Fact-checked by Grok 2 weeks ago

SL

The special linear group SL(n, F), where n is a positive integer and F is a field, is the set of all n × n matrices over F with determinant equal to 1, equipped with the group operation of matrix multiplication.^[1]^[2]^[3] It forms a normal subgroup of the general linear group GL(n, F), specifically the kernel of the determinant homomorphism from GL(n, F) to the multiplicative group F^×.^[4]^[5] Over the real numbers ℝ or complex numbers ℂ, SL(n, ℝ) and SL(n, ℂ) are non-compact real Lie groups of dimension n² − 1, whose associated Lie algebras consist of traceless n × n matrices under the commutator bracket.^[1] These groups play a central role in the classification of semisimple Lie groups and algebras, with SL(n, ℂ) being a complex semisimple Lie group whose Lie algebra sl(n, ℂ) is simple for n ≥ 2.^[6] For finite fields F_q, the finite groups SL(n, F_q) are key examples in the study of finite simple groups, generating projective special linear groups PSL(n, q) that appear in the classification of finite simple groups beyond cyclic, alternating, and sporadic cases.^[7] The groups SL(n, ℤ) over the integers exhibit rich arithmetic structure, including congruence subgroups and modular representations, with applications in number theory and geometry.^[8]

Geography

Countries and territories

Sierra Leone is the sovereign state officially designated by the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 code SL, located in West Africa between latitudes 7° and 10° N and longitudes 10° and 13° W.^[9]^[10] The country, with a land area of approximately 71,740 square kilometers, borders Guinea to the north and northeast, Liberia to the south, and the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest.^[10] It attained independence from the United Kingdom on 27 April 1961, establishing itself as a dominion before becoming a republic in 1971.^[11]^[12] Sierra Leone's economy depends significantly on mining, with diamonds and iron ore forming key exports; in 2021, mining accounted for 67% of export earnings despite contributing only 0.6% to GDP.^[13] Iron ore production, centered in the Tonkolili and Marampa districts, has driven recent growth, while diamonds remain a staple commodity mined primarily in the eastern Kono District.^[14]^[10] No other sovereign states or dependent territories are assigned the SL code under ISO 3166-1 standards, which comprehensively lists 249 entries for countries and territories worldwide. Historical or unofficial uses of SL for subnational entities, such as postal abbreviations in non-ISO contexts, do not confer official territorial designation.

Physical and regional features

In ichthyology and fisheries science, standard length (SL) is defined as the distance from the tip of the snout (or lower jaw) to the posterior end of the caudal peduncle or hypural plate, excluding the caudal fin rays.^[15] This measurement standardizes fish size assessments by omitting the often-damaged or variable caudal fin, facilitating accurate comparisons for population dynamics, growth studies, and stock evaluations in regional aquatic environments.^[16] For instance, SL is routinely applied in surveys of marine and freshwater species to estimate biomass and maturity without bias from fin wear, as documented in protocols from agencies like NOAA. SL measurements typically range from millimeters for juveniles to over a meter for large predatory species, with empirical data from global fisheries indicating correlations to weight via power-law relationships (e.g., W = a * SL^b, where parameters vary by taxon and locale).^[17] In regional contexts, such as North American lakes or Indo-Pacific reefs, SL data inform sustainable harvest quotas; for example, Pacific sardine assessments use SL to track cohorts excluding fin variability. In biological taxonomy, sensu lato (s.l.), Latin for "in the broad sense," denotes a classification encompassing a wider array of taxa than a strict interpretation, often including synonyms, subspecies, or closely related groups post-Linnaean refinements.^[18] This usage clarifies ambiguous nomenclature in regional biodiversity inventories, such as applying Quercus s.l. to encompass American oaks with variable morphologies across ecosystems, avoiding overly narrow splits that ignore hybrid zones.^[19] Post-1750s Linnaean developments, s.l. qualifiers address causal overlaps in evolutionary lineages, as seen in fungal or plant floras where broader senses integrate fossil or morphological evidence for paleo-regional distributions.^[20] Empirical validation relies on phylogenetic analyses, prioritizing monophyletic cores while noting s.l. extensions for ecological realism over rigid cladistics.

Science, technology, and mathematics

Biology and natural sciences

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia), abbreviated SL in wildlife conservation tracking, inhabits high-altitude alpine and subalpine zones across Central Asia, including the Hindu Kush, Himalayas, Pamirs, and Tian Shan ranges in countries such as Mongolia, China, India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Russia. Elevations typically range from 3,000 to 6,000 meters, where the species relies on rocky terrains and sparse vegetation for camouflage and hunting prey like blue sheep and ibex. As of the 2020s, global population estimates range from 4,000 to 6,500 individuals, reflecting challenges in direct census due to remote habitats but corroborated by camera trap surveys and genetic sampling. The species is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN, with mature individuals numbering fewer than 10,000 amid threats including retaliatory killings by herders and depletion of wild ungulate populations.^[21]^[22] In molecular biology, SL refers to spliced leader sequences, short RNA caps (typically 16–40 nucleotides) trans-spliced onto the 5' ends of many pre-messenger RNAs in organisms such as nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans), flatworms, and kinetoplastids (e.g., trypanosomes). This mechanism, empirically documented through RNA sequencing and in vitro reconstitution experiments since its discovery in trypanosomes in 1980, replaces variable 5' untranslated regions with a common SL exon, enhancing mRNA stability, export, and ribosome scanning for translation. Studies of SL RNA genes, often tandemly arrayed in clusters, reveal conserved splice donor sites and Sm-binding motifs essential for small nuclear ribonucleoprotein assembly, as verified in genome projects sequencing trypanosomatid and nematode transcriptomes.^[23]^[24] In fisheries biology and ichthyology, SL denotes standard length, a precise morphometric measure from the snout tip (or upper lip) to the posterior margin of the hypural plate or vertebral column end, excluding the caudal fin to minimize variability from fin damage or regeneration. This metric, standardized in empirical surveys since the early 20th century, enables comparable size data across populations for growth modeling, stock assessments, and taxonomic identification, as applied in datasets from species like salmonids and cyprinids where total length can exceed SL by 10–20%.^[25]

Computing and information technology

Second Life (SL) is a virtual world platform developed by Linden Lab and publicly launched on June 23, 2003.^[26] Users, known as residents, create avatars to interact in a persistent 3D environment, building and trading user-generated content via the in-world currency Linden Dollars, which supports a real-money economy convertible to U.S. dollars.^[26] The platform has facilitated nearly two billion user creations and generated approximately $650 million in economic activity as of its 20th anniversary in 2023, with registered accounts exceeding tens of millions historically, though concurrent users peaked at around 55,000 in early 2022.^[26]^[27] In computational complexity theory, SL denotes Symmetric Logspace (Sym-L), the class of decision problems log-space reducible to undirected st-connectivity (USTCON), where a symmetric nondeterministic log-space Turing machine accepts an input if and only if it rejects its complement, ensuring the configuration graph allows bidirectional exploration within O(log n) space.^[28] This class, introduced by Harry R. Lewis and Christos Papadimitriou in the late 1970s, captures problems solvable via reversible nondeterministic computations that maintain symmetry in acceptance paths.^[29] A landmark result by Omer Reingold in 2005 demonstrated that SL equals deterministic logspace (L = SL) by devising a deterministic O(log n)-space algorithm for USTCON, resolving a long-standing open question and enabling efficient graph connectivity checks without nondeterminism.^[30] Scientific Linux (SL) is a discontinued Linux distribution derived from Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), initially released in May 2004 by a collaboration including Fermilab and CERN to provide a stable, free operating system for scientific computing and high-performance computing (HPC) environments.^[31] It incorporated modifications for physics experiments, such as optimized kernels for cluster computing, and supported versions up to SL7 (based on RHEL 7, released 2014), which remained in use at facilities like Fermilab for data analysis until end-of-life.^[31]^[32] In 2019, Fermilab announced discontinuation of new releases, transitioning to CentOS—a community rebuild of RHEL—to align with broader institutional adoption and reduce maintenance overhead, with SL7 support extended until approximately 2022.^[32]^[33]

Mathematics and logic

In mathematics, SL primarily denotes the special linear group, defined as the set of all n \times n matrices over a field F with determinant 1, forming a group under matrix multiplication.^[1] This group, denoted \mathrm{SL}(n, F), arises as the kernel of the determinant homomorphism from the general linear group \mathrm{GL}(n, F) to the multiplicative group F^\times.^[4] For F = \mathbb{R}, \mathrm{SL}(n, \mathbb{R}) serves as a foundational example in Lie group theory, where it constitutes a real semisimple Lie group of rank n-1 for n \geq 2.^[34] The special linear group gained prominence through the development of Lie theory in the late 19th century by Sophus Lie, who classified continuous transformation groups, including matrix groups like SL(n), as infinitesimal generators of symmetries in differential equations.^[35] Properties such as simplicity—for n \geq 2 over fields of characteristic zero, \mathrm{SL}(n, F) is simple modulo its center—follow from algebraic constructions, including the generation by elementary matrices and the surjectivity of the commutator map onto the derived subgroup.^[3] Theorems like the generation of \mathrm{SL}(n, \mathbb{Z}) by elementary matrices, proven via the Euclidean algorithm's matrix realizations, underscore its role in arithmetic group theory.^[4] Associated with \mathrm{SL}(n, F) is its Lie algebra \mathfrak{sl}(n, F), consisting of n \times n trace-zero matrices, which captures the tangent space at the identity and infinitesimal symmetries.^[34] This Lie algebra is simple for n \geq 2 over algebraically closed fields of characteristic zero, with root systems classifying representations via Cartan's theory.^[1] In mathematical logic, SL refers to sentential logic, a formal system axiomatizing propositional reasoning using atomic sentences combined via connectives such as negation, conjunction, disjunction, and implication.^[36] Soundness and completeness theorems establish its equivalence to truth-table semantics, ensuring derivations capture all valid inferences from first principles of truth preservation.^[37] In complexity theory, SL denotes the symmetric logarithmic space class, comprising decision problems verifiable via reversible, log-space computations with symmetric nondeterminism, positioned between deterministic logspace (L) and nondeterministic logspace (NL).^[38] Its characterization via undirected connectivity problems highlights algebraic connections, such as reductions to matrix permanents over finite fields, though without delving into machine models.^[39]

Business, economy, and organizations

Commercial entities and brands

SL Green Realty Corp. (NYSE: SLG), a real estate investment trust headquartered in New York City, focuses on owning, managing, and financing commercial office properties primarily in Manhattan. The company was founded in 1997 and operates as New York City's largest office landlord by rentable square footage. As of September 30, 2025, SL Green held interests in 53 Manhattan office properties totaling 30.7 million square feet, including direct ownership of 27.1 million square feet, with a market capitalization of approximately $3.8 billion as of mid-October 2025.^[40]^[41]^[42] The Mercedes-Benz SL-Class is a series of luxury grand tourer roadsters manufactured by Mercedes-Benz since 1954, with "SL" denoting Sport-Leicht (sport light) in German, reflecting its origins in lightweight racing design. The inaugural model, the 300 SL, debuted as a production version of the W194 race car, featuring innovative gullwing doors and direct fuel injection, and achieved racing successes including the 1952 24 Hours of Le Mans. Subsequent generations have evolved into high-performance convertibles with V8 and V12 engines, emphasizing luxury alongside sportiness; for instance, the R107 series (1971–1989) sold over 237,000 units globally. In 2022, the model was rebranded under Mercedes-AMG, incorporating advanced hybrid powertrains in later iterations.^[43]^[44]^[45] In Spain and several Latin American countries, "SL" designates Sociedad Limitada, a limited liability company structure analogous to a private limited company, requiring a minimum capital of €3,000 and limiting shareholder liability to their investment. This entity type is widely used by small- to medium-sized enterprises for commercial operations, with thousands incorporated annually; for example, notable Spanish firms such as Mango (Punto Fa, S.L.) and Zara's parent entity Inditex utilize variants of this structure for subsidiaries.^[46]^[47]

Economic and financial terms

In financial trading, SL commonly denotes a stop-loss order, a conditional instruction issued to a broker to execute a sale (or purchase) of a security once its price reaches a specified threshold, thereby capping potential losses from adverse price movements.^[48] This mechanism converts to a market order upon triggering, distinguishing it from stop-limit orders that require a specific limit price for execution.^[49] Stop-loss orders mitigate emotional decision-making by automating exits, though they risk slippage in volatile markets where execution occurs below the trigger price.^[50] Their use predates modern electronic systems, with references in stock market practices by the 1980s, but widespread adoption accelerated in the 1990s alongside the proliferation of online brokerage platforms and algorithmic trading, enabling retail investors to implement risk controls previously limited to institutional traders.^[51] In supply chain and inventory management, SL refers to service level, a key performance metric quantifying the reliability of stock availability to meet demand, often expressed as the probability of avoiding stockouts per replenishment cycle (cycle service level) or the proportion of customer orders fulfilled immediately from on-hand inventory (fill rate).^[52] Cycle service levels target probabilities like 95-99% to balance holding costs against shortage risks, derived from demand variability and lead time forecasts in operations research models such as the newsvendor problem.^[53] Fill rates, conversely, measure actual demand satisfaction fractionally, with empirical benchmarks exceeding 95% signaling robust logistics in industries like retail and manufacturing, as validated by safety stock optimization studies.^[54] These metrics inform safety stock calculations, where higher SL targets increase inventory buffers but elevate carrying costs, typically optimized via probabilistic inventory policies under uncertain demand.^[55] Service level agreements (SLAs) extend this to contractual commitments between suppliers and buyers, enforcing minimum thresholds like 98% fill rates to align incentives in global trade networks.^[56]

Transportation and infrastructure

In rail transport, SL refers to steam locomotive, a reciprocating engine that uses steam power generated from burning fuel to drive pistons connected to the wheels, enabling the rapid expansion of railway networks worldwide during the 19th and early 20th centuries. George Stephenson's Rocket, introduced in 1829, marked a pivotal milestone by winning the Rainhill Trials with an average speed of 12 mph and a peak of 30 mph, demonstrating reliable high-pressure steam propulsion on wrought-iron rails.^[57] This innovation facilitated the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway in 1830, the first inter-city line to rely primarily on steam locomotives for both freight and passengers, hauling up to eight such engines built in Stephenson's works.^[58] Steam locomotives dominated global rail systems, with adoption peaking in the 1940s before widespread diesel-electric and electric transitions reduced their use by the 1950s due to higher efficiency and lower maintenance needs. In automotive engineering, SL designates the Mercedes-Benz SL-Class, a grand touring roadster series emphasizing sporty performance and lightweight construction, with "SL" deriving from Sport-Leicht (sport light). The lineage debuted with the 300 SL prototype in 1952, featuring direct fuel injection and gullwing doors, achieving estimated top speeds around 235 km/h in racing form.^[43] Production models from 1954 onward, such as the W198 series, delivered outputs up to 215 hp from inline-six engines, enabling top speeds exceeding 200 km/h while prioritizing roadholding via independent suspension.^[45] Modern variants, like those in the R231 generation introduced in 2022, incorporate twin-turbo V8 engines producing over 500 hp, with electronically limited top speeds surpassing 250 km/h in performance trims, reflecting iterative advancements in aerodynamics and hybrid-assisted powertrains.^[59]

Labor and political organizations

Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path, SL), a Maoist organization also known as the Communist Party of Peru on the Shining Path of José Carlos Mariátegui, was founded in the late 1960s by Abimael Guzmán, a former philosophy professor at the University of Huamanga.^[60] The group espoused a radical interpretation of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, rejecting electoral participation and advocating violent "people's war" to establish a communist state, drawing ideological roots from Guzmán's synthesis of Mao Zedong's strategies with Peruvian indigenous mysticism.^[61] SL initiated its armed insurgency on May 17, 1980, by burning ballot boxes and attacking polling stations in Chuschi, Ayacucho, coinciding with Peru's return to democracy after military rule.^[62] From 1980 to the mid-1990s, the group conducted bombings, assassinations, and rural massacres, controlling significant territory in Peru's Andean and Amazonian regions while financing operations partly through alliances with narcotics traffickers in the Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene, and Mantaro (VRAEM).^[63] The Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (2003) attributed 54% of the conflict's 69,280 documented fatalities—approximately 37,000 deaths and forced disappearances—to SL actions, primarily against peasants, civilians, and state agents, though some analyses dispute the total figure as potentially inflated.^[64]^[65] Peru's government designated SL a terrorist organization in 1990, followed by the United States listing it as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on October 8, 1997, citing its pattern of civilian-targeted violence.^[66] Similar classifications were applied by Peru's allies, including asset freezes and sanctions under international frameworks.^[67] Guzmán's capture on September 12, 1992, in Lima fragmented SL into factions, such as the VRAEM remnant led by the Quispe Palomino brothers, which by 2024 persisted with an estimated 200-300 active members focused on protection rackets for drug cultivation rather than ideological insurgency.^[68] SL maintained no formal trade union affiliates but infiltrated and coerced participation in existing Peruvian labor groups, particularly teachers' federations like SUTEP and mining committees in the 1980s, using strikes and sabotage to advance urban operations; however, verifiable membership data tied directly to SL directives remains scarce in labor ministry records, as the group prioritized clandestine cells over overt organizational structures.^[69] No SL-linked political parties have contested elections, consistent with its doctrine deeming bourgeois democracy incompatible with revolution.^[70]

Arts, entertainment, and media

Performing arts and music

In theater and other live performing arts, SL is the standard abbreviation for "stage left," referring to the area of the stage to the left from the perspective of performers facing the audience. This convention facilitates precise blocking, lighting, and movement instructions in scripts and rehearsals, distinguishing it from audience left (which aligns with stage right). The term originates from proscenium arch stages where performers' orientation determines directional calls, ensuring consistency across productions in drama, musicals, and opera.^[71]^[72]^[73] In music, SL serves as the professional moniker of British rapper and vocalist Harlee Bashir Laguda Milne (born September 3, 2001), who emerged in the UK drill scene at age 15 with singles "Gentleman" and "Tropical" released in 2017. His discography includes the EP Selhurst SE25 (July 4, 2020), album Different Dude (2020), Turbulence, and Block Tales (September 5, 2025), featuring tracks like "Little Bird" and live-oriented videos such as "Berlin" (September 1, 2022) and "Prague" (December 25, 2022). SL's performances blend recorded releases with live energy, contributing to drill's emphasis on raw, street-influenced delivery, though specific chart peaks remain modest outside viral singles.^[74]^[75] Suburban Legends, an American ska-punk band occasionally abbreviated as SL in fan and archival contexts, formed in Huntington Beach, California, in 1998 under founders Tim Maurer and others. Key releases include the EP Rump Shaker (2003), full-length Infectious (2007), and later works like Forever in the Friendzone (2015), alongside live covers of Disney tracks such as "I-2-I" from The Goofy Movie. The band is noted for high-energy tours and Disneyland-adjacent performances, blending ska rhythms with punk attitude, though without major commercial chart success.^[76]^[77]

Visual media and literature

Solo Leveling, often abbreviated as SL in fan discussions, is a South Korean dark fantasy web novel authored by Chugong (pen name of Lee Jong-hoo).^[78] The series follows Sung Jinwoo, the world's weakest E-rank hunter, who after a near-death experience in a double dungeon awakens a mysterious "System" that enables him to level up, gain skills, and grow exponentially stronger while battling monsters and uncovering global threats from dimensional gates.^[79] It began serialization on KakaoPage on July 25, 2016, spanning 270 chapters across 14 volumes in its revised print edition published by D&C Media's Papyrus imprint starting in 2017.^[79] ^[80] The novel received a webtoon (manhwa) adaptation illustrated by Jang Sung-rak (Dubu), serialized on KakaoPage from March 4, 2018, to December 29, 2021, comprising 179 chapters across 13 volumes published by Ize Press.^[81] This visual adaptation amplified its popularity, emphasizing dynamic action sequences and character progression in a hunter-versus-monster framework, with English releases handled by Yen Press.^[82] Solo Leveling expanded into anime format with Season 1 produced by A-1 Pictures, directed by Shunsuke Nakashige, premiering on Crunchyroll on January 6, 2024, at 9:30 a.m. PT, covering the initial arcs including Jinwoo's reawakening and early guild conflicts.^[83] The series achieved record viewership as Crunchyroll's most-watched new anime premiere of 2024.^[84] Season 2 debuted on January 4, 2025, continuing the narrative into higher-stakes raids and revelations about the System's origins, airing weekly on the platform.^[85] Another literary work abbreviated SL is Thomas Keneally's 1982 historical novel Schindler's List, based on the true account of Oskar Schindler saving over 1,200 Jews during the Holocaust by employing them in his factories.^[86] Adapted into a 1993 film directed by Steven Spielberg, it depicts Schindler's transformation from opportunist to rescuer amid Nazi atrocities, earning seven Academy Awards including Best Picture and grossing $322 million worldwide.^[87] The film's black-and-white cinematography and focus on survivor testimonies underscore its documentary-like realism.^[87]

Language and communication

Linguistic codes and abbreviations

The ISO 639-1 code "sl" designates the Slovenian language (slovenščina), a South Slavic tongue belonging to the Indo-European family and primarily spoken in Slovenia and adjacent regions.^[88] This two-letter code, part of the international standard for language identification developed by the International Organization for Standardization, facilitates consistent representation in computing, linguistics, and global communication protocols.^[89] Slovenian, with around 2.5 million native speakers as of recent estimates, features a complex grammatical structure including dual number forms and a pitch accent system inherited from Proto-Slavic roots.^[90] Standardization of Slovenian predates modern ISO codes, with efforts tracing to the 16th century Reformation texts, but gained renewed institutional support after Slovenia's 1991 declaration of independence from Yugoslavia, when it was enshrined as the sole official language in the constitution, promoting its use in governance, judiciary, and education while preserving dialectal diversity.^[91] This post-independence codification aligned with EU accession in 2004, integrating Slovenian into multilingual frameworks without altering the "sl" code's assignment.^[92] In romanization and phonetic transcription systems, "SL" denotes the scheme devised by Wong Shik-Ling (S.L. Wong), a Cantonese linguist who in the 1940s created a Roman-based orthography for Standard Cantonese, drawing on International Phonetic Alphabet principles to represent tones, initials, and finals systematically.^[93] Wong's system, detailed in works like A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced According to the Dialect of Canton, prioritizes phonetic accuracy over etymological fidelity, using diacritics for the six to nine tones of Cantonese and distinguishing it from Mandarin-focused schemes like Pinyin.^[94] This abbreviation persists in linguistic resources for transcribing Yue Chinese varieties, aiding dialectology and language learning despite competition from Jyutping and Yale systems.^[95]

Terms in grammar and usage

In translation studies, a branch of linguistics concerned with the structural transfer of meaning across languages, SL denotes the source language, the original language of a text or utterance being rendered into another. This contrasts with the target language (TL), the recipient language, and the SL-TL distinction underpins analyses of bilingual corpora, where parallel texts enable empirical mapping of syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic equivalences. For instance, in corpus-based research, SL structures such as word order or idiomatic expressions are aligned with TL counterparts to quantify translation universals like explicitation, where TL versions often amplify implicit SL elements for clarity.^[96]^[97] Dictionaries of English usage and abbreviations employ "sl." as a shorthand for slightly, typically qualifying adverbs or adjectives in example sentences to denote minor degrees, as in "sl. modified" for subtle alterations in phrasing. Similarly, "sl." abbreviates slip, referencing minor textual errors or slips of the tongue in grammatical discussions of speech production errors, where unintended substitutions reveal underlying cognitive processes in language generation. These abbreviations appear in reference grammars for concise annotation, with attestations traceable to 19th-century dictionary conventions for editorial efficiency.^[98]^[99] Corpus data from historical grammar texts, such as those analyzing Early Modern English, illustrate SL's role in diachronic linguistics by comparing source-era usages against evolved forms, highlighting shifts in morphological paradigms without conflating with synchronic codes.^[100]

Miscellaneous uses

General abbreviations

In geography, cartography, and altimetry, SL denotes sea level, referring to the average height of the ocean's surface used as the zero datum for measuring elevations and depths worldwide.^[98] This reference, based on long-term tidal observations, originated in 19th-century geodetic practices to standardize height measurements amid varying local tides and land movements.^[101] Global mean sea level serves as the baseline, with deviations tracked via satellite altimetry and tide gauges for applications in aviation, engineering, and environmental monitoring.^[102] In bibliography, printing, and cataloging, s.l. (lowercase) abbreviates the Latin sine loco, meaning "without place," to indicate an unknown or unspecified location of publication in citations of books or documents, particularly rare editions.^[103]^[104] This convention, rooted in classical scholarly traditions, pairs with s.n. (sine nomine, without name) for missing publisher details and remains standard in academic and antiquarian references to maintain precision despite incomplete imprints.^[103]

Slang and colloquial expressions

In informal romantic contexts, particularly in personal advertisements, texting, and online classifieds, "SL" has been used as an abbreviation for "secret lover," denoting a clandestine romantic partner outside one's primary relationship; this usage appears in 20th-century slang compilations and persists in digital communication.^[105]^[106] Within gaming and internet subcultures, "SL" frequently abbreviates "Second Life," the virtual world platform launched by Linden Lab in 2003, where users create avatars and interact in simulated environments; this shorthand is prevalent in forums, chats, and player communities discussing virtual economies and social simulations.^[107] In technical discussions among artificial intelligence practitioners, especially on platforms like Reddit and Stack Exchange since the mid-2010s machine learning surge, "SL" colloquially stands for "supervised learning," a method training algorithms on labeled datasets to predict outcomes, contrasting with unsupervised approaches; its adoption correlates with the rise of frameworks like TensorFlow in 2015.^[108]^[109]

References

[1]
Special Linear Group -- from Wolfram MathWorld
Given a ring R with identity, the special linear group SL_n(R) is the group of n×n matrices with elements in R and determinant 1.
[2]
Special linear group - Encyclopedia of Mathematics
Jan 10, 2015 · The special linear group of degree (order) n over a ring R is the subgroup SL(n,R) of the general linear group GL(n,R) which is the kernel of a ...
[3]
Special Linear Group - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics
The special linear group is defined as the group of 2 by 2 complex-valued matrices with determinant one, which can be represented as elements of SL(2, C).
[4]
[PDF] 14 The Special Linear Group SL(n, F) - Brandeis
SL(n, F) denotes the kernel of the homomorphism det : GL(n, F) ³ F× = {x ∈ F |x 6= 0} where F is a field. Note that the determinant homomorphism has section s ...Missing: mathematics | Show results with:mathematics
[5]
Special linear group – Knowledge and References - Taylor & Francis
The special linear group is a subgroup of the general linear group consisting of matrices with a determinant of 1. It is denoted as SL(n, F)
[6]
special linear Lie algebra in nLab
Sep 2, 2024 · For k k a field and n n a natural number, the special linear Lie algebra 𝔰𝔩 ( n , k ) \mathfrak{sl}(n,k) is the Lie algebra of trace-free n × n ...
[7]
Projective Special Linear group PSL(q)
Sep 8, 2018 · The simplest class of finite simple groups, after the cyclic and alternating groups, is the projective special linear groups, PSL(q).<|separator|>
[8]
About the special linear group SL(n,Z) - Math Stack Exchange
Apr 14, 2015 · About the special linear group SL(n,Z) · This is the problem 2.5 of Kargapolov's Fundamentals of Group Theory · It is stated here on page 5.
[9]
SL - Sierra Leone - ISO
Alpha-2 code. SL ; Short name. SIERRA LEONE ; Short name lower case. Sierra Leone ; Full name. the Republic of Sierra Leone ; Alpha-3 code. SLE.
[10]
Sierra Leone Overview - World Bank
The majority of Sierra Leoneans are engaged in subsistence agriculture, yet the nation boasts abundant natural resources, including iron ore, diamonds, gold, ...
[11]
27 | 1961: Sierra Leone wins independence - BBC ON THIS DAY
Sierra Leone becomes the latest West African state to win independence, after more than 150 years of British colonial rule.
[12]
41. Sierra Leone (1961-present) - University of Central Arkansas
Sierra Leone (1961-present) Pre-Crisis Phase (April 27, 1961-March 20, 1967): Sierra Leone formally achieved its independence from Britain and became a member ...
[13]
Sierra Leone - Mining and Mineral Resources
Apr 17, 2024 · In 2021, mining contributed 0.6 percent to GDP, 67 percent of export earnings, 4.1 percent to total government revenues, and 3 percent to ...
[14]
From blood diamonds to critical minerals: Sierra Leone's mining ...
Apr 21, 2025 · Once defined by war and blood diamonds, Sierra Leone is now looking to turn its rich but underdeveloped mineral base – iron ore, gold, ...
[15]
Traits:StandardLength - Coastal Wiki
Abbreviated as SL. (FishBase). 2) Standard length (SL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the last ...
[16]
[PDF] Size Structure - American Fisheries Society
Standard length is measured from the anterior- most part of the fish to the end of the caudal peduncle. Anderson and Neumann. (1996) described measurements of ...
[17]
[PDF] Length conversions and mass–length relationships of five forage ...
For example, in the USA and Mexico, standard length (LS) is commonly measured for S. sagax, (Cisneros-Mata et al., 1995; Butler et al., 1996; Hill et al., 2008) ...
[18]
sensu lato, sens. lat., s.l. - BugGuide.Net
Nov 17, 2009 · "Sensu lato" is a Latin phrase meaning "in the broad sense," used in taxonomy to clarify a taxon's scope. It's sometimes abbreviated as sens. ...
[19]
Sensu lato - Cactus-art
This is a Latin adverbial locution that means in the broad or general sense on the contrary the locution sensu stricto (or stricto sensu) means in strict ...
[20]
sensu lato
"Sensu lato" means "in the broad sense," referring to a broader species concept, like "Russula emetica" in the past.
[21]
https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/snow-leopard
[22]
The Snow Leopard
The snow leopard is listed as globally Vulnerable on the IUCN ... snow leopard population, which is roughly estimated at between 4,000 and 6,500 individuals.<|separator|>
[23]
Structure and Expression of Novel Spliced Leader RNA Genes in ...
SL RNA is a 114-nt (or 95-nt for SL1 RNA) RNA transcript encoded by a spliced leader RNA gene. SL RNA contains an SL, a contiguous donor splice site, and ...
[24]
In Euglena, spliced-leader RNA (SL-RNA) and 5S rRNA ... - PubMed
In Euglena gracilis, a 26 nucleotide leader sequence (spliced leader sequence = SL) is transferred by trans-splicing to the 5' end of a vast majority of ...Missing: abbreviation biology
[25]
Snow Leopard Population by Country 2025
The total number of snow leopards in the world according to this data is somewhere between 4,080 and 6,590 today. While they're no longer considered endangered ...
[26]
Original Metaverse Second Life Celebrates 20th Birthday - Linden Lab
Jun 22, 2023 · First launched in 2003, Second Life has since gone on to boast nearly two billion user creations and a vibrant $650 million USD economy.Missing: peak blockchain
[27]
Second Life User Daily Concurrency Levels During June 2024
Jul 3, 2024 · Second Life has not reached the 54, 000+ mark since early 2022 when it peaked at 55, 737 on 5th February 2022. Overall the 2024 Second Life ...
[28]
Complexity Zoo:S
Apr 21, 2025 · SL: Symmetric Logarithmic-Space The class of problems solvable by a nondeterministic Turing machine in logarithmic space, such that. If the ...
[29]
[PDF] Symmetric Logspace is Closed Under Complement
Sep 28, 1994 · This shows that SL = co -SL. 1 Introduction. This paper deals with the complexity class symmetric Logspace, SL, de ned by Lewis and.Missing: history | Show results with:history
[30]
Undirected connectivity in log-space | Journal of the ACM
As undirected st-connectivity is complete for the class of problems solvable by symmetric, nondeterministic, log-space computations (the class SL), this ...Missing: definition | Show results with:definition<|separator|>
[31]
Scientific Linux: Created for physics, now used in medicine
Feb 20, 2017 · Fermilab first developed Scientific Linux as an open-source operating system in 2004 to fulfill exactly these demands, and it continues to release new versions.
[32]
The end of Scientific Linux - LWN.net
Apr 22, 2019 · Fermilab has maintained Scientific Linux, a derivative of Red Hat Enterprise Linux, for many years. That era is coming to an end, though.Missing: history 2004-2015
[33]
Scientific Linux Will Be Discontinued After 14 Years as Fermilab ...
Apr 25, 2019 · Scientific Linux Will Be Discontinued After 14 Years as Fermilab Moves to CentOS ... Produced by Fermilab, CERN, ETH Zurich, and DESY, Scientific ...
[34]
special linear group in nLab
May 17, 2021 · The special linear group SL(n,k) is the subgroup of linear transformations preserving volume form, or n x n matrices with determinant 1. It's a ...
[35]
Special linear group - Groupprops
Feb 11, 2010 · A special linear group is a natural number-parametrized system of algebraic matrix groups defined by algebraic equations for every field and ...
[36]
[SL] Sentential logic - Philosophy@HKU
In this module we discuss Sentential Logic (SL). It is one of the simplest formal systems of logic, and is also known as Propositional Logic.
[37]
[PDF] Introducing Sentential Logic (SL)
Sentential Logic (SL), also called propositional calculus, is a formal language using Roman letters, operators, and parentheses. Standard operators include ~, ...
[38]
About: SL (complexity)
In computational complexity theory, SL (Symmetric Logspace or Sym-L) is the complexity class of problems log-space reducible to USTCON (undirected s-t ...Missing: history | Show results with:history
[39]
A compendium of problems complete for symmetric logarithmic space
Complete problems are one method of studying SL, a class for which programming is non-intuitive. Our exposition helps make the class SL less mysterious and more ...
[40]
About - SL Green - NYC's Largest Commercial Landlord
As of September 30, 2025, SL Green held interests in 53 buildings totaling 30.7 million square feet. This included ownership interests in 27.1 million square ...Executive Management · Sustainability · Development · InvestmentsMissing: date | Show results with:date
[41]
SL Green Realty | SLG Stock Price, Company Overview & News
Industry: Diversified Financials ; Founded: 1997 ; Headquarters: New York, New York ; Country/Territory: United States ; Chief Executive Officer: Marc Holliday.
[42]
SL Green Realty Corp. | Nareit
SL Green Realty Corp. Stock Price. $53.83. Last Updated: Oct. 16 2025. Market Cap. $3.8 B.
[43]
History of Mercedes SL
Almost 70 years after the legendary Mercedes-Benz 300 SL debuted, the development of the new SL generation is for the first time completely in the hands of ...
[44]
A Brief History Of The Mercedes SL - CarBuzz
Aug 18, 2021 · The SL stands for "super-light" in German but has evolved into a true luxury sports car, whether it's a coupe, roadster, or being amped up by the Mercedes-Benz ...
[45]
Sport, luxury, lifestyle: The Mercedes-Benz SL
Aug 11, 2021 · For the first time in the history of the Mercedes-Benz SL, the car was powered by an eight-cylinder engine. The 450 SL followed in 1973.
[46]
Set up an S.L. Company in Spain (Sociedad Limitada) - Lawants
Nov 2, 2023 · An SL, or Sociedad Limitada, is a type of limited liability company in Spain. It is designed to engage in commercial activities and can operate in various ...
[47]
What are the differences between an SL and an SA?
Limited liability companies (or SL). Corporations (or SA). Thus, in view of the doubts that many of my clients ask me in this regard in my day- ...
[48]
How Stop-Loss Orders Help Limit Investment Losses and Risk
A stop-loss order is designed to limit investor losses by automatically selling a security when its price reaches a predefined level. Unlike stop-limit orders, ...What Is a Stop-Loss Order? · How It Works · Advantages
[49]
Help Protect Your Position Using Stop Orders - Charles Schwab
Stop orders help protect positions by obtaining entry/exit prices, limiting losses, or locking in profits. They come in three types: standard, stop-limit, and ...
[50]
Stop-Loss Orders: Protect Your Investments from Downside Risk
Oct 17, 2025 · A stop-loss order acts like an automatic safety switch for your investments, selling your position when a stock hits your preset price limit to ...Stop-Loss Order Risks · How To Set a Stop Loss Order · Examples of Stop-Loss...
[51]
MARKET PLACE; STOP-LOSS ORDER'S USES - The New York Times
Jun 5, 1984 · This is a type of suspended market order that goes into effect only if a stock drops far enough to touch, or pass by, a specified price.
[52]
Service Level vs. Fill Rate - Lokad
Nov 14, 2018 · Service levels represent the probability of fulfilling an incoming request, while fill rate is the percentage of the overall demand that can be served.
[53]
Service Level Definitions: Fill Rate, Cycle, and Period | Medium
Sep 8, 2022 · Fill Rate. The fill rate is computed as the fraction of the demand supplied directly from the on-hand inventory . “If we follow this policy ...A Framework For Inventory... · Fill Rate · Cycle Service Level
[54]
Supply Chain Service Level: Formula and How to Improve It - Stockpit
May 27, 2025 · A service level above 95% typically indicates strong inventory control and reliable logistics operations.<|control11|><|separator|>
[55]
Service Level vs Fill Rate: Key Differences in Supply Chains
Mar 4, 2025 · Service level is a company's ability to meet demand, while fill rate measures the percentage of customer orders fulfilled from available stock.
[56]
Designing Service Level Agreements for Inventory Management
Aug 8, 2025 · Service level agreements (SLAs) are widely employed forms of performance-based contracts in operations management.
[57]
Stephenson's Rocket | Science and Industry Museum
Rocket was the only locomotive to successfully complete the trials, averaging 12 mph and achieving a top speed of 30 mph. Designed by Robert Stephenson, ...Missing: adoption peak
[58]
George Stephenson | Biography, Locomotives, & Facts - Britannica
Eight locomotives were used when the Liverpool-Manchester line opened on September 15, 1830, and all of them had been built in Stephenson's Newcastle works.Missing: adoption | Show results with:adoption
[59]
MERCEDES BENZ SL-Klasse - All Models by Year (1954-2020)
Oct 18, 2025 · At the top of the range, the SL 600 retained its twin-turbocharged V12, producing 517 PS (510 HP) and 830 Nm (612 lb-ft) of torque this time.
[60]
Sendero Luminoso (SL) Shining Path - Peru
Former university professor Abimael Guzman formed the Shining Path (SL) in Peru in the late 1960s; his teachings created the foundation of SL's militant Maoist ...
[61]
Shining Path | Peruvian Maoist Guerrilla Movement - Britannica
Sep 18, 2025 · Shining Path, Peruvian revolutionary organization that endorsed Maoism and employed guerrilla tactics and violent terrorism.
[62]
Understanding the Path of Terrorism | Office of Justice Programs
This article profiles the history and tactics of the Peruvian terrorist group Sendero Luminoso ("Shining Path"), one of the world's most persistent and violent ...
[63]
Shining Path - InSight Crime
May 28, 2024 · The Shining Path or the Militarized Communist Party (Militarizado Partido Comunista - MPC) is the last remnant of Peru's guerrilla movement.
[64]
ICTJ - Hatun Willakuy
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission estimated that more than 69,000 Peruvians were lost during those two decades, either killed or forcibly disappeared by ...
[65]
Terrorism in Peru - PubMed
On 28 August 2003, the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission reported that an estimated 69,280 persons were killed in the internal conflict in Peru from ...<|separator|>
[66]
Country Reports on Terrorism 2017 - Foreign Terrorist Organizations
Sep 19, 2018 · Description: The Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso or SL) was designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization on October 8, 1997. The Peru-based ...
[67]
Treasury Sanctions Peruvian Narco-Terrorist Group and Three Key ...
Jun 1, 2015 · The Shining Path is based in Peru and has operated as a terrorist group since 1980. The group alleges that it is committed to Maoist ideals.
[68]
DEA And US Attorney Announce Charges Against Three Leaders Of ...
Jul 2, 2014 · Flores-Hala, Victor Quispe-Palomino, and Jorge Quispe-Palomino are leaders of the Peruvian-based terrorist organization Sendero Luminoso, or “Shining Path,”
[69]
PERU: The Shining Path and the Emergence of the Human Rights ...
The war with the Shining Path led to 70,000 dead, more than half of them at the hands of the guerrillas. Reacting to this bloodshed, national human rights ...
[70]
Maoism in the Andes: The Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path ...
This article examines the history and ideology of the Communist Party of Peru-Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso).Missing: trade | Show results with:trade<|separator|>
[71]
9 Main Theater Stage Positions - Backstage
Oct 24, 2024 · 6. Stage Left (SL): From the actor's perspective, Stage Left is located on the actor's left-hand side. 7. Downstage Right (DR): From the actor' ...
[72]
Stage Directions Cheat Sheet - Star Musicals Press
Write down stage directions in your script ; Upstage right (USR), Upstage Center (USC), Upstage Left (USL) ; Stage Right (SR), Center Stage (CS), Stage Left (SL).
[73]
Glossary of Terms - Stage Management - Theatrecrafts.com
The Stage Left side of centre stage is abbreviated to CSL, with CSR used for the stage right side. Also known as MID STAGE. (NB This is the UK spelling - in the ...
[74]
‎SL - Apple Music
Latest Release. 5 SEPT 2025. Block Tales. 10 songs. Top Songs ... UK rapper SL was just 15 years old when he exploded onto the drill scene with the singles ...Missing: discography | Show results with:discography
[75]
SL - Discography - Album of The Year
SL ; SL - Block Tales. Block Tales. 2025. 64. user score. (14) ; SL - Different Dude · Different Dude. 2020. 61. user score. (25) ; SL - Turbulence. Turbulence.
[76]
Welcome - Suburban Legends | Official Site
Suburban Legends is a ska band from Orange County that explores outside genres, has a diverse audience, and plays at Disneyland. They are a Ska/Punk band.
[77]
https://www.discogs.com/artist/1507106-Suburban-Legends
[78]
Solo Leveling(Only I Level Up) - 추공 (Chugong) - WebNovel
Read 'Solo Leveling(Only I Level Up)' Online for Free, written by the author 추공 (Chugong), This book is a Urban Novel, covering ACTION Fiction, ...
[79]
Solo Leveling Author Confirms the Most Authentic Version of Solo ...
Oct 15, 2025 · Sung Jin-Woo's story in the Solo Leveling webnovel came to life back on July 25, 2016, when the debut chapter was officially published online.
[80]
Solo leveling. I : Ch'ugong, author. - Toronto Public Library
Solo leveling ; 1. Series author: Chugong. Solo leveling (Light novels) ;. General note: "First published in Korea in 2017 by D&C Media Co., LTD." -- Title ...
[81]
Solo Leveling Manga Series, Vol 1-12, 12 Collection Books Set by ...
30-day returnsBook details · Print length. 3752 pages · Publisher. Ize Press · Publication date. November 19, 2024 · Dimensions. 8.2 x 5.7 x 8.7 inches · ISBN-10. 1637995164.
[82]
Solo Leveling - Official Comic - Tappytoon
Follow Jinwoo's journey as he takes on ever-stronger enemies, both human and monster, to discover the secrets deep within the dungeons and the ultimate extent ...
[83]
https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/guides/2024/1/6/solo-leveling-anime-trailer-characters-cast-more
[84]
Crunchyroll Finally Confirms Solo Leveling as Most-Watched New ...
Feb 21, 2025 · Crunchyroll Finally Confirms Solo Leveling as Most-Watched New Anime of 2024 ... Archived post. New comments cannot be posted and votes cannot be ...<|separator|>
[85]
https://www.crunchyroll.com/news/latest/2024/12/21/solo-leveling-season-2-releases-new-trailer-announces-january-4-premiere
[86]
[PDF] The Black, White, and Gray Zones of Schindler's List: Steven ...
Keneally's historical novel will be abbreviated with SL. ... film's respect for the limits of ... “Schindler's List: Myth, Movie, and Memory,” March.
[87]
'Schindler's List': An Oral History of a Masterpiece
Feb 21, 2024 · 'Schindler's List': An Oral History of a Masterpiece. Thirty years after sweeping the Oscars, Steven Spielberg, Liam Neeson, Martin Scorsese and ...Missing: SL | Show results with:SL
[88]
ISO 639-1 Language Code List - Localizely
sl, Slovenian. Latn. Left-to-Right. sm, Samoan, Left-to-Right. sn, Shona, Left-to-Right. so, Somali, Left-to-Right. sq, Albanian, Left-to-Right. sr, Serbian.
[89]
ISO 639-1 standard language codes
ISO 639-1 standard language codes ; Slovenian, sl ; Sorbian, sb ; Spanish (Argentina), es-ar ; Spanish (Bolivia), es-bo.
[90]
Facts about the Slovenian Language - Didaktum
Mar 13, 2024 · Slovenian has 2.5 million speakers, was the first written Slavic language, has a 'dual' case, and uses letters Č, Š, Ž.
[91]
[PDF] Slovene Language Status Planning - Raco.cat
After the declaration of an independent Slovenia in 1991, continuity of language planning and promotion of cultural pluralism was also expressed by the ...
[92]
Slovenia 2.5.4 - Compendium of Cultural Policies & Trends
Aug 11, 2019 · However, Slovene is a language spoken by only 2 million people and it needs to be preserved and developed, therefore special care and language ...
[93]
Cantonese language - Omniglot
S. L. Wong, a.k.a. Wong Shik Ling (黃錫凌), was a Cantonese language scholar who in the 1940s devised a Romanization system Cantonese, and a transcription ...
[94]
Cantonese Pronunciation & Romanization Schemes - Flying @way
S. L. Wong's A Chinese Syllabary Pronounced according to the Dialect of Canton. Research Centre for Humanities Computing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, ...
[95]
Tips for pronunciation & romanization systems
This page gives you the option to search up individual words, and have an audio where you can play the word, it comes along with the romanization of SL Wong's ...Missing: scheme | Show results with:scheme
[96]
Using a Source Language Corpus in Translator Training - inTRAlinea
This paper suggests ways in which a corpus of the source language (SL) may prove to be of use in translator training. Two distinct uses are identified.
[97]
Definition of Translation | October 2017
According to Catford (1995), translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL) ", ...Missing: studies | Show results with:studies
[98]
SL Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
What does the abbreviation SL stand for? Meaning: slightly.
[99]
sl. | Encyclopedia.com
sl. sleet• slightly• slip Source for information on sl.: The Oxford Dictionary of Abbreviations dictionary.
[100]
[PDF] The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar
May 31, 2020 · ... slip of the tongue by which a linguistic element is used earlier ... sl-, which often occurs in words with unpleasant *connotations, is.
[101]
Tidal Datums - NOAA Tides & Currents
MSL. Mean Sea Level. The arithmetic mean of hourly heights observed over the National Tidal Datum Epoch. Shorter series are specified in the name; e.g. monthly ...Missing: SL | Show results with:SL
[102]
Sea Level: Frequently Asked Questions and Answers. - PSMSL
For a tide gauge operator, MSL means the 'still water level'. The 'still water level' (without waves) is averaged over some period of time, such as a month or a ...Missing: SL abbreviation<|separator|>
[103]
Abbreviations - The Chicago Manual of Style
The abbreviations “sl” and “sn” stand for the Latin terms sine loco (without place [of publication]) and sine nomine (without name [of publisher]).
[104]
https://www.dictionary.com/browse/sl
[105]
SL - Secret Lover | AcronymFinder
How is Secret Lover abbreviated? SL stands for Secret Lover. SL is defined as Secret Lover frequently.
[106]
SL - "Secret Lover" by AcronymsAndSlang.com
What does SL stand for? Hop on to get the meaning of SL. The Acronym /Abbreviation/Slang SL means Secret Lover. by AcronymAndSlang.com.
[107]
What does SL Stand For in texting? 23 meanings of SL
Second Life · SL — So Long · SL — Secret Lover · SL — Slalom · SL — Skylight · SL — Soap Lake · SL — Scarlet Letter · SL — Scout Leader.
[108]
Supervised Learning Abbreviation: Short Forms Guide - All Acronyms
Explore popular shortcuts to use Supervised Learning abbreviation and the short forms with our easy guide ... SL · Supervised Learning · Machine, Computing ...
[109]
https://arxiv.org/pdf/2008.11945v2