Shed
A shed is a small, simple, roofed structure, typically single-storey and constructed from materials such as wood, metal, or plastic, used primarily for storage, sheltering equipment or animals, or as a workspace, and often situated in a backyard or garden adjacent to a residence.[1][2] Sheds vary in design, including roof styles like gable, lean-to, and barn configurations, which influence their functionality and aesthetic integration with surrounding properties.[3][4] Originating from ancient storage practices—such as Egyptian grain silos or prehistoric shelters built from local materials—the modern shed evolved in the Anglo-Saxon era from the word's root meaning "separation" or "division," reflecting its role in partitioning utility spaces from living areas.[5][6] Common uses extend beyond basic storage to include workshops, garden offices, and recreational spaces, with construction often following basic framing techniques akin to residential building but adapted for accessory purposes.[7][8] While sheds enhance property utility, local regulations may classify them as permanent structures if anchored and built durably, affecting permitting and placement.[9]Definition and Terminology
Definition
A shed is a simple, single-storey roofed outbuilding, typically freestanding or attached to a primary structure such as a house or barn, designed for utilitarian purposes including storage of tools, equipment, vehicles, or materials; shelter for animals; or use as a workshop.[7] Unlike more complex buildings like garages or homes, sheds emphasize functionality over aesthetics or habitability, often featuring basic framing, minimal insulation, and doors optimized for access rather than security or comfort.[10] They are commonly constructed from affordable, weather-resistant materials such as wood planks, corrugated metal panels, or prefabricated vinyl siding, with roofs that may be sloped (shed-style), gabled, or flat to facilitate drainage and simplicity.[11][12] Sheds vary in permanence based on foundation and anchoring: temporary models rest on skids or blocks for easy relocation, while permanent ones incorporate concrete slabs or piers fixed to the ground for stability against wind or seismic activity.[13][9] This classification affects regulatory requirements, such as building permits, which may mandate foundations exceeding 200 square feet in area or electrical hookups in some jurisdictions.[9] Though not primarily intended for occupancy, some sheds are adapted for secondary living spaces like home offices or guest quarters when equipped with utilities, ventilation, and compliance with zoning codes prohibiting full-time residence.[14] The defining traits of a shed—modularity, low cost, and adaptability—stem from its role as an auxiliary extension of domestic or agricultural operations, enabling efficient organization of outdoor activities without the structural demands of load-bearing walls or multi-room layouts found in principal buildings.[15] Historical and modern examples demonstrate sheds' scalability from small garden units (e.g., 8x10 feet) to larger utility variants (e.g., 20x30 feet), but they universally prioritize open interior space over partitioned functionality.[16]Etymology
The word shed, denoting a small roofed structure for storage or shelter, derives from Middle English shede or shadde, first attested around the late 14th century in the sense of a protective covering or partition.[17] This usage likely stems from Old English scēad or scydd, meaning a shelter or shade, which is connected to the verb sceadan ("to separate" or "divide"), reflecting the idea of partitioning off a space for utility.[17] The term evolved to specify a freestanding or attached outbuilding by the 16th century, as in the 1570s form shed for a "slight structure apart from a main building."[18] Related to the Old English sceadu ("shadow" or "shade"), the noun shed may represent a dialectal variant emphasizing division or temporary enclosure rather than full shading, distinguishing it from broader terms like cote or barn.[17] Early spellings such as shadde or shedde appear in Anglo-Saxon roots tied to Teutonic origins for separation, underscoring the functional etymology of creating bounded areas for tools, animals, or goods.[19] By the 19th century, shed standardized in English for lightweight utility buildings, uninfluenced by the homonymous verb shed ("to cast off"), which shares a separate Proto-Germanic root skath- for spilling or dividing but converged in spelling.[17]History
Ancient and Prehistoric Origins
The earliest precursors to sheds emerged in prehistoric hunter-gatherer societies, where nomadic groups constructed temporary lean-tos and enclosures from branches, bark, grass, and animal skins to store tools, weapons, and gathered provisions, shielding them from weather and predators. These rudimentary structures, often open-sided or semi-permanent, were built from locally available materials and adapted to diverse environments, from European mammoth-bone frames covered in hides to simple branch frameworks in warmer regions. Archaeological traces are scarce due to the perishable nature of these materials, but ethnographic analogies and indirect evidence from sites like those in the Upper Paleolithic suggest such utility shelters predated permanent settlements by tens of thousands of years.[7][6][20] The Neolithic Revolution, beginning around 10,000 BCE in the Fertile Crescent, marked a pivotal development in storage architecture as sedentism and early agriculture demanded protected spaces for surplus wild cereals and later domesticated crops. Excavations at the Dhra' site in the Jordan Valley uncovered the world's oldest known granaries, dating to circa 11,000–10,500 calibrated years before present (cal B.P.), comprising small (1–2 m diameter), mud-lined circular bins plastered with lime to deter rodents and moisture; these predomestication facilities, potentially detached from dwellings, facilitated the accumulation of wild grasses like barley and wheat, enabling population growth and eventual plant domestication. By 9,500 cal B.P., dedicated storage rooms integrated into Neolithic houses appeared, evolving into more specialized above-ground structures that influenced later shed-like forms.[21][22] In ancient civilizations, such as Egypt from the Predynastic period (circa 4000 BCE), above-ground reed-lined enclosures supplemented underground silos for grain and goods storage, providing ventilated, detached utility spaces amid burgeoning agriculture. Similarly, early Mesopotamian and Levantine sites yielded evidence of mud-brick outbuildings for tools and harvested produce, reflecting causal adaptations to surplus management rather than ritual purposes alone. These structures, though not identical to modern sheds, embodied core functional principles—simple roofing over open or walled spaces for protection—laid down in prehistoric foundations.[23][24]Medieval to Industrial Era Developments
During the medieval period in Europe, agricultural outbuildings including rudimentary sheds served as essential adjuncts to farmsteads and larger barns, primarily for storing tools, carts, and fodder such as hay or straw to support the open-field system of crop rotation and livestock management.[25] These structures were typically simple, low-cost constructions made from locally available materials like timber framing, wattle-and-daub walls, and thatched roofs, often as lean-to extensions against barns or dwellings to shelter small livestock like pigs and poultry from weather while minimizing fire risks from proximity to living quarters.[25] Archaeological evidence and manorial records indicate that such sheds were ubiquitous in peasant holdings by the 13th century, reflecting the labor-intensive demands of subsistence farming under the three-field system, where storage needs arose post-harvest to prevent spoilage of grains and legumes.[26] By the late medieval and early modern periods (14th–17th centuries), sheds evolved modestly with advancements in carpentry, incorporating more robust post-and-beam framing for durability against rot and pests, as farmsteads consolidated under enclosure-like practices in regions like England.[27] These buildings facilitated the storage of emerging implements like scythes and flails, supporting gradual shifts toward more intensive arable and pastoral economies, though they remained secondary to tithe barns designed for bulk crop threshing and stacking up to roof heights.[27] Documentary sources from estate surveys highlight their role in mitigating losses from vermin and damp, with repairs often mandated in feudal obligations. The Industrial Era (18th–mid-19th centuries) marked a pivotal shift in shed construction, driven by material innovations amid urbanization and agricultural mechanization, enabling cheaper, prefabricated elements for rural and nascent industrial storage.[28] Sheet iron roofing emerged in the early 1800s, with Henry Palmer patenting corrugated iron in 1829 for a London warehouse, which rapidly adapted to sheds for its strength-to-weight ratio—up to 20 times stronger than flat sheets—reducing transport costs and enabling spanning wider gaps without internal supports.[29] Galvanization, patented in 1837 by Stanislaus Sorel, added zinc coating for corrosion resistance, making iron-sheathed wooden sheds prevalent in agricultural settings by the 1840s for hay, machinery, and tools, as farms adopted steam threshers and reapers that required protected storage.[30] This transition lowered construction barriers, with prefabricated iron kits exported for colonial outposts, though wood remained dominant for framing due to iron's conductivity in variable climates.[29]Modern Evolution (19th-20th Centuries)
The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century transformed shed construction by emphasizing efficiency, portability, and mass production, driven by the need for rapid storage solutions amid expanding agriculture, mining, and colonial activities. Corrugated iron emerged as a pivotal material around 1830, when it was first used for roofing in structures like the Turpentine Shed in Britain, where sheets pressed through fluted rollers provided structural stiffness with minimal weight.[29] By the 1840s, British manufacturers produced fully prefabricated corrugated iron buildings, enabling quick assembly for rural outbuildings and export to colonies, where local timber shortages made traditional construction impractical.[31] This innovation reduced erection times from weeks to days, aligning with causal demands for scalable infrastructure in remote areas.[30] Prefabrication gained momentum in the mid-19th century, particularly during gold rushes in California (1848–1855) and Australia, where shipped iron kits formed sheds, barracks, and temporary shelters, bypassing on-site material limitations.[32] In agriculture, pole barns exemplified this shift: farmers embedded treated wooden poles directly into the ground as frames, then affixed corrugated metal siding and roofs, creating cost-effective enclosures for hay, machinery, and livestock by the late 1800s— a method that prioritized speed over permanence in expanding farmlands.[33] These designs reflected empirical adaptations to industrial outputs, such as increased mechanized tools requiring protected storage, rather than aesthetic or regulatory ideals. The 20th century saw sheds transition from utilitarian farm adjuncts to suburban residential features, fueled by post-World War I urbanization and leisure trends. Mid-century suburban expansion in the United States and Europe popularized compact garden sheds for tool storage and hobby spaces, with designs incorporating wooden framing clad in metal or weatherboard to match homesteads.[34] From the 1930s to 1950s, builders added decorative elements like painted shingle patterns, divided-light windows, and sloped roofs mimicking main-house architecture, enhancing visual integration while maintaining functionality for gardening and light workshops.[20] Advances in materials, including galvanized steel and early concrete foundations, improved weather resistance and load-bearing capacity, allowing sheds to withstand heavier equipment amid rising consumer affluence.[35] By the century's end, these evolutions underscored a pragmatic response to demographic shifts, with prefabricated kits democratizing access for non-experts.[36]Contemporary Trends (21st Century)
In the 21st century, sheds have evolved from basic storage units to multifunctional structures, reflecting broader societal shifts toward remote work, urbanization, and sustainability. Prefabricated and modular designs have gained prominence, enabling rapid assembly and customization for uses such as home offices, studios, and retreats, with companies like Modern Shed offering tailor-made prefab options since the early 2000s.[37] This shift aligns with market growth, as the global outdoor storage sheds sector expanded from USD 6.5 billion in 2021 to a projected USD 10.2 billion by 2030, at a compound annual growth rate of 6%, driven by demand for versatile backyard additions.[38] The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the conversion of sheds into dedicated workspaces, with U.S. consumers increasingly purchasing or retrofitting backyard sheds as home offices amid widespread remote work adoption; by September 2020, this trend was evident as full-time remote workers approached 70% of the workforce temporarily.[39] [40] Post-pandemic, hybrid arrangements sustained interest, with sheds marketed as "she sheds" or studios using durable materials like cedar or vinyl for insulated, weather-resistant interiors suitable for year-round use.[41] Sustainable practices have also emerged, incorporating eco-friendly materials such as recycled composites and energy-efficient features, though empirical data on widespread adoption remains tied to niche manufacturers emphasizing longevity over traditional wood or metal.[42] Aesthetic trends favor minimalist and mid-century modern styles, featuring clean lines, large windows for natural light, and integration with garden landscapes to enhance property value without permanent alterations.[43] [44] Innovative variants include modular greenhouse-shed hybrids and multi-purpose units for entertainment or storage, responding to limited urban space; for instance, designs like the "Garden Hideaway" prioritize compact footprints with expandable panels.[45] While integration of Internet of Things (IoT) for automated lighting or security is nascent in residential sheds, broader smart building trends suggest potential future applications in monitoring environmental controls, though specific shed deployments lack comprehensive data as of 2025.[46] Overall, these developments underscore sheds' adaptation to contemporary lifestyles, prioritizing functionality and efficiency over mere utility.Types and Uses
Residential and Garden Sheds
Residential and garden sheds are compact, single-story outbuildings primarily used for storing gardening tools, lawn equipment, bicycles, and outdoor recreational items in suburban or rural backyards.[47] [48] These structures protect contents from weather exposure and facilitate organized storage, often serving as workshops or hobby spaces.[49] Common sizes range from small units at 6x8 feet for basic tool storage to medium options like 8x12 or 10x12 feet accommodating lawnmowers and shelving, with larger variants up to 10x16 feet for expanded needs.[50] [51] Local regulations govern installation, with sheds under 100 square feet often exempt from building permits in many U.S. municipalities, though zoning setbacks from property lines and height limits typically apply; consultation with town building departments is required to ensure compliance.[47] Materials commonly include wood for aesthetic integration with homes, metal for durability against pests, or plastic for low maintenance, influencing factors like cost and longevity.[51] In the United States, demand for such sheds drives a market projected to reach $3 billion by 2029, reflecting trends in outdoor living and home improvement.[52] Globally, the garden sheds sector was valued at $5.89 billion in 2022, expected to grow to $9.26 billion by 2030 at a 5.8% CAGR, spurred by rising homeownership rates, such as 65.9% in the U.S. as of early 2024.[53] [54] Prefabricated kits dominate modern residential applications, enabling DIY assembly on concrete or gravel foundations, while custom builds allow tailored designs for specific utility.[55] Their proliferation aligns with post-World War II suburban expansion, where increased yard sizes necessitated dedicated storage beyond garages.[56]Agricultural and Utility Sheds
Agricultural sheds primarily serve to store machinery, tools, feed, and other equipment essential to farming operations, protecting them from environmental damage such as rain, snow, and UV exposure to extend operational lifespan and reduce replacement costs.[57][58] These structures often feature open-front or drive-through designs for easy access to large implements like tractors and combines, with common dimensions including widths of at least 12 meters to accommodate maneuvering.[59] In regions with high precipitation, such as the Midwest United States, surveys of farmers indicate that minimum storage space correlates with farm acreage, recommending buildings of 30-50 square meters for small operations up to larger enclosures for extensive machinery fleets.[60] Utility sheds on farms extend this functionality to general-purpose storage and maintenance tasks, housing items like generators, welding equipment, and spare parts while providing workspace for repairs.[61] Quonset-style or pole barn constructions predominate due to their cost-effectiveness and rapid assembly, utilizing steel framing or treated wooden posts embedded in the ground to support wide spans without internal supports.[62] Ventilation systems, including ridge vents and sidewall openings, are critical to mitigate moisture buildup in stored hay or chemicals, preventing spoilage and health hazards from mold or fumes.[63] Materials for these sheds prioritize durability against pests, corrosion, and mechanical stress; galvanized steel siding resists rust in humid climates, while pressure-treated lumber offers natural resistance to rot without reliance on chemical preservatives that may leach into soil.[64] Concrete slabs or gravel bases provide stable foundations to bear loads from heavy equipment, often exceeding 500 kilograms per square meter in high-traffic areas.[65] Custom features like insulated walls for year-round usability or reinforced doors for security address specific regional needs, such as seismic reinforcement in earthquake-prone zones or snow-load capacities in northern latitudes.[66]Specialized and Industrial Sheds
Specialized sheds are purpose-built structures tailored for specific equipment or activities requiring protection from environmental elements, such as aircraft hangars designed with clear-span interiors up to 250 feet wide to accommodate large planes without internal supports.[67] These enclosures prioritize unobstructed space, corrosion-resistant materials like galvanized steel, and features for secure aircraft housing, often engineered to meet aviation safety codes.[68] Boat sheds similarly provide sheltered storage for watercraft, emphasizing flood-resistant foundations, ventilation to prevent mold, and robust framing to withstand marine corrosion, with designs that facilitate easy launching and retrieval.[69] Industrial sheds serve as versatile enclosures for manufacturing, warehousing, and distribution operations, typically constructed from pre-engineered steel frames for cost efficiency and scalability.[70] Key subtypes include manufacturing facilities equipped for heavy machinery installation, such as assembly lines or processing equipment, which demand reinforced flooring and high-bay lighting; warehousing structures optimized for bulk storage with wide door access for forklifts and pallet racking systems; and flexible spaces adaptable for mixed uses like research labs or light assembly.[71] These buildings often feature modular designs allowing expansion, with spans exceeding 100 feet and heights up to 40 feet to support cranes or mezzanines.[72] In applications involving specialized needs, such as cold storage for perishables or data centers requiring climate control, industrial sheds incorporate insulated panels, HVAC integration, and fire suppression systems to maintain operational integrity.[73] Unlike standard warehouses focused solely on inventory holding, industrial sheds emphasize active production or processing, with layouts supporting workflow efficiency, electrical conduits for machinery, and compliance with occupational safety standards like those from OSHA for load-bearing capacities.[74] Steel construction dominates due to its durability against seismic activity and high winds, with galvanization extending service life beyond 50 years in harsh environments.[75] Prefabricated components enable rapid assembly—often within weeks—reducing on-site labor and costs by up to 30% compared to traditional builds, while allowing customization for regional codes.[76] In mining or heavy industry, these sheds house equipment like crushers or conveyors, featuring dust-proof seals and elevated platforms for vibration isolation.[77] Overall, their design prioritizes functionality, with economic benefits including lower maintenance and energy-efficient envelopes through insulated roofing and walls.[78]Emerging Multifunctional Applications
In the 2020s, garden sheds have evolved beyond traditional storage into versatile home offices, driven by the surge in remote work following the COVID-19 pandemic. These structures are often retrofitted with insulation, electrical outlets, high-speed internet wiring, and windows for natural light, creating dedicated workspaces that minimize household distractions. By 2025, demand for such "backyard offices" has grown significantly, with customizable sheds offering ergonomic layouts and soundproofing to enhance productivity and mental separation from living areas.[79][80] Parallel trends include conversions to home gyms and workshops, where sheds accommodate exercise equipment, mirrors, ventilation systems, and tool organization. Multi-functional partitions allow combined uses, such as fitness areas doubling as hobby spaces for woodworking or art, reflecting a broader shift toward personalized backyard utilities amid urban space constraints. In regions like Utah, installations for gyms and simulators rose notably by mid-2025, supported by modular designs that facilitate quick assembly and climate control.[81][82] Advancements in smart technology and sustainability are defining emerging applications, with "smart sheds" integrating IoT sensors for automated lighting, temperature regulation, and security monitoring. Renewable energy features, including solar panels and battery storage, enable off-grid operation, reducing reliance on main power grids while promoting energy efficiency. Pre-wired models from 2025 onward support these enhancements, aligning with eco-friendly trends like recyclable materials and rainwater harvesting, though adoption varies by local building codes.[83][84]Construction Fundamentals
Site Preparation and Foundations
Site preparation for a shed begins with selecting a location that is level, well-drained, and at least 3 feet from fences, property lines, or other structures to comply with common setback requirements and prevent moisture accumulation.[85] The area must be cleared of vegetation, roots, rocks, and debris to create a stable base, with particular attention to avoiding low-lying spots prone to standing water, which can lead to rot or shifting.[86] Leveling is achieved by excavating high spots and filling low areas with compacted soil or gravel, ensuring a tolerance of no more than 1-2 inches of variation across the footprint to support even weight distribution.[87] Utility lines, such as underground cables or pipes, should be located and marked prior to any digging, often through local "call before you dig" services, to avoid damage during preparation.[88] In regions with frost heave risks, the site should be evaluated for soil type—sandy or gravelly soils drain better than clay—and prepared to extend below the local frost line, typically 12-48 inches depending on climate, to prevent seasonal uplift.[89] Foundations for sheds vary by size, local building codes, and environmental factors, with small structures under 200 square feet often requiring only on-grade options like gravel pads, while larger ones may need frost-resistant designs.[89] A gravel pad, consisting of 4-6 inches of crushed stone over geotextile fabric for weed control and drainage, topped with a pressure-treated lumber perimeter frame, is widely recommended for its affordability, ease of installation, and ability to promote water runoff, reducing erosion and pest issues.[90] Concrete pier foundations, using precast blocks or poured footings spaced 4-8 feet apart and set below frost depth, provide elevated stability on uneven terrain and are suitable for sheds up to 12 feet tall or 200 square feet.[91] Poured concrete slabs, 4-6 inches thick with wire mesh reinforcement, offer the most durable option for heavy-use sheds but require professional forming and curing, typically lasting 20-30 years with proper slope for drainage (1/4 inch per foot).[89] Skid foundations, using pressure-treated timbers directly on leveled ground, allow mobility but are less stable in wet or freezing conditions.[89] Building codes, such as those in the International Residential Code adopted by many U.S. jurisdictions, exempt sheds under 256 square feet from permits in some areas but mandate frost-proof foundations for larger or permanent structures to ensure structural integrity.[92] Local variations apply, so verification with municipal authorities is essential before proceeding.[93]Structural Framing and Roofing
Structural framing for sheds primarily utilizes light-frame construction methods, employing dimensional lumber such as 2×4 or 2×6 studs spaced 16 inches on center to erect walls capable of supporting roof and lateral loads. Double top plates overlap at corners and intersections to distribute forces evenly, while bottom plates anchor to the foundation via bolts or straps compliant with regional seismic and wind provisions.[94][95] Roof framing commonly adopts gable configurations, featuring rafters or prefabricated trusses that span from a central ridge board to exterior walls, with slopes ranging from 4:12 to 12:12 pitch to facilitate drainage and resist snow accumulation. Rafter ties or collar ties prevent outward thrust on walls, and birdsmouth cuts ensure secure bearing on top plates, adhering to span tables in standards like the International Residential Code for spans up to 24 feet in residential accessory structures.[96][97][98] Alternative roof styles, such as skillion (lean-to) or gambrel, demand tailored framing: skillion roofs use ledgers attached to higher walls with sloping rafters, while gambrel designs incorporate dual-pitch rafters for added headroom, each engineered to handle local environmental loads without exceeding deflection limits of L/180 for live loads.[99][100] Roofing installation begins with plywood or OSB sheathing nailed at 6-inch edges and 12-inch fields to rafters, overlaid by synthetic underlayment or felt for vapor barrier. Asphalt shingles, applied in offset courses with starter strips and capped ridges, predominate for their 20-30 year lifespan and compatibility with low slopes above 2:12.[101][102] Metal panels, often galvanized steel or aluminum in corrugated profiles, attach via self-tapping screws with neoprene washers over purlins or directly to sheathing, providing 40-70 years of service with minimal maintenance and high resistance to hail impacts up to 2-inch diameter. Flashing at valleys, edges, and penetrations, combined with proper overhangs of 6-12 inches, mitigates water intrusion risks inherent to exposed structures.[103][104][105]Assembly Methods for Prefabricated vs. Custom Builds
Prefabricated sheds arrive as factory-assembled kits with pre-cut panels, framing sections, hardware, and detailed instructions, enabling on-site assembly primarily by homeowners or small crews using basic tools like drills, hammers, and levels. The process typically starts with site preparation and foundation installation—often a gravel base or concrete piers—followed by bolting together the floor frame, erecting pre-framed wall panels, securing roof trusses or panels, and attaching siding, doors, and windows. For a standard 8x12-foot wooden or metal kit, assembly requires 1 to 3 days depending on shed size, weather, and assembler experience, with larger units or resin models potentially extending to multiple days due to alignment challenges.[106][107][108] Custom-built sheds, by contrast, entail on-site construction from raw or standard lumber, metal, or other materials cut and framed to precise specifications, allowing adaptation to irregular sites or unique features like lofts or oversized doors. Builders measure and cut components for the foundation—frequently a full concrete slab for stability—then erect floor joists, frame and sheath walls, install custom trusses, apply roofing, and finish with tailored cladding and openings, often incorporating reinforcements for local wind or snow loads. Experienced professional teams can complete a basic 10x12-foot custom shed in one full day after site prep, though intricate designs or permitting delays can span several days to a week.[109][110][111] While prefabricated methods prioritize modular efficiency and minimal waste—reducing errors through factory precision—they often rely on thinner framing (e.g., 1x3-inch studs versus 2x4-inch in custom builds), potentially limiting load-bearing capacity and longevity without modifications. Custom assembly permits superior structural integrity via heavier-gauge materials and exact joins but exposes projects to on-site variables like material inconsistencies or labor skill gaps, increasing costs by 20-50% over prefab equivalents for comparable sizes.[112][113][114]| Aspect | Prefabricated Assembly | Custom-Built Assembly |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Tools Needed | Power drill, level, screwdriver; minimal cutting | Saw, nail gun, framing square; extensive cutting and measuring |
| Skill Level | Beginner to intermediate DIY | Intermediate to advanced, often professional |
| Typical Duration (10x12 ft) | 1-3 days | 1 day (pro) to 1 week (DIY/complex) |
| Flexibility | Limited to kit options; add-ons possible but constrained | High; fully tailored to site and needs |
| Common Risks | Misalignment of panels leading to leaks; voided warranties if altered | Weather delays, material shortages; higher error potential in framing |