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SCI

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the —the bundle of nerves and nerve fibers extending from the through the —that disrupts normal motor, sensory, and autonomic functions, often leading to partial or complete loss of these abilities below the injury site. Such injuries affect an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 people worldwide annually, with traumatic causes accounting for the majority of cases in regions with robust data collection. Traumatic SCIs typically result from motor vehicle crashes, falls, violence, or sports-related incidents, while nontraumatic forms arise from conditions like tumors, infections, or degenerative diseases. Injuries are classified as complete, with no preserved function below the , or incomplete, retaining some sensation or movement; cervical-level damage often causes , while thoracic or lumbar injuries lead to . In the United States, approximately 18,000 new traumatic SCIs occur yearly, contributing to a living population of 249,000 to 363,000 individuals managing lifelong complications such as pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections, and respiratory issues. Initial treatment focuses on stabilizing the spine, decompressing neural tissue, and administering high-dose in select acute cases to mitigate secondary inflammation, though its efficacy remains debated due to risks of complications. Long-term emphasizes , assistive technologies, and multidisciplinary care to maximize independence, with emerging research into neural regeneration via stem cells or electrical showing promise in preclinical and early human trials but lacking definitive restorative outcomes. Despite advances in supportive care reducing mortality, SCI imposes substantial economic burdens, including healthcare costs exceeding $1 million per patient lifetime in high-income settings, underscoring the need for prevention strategies like enhanced vehicle safety and fall-proofing.

Medicine and Health

Spinal Cord Injury

A (SCI) is damage to the , the bundle of nerves that carries signals between the and the rest of the , resulting in partial or complete loss of motor, sensory, or autonomic function below the level of injury. SCIs arise from traumatic events such as falls, road traffic collisions, violence, or , or non-traumatic causes including tumors, infections, degenerative diseases, or vascular issues. Globally, an estimated 250,000 to 500,000 people sustain SCI annually, with incidence rates varying from 7 to 152 cases per million population depending on region and data collection methods. In 2019, worldwide incidence reached approximately 0.9 million cases, with males disproportionately affected and higher burdens in low- and middle-income countries due to limited preventive measures and healthcare access. Symptoms of SCI manifest acutely as loss of sensation, muscle weakness, paralysis, or autonomic dysfunction such as impaired breathing, bowel/bladder control, or blood pressure regulation, often accompanied by pain, spasticity, or neuropathic issues. Injuries above C4 may compromise respiratory function requiring ventilation, while lower thoracic or lumbar lesions primarily affect mobility and visceral control. Secondary complications include pressure ulcers, urinary tract infections, deep vein thrombosis, and chronic pain, contributing to high morbidity. SCIs are classified by completeness and anatomical level using the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) Impairment Scale. Complete injuries (ASIA A) involve total loss of sensory and motor function below the neurological level, including no sacral sparing (e.g., anal sensation or contraction), whereas incomplete injuries (ASIA B-D) retain partial function, with ASIA B indicating sensory but no motor preservation, and C-D showing varying motor recovery potential. Cervical injuries cause tetraplegia (affecting all four limbs), thoracic injuries paraplegia (lower limbs), and lumbar/sacral injuries localized deficits; about 50% of traumatic SCIs occur at the cervical level. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination, (MRI preferred for cord visualization, CT for bony detail), and electrophysiological tests to assess extent and rule out reversible causes like . Acute treatment focuses on stabilization via , (controversial due to risks outweighing benefits in some analyses), and surgical within 24 hours if indicated to mitigate secondary ischemia or compression. Long-term management emphasizes multidisciplinary , assistive devices, pharmacological control of (e.g., ), and prevention of complications; no established therapy regenerates cord tissue, though supportive care improves . Prognosis correlates with injury completeness and timeliness of : complete SCIs carry less than 5% chance of meaningful if paralysis persists beyond 72 hours, while incomplete injuries see 20-75% of patients regaining function within one year, often with gains concentrated in the first three months. Overall, SCI yields guarded outcomes with lifelong for most, though enables workforce return in up to 30-50% of cases depending on injury severity. Emerging therapies as of 2024 include electrical stimulation devices like ARC-EX for upper limb function restoration (FDA-cleared for chronic incomplete SCI), cellular nerve bridges in clinical trials for bridging lesions, and biophysical approaches combining drugs with scaffolds to promote axon regrowth, though efficacy remains investigational with variable results in early-phase studies. These build on neuroprotective strategies targeting inflammation and apoptosis but face challenges in scalability and long-term integration.

Intelligence and National Security

Sensitive Compartmented Information

(SCI) constitutes a category of classified information that pertains to or derives from sources, methods, or analytical processes, necessitating stringent handling protocols beyond standard classification. This designation enforces segregation into discrete compartments to mitigate risks of compromise, with access governed by formal systems mandated by the (). SCI materials demand restricted dissemination, often limited to accredited personnel within designated facilities, to preserve the integrity of sensitive operational capabilities. Eligibility for SCI access requires, at minimum, a security clearance, successful completion of a (SSBI), and formal indoctrination into the SCI program, including execution of a such as NDA-4414. Individuals must demonstrate a validated need-to-know, typically tied to a specific nomination, and undergo periodic reinvestigations to maintain eligibility under personnel security standards outlined in Intelligence Community Policy Guidance (ICPG) 704.1. Adverse information reporting is mandatory among SCI-access holders, ensuring ongoing trustworthiness assessments. SCI handling occurs exclusively within Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities (SCIFs), which are accredited enclosures—ranging from rooms to installations—engineered to counter technical and physical threats through specifications like those in Intelligence Community Directive (ICD) 705. SCIF accreditation, managed by Accrediting Officials (AOs), encompasses construction standards for barriers, intrusion detection, and , with continuous monitoring throughout the facility lifecycle. Temporary SCIFs may be deployed for field operations, but all must adhere to uniform protective measures to prevent unauthorized of intelligence data. The conceptual origins of compartmented intelligence handling predate the formal SCI framework, evolving from II-era secure spaces, though the SCIF term emerged in official usage by 1981. Oversight has shifted historically, with the assuming authority over SCIF standards post-2004 Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act, superseding prior directives like DCID 1/19. This evolution reflects causal imperatives for adapting to escalating threats, prioritizing empirical over procedural inertia in safeguarding sources and methods.

Science and Academia

Science Citation Index

The Science Citation Index (SCI) is a bibliographic database that indexes citations from scientific and technical journals, enabling researchers to trace the interconnectedness of scholarly works through referenced articles. Conceived by Eugene Garfield, the idea was outlined in a 1955 Science article proposing citation indexing as a tool for associating ideas and improving literature retrieval beyond traditional subject-based systems. Garfield founded the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) to develop it, with the inaugural quarterly edition published in 1964, initially covering approximately 600 journals and focusing on high-impact scientific fields. Modeled after Shepard's Citations in legal research, SCI pioneered forward citation tracking, allowing users to identify subsequent works citing an original paper, thus revealing evolving research trajectories. SCI's methodology involves cover-to-cover indexing of selected journals, where every article, including references, is cataloged to create navigable citation networks. Journal selection relies on quantitative criteria such as citation rates, peer review influence, and editorial standards, evaluated periodically to ensure relevance and quality, though the process has evolved to incorporate international perspectives. The expanded iteration, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE), integrated into Clarivate's Web of Science platform since ISI's acquisition in 1992 and subsequent ownership changes, now encompasses over 9,200 journals spanning 178 disciplines, with coverage extending back to 1900 and including more than 59 million records as of recent updates. This structure supports analyses of research impact, including the calculation of metrics like the Journal Impact Factor, first formalized by Garfield in 1975 to quantify average citations per article over a two-year window. The index has profoundly shaped scientific evaluation by providing empirical measures of influence, facilitating funding decisions, tenure assessments, and discovery of interdisciplinary connections that subject indexing might overlook. Its adoption has standardized , with data revealing patterns such as the disproportionate impact of review articles due to their higher volumes. However, empirical studies document es in coverage, including underrepresentation of non-English-language journals, which distorts cross-national performance comparisons by favoring Anglophone outputs regardless of intrinsic merit. Claims of geographic , particularly U.S.-centrism, have prompted debates, with arguing for statistically rigorous tests of discrimination, as fails to disprove selection based on merit over origin. Such limitations underscore that while SCI enhances traceability, its metrics can amplify inequalities by prioritizing visibility in indexed outlets, potentially marginalizing valid research from underrepresented regions or languages.

Société de Chimie Industrielle

The Société de Chimie Industrielle is an independent non-profit organization focused on fostering innovation and knowledge exchange in the chemical and life sciences industries. Founded in 1918 in as the American section of a now-inactive parent , it operates as a promoting the practical application of chemistry in industrial contexts. The organization's objectives center on bridging scientific advancements with industrial utilization, while enhancing public awareness of chemistry's role in society. It achieves this through governance by an elected and committees drawn from industry leaders, ensuring alignment with contemporary challenges in and related fields. Activities encompass regular networking events, such as monthly luncheons featuring expert speakers on topics like and technological breakthroughs, as well as executive-level forums for strategic discussions. Educational outreach includes scholarship programs funding undergraduate and graduate students in chemistry, , and life sciences, alongside research grants and fairs to cultivate future talent. A cornerstone of its contributions lies in recognizing exemplary leadership and innovation via awards. The International Palladium Medal, instituted in 1958 and first conferred in 1961 to Ernest-John Solvay for advancing industrial chemistry, is awarded biennially to honor individuals whose efforts have significantly elevated the global ; recent recipients include executives from major firms like Dow. Société also collaborates on the Othmer Gold Medal and Winthrop-Sears Medal through the , and participates in nominating candidates for the Perkin Medal (established 1906) and Medal (established 1933), both emblematic of sustained excellence in applied chemistry. In recent years, it has expanded to Excellence Awards, presented annually at luncheons to commend deals, innovative processes, and value creation strategies within the industry, as seen in the 2025 event honoring sector achievements.

Business and Industry

Service Corporation International

Service Corporation International (SCI) is the largest provider of funeral, cemetery, and cremation services in North America, operating over 1,900 locations including 1,485 funeral service facilities and 498 cemeteries across 44 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, eight Canadian provinces, and Puerto Rico as of June 30, 2025. The company, headquartered in Houston, Texas, generates revenue primarily from deathcare products and services, with a reported trailing twelve-month revenue of $4.24 billion as of 2025 and a market capitalization of approximately $11.45 billion. SCI holds an estimated 13-17% share of the North American funeral and cemetery market, with a stronger position of about 27.6% in the U.S. cemetery services segment, benefiting from economies of scale in a fragmented industry dominated by independent operators. Founded in 1962 by Robert L. Waltrip, a third-generation licensed born January 10, 1931, and deceased February 27, 2023, SCI originated as a single family-owned in , , leveraging Waltrip's business degree from the (1953) to pursue consolidation in the deathcare sector. The firm went public in 1969 on the under the ticker SCI, enabling aggressive acquisitions starting in the 1960s that expanded its footprint. Key milestones include the 2000 operational streamlining to cut debt and boost cash flow, followed by major purchases such as , Keystone North America, The , and Stewart Enterprises in the 2000s and 2010s, which solidified its scale. Waltrip served as chairman for 54 years until stepping down as emeritus, during which SCI pioneered corporate efficiencies like centralized to reduce costs, though this drew operational critiques. SCI's emphasizes preneed sales—prepaid and arrangements—contributing to a $16 billion backlog that supports predictable amid declining rates in some demographics. In 2024, the company reported total of $4.18 billion, up 2.11% from 2023, with gross profit margins reflecting operational leverage from its network. For 2025, SCI projects adjusted of $3.70 to $4.00, driven by per service increases to $5,651 in 2024 from preneed fulfillment and cost controls, despite a 1-2% decline in service case volumes due to demographic shifts. The company has faced criticisms for prioritizing efficiency over personalized service, including higher pricing compared to independents—consumer advocates note SCI often exceeds rivals without transparent cost listings—and past regulatory scrutiny over practices like centralized , which led to lawsuits in the 1990s and 2000s alleging mishandling or antitrust issues. A investigation highlighted political connections aiding market dominance amid government probes, though SCI resolved many suits through settlements without admitting fault, attributing growth to legitimate in an inefficient sector. views are mixed: some operators praise SCI's work-life balance and benefits for employees over family-run competitors, while others decry corporate eroding local traditions. These challenges reflect broader tensions in scaling a service inherently tied to emotional and cultural variances, yet SCI's longevity underscores the viability of its model in serving recurring, inelastic demand.

SCI Games

SCi Games Limited was a video game publishing company headquartered in , established in 1988 by Jane Cavanagh as Sales Curve Interactive. The firm initially focused on games to multiple platforms and developing titles for personal computers and consoles, crediting involvement in over 60 projects from 1989 to 2008, including ports of Cool Bricks and Cyberwar. It expanded through acquisitions, such as online distribution firm Bluefish Media in , integrating it into its New Media division. The company listed on the London Stock Exchange in 1996, marking a shift toward broader ambitions under Cavanagh's leadership, who retained significant ownership prior to flotation. By 2005, SCi Entertainment Group plc, its parent entity, acquired plc for an initial stake buildup including 20% from Schroder Investment, followed by a full merger of operations in 2006, positioning the group as the United Kingdom's largest at the time. This bolstered its portfolio with high-profile franchises like , though integration challenges emerged amid Eidos' prior financial strains. Financial pressures intensified post-acquisition, with SCi Entertainment reporting a £107 million ($177 million) loss for 2008, attributed to rising costs and cancellations, prompting a bailout investment of $107 million and executive departures, including Cavanagh's exit in January 2008 amid shareholder concerns over failed takeover bids. The group's assets were divested to in April 2009 for £84.3 million (approximately $130 million), effectively ending SCi Games' independent operations as a major publisher. Cavanagh was awarded an Officer of the in 2007 for contributions to the industry.

Entertainment and Culture

String Cheese Incident

is an American formed in , in 1993 by guitarist , violinist and mandolinist Michael Kang, bassist Keith Moseley, and drummer Michael Travis. Keyboardist joined in 1996, adding new instrumental textures including and , while percussionist Jason Hann became a full member in 2004. The band's music fuses , , , , , , and Afro-pop elements, contributing to their popularity within the jam band scene. SCI achieved early recognition when, just six months after forming, they were invited to open for the . Their debut studio album, Born on the Wrong Planet, arrived in 1997 via the band's SCI Fidelity label, accompanied by the live release A String Cheese Incident that same year. Follow-up studio albums include 'Round the Wheel (1998), Outside Inside and It's About Time (both 2001), Untying the Not (2003), One Step Closer (2005), Song in My Head... (2014), and Believe (2017), alongside extensive live recordings from tours. In August 2007, SCI entered a hiatus prompted by Nershi's desire to step back from touring, halting full-band activities for nearly two years before reuniting for shows in 2009. The band has since sustained rigorous touring, featuring multi-night runs, New Year's Eve residencies, and festival slots like Hulaween, with 2025 dates including performances at Hardly Strictly Bluegrass and Bender Jamboree. Over three decades, SCI has issued 11 albums (including live sets), four DVDs, and hundreds of concert recordings available via nugs.net, emphasizing their commitment to live improvisation and fan access.

Transportation and Sports

Sports Car International

Sports Car International was an American magazine dedicated to sports and performance automobiles, published from July 1989 to November 2008. It evolved from Sports Car Illustrated, which was established by Dale Naef and Frank Fittanto in , Georgia, and sold in 1988 to Ken Field of Continental Web Press in , prompting a relocation to . Under publisher Hollis Hedrich, the title changed to Sports Car International in 1989 to reflect a broader focus on international performance vehicles, including , sedans, hot hatches, and supercars from manufacturers in the United States, Germany, the , , and . The publication's content centered on three core sections: driving impressions of new models, in-depth feature articles with interviews of designers and drivers, and historical retrospectives alongside racing results. Early circulation reached 200,000 to 250,000 copies annually, but it declined to around 100,000 in its final years, leading to a shift from monthly to bi-monthly issues after October 1995. Editors such as Mark Ewing and D. Randy Riggs contributed to its reputation for detailed analysis of vehicle engineering and performance. In 1992, SCI Publishing Inc., led by Tom Toldrian, assumed ownership and moved operations to Novato, California. The magazine concluded with its November 2008 edition, attributed to escalating production costs and diminished advertising revenue amid a challenging print media landscape. It produced approximately 154 issues and gained recognition for editorial rankings, such as decade-specific lists of top sports cars based on influence, design, and driving dynamics.

Computing and Technology

Serial Communications Interface

The (SCI) is a module integrated into many microcontrollers and microprocessors, designed for asynchronous serial data transmission and reception between devices, typically implementing the (NRZ) encoding format. It enables full-duplex operation, allowing simultaneous transmission and reception over dedicated lines, with data sent sequentially one bit at a time without a shared , relying instead on pre-agreed rates for . Common in systems since the late , SCI modules facilitate communication with peripherals such as sensors, displays, and debug consoles, often supporting rates from 300 bps up to several Mbps depending on the system clock and prescaler configuration. Data frame format in SCI consists of a start bit (logic low), followed by 7 to 9 data bits (least significant bit first), an optional for error detection, and 1 or 2 stop bits (logic high), ensuring reliable framing without external . Transmission begins when data is loaded into a transmit , which shifts bits out via the TXD pin at the programmed rate, generated by dividing the module clock (typically the peripheral clock) using a 16-bit -select and prescaler. mirrors this on the RXD pin, where incoming bits are sampled at 16x the rate for and bit , with interrupts triggered on events like empty, overrun, or framing errors to handle real-time processing. Flow control options, such as handshaking, can be enabled to prevent overflows in longer connections. SCI differs from synchronous protocols like , which require a clock line for precise timing and support higher speeds (up to tens of Mbps) but demand more pins (typically 3-4) and are suited for short-distance, master-slave multidrop setups on the same board. In contrast, SCI (functionally equivalent to UART in many implementations) uses only two primary pins (TXD and RXD) for point-to-point links, enabling longer cable runs (up to 15 meters at low baud rates with signaling) but limiting speeds due to asynchronous timing drift, typically below 1 Mbps without specialized drivers. This makes SCI ideal for applications requiring simplicity and cost-effectiveness over raw throughput, such as updates or modem-like interfaces, though it lacks built-in addressing for bus topologies unlike I2C. Implementations vary by vendor: in ' TMS470 series, the SCI module includes dedicated registers for control (e.g., setting and modes) and supports multiprocessor communication via an -bit mode, where receivers ignore not matching their . Freescale (now NXP) HC11 microcontrollers from the featured SCI as a core peripheral with similar asynchronous capabilities, evolving from earlier standards defined in 1962 for teletype compatibility. Advantages include low overhead and robustness to noise with proper transceivers (e.g., converting levels to voltages of ±3-15V), but limitations like no inherent error correction necessitate software handling of or checksums for critical data. Modern usage persists in industrial automation and devices, often bridged to USB for PC connectivity.

Other Uses

Supreme Court of India

The is the highest judicial forum in the country, established under Article 124 of the , which came into effect on 26 January 1950. It succeeded the created under the and was inaugurated on 28 January 1950 at the Parliament House before relocating to its current building on Tilak Marg, , in 1958. The court comprises the (CJI) and up to 33 other judges, for a total sanctioned strength of 34, as increased by the Supreme Court (Number of Judges) Amendment Act, 2019; as of October 2025, it operates at full strength. Justices serves as the 52nd CJI, having assumed office on 14 May 2025 for a term ending 23 November 2025, with Justice Surya Kant recommended as successor to take office on 24 November 2025. The court's jurisdiction encompasses original, appellate, and advisory roles. Under Article 131, it exercises original jurisdiction in disputes between the Union and states, between states, or involving , including issuance of writs like , , , , and per Article 32 for enforcement of . Appellate jurisdiction covers civil, criminal, and constitutional matters from high courts and tribunals under Articles 132–134, with the power to review its own judgments under Article 137. As the final appellate authority, its decisions bind all courts per Article 141, and it provides advisory opinions to the President on questions of law or fact under Article 143. The court also holds the power of , striking down laws or executive actions inconsistent with the , a doctrine affirmed in cases like v. State of (1973), which established the "basic structure" doctrine limiting amendments. Appointments occur on the advice of the , comprising the CJI and the four senior-most s, who recommend candidates to the via the Union government; this evolved through judicial interpretations in the Three Judges Cases (1981, 1993, 1998), overriding earlier executive primacy, and was upheld in 2015 when the was deemed violative of . s must be citizens of with at least five years as a , ten years in judicial office, or distinguished juristic experience, appointed until age 65. The system has faced criticism for opacity and potential favoritism, as resolutions are selectively published on the court's website, though proponents argue it insulates appointments from political interference.

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