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Sakana

(肴) is a term for a type of or snack served alongside alcoholic beverages, especially . The word originates from the compound of "saka" (酒, ) and "na" (菜, or ), reflecting its role as an accompaniment to drinking. Historically, sakana referred to any food eaten with , but by the (1336–1573), it commonly denoted preserved or dried and seafood, leading to the same pronunciation being adopted for the kanji meaning (魚). These dishes are typically small, , and designed to enhance the flavor of the drink without dominating it, distinguishing them from full meals. Sakana plays a central role in Japanese social and drinking customs, often shared in izakayas or at gatherings, and varies by , , and the type of served.

Etymology and Origins

Etymology

The name Sakana AI derives from the word sakana (魚), meaning "." This choice reflects the company's nature-inspired approach to , drawing parallels to how schools of fish exhibit emergent, through simple interactions. The , featuring a school of fish, symbolizes the goal of creating efficient AI systems that achieve complex capabilities via scalable, biologically motivated methods rather than brute-force scaling. The term sakana for fish has ancient roots in Japanese, with the kanji 魚 adopted during historical linguistic evolutions, but the company's naming emphasizes modern inspirational symbolism over traditional connotations.

Historical Development

Sakana AI was founded in August 2023 in , , by David Ha as CEO, Llion Jones as CTO, and Ren Ito as COO. Ha and Jones, former researchers at and , respectively, established the company to pioneer efficient foundation models inspired by natural systems, addressing Japan's need for tailored solutions amid global competition. Jones's co-authorship of the 2017 paper underscores the team's expertise in advancing architectures. Headquartered in Business Tower, Minato-ku, the company initially focused on automating scientific discovery and developing sustainable , launching with a $30 million seed round in January 2024 led by , NTT Finance, and UFJ. This funding supported early hires and infrastructure for research into evolutionary and nature-mimicking techniques. In September 2024, a $200 million Series A round, led by , , and , enabled expansion of talent and compute resources. By 2025, Sakana AI had released key innovations, including the AI Scientist in August 2024 for automated generation and evolutionary model merging methods to create hybrid foundation models with lower computational costs. These developments positioned the company as a leader in challenging conventional AI paradigms, with ongoing efforts to foster open-source contributions and collaborations in .

Culinary Aspects

Definition and Role in Meals

Sakana, denoted by the term 肴 (appetizer or ), encompasses small, salty snacks crafted to accompany alcoholic beverages including , shochu, , and wine. These portions are deliberately modest and exclude or other filling staples to ensure they do not form a complete , thereby keeping the emphasis on drinking rather than satiation. In contrast to Spanish tapas, which feature diverse items that can collectively constitute a full dining experience, sakana prioritizes hearty yet non-filling bites tailored exclusively to enhance alcohol consumption. While otsumami represents a modern, lighter equivalent for casual nibbles, sakana traditionally implies more substantial protein-based accompaniments, distinguishing it by scale and historical depth. Sakana is most typically served in , informal pub-style venues where groups share an array of with drinks, often commencing with otōshi—a compulsory appetizer that doubles as a to initiate the pairing. This ritual underscores sakana's integral role in pacing the evening's indulgences. At home, individuals also prepare sakana for relaxed drinking occasions, mirroring the izakaya's communal spirit on a personal scale. From a nutritional standpoint, sakana emphasizes high levels and pronounced profiles to complement by countering its astringency and stimulating appetite without heaviness. Commonly sourced from or , these snacks deliver protein-rich elements that support moderate consumption while aligning with the beverages' flavors.

Types and Varieties

Sakana, originally referring to fish-based accompaniments for alcohol due to its etymological roots in the word for , encompasses a broad range of otsumami or small dishes designed to complement drinks in settings. These are classified primarily by their base ingredients, reflecting a shift from traditional dominance to more diverse options. -based sakana form the traditional core, including fresh preparations like (thin slices of raw such as or ) and grilled varieties like yaki sakana (whole grilled such as ). Vegetable and plant-based options provide lighter, refreshing contrasts, such as (pickled radish or ) and (steamed young soybeans). Meat and processed varieties add heartier elements, exemplified by (grilled chicken skewers) and sausages or other cured meats influenced by later culinary adaptations. Within these bases, sakana can be categorized by preparation simplicity and context. Home-style versions emphasize accessibility, such as simple cheese pairings, often enjoyed casually at home. staples focus on shareable, crowd-pleasing fried items like (lightly battered shrimp or vegetables) or (fried chicken pieces). Premium selections highlight quality and seasonality, including smoked eel () for its rich, smoky flavor. Pairing guidelines prioritize harmony between sakana's flavors and beverages, with saltiness levels playing a key role in enhancing drinkability. Light seafood options like or grilled pair ideally with , where their subtle and moderate saltiness complement the rice wine's delicate profile without overpowering it. Heavier, saltier fried varieties such as or suit beer, as the crisp textures and bolder seasoning cut through the beer's carbonation and bitterness. The evolution of sakana has broadened its scope since the 1950s, incorporating (Western-style) influences amid post-World War II American occupation, which introduced ingredients like processed meats, cheese, and fried preparations to everyday and menus. This shift from fish-dominant dishes to inclusive varieties reflects Japan's economic recovery and globalization of its cuisine, allowing sakana to adapt while retaining its role as alcohol companions.

Preparation and Serving Practices

Sakana are typically prepared using straightforward techniques that emphasize the ingredient's inherent qualities, including to impart a subtle smokiness, for tangy preservation, deep-frying for crisp textures, or serving raw to showcase freshness. These methods employ minimal seasonings—such as a touch of , , or —to avoid overwhelming the natural flavors and ensure harmony with alcoholic beverages. For instance, seafood-based sakana, like fresh , are often arranged raw with just a dip in . At home, preparation focuses on quick and accessible assemblies, such as boiling in salted water or simply slicing tomatoes and for a light salad, making it ideal for casual gatherings without advanced equipment. In professional settings, however, chefs craft more refined versions, like deep-fried chicken cartilage (nankotsu) or marinated , which involve precise frying and seasoning to elevate the drinking experience. Serving practices prioritize communal enjoyment, with sakana presented on designed for sharing among groups, allowing diners to sample a variety as the evening progresses. Orders are typically placed incrementally alongside drinks to sustain and conversation, and many items are served at to provide a neutral counterpoint to chilled or warmed beverages. Essential tools for preparation include skewers, commonly used for items like to ensure even cooking and easy handling. Key ingredients often feature for a nutty aroma in fried or dressed dishes, alongside seasonal produce such as fresh or fish to maintain vibrancy and authenticity.

Examples and Regional Variations

Traditional Examples

Traditional examples of sakana highlight simple, enduring dishes that emphasize fresh, local ingredients and straightforward preparations, often featuring or plant-based elements to complement alcoholic beverages. These classics, such as atsuage, , and , rely on seasonal availability—like autumn for its fatty, protein-rich flesh—to maintain authenticity and avoid modern imports, ensuring flavors that are inherently salty, briny, or crispy to stimulate the palate during drinking sessions. Atsuage, or thick-fried tofu, exemplifies a vegetarian sakana rooted in everyday home cooking, where firm blocks are deep-fried until golden and crispy on the outside while remaining soft inside. Preparation involves pressing the to remove excess water, then frying in neutral oil at high heat for about 5-7 minutes, often served hot with toppings like grated ginger, chopped , and to add zing. Its chewy yet tender texture and subtle nutty flavor pair ideally with light, smooth , providing a refreshing contrast that cleanses the without overpowering the drink. Ika no , a fermented made from salted guts, represents a bold, umami-rich sakana with deep historical ties to coastal preservation techniques. The dish is prepared by chopping fresh squid innards, mixing them with , and allowing for several days to weeks at cool temperatures, resulting in a viscous, pungent paste with a chewy texture and intensely briny, salty taste. Commonly enjoyed straight from the jar or over , it pairs exceptionally with shochu, its sharp fermentation notes cutting through the spirit's robustness for a invigorating drinking experience. Edamame, boiled immature soybeans in their pods, serves as an accessible, nutritious that underscores the use of seasonal in traditional settings. The preparation is minimal: pods are boiled or steamed for 3-5 minutes in salted water, then lightly sprinkled with more salt for easy pod-popping consumption, yielding a crisp, fresh texture and mildly sweet, earthy flavor. As a staple since the , it enhances or by offering a light, hydrating bite that promotes moderation in social gatherings. These dishes were ubiquitous in Edo-era taverns, known as uke-zakaya, where simple sakana like grilled seasonal fish or these prepared items accompanied to foster communal bonding among patrons.

Regional and Seasonal Variations

Japan's sakana, the side dishes accompanying alcoholic beverages in settings, exhibit significant regional adaptations influenced by local ingredients and traditions. In , the northernmost region abundant in cold-water fisheries, -based preparations such as grilled shioyaki or Ishikari nabe—a miso-based featuring fresh , potatoes, and vegetables—serve as popular sakana, highlighting the area's renowned bounty. In , particularly Fukuoka, spicy dishes like dominate, where beef or intestines are simmered with garlic chives, cabbage, and a miso or soy , offering a robust, warming option often shared among drinkers. Kansai, centered around and , favors vegetable-heavy —pickled radishes, cucumbers, or plums—providing crisp, tangy contrasts to or beer, with varieties like (pickled ) emphasizing the region's emphasis on fermented produce. Seasonal rhythms, closely tied to Japan's fishing cycles, further shape sakana offerings to align with peak freshness and availability. During summer, when migratory fish like katsuo (bonito) are abundant, light cold soba noodle toppings such as thinly sliced raw fish or chilled seafood salads emerge as refreshing sakana, cooling patrons amid humid weather. In winter, as colder waters concentrate species like cod and shellfish, hearty hot pots precursor to full nabe dishes—such as simmered seafood stews—provide comforting sakana, reflecting the seasonal shift toward preserved or slow-cooked elements during leaner fishing periods. Distinct regional practices underscore these variations, incorporating unique local techniques and ingredients. Okinawa's inspires goya champuru, a stir-fry of bitter melon with , egg, and seasoned in soy and , frequently appearing in island izakayas as a flavorful, health-focused sakana that balances bitterness with . In Tohoku, the northeastern region with its harsh winters and rich marine heritage, fermented fish specialties like narezushi—pressed and lacto-fermented or with rice—or (salted squid innards) offer pungent, preserved sakana that preserve summer catches for year-round enjoyment. Socio-economic factors amplify these geographic distinctions, with coastal communities prioritizing fresh seafood due to immediate access to ports and daily catches, fostering dishes like raw or grilled whole fish. Inland areas, farther from the , rely on preserved meats and ferments—such as dried or soy-marinated proteins—to create durable sakana, adapting to limited fresh supplies while maintaining the communal drinking tradition.

Cultural and Social Role

In Japanese Drinking Culture

In Japanese drinking culture, sakana serves as essential accompaniments to alcohol, particularly in settings like izakaya and nomikai, where small, shareable portions of salty or umami-rich dishes—such as grilled fish, edamame, or simmered vegetables—enhance the drinking experience and prevent overconsumption by providing palate refreshment. These snacks, often ordered alongside each round of drinks like beer or sake, symbolize hospitality (omotenashi) by encouraging communal sharing among participants, thereby fostering social bonds in a society where alcohol acts as a key facilitator of relaxed interaction. Rituals surrounding sakana consumption reinforce , beginning with a collective toast (kanpai) before the first sip, followed by iterative ordering of drinks and matching snacks to sustain conversation throughout the evening. In nomikai, after-work gatherings central to professional networking, participants adhere to norms such as never pouring or drinking alone, instead serving others' glasses and avoiding overfilled plates to promote equitable sharing; these practices extend to gender dynamics, where traditional male-led sessions are evolving with increased participation amid shifting equality. Sakana thus functions as a "conversational " complement, its modest portions designed to spark without dominating the meal, aligning with cultural values of harmony and restraint. Beyond , sakana's role extends to broader social contexts like matsuri festivals, where yatai stalls offer portable versions—such as or seafood skewers—paired with drinks to celebrate community ties during lively gatherings. In nomikai and similar events, this tradition underscores sakana's contribution to building trust and solidarity, as shared bites amid toasts help navigate hierarchical structures in a subtle, ritualized manner.

Influence on Social Customs

In the post-World War II era, the transformation of Japanese family structures from rigid patriarchal systems to more egalitarian households facilitated the integration of casual at-home drinking accompanied by sakana into , fostering closer interpersonal bonds among members. With the legal abolition of the ie system in 1947, which had previously emphasized hierarchies, households increasingly embraced relaxed rituals like sharing simple sakana—such as pickled or grilled —over or beer during evening meals or weekends, promoting emotional openness and unity in a society recovering from wartime disruptions. In business settings, sakana plays a pivotal role in after-work nomikai, where these gatherings serve as informal venues for team-building and reinforcing corporate hierarchies, significantly shaping work-life dynamics in . Nomikai, which surged in popularity during the economic high-growth period of the , typically feature shared platters of sakana like , dried , or to complement drinks, encouraging prolonged conversations that build trust and facilitate indirect communication among colleagues. This practice influences corporate culture by blurring professional boundaries, yet it has drawn criticism for contributing to and strained work-life balance, as participation is often expected despite personal fatigue. Japanese drinking , intertwined with , has evolved from gender-segregated practices in the (1603–1868) to more inclusive norms in modern times, with sakana helping to moderate alcohol's effects and sustain social interactions. During the Edo era, sake consumption was predominantly a male domain due to the urban population's skewed gender ratio—approximately three or four men for every woman in cities like —leading to segregated gatherings where men enjoyed sakana such as simmered or cakes at yatai stalls or niuri-sakaya shops, while women participated far less. By the Meiji period (1868–1912) and into the postwar years, and women's increasing workforce participation gradually eroded these divisions, evolving into co-ed nomikai by the late , where sakana acts as a practical by providing sustenance to temper and extend gatherings without excess. Today, emphasizes mutual , such as pouring drinks for others and sharing sakana communally, reflecting broader societal pushes for inclusivity amid awareness of issues like alcohol-related . By the 2020s, heightened health awareness has contributed to a marked decline in heavy drinking, prompting shifts toward lighter sakana options that align with wellness trends and reduced intake. consumption in fell by about 25% over the past three decades, reaching 75.4 liters in 2022, driven by government guidelines on moderate drinking and growing concerns over and . This societal change is mirrored in preferences for low-calorie or vegetable-based sakana, such as fresh or lightly seasoned nuts, over heavier fried varieties, as younger generations—particularly those in their 20s, where around 60% drink minimally—opt for health-conscious pairings during occasional social drinking.

Representation in Media

In Literature and Manga

As a relatively new artificial intelligence company founded in 2023, Sakana AI has limited direct representation in traditional Japanese literature or manga. However, its innovative projects have been referenced in scientific literature and technical publications, influencing discussions on AI's future. For instance, the company's "The AI Scientist" system, which automates scientific discovery, was covered in a 2024 Nature article highlighting its potential to perform open-ended research using large language models. Similarly, the Darwin Gödel Machine, a self-improving AI agent introduced in May 2025, has sparked debates in AI ethics and evolution-inspired computing literature, with analyses in outlets like The Sequence newsletter exploring its implications for autonomous improvement. Sakana AI's nature-inspired approaches, such as the Evolutionary Model Merge technique, have appeared in peer-reviewed journals like Nature Machine Intelligence (January 2025), where the methodology for merging foundation models via evolutionary algorithms is detailed as a sustainable alternative to large-scale training. These references underscore the company's role in advancing AI paradigms, though fictional portrayals in remain absent as of November 2025, reflecting its focus on technical rather than pop culture narratives.

In Film, Television, and Other Media

Sakana has garnered significant attention in , interviews, and digital platforms, particularly for its milestones and groundbreaking projects. The company's Series A of approximately $200 million in September 2024 was widely reported in tech outlets like and , emphasizing its goal to build a world-class lab in . More recently, on November 17, 2025, Sakana announced a $135 million Series B round at a $2.65 billion valuation, covered by , , and , highlighting investments from and its focus on -optimized models for defense and banking. Projects like Continuous Thought Machines (May 2025), a neural architecture mimicking synchronization, received coverage in and BD Tech Talks, discussing its potential to challenge transformer dominance with more efficient reasoning. The AI Scientist also featured in IEEE Spectrum (September 2024) and a March 2025 article on its first peer-reviewed paper, noting costs as low as $15 per generated manuscript. Founders David Ha and Llion Jones have appeared in interviews, including a May 2025 video on Japan's AI landscape and a September 2025 Japan Times profile touting nature-inspired tech. discussions, such as a October 2025 talk by Ha on building frontier AI labs, further amplify the company's visibility. As of November 2025, Sakana AI lacks portrayals in film or television but continues to shape discourse in tech media and podcasts like the TWiML&AI show.

Modern Developments

In the 2010s and , sakana preparation has increasingly emphasized benefits, responding to Japan's rapidly aging population—where 29.3% of people were over in 2023—and a boom focused on preventive . Low-sodium variants have gained traction to address risks, with national salt intake dropping from 13.9 grams daily in 1995 to 10.1 grams in 2019, still exceeding WHO guidelines but reflecting broader dietary reforms in snacks and appetizers. Vegan alternatives to traditional fish-based sakana have proliferated, particularly plant-based "fish" products derived from konnyaku ( yam), catering to the rising demand for sustainable, animal-free options amid the 2020s health trends. For example, Azuma Foods introduced its "Future Fish" line in 2024, using flour, salt, , and to replicate texture and flavor, providing a vegan-certified alternative that reduces environmental impact from marine resources. Similar innovations, like -based raw fish mimics, support Japan's growing vegan market, with healthy snacking projected to expand due to consumer interest in gut health and plant proteins. Sustainability has become a core trend in sakana sourcing since the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, which heightened public concerns over in wild and spurred a shift toward eco-friendly practices like farmed to mitigate and climate effects. Japanese consumers' awareness of importance rose post-Fukushima, with surveys showing increased preference for certified sources; for instance, inland projects in Fukushima now produce pollution-free using land-based systems to restore trust and reduce dependency. Innovative pairings of beers with artisanal sakana have emerged, elevating experiences by matching bold brews like IPAs with grilled or marinated small-batch dishes to balance flavors. Post-COVID-19 from 2020 to 2025, app-based delivery platforms such as and Demae-can have transformed access to izakaya sakana, enabling home delivery of fresh appetizers and sustaining the drinking culture amid and shifts. Surveys reflect a 27% decline in overall supply since 2012, with consumption falling to 21.4 kilograms in 2023—a 3.3% drop from 2022—signaling reduced reliance on traditional fish sakana due to , cost, and factors, while fusion options like plant-based and low-sodium variants have surged in popularity.

Global Adaptations and Influences

The concept of sakana, the small, flavorful dishes traditionally paired with in , has influenced global bar cultures through the export of izakaya-style establishments, particularly in the United States. In cities like , izakaya bars such as Sake Bar Hagi and Izakaya MEW have popularized sakana-inspired , featuring grilled skewers, pickled vegetables, and fried bites adapted for local palates. Events at Smorgasburg in , including the 2025 Matsuri festival, showcase these snacks alongside drinks, blending traditional elements with ingredients like in rolls or ceviche-style fusions to appeal to diverse crowds. This influence extends to craft cocktail scenes in Europe, where sakana-like salty snacks—such as edamame or seaweed crisps—pair with gins and other spirits, echoing the izakaya tradition of balancing savory bites with beverages. In Germany and Berlin, second-wave izakaya like those in Düsseldorf market small plates as "Japanese tapas," enhancing gin-based drinks with umami flavors inspired by Japanese precision in mixology. Similarly, Korean anju (drinking snacks) draw parallels to sakana, with soju often accompanied by raw fish or stir-fried items, adapting the Japanese model of light, shareable accompaniments to local fermented spirits. Challenges arise in these adaptations, including Western media often misinterpreting sakana as mere "sushi sides," overshadowing their role as standalone drink enhancers. In the and , izakaya concepts face hurdles in and vegan markets, prompting modifications like plant-based or tofu-based skewers to comply with dietary needs while preserving flavors. By 2025, global fusion of sakana has surged via recipes, with viral videos promoting one-pan izakaya-inspired dishes blending Japanese techniques with international twists, contributing to a broader in tourism. has driven significant interest in Japanese culinary experiences, including a 5,000% surge in searches for foods as of 2025, aligning with record-high Japanese in 2024.

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