution Song: A Story of American Freedom (2017, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-24554-7, 640 pages; paperback edition 2018, ISBN 978-0-393-35621-2)[67]
- Smalltime: A Story of My Family and the Mob (2021, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-24558-5, 272 pages; paperback edition 2022, ISBN 978-1-324-02017-2, 288 pages)[68]
- Taking Manhattan: The Extraordinary Events That Created New York and Shaped America (2025, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-88116-5, 408 pages)
Selected Articles and Essays
Russell Shorto has contributed numerous articles and essays to major publications, with the New York Times serving as his primary venue for exploring themes of history, culture, and identity.[4] His notable pieces include:- The Un-Pilgrims (The New York Times, November 27, 2003): An op-ed advocating for recognition of Dutch settlers' contributions to American history alongside the Pilgrims during Thanksgiving.[29]
- Going Dutch: How I Learned to Love the European Welfare State (The New York Times Magazine, May 3, 2009): A personal exploration of the Netherlands' social welfare system and its lessons for American policy.[8]
- The Integrationist (The New York Times Magazine, May 30, 2010): A profile of Amsterdam's mayor Job Cohen and his approach to multiculturalism and social cohesion.[69]
- The Dutch Way: Bicycles and Fresh Bread (The New York Times, July 31, 2011): An opinion piece on everyday Dutch cultural practices that promote sustainability and community.[70]
- The Source of New York's Greatness (The New York Times, September 8, 2014): An essay tracing the city's pluralistic roots to its Dutch colonial origins.[71]
- The Old Haunts (The New York Times Magazine, April 26, 2015): A reflective piece on Amsterdam's historical sites and their personal significance to the author.[30]
- When New York City Was a (Literal) Battlefield (The New York Times, November 13, 2017): A travel article examining remnants of the American Revolution across New York City's boroughs.[72]
- In the Hudson Valley, a Drive Back in Time (The New York Times, June 17, 2019): A travel essay on discovering Dutch colonial history through a road trip in the Hudson Valley.[73]
- New York Is Turning 400. We Should Celebrate. But How? (The New York Times, April 23, 2024): An opinion piece discussing the complexities of commemorating New York's founding, including Dutch, Lenape, and slavery histories.[32]
- On the Colonial Power Struggle That Would Give Birth to the City of New York (Literary Hub, March 18, 2025): An essay excerpted from his book Taking Manhattan, focusing on the English conquest of Dutch Manhattan and its lasting impact on American pluralism.[74]