Selected Ambient Works Volume II
Selected Ambient Works Volume II is the second studio album by the English electronic musician Richard D. James under his pseudonym Aphex Twin.[1] Released on 7 March 1994 by the label Warp Records, the double album features 25 untitled tracks numbered from #1 to #25, with a total runtime of approximately 151 minutes.[2] Unlike Aphex Twin's debut album Selected Ambient Works 85–92 (1992), which incorporated acid house and techno influences, Volume II shifts toward a purer, more abstract form of ambient music characterized by dark, immersive soundscapes and minimalistic textures.[3] The album's compositions draw from James's experiences with lucid dreaming and altered states, employing detuned synthesizers, subtle dissonances, and field recordings to create an unsettling yet meditative atmosphere.[3] Tracks like #3 and #10 evoke vast, eerie landscapes through cycling chord progressions and layered drones, while others, such as #13 ("Blue Calx"), introduce faint rhythmic elements without overt beats.[2] The cover artwork, featuring abstract pie charts on a black background, reflects the album's enigmatic and non-narrative quality, with no track titles provided on the original release—leading fans to assign informal names like "Rhubarb" and "Stone in Focus" based on early online discussions.[3] Upon release, Selected Ambient Works Volume II received mixed reviews for its challenging and beatless approach but quickly garnered a cult following among electronic music enthusiasts.[3] It has since been recognized as a seminal work in ambient and IDM (intelligent dance music) genres, influencing subsequent artists and reissued in expanded editions, including a 2024 version that compiles all original formats and adds two bonus tracks.[1] The album's enduring legacy lies in its ability to expand ambient music's boundaries, blending reassurance with subtle unease in a way that remains hypnotic and innovative.[3]Background and Production
Background
Richard D. James, known professionally as Aphex Twin, grew up in Cornwall, England, where he began experimenting with electronic music in his early teens using homemade synthesizers and drum machines.[3] His breakthrough came with the 1992 release of his debut album Selected Ambient Works 85–92 on Warp Records, which blended ambient textures with intricate rhythms and established him as a key figure in the burgeoning IDM scene.[4] Prior to the album, James had issued several EPs under aliases such as Caustic Window, including the Joyrex J4 EP (1992) and Joyrex J5 EP (1993), showcasing his penchant for acid house and experimental techno.[4] In 1991, James co-founded Rephlex Records with Grant Wilson-Claridge to promote what they termed "braindance"—a fusion of ambient, breakbeat, and psychedelic influences that defied mainstream electronic genres.[4] The label quickly became a platform for James's diverse output, releasing early works like the 1992 compilation The Philosophy of Sound and Machine under multiple pseudonyms, including Blue Calx and Q-Chastic.[4] This period marked James's rise from underground raver to influential artist, with Rephlex serving as an independent outlet alongside his Warp deal. Building on the success of his debut, James released the On EP in 1993 on Warp Records, featuring tracks that shifted toward more abstract, melodic structures and helped generate anticipation for his next full-length.[5] The EP's sparse, ethereal sound previewed the ambient direction of his sophomore album. James drew inspiration for Selected Ambient Works Volume II from his experiences with lucid dreaming, which he said shaped its immersive, subconscious quality.[4] In a 1994 interview, he described the record's atmosphere as akin to "standing in a power station on acid," evoking a sense of overwhelming, humming energy.[6]Recording and composition
Selected Ambient Works Volume II was recorded between late 1992 and early 1993 at Richard D. James's home studios in London and Cornwall. Specific recording sessions took place at locations including the Lannerlog bedroom studio in Cornwall and 184 Southgate Road in London, where James captured tracks using analog hardware. The album's production emphasized hardware synthesis, with James employing synthesizers such as the EMS Synthi A Mk1, Yamaha CS-5, and an Oberheim Matrix-1000, alongside custom-tuned gear and DAT recording to achieve warm, saturated tones often transferred to tape for a lo-fi character. No digital plugins were used, reflecting James's preference for hands-on, analog experimentation during this period. James's compositional approach centered on minimalist dark ambient soundscapes, characterized by microtonal tunings, slow tempos, and layered drones that prioritized atmospheric immersion over rhythmic elements. In a January 1994 Melody Maker interview, he explained using custom scales: "A lot of the tracks are based on my own tunings and scales. There’s an infinite number of notes between C and C sharp, but most musicians in the West never use them." He also challenged himself to build some pieces around a single sound source, fostering extended, beatless explorations that diverged from his earlier techno-influenced work. This philosophy aimed at pure ambient immersion, with James noting in the same interview the absence of percussion: "For some reason, I never use percussion in my dreams." The 25 tracks emerged from improvisational sessions heavily inspired by lucid dreaming, a technique James had practiced since childhood. He described composing about 70% of the material this way, stating, "Some of the tracks were recorded under the influence of lucid dreaming. In other words, they’re based on sounds I first heard while dreaming. When I wake up, I go straight into the studio and try to recreate what I’ve heard in my dreams." Tracks vary in length from around 2 to 12 minutes, contributing to the album's total runtime of 166:53 and emphasizing hypnotic, non-narrative flow. This dream-derived method allowed for ethereal, evolving structures without conventional beats, marking a shift toward introspective electronic abstraction.Artwork and Presentation
Artwork design
The artwork for Selected Ambient Works Volume II was designed by Paul Nicholson, operating under the studio Prototype 21, in close collaboration with the album's creator, Richard D. James. Nicholson developed a systematic approach to the visuals, incorporating mathematical elements derived from track durations to create pie charts that divided each side of the triple LP or double CD into proportional segments representing individual pieces. This structure ensured consistency across formats, with the design finalized and delivered to Warp Records by early 1994.[7][8] The photographs integral to the artwork were captured by James's then-girlfriend, known as "Sam" (Samantha Robinson, also credited as Tha), who documented abstract, dream-like scenes and everyday objects around their East London flat, including textures like radiators and metal fragments. These sepia-toned images, selected and assembled by Nicholson, convey a sense of blurred ethereality, emphasizing subtle details to mirror the album's introspective ambient soundscapes.[9][8] Packaging for the 1994 Warp Records release featured a gatefold sleeve for the triple LP and a multi-panel booklet for the double CD, both prioritizing immersive visuals over text. The overall aesthetic employed earthy color schemes in greens, blues, and olive tones to enhance immersion, with no conventional liner notes—instead, the pie charts and photos served as the primary navigational elements.[2][8] Conceptually, the artwork ties into James's reported synesthesia, where auditory experiences evoke specific colors—such as yellow for enjoyable music—allowing the visuals to represent sounds in a synaesthetic manner that aligns with the album's dream-inspired, atmospheric themes. This approach avoided literal titles or explanations, fostering an abstract, interpretive experience for listeners.[10][11]Track representation
The tracks on Selected Ambient Works Volume II are officially untitled, with each of the 25 pieces represented by abstract photographs—such as images of grassy fields and watery reflections—paired with color-coded pie charts on the album artwork that visually encode their durations relative to the total runtime. These pie slices, sized proportionally to track lengths, organize the content across the six sides of the vinyl edition, emphasizing the album's immersive, non-linear flow. The photographs, captured by Richard D. James's then-girlfriend and arranged by designer Paul Nicholson, serve as evocative proxies for the music, transforming the tracklist into a visual catalog that invites interpretive listening.[3][12] The images were chosen to align visually with the emotional and atmospheric qualities of the corresponding tracks, fostering a synesthetic experience where visual elements mirror the music's dream-like, introspective tones and enhance the overall conceptual unity. This approach underscores the album's intent to evoke subconscious states, with the abstract textures—ranging from organic landscapes to industrial forms—acting as tonal gateways that deepen the listener's engagement beyond auditory perception. Fan communities have long interpreted these visuals as extensions of James's creative process, blending sight and sound to amplify the work's ethereal immersion.[13][14] In the absence of official titles, fans developed unofficial names based on the imagery, with Greg Eden—a member of the early IDM mailing list—compiling and popularizing them in 1994 for online distribution and database tagging. These titles, derived impressionistically from the photographs, gained widespread adoption through fan forums and music databases like Gracenote, despite James never endorsing them; notable examples include "Ai Aii" for track 14 (evoking a blurred, reflective surface) and "Stone in Focus" for track 18 (depicting a centered, meditative object). Eden's contributions, later supported by his role at Warp Records, standardized references that persist in discussions and remixes today.[3][13][15] One notable exception in the original presentation is track 19, which was absent from CD pressings due to the format's capacity limitations but included on vinyl and cassette editions; it was later restored in the 2024 expanded edition. This omission highlighted the challenges of adapting the album's expansive structure to digital media, prompting fans to seek out the missing piece via compilations like Excursions in Ambience.[16][15] The untitled, image-driven representation has profoundly shaped fan engagement, sparking obsessive online analyses, collaborative remixes, and reinterpretations that extend the album's mystique across decades. Early internet communities, including the IDM list, used these visuals and emergent titles to build a shared lexicon, influencing everything from bootleg edits to visual art inspired by the tracks' abstract essence. This participatory dynamic has cemented the album's status as a touchstone for electronic music exploration, where representation itself becomes a canvas for communal creativity.[13]Release History
Original release
Selected Ambient Works Volume II was initially released on 7 March 1994 in the United Kingdom and Europe by the independent label Warp Records.[17] In international markets, including the United States via Sire Records, it followed on 12 April 1994, with releases in Australia and Japan occurring around the same time.[18][2] The album appeared in multiple formats: a double CD (catalogue number WARPCD21), a triple LP in a gatefold sleeve (WARPLP21), and a cassette (WARPMC21).[2] A limited edition of the LP was pressed on brown vinyl.[19] The packaging featured sepia-toned abstract photographs representing each track, with no official titles printed on the discs themselves; instead, tracks were denoted by numbers from #1 to #25.[3] Warp Records conducted limited promotion for the release, capitalizing on Richard D. James's burgeoning cult following without issuing any singles or mounting extensive marketing campaigns.[3] As an independent label operating in the pre-digital era, distribution faced constraints typical of the underground electronic music scene, restricting widespread commercial reach.[2]Reissues and expanded edition
In 2012, Selected Ambient Works Volume II was reissued on triple vinyl by Aphex Twin's own 1972 Records imprint, marking the first analog pressing of the album in nearly two decades.[20] This edition contains 23 tracks, omitting #4 ("Hankie") and #19 ("Stone in Focus") from the full 25-track version of the original UK vinyl and cassette releases, and was distributed in a gatefold sleeve with an insert highlighting its status as a landmark ambient work.[20] Notably, Warp Records, the album's original label, publicly disowned the release due to licensing issues with the US rights holder.[20] The album gained wider accessibility in the 2010s through digital streaming platforms, including Spotify and Tidal, allowing broader exposure beyond physical formats.[21] To mark the 30th anniversary of the original 1994 release, Warp Records announced an expanded edition on June 18, 2024, which became available from October 4, 2024, across multiple formats including triple CD, double cassette, and digital download, with the four-LP box set following on November 29, 2024, due to production delays.[22][23] Remastered from the original tapes by engineer Matt Colton at Metropolis Mastering, the edition restores the previously omitted 19th track ("Stone in Focus") for the first time on all formats and adds two previously unreleased bonus tracks: "th1 [evnslower]" (11:08) and "Rhubarb Orc. 19.53 Rev" (6:41).[24] The full expanded runtime extends to approximately three hours and four minutes.[25] The bonus track "Rhubarb Orc. 19.53 Rev" reimagines the album's third piece with orchestral arrangements, written by Richard D. James, conducted by Marek Moś, and performed by the AUKSO Tychy Chamber Orchestra.[26] In liner notes accompanying the release, James dedicates elements related to the "Rhubarb" track to his mother, who passed away in 2022, crediting her profound influence on his life and confidence.[27] Promotion for the expanded edition included global listening parties in October 2024 at venues across the US (such as Houston and Los Angeles), Canada, the UK (including Tate Modern and Banquet Records), and Ireland, where fans could experience the full album in immersive settings.[28] Additionally, a new single pairing the original "#3" with "Rhubarb Orc. 19.53 Rev" was released digitally on October 1, 2024, ahead of the full edition.[26]Reception and Critical Analysis
Initial reception
Upon its release in March 1994, Selected Ambient Works Volume II elicited mixed responses from critics, who were often divided by Aphex Twin's abrupt pivot from the rhythmic, techno-oriented sound of his debut album to a predominantly beatless, minimalist ambient aesthetic.[9] Positive assessments in the UK music press highlighted the album's innovative and immersive qualities. NME rated it 8/10, praising its boundary-pushing electronic textures as a bold evolution in the genre. The Wire lauded the record's dream-like immersion, emphasizing how its subtle, looping compositions created a hypnotic, otherworldly atmosphere.[29] American outlets were more divided, with some finding the album's sparseness challenging. Entertainment Weekly assigned it a C grade, calling it monotonous and lacking in dynamism. Rolling Stone gave it 4/5 stars, acknowledging its ethereal beauty while critiquing its inaccessibility for mainstream listeners. Spin awarded 7/10, appreciating the evocative mood but noting repetitive elements that could test patience.[30] The album's niche positioning was evident in its commercial performance, underscoring its appeal to electronic music enthusiasts amid broader market trends favoring more upbeat dance records.[31] It garnered significant coverage in UK publications like NME and Melody Maker, but saw limited U.S. media exposure beyond specialist outlets. In contemporary interviews, Richard D. James discussed the work's deliberate complexity, positioning it as an intentional departure designed to engage listeners on a deeper, more introspective level.[29]Retrospective reviews
In the years following its initial release, Selected Ambient Works Volume II garnered increasing critical acclaim, evolving from perceptions of it as a challenging listen to recognition as a cornerstone of ambient music. Pitchfork's 2019 Sunday Review awarded the album a perfect 10/10, describing it as a "freeze-frame moment" that captured the essence of ambient and irrevocably altered the genre through its purity, starkness, and radical introversion. AllMusic described it as a more difficult and challenging album than its predecessor that requires patience from the listener but has a beauty all its own. Resident Advisor echoed this sentiment in its 2019 Rewind retrospective, calling it a "life-changing record" that amplifies perception and maintains timeless appeal across moods and eras.[3][32][9] This reassessment solidified the album's status as a masterpiece, with Pitchfork ranking it No. 2 on its 2016 list of the 50 best ambient albums of all time, behind only Brian Eno's Ambient 1: Music for Airports. Critics noted a shift in consensus, from early mixed reactions viewing it as difficult to contemporary views celebrating its innovative use of microtonal tunings and lucid dream-inspired compositions as pioneering elements in electronic music. Specific tracks like "#10" (commonly known as "Stone in Focus") were lauded for their ambiguously emotional quality and introspective depth, contributing to the album's overall serene yet haunting atmosphere.[33][32][3] The 2024 expanded edition further underscored its enduring relevance, particularly in the streaming era, where its psychedelic animism and ego-dissolving tracks continue to foster deep online engagement and cultural resonance. The Quietus described it as a "peri-personal communion" reflecting the essence of Cornwall's landscapes, emphasizing how its innovative soundscapes prefigure modern digital obsessions with ambient music and influence ongoing revivals in the genre. This reissue reinforced the album's role in expanding ambient's boundaries, blending human emotion with abstract textures in a way that remains profoundly impactful.[6][6]Legacy and Influence
Artistic influence
Selected Ambient Works Volume II exerted a significant influence on subsequent electronic musicians, shaping their approaches to ambient and experimental sound design. Oneohtrix Point Never (Daniel Lopatin) has cited the album as his favorite record, describing it as featuring mysterious and sinister qualities.[34] Similarly, Four Tet remixed the album's opening track in 1999, integrating its subtle, evolving drones into his folktronica style and highlighting its role in bridging ambient and rhythmic electronica.[35] Radiohead drew ambient and electronic inspirations from Aphex Twin's oeuvre, evident in their shift toward electronica on Kid A (2000).[36] The album advanced ambient electronica by emphasizing drone, minimalism, and psychological tension, paving the way for intelligent dance music (IDM) and post-rock's textural layering.[33] Released on Warp Records, it solidified the label's reputation for innovative electronic music and was ranked second on Pitchfork's 2016 list of the 50 best ambient albums, underscoring its enduring conceptual impact over commercial metrics.[33] Official remixes of the album remain scarce, with Four Tet's contribution standing out as a notable exception; however, fan interpretations proliferate online, reflecting its accessibility for reinterpretation.[35] The 2024 expanded edition introduced an orchestral adaptation of "Rhubarb" (track #19), expanding the album's sonic palette through classical orchestration and demonstrating its adaptability across genres.[37] On a technical level, the album featured hardware synthesizers such as the Oberheim Matrix-1000, enabling its signature ethereal pads and evolving timbres.[38] Its microtonal experimentation, with subtly detuned keys creating hypnotic unease.[39] The track "Stone in Focus" (track #10), with its brooding drone and vocal-like synths, has been sampled in tracks like "Mood" by TM88 & Southside, amplifying the album's reach in contemporary sound design.[40]Cultural impact
Selected Ambient Works Volume II has been prominently featured in media for its atmospheric qualities, particularly in the 2002 documentary The Devil's Playground, directed by Lucy Walker, where multiple tracks from the album underscore scenes exploring Amish youth culture during their "rumspringa" period. The album's ambient textures have also been utilized in films and video games to evoke introspective or surreal environments.[41][42] The album has fostered vibrant online communities since the early days of the internet, where fans first shared resources and interpretations, contributing to Aphex Twin's cult following through digital forums that emphasized the music's enigmatic nature. Discussions on platforms like Reddit often revolve around fan-assigned track titles, such as "Lichen" or "Rhubarb," which have become semi-canonical among enthusiasts. In 2024, Warp Records hosted a listening party at Tate Modern in London to celebrate the album's 30th anniversary and expanded edition, drawing hundreds of fans and reigniting online conversations about its enduring appeal.[43][44] As a cornerstone of the 1990s UK electronica scene, Selected Ambient Works Volume II symbolizes the era's shift toward introspective, non-dancefloor electronic music, influencing broader perceptions of ambient genres beyond club culture. Its compositions, inspired by Richard D. James's experiences with lucid dreaming, have been referenced in discussions of creative processes that blur consciousness and sound, as James described in a 1994 interview how such dreams informed the album's hazy, oneiric quality. The work has also entered therapeutic contexts, with its tracks employed in ambient music therapy sessions for relaxation and breathwork, aligning with Brian Eno's vision of ambient music as functional environment.[45][46][47] Richard D. James has synesthesia, perceiving sounds in multisensory ways, which has influenced his creative process.[48] Warp Records has incorporated the album into archival events, such as the 2024 Tate Modern collaboration, which highlighted its visual and sonic legacy through immersive presentations.[49] The album enjoys cult status in Japan and Europe, where it has sustained dedicated followings through vinyl reissues and fan events, contributing to the mainstreaming of ambient music via streaming platforms since Warp made its full catalog available online in 2018. This accessibility has broadened its global reach, introducing the album to new generations beyond its original 1990s audience. As of November 2025, the album continues to influence ambient and experimental music, with ongoing fan events and streaming popularity.[49][50]Track Listing and Credits
Track listing
Selected Ambient Works Volume II features 25 untitled tracks on its original vinyl release, with track 13 officially titled "Blue Calx"; the CD version omits track 19, resulting in 24 tracks. The tracks are commonly known among fans by descriptive names inspired by the abstract photographs accompanying each piece in the artwork, such as "Cliffs" for track 1 and "Stone in Focus" for track 18. The original LP format has a total runtime of 166:53 (25 tracks), while the CD has 156:39 (24 tracks). All tracks were written and produced by Richard D. James under his Aphex Twin moniker.[7][51] The 2024 expanded edition restores the full 25-track sequence for the first time across all formats and adds two previously unreleased bonus tracks, extending the total runtime to 184:53; track 19, a 10:14 piece with stylistic similarities to James's later work, was the one omitted from the original CD pressing. The expanded edition is available in formats including 4×LP (with tracks divided across sides A–H), 3×CD, cassette, and digital. The bonus tracks are titled "th1 [evnslower]" (11:08) and "Rhubarb Orc. 19.53 Rev" (6:41).[25][24]| No. | Title (fan name) | Duration | LP side (original/expanded) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Untitled ("Cliffs") | 7:27 | A1 / A1 |
| 2 | Untitled ("Radiator") | 6:34 | A2 / A2 |
| 3 | Untitled ("Rhubarb") | 7:44 | A3 / A3 |
| 4 | Untitled ("Hankie") | 4:39 | A4 / B1 |
| 5 | Untitled ("Grass") | 8:55 | B1 / B2 |
| 6 | Untitled ("Mould") | 3:31 | B2 / B3 |
| 7 | Untitled ("Curtains") | 8:51 | B3 / B4 |
| 8 | Untitled ("Blur") | 5:08 | B4 / C1 |
| 9 | Untitled ("Potato") | 6:54 | C1 / C2 |
| 10 | Untitled ("Tree") | 9:58 | C2 / C3 |
| 11 | Untitled ("Dim Stalks") | 7:18 | C3 / D1 |
| 12 | Untitled ("Lush") | 2:42 | C4 / D2 |
| 13 | "Blue Calx" | 7:20 | D1 / D3 |
| 14 | Untitled ("Parallel Stripes") | 8:00 | D2 / D4 |
| 15 | Untitled ("Shiny Metal Rods") | 5:33 | D3 / E1 |
| 16 | Untitled ("Grey Stripe") | 4:45 | D4 / E2 |
| 17 | Untitled ("Z Twig") | 2:05 | D5 / E3 |
| 18 | Untitled ("Stone in Focus") | 7:16 | E1 / E4 |
| 19 | Untitled ("Pyrolator") | 10:14 | E2 / F1 |
| 20 | Untitled ("Sphere") | 5:57 | E3 / F2 |
| 21 | Untitled ("Lichen") | 4:15 | E4 / F3 |
| 22 | Untitled ("Out") | 7:09 | F1 / G1 |
| 23 | Untitled ("Tassels") | 7:30 | F2 / G2 |
| 24 | Untitled ("Jynx") | 11:27 | F3 / G3 |
| 25 | Untitled ("Light and Space") | 5:41 | F4 / H1 |
| 26 | "th1 [evnslower]" | 11:08 | — / H2 |
| 27 | "Rhubarb Orc. 19.53 Rev" | 6:41 | — / H3 |
Personnel
Richard D. James, performing as Aphex Twin, wrote, produced, and performed all tracks on the album, handling all instrumentation without additional musicians.[2] Art direction and design were provided by Paul Nicholson under his Prototype 21 studio.[2] Photography for the album's abstract images was credited to "Sam," the pseudonym of Samantha Robinson.[53] The original 1994 release was mastered by Paul Nicholson at The Exchange and issued by Warp Records.[2] The 2024 expanded edition includes remastering by Matt Colton at Metropolis Mastering.[24] For the bonus track "Rhubarb Orc. 19.53 Rev," orchestral arrangements were conducted and adapted by Marek Moś, with performances by the AUKSO Tychy Chamber Orchestra and the OCTAVA Ensemble.[26] The edition retains the original Warp Records label.[24]Commercial Performance
Chart performance
Upon its release in 1994, Selected Ambient Works Volume II peaked at number 11 on the UK Albums Chart, spending three weeks in the top 100.[54] It also reached number 1 on the UK Dance Albums Chart, underscoring its prominence within the electronic music scene.[55] The 2024 expanded edition, marking the album's 30th anniversary, experienced renewed chart success driven by collector interest and anniversary promotions. It peaked at number 46 on the Australian Albums Chart, spending one week in the top 50.[56] In the US, it reached number 3 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart.[57] On the UK charts, the reissue entered at number 21 on the UK Albums Chart and number 1 on the UK Dance Albums Chart, as well as number 7 on the Scottish Albums Chart.[54][58]| Year | Release | Chart | Peak Position | Weeks on Chart | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1994 | Original | UK Albums (OCC) | 11 | 3 | Official Charts |
| 1994 | Original | UK Dance Albums (CIN) | 1 | N/A | Kops Records |
| 2024 | Expanded | ARIA Albums (Australia) | 46 | 1 | Australian-Charts |
| 2024 | Expanded | US Top Dance/Electronic Albums (Billboard) | 3 | N/A | UKMIX Forums (Billboard quote) |
| 2024 | Expanded | UK Albums (OCC) | 21 | N/A | Official Charts |
| 2024 | Expanded | UK Dance Albums (OCC) | 1 | N/A | Official Charts |
| 2024 | Expanded | Scottish Albums (OCC) | 7 | N/A | Official Charts |