IDM
Intelligent dance music (IDM) is a form of electronic music that emerged in the early 1990s, characterized by intricate rhythms, abstract sound manipulation, unconventional structures, and a emphasis on cerebral listening experiences over dancefloor functionality.[1][2] The genre draws from influences like Detroit techno, ambient music, and experimental electronica, often featuring processed beats, ambient melodies, and unusual time signatures that prioritize innovation and close attention from listeners.[3][4] The term "intelligent dance music" was popularized by the British label Warp Records through its 1992 compilation album Artificial Intelligence, which showcased artists producing non-dance-oriented electronic works amid the era's rave culture dominance.[1][3] Pioneering figures include Aphex Twin (Richard D. James), Autechre, and μ-Ziq, whose albums emphasized sonic experimentation and algorithmic composition techniques, setting IDM apart as a "braindance" alternative— a term Aphex Twin preferred to avoid implications of intellectual superiority over other electronic styles.[5][6] Other influential acts, such as Boards of Canada and The Black Dog, contributed to IDM's evolution by blending nostalgic samples, glitch elements, and atmospheric textures, influencing subsequent subgenres like drill 'n' bass and microsound.[1][7] Despite its innovations, IDM has faced criticism for the term's perceived elitism, suggesting that mainstream dance music lacks sophistication, a view that has led some artists and critics to reject the label altogether.[7][6] The genre's legacy endures in underground electronic scenes, with ongoing releases rewarding dedicated audiophiles through dense, rewarding productions that challenge conventional notions of rhythm and harmony.[3][4]Technology and Computing
Identity Management
Identity management (IDM) encompasses the policies, procedures, and technologies organizations employ to create, maintain, and secure digital identities for users, devices, and applications within IT environments. This process ensures that entities are verified and granted appropriate access to resources while minimizing risks such as unauthorized entry or data breaches.[8] IDM typically forms the foundational layer of broader identity and access management (IAM) frameworks, emphasizing the full lifecycle of identities—from initial provisioning during onboarding to de-provisioning upon termination—distinct from but complementary to access authorization mechanisms.[9][10] Core components of IDM include identity provisioning, which automates the creation and synchronization of user accounts across systems; authentication, verifying user identities via methods like passwords, biometrics, or multi-factor authentication; and identity governance, which enforces compliance with regulations such as GDPR or SOX through auditing and role-based access reviews.[11] Effective IDM reduces administrative overhead by centralizing identity data in directories like LDAP, established as an IETF standard in 1993, and integrates with modern directories such as Active Directory, deployed by Microsoft in 1999 for Windows 2000.[12] Systems must handle scalability for enterprises, where a 2023 Gartner report noted that 75% of organizations experienced identity-related security incidents due to poor management practices.[13] Key standards underpin interoperable IDM implementations. SAML 2.0, ratified by OASIS in 2005, enables secure identity federation across domains by exchanging authentication assertions in XML format, widely used for single sign-on (SSO) in enterprise settings.[14] OAuth 2.0, published as RFC 6749 in 2012 by the IETF, facilitates delegated authorization, allowing third-party applications to access resources without sharing credentials, though it requires extensions like OpenID Connect (OIDC) for robust authentication.[15] OIDC, built atop OAuth 2.0 and standardized in 2014, adds identity layers such as ID tokens for verifiable claims, supporting modern web and mobile ecosystems.[16] These protocols address historical silos in identity systems, which originated in the 1980s with mainframe user registries and evolved through the 1990s directory services boom amid internet growth.[17] In contemporary deployments, IDM adapts to cloud-native architectures and zero-trust models, incorporating just-in-time provisioning via SCIM (System for Cross-domain Identity Management), an IETF standard from 2011 that automates user lifecycle events across SaaS applications.[18] Challenges persist, including shadow IT proliferation—where unmanaged identities evade oversight—and the surge in non-human identities like APIs, projected to outnumber human ones 5:1 by 2025 per industry analyses.[19] Robust IDM mitigates these by enforcing least-privilege principles, with tools from vendors like Okta and Ping Identity reporting up to 99% reduction in breach risks through automated governance.[20]Internet Download Manager
Internet Download Manager (IDM) is a shareware download management application developed by Tonec Inc. for Microsoft Windows operating systems.[21] It functions by intercepting download links from web browsers, segmenting files into multiple parts for parallel downloading, and reassembling them to achieve higher speeds and reliability compared to native browser downloaders.[22] The software supports resuming interrupted downloads, scheduling, and categorization, making it popular among users handling large files or unstable connections.[23] Tonec Inc., based in the United States with operations linked to entities like Tonec FZE, initiated development of IDM in the late 1990s, with the software's copyright dating to 1999.[24] Initial public releases appeared around 2001, evolving through regular updates to address browser compatibility, video streaming support, and security enhancements.[25] As of October 2025, the stable version is 6.42 Build 51, released on October 15, which includes fixes for video stream downloads and integration issues.[26] IDM offers a 30-day free trial, after which a paid license is required for full functionality without nag screens, priced at approximately $25 for a single-user lifetime license.[27] Key features include dynamic file segmentation, which divides downloads into up to 32 parts for concurrent retrieval, potentially increasing speeds by up to 8 times over single-threaded methods, though actual gains depend on server limits and network conditions.[22] It integrates via extensions with browsers such as Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and Microsoft Edge, automatically capturing media and links.[23] Additional capabilities encompass error recovery from partial failures, a built-in download scheduler, queue management, and a video grabber for extracting streams from sites like YouTube.[22] Users can organize files into custom categories and set site-specific download rules.[23] IDM has faced challenges with browser updates, notably Chrome's Manifest V3 policy in 2024, which initially disabled its extension alongside ad blockers, prompting workarounds like helper applications from the developer.[28] Despite this, it remains widely used for its reliability in batch and high-volume downloading, though alternatives exist for open-source preferences or cross-platform needs. The software's association with file sharing has drawn scrutiny in some contexts, but its core utility stems from technical optimizations rather than endorsement of illicit use.[29]Integrated Device Manufacturer
An integrated device manufacturer (IDM) is a semiconductor company that internally handles the design, fabrication, testing, and packaging of integrated circuits (ICs), while also selling the end products under its own brand.[30] This vertically integrated approach contrasts with fabless firms, which outsource manufacturing, and pure-play foundries, which produce chips solely for external clients.[31] IDMs maintain control over proprietary processes to optimize performance, yield, and innovation, though this requires substantial capital expenditures on fabrication facilities (fabs), often exceeding $10 billion per advanced node plant.[32] The IDM model emerged in the mid-20th century as semiconductor firms like Texas Instruments and Intel developed in-house capabilities to produce ICs, starting with early innovations such as Jack Kilby's 1958 integrated circuit at TI.[33] By the 1970s and 1980s, IDMs dominated the industry, leveraging owned fabs for competitive advantages in scaling production of memory, logic, and analog chips.[34] However, escalating costs of sub-10nm process nodes—driven by extreme ultraviolet lithography and other technologies—prompted shifts; for instance, Intel faced delays in its 10nm rollout from 2016 to 2019, highlighting risks of self-reliance amid rapid technological evolution.[30] Prominent IDMs include Intel, which as of 2023 held significant market share in x86 processors with in-house fabs in the US, Ireland, and Israel; Samsung Electronics, producing DRAM, NAND, and logic chips while also offering foundry services; Texas Instruments, focused on analog and embedded processing with fabs in the US and Europe; Infineon Technologies, specializing in power semiconductors; and Micron Technology for memory.[30] [35] These firms accounted for a substantial portion of global semiconductor revenue, with Samsung and Intel vying for leadership in 2022 sales exceeding $50 billion each.[36] IDMs face pressures from the foundry-fabless ecosystem, where companies like TSMC fabricate for fabless designers such as NVIDIA, enabling specialization but introducing supply chain vulnerabilities exposed during the 2020-2022 chip shortage.[37] In response, hybrid strategies have proliferated; Samsung expanded its foundry arm to serve external clients, while Intel announced foundry ambitions in 2021 via Intel Foundry Services to compete with TSMC.[38] Despite these adaptations, IDMs retain strengths in closed-loop optimization, such as Samsung's integration of memory and logic for mobile applications, supporting sectors like automotive, consumer electronics, and data centers.[32]Intelligent Driver Model
The Intelligent Driver Model (IDM) is a deterministic, time-continuous microscopic car-following model used in traffic flow simulation to describe the longitudinal acceleration of vehicles in response to leading vehicles.[39] Developed by Martin Treiber, Arne Hennecke, and Dirk Helbing at the University of Augsburg, it was introduced in 2000 within a study on congested traffic states, aiming to replicate empirical observations of traffic breakdown and multiscale structures in jams through simplified yet realistic driver behavior.[39][40] The model balances two primary objectives: maintaining a desired velocity while ensuring a safe dynamic distance to the vehicle ahead, thereby avoiding collisions and producing smooth acceleration profiles under varying conditions such as free flow, following, and braking.[41] The core equation for the acceleration a_n(t) of vehicle n is given bya_n(t) = a \left[ 1 - \left( \frac{v_n(t)}{v_0} \right)^\delta - \left( \frac{s_n^*(t)}{s_n(t)} \right)^2 \right],
where v_n(t) is the current speed, s_n(t) is the gap to the leading vehicle, and the desired gap s_n^*(t) = s_0 + \max\left( T v_n(t) + \frac{v_n(t) \Delta v_n(t)}{2 \sqrt{a b}}, 0 \right), with \Delta v_n(t) as the relative speed (speed of leader minus v_n).[40][41] This formulation incorporates a free-road term $1 - (v/v_0)^\delta for approaching the desired speed v_0 with reduced acceleration at high speeds (controlled by exponent \delta), and an interaction term -(s^*/s)^2 for spacing adjustment, which becomes dominant near the leader and ensures string stability by damping perturbations.[39] IDM employs six intuitive parameters, each corresponding to observable driving behaviors:
| Parameter | Description | Typical Value (Cars) | Typical Value (Trucks) |
|---|---|---|---|
| v_0 | Desired free-flow speed | 120 km/h | 80 km/h |
| T | Desired time headway | 1.5 s | 1.7 s |
| s_0 | Minimum net gap (e.g., vehicle length excluded) | 2 m | 2 m |
| a | Maximum acceleration | 0.3–1.5 m/s² (calibration-dependent) | 0.3–1.0 m/s² |
| b | Comfortable (desired) braking deceleration | 3.0 m/s² | 2.0 m/s² |
| \delta | Acceleration exponent for smooth speed approach | 4 | 4 |
Music
Intelligent Dance Music
Intelligent dance music (IDM) is a genre of electronic music that originated in the early 1990s, primarily in the United Kingdom, as a reaction against the perceived simplicity of mainstream rave, house, and techno scenes. It emphasizes experimental sound design, complex rhythms, and abstract structures suited more for attentive listening than dancefloor utility, drawing influences from Detroit techno, Chicago house, and ambient music. The genre gained prominence through Warp Records' 1992 compilation Artificial Intelligence, which featured tracks from artists like Autechre, Aphex Twin (Richard D. James), LFO, and B12, positioning IDM as "electronic listening music" amid the post-rave shift toward home-based consumption.[1][42] The term "intelligent dance music" emerged around 1992–1993, with attributions varying between i-D magazine's usage to describe cerebral electronic tracks and the creation of the IDM mailing list in the US for discussing non-club-oriented dance music. Warp's marketing of Artificial Intelligence as music for the "intelligent" listener further solidified the label, though it was not coined by the label itself. By the mid-1990s, IDM had expanded via subsequent Warp releases and labels like Rephlex (founded by Aphex Twin in 1991), fostering a scene that prioritized innovation over commercial dance trends.[43][7] IDM's sonic hallmarks include intricate polyrhythms, glitch-like micro-edits, unconventional time signatures, and layered textures achieved through digital synthesis, granular processing, and sampling. Tracks often feature non-repetitive structures, ambient drones, and futuristic timbres, blending elements of drum and bass, electro, and minimalism while avoiding predictable four-on-the-floor beats. This focus on compositional depth over physical groove led to its association with "braindance," a term preferred by some artists like Aphex Twin to highlight its intellectual and playful ethos.[2][1] Prominent artists include Aphex Twin, whose 1992 album Selected Ambient Works 85-92 exemplified IDM's ambient-techno fusion; Autechre, known for algorithmic rhythms evolving into abstract noise on releases like Tri Repetae (1995); and Squarepusher (Tom Jenkinson), who integrated jazz basslines with breakbeat complexity on Hard Normal Daddy (1997). Other key figures encompass Boards of Canada with their nostalgic, analog-warm soundscapes on Music Has the Right to Children (1998), μ-Ziq's melodic experiments, and Plaid's textural IDM on Not for Threes (1997). These works, often released on Warp or affiliated imprints, numbered in dozens by the late 1990s, with over 100 influential albums cataloged in genre retrospectives.[42][1] The term IDM has faced criticism for its elitist connotations, implying that genres like hardcore techno or jungle lack sophistication, a view artists like Aphex Twin rejected by calling it marketing hype. Detractors argue it created artificial divisions in electronic music, with some preferring "electronica" or avoiding labels altogether. Despite this, IDM's legacy persists in subgenres like glitch (e.g., Oval's 1993 94diskont), wonky, and modern experimental electronica, influencing producers through accessible software like Ableton Live, which emerged in 2001 and facilitated similar beat manipulation. Sales data from Warp indicate sustained catalog revenue, with Artificial Intelligence compilations exceeding 100,000 units by the 2000s.[6][2]Slang and Informal Usage
I Don't Mind
"IDM" serves as an abbreviation for "I don't mind" in informal texting, instant messaging, and social media platforms such as Snapchat and Instagram, expressing neutrality, flexibility, or lack of preference regarding a proposed situation or choice.[44][45] This usage conveys that the speaker has no strong objection or attachment to the outcome, often signaling agreeability without commitment.[46] For instance, in response to a query like "Pizza or burgers for dinner?", a reply of "IDM" indicates openness to either option.[47] The acronym emerged in the early 2000s alongside the proliferation of SMS texting and early digital communication tools, paralleling other shorthand expressions like "IDC" for "I don't care."[48] It gained traction in casual online interactions where brevity is valued, particularly among younger users in English-speaking regions, though its exact regional origins remain undocumented in formal linguistic studies.[49] Unlike more dismissive phrases, "IDM" typically carries a polite or accommodating tone, avoiding confrontation while permitting alternatives.[50] Examples of "IDM" in context include:- Friend: "Want to watch the movie at 7 PM?" Response: "IDM, whatever works for you."[51]
- "Is it okay if I bring a guest?" Response: "IDM."[45]