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Sigfox

Sigfox is a (LPWAN) technology designed for massive () connectivity, enabling energy-efficient, long-range communication for sensors and devices using ultra-narrowband (UNB) radio modulation in unlicensed ISM frequency bands such as 868 MHz in , 915 MHz , and 433 MHz in parts of Asia. It supports lightweight uplink messages of up to 12 bytes (with a maximum of 140 messages per device per day) and downlink messages of up to 8 bytes, prioritizing simplicity, autonomy (with battery life spanning years), and minimal infrastructure costs through a global network of base stations operated by over 70 local operators covering more than 1 billion people across 70+ countries. The technology complements short-range networks like and by focusing on infrequent, small-data transmissions for applications such as smart metering, , and . Founded in 2010 by Ludovic Le Moan and Christophe Fourtet in Labège, near , —often called the "IoT Valley"—Sigfox pioneered the world's first cellular network, launching commercial operations in 2012 and rapidly expanding through partnerships with operators worldwide. The company raised over €300 million in funding from investors including and Ventures, enabling the build-out of its dedicated 0G network, which uses binary (BPSK) for uplink and Gaussian (GFSK) for downlink to achieve ranges up to 50 km in rural areas and 3-10 km in urban settings while consuming minimal power (typically 10-20 mW during transmission). Sigfox's architecture relies on a topology where devices communicate unidirectionally or bidirectionally with cloud-connected base stations, processing data via the Sigfox Cloud for secure delivery to applications through or callbacks, without requiring device-side geolocation or complex protocols. This design supports massive scalability for low-data-rate use cases, distinguishing it from competitors like LoRaWAN (which uses ) and NB-IoT (a licensed cellular ) by emphasizing operator-managed public networks over or private deployments. Following financial challenges exacerbated by the , Sigfox entered in January 2022 and was acquired by Singapore-based UnaBiz for approximately €25 million in April 2022, which integrated the Sigfox 0G technology into its hybrid portfolio and continued global operations. In September 2025, UnaBiz's Sigfox operations filed for judicial reorganization to restructure €5 million in debt, securing six months of court protection to maintain network services, safeguard jobs, and pursue recovery while the technology remains active for over 14 million connected devices worldwide.

History

Founding and Early Development

Sigfox was founded in 2009 in Labège, near , , by entrepreneurs Ludovic Le Moan and Christophe Fourtet. The company emerged as a direct response to the growing demand for efficient, low-power connectivity solutions in the emerging (IoT) landscape, where traditional cellular networks proved inefficient for handling vast numbers of low-data-rate devices due to their high power consumption and bandwidth overhead. Le Moan and Fourtet, building on Le Moan's prior work with Anyware Technology and Fourtet's expertise in technologies, envisioned a dedicated network optimized for massive IoT deployments, enabling billions of sensors to transmit small data packets over long distances with minimal energy use. From its inception, Sigfox focused on pioneering UNB technology, which operates in unlicensed sub-GHz ISM bands to achieve low-cost, wide-area coverage suitable for battery-powered IoT applications. Early development involved prototyping this UNB approach to address the limitations of existing wireless standards, emphasizing simplicity and scalability for applications like asset tracking and environmental monitoring. Sigfox launched commercial operations with its first network deployments in France in 2012, testing the technology's viability for nationwide coverage with initial base stations installed to support real-world IoT trials. A pivotal partnership with French broadcast and telecom infrastructure provider TDF in 2013 accelerated these efforts, enabling the deployment and maintenance of base stations across the country to densify the network and achieve broad urban and rural reach. This collaboration supported the expansion of the network, covering significant portions of the territory with approximately 1,000 base stations at a total cost of around US$4 million, positioning it as one of the earliest dedicated LPWAN infrastructures for IoT. By 2014, expansion began in Spain through a strategic alliance with infrastructure company Abertis, which initiated the rollout of the world's first IoT network there starting in February, focusing on integrating Sigfox's UNB capabilities into toll roads and urban areas for enhanced connectivity. Further milestones in 2014 and 2015 saw Sigfox extend its footprint to other countries, including the , the , and , through additional operator partnerships that built on the French model's success. These early expansions demonstrated the technology's potential for seamless cross-border applications, with nine active or planned networks operational by 2015, laying the groundwork for broader global ambitions while prioritizing low-power efficiency and cost-effectiveness.

Funding and Expansion

Sigfox secured multiple funding rounds during its growth phase, culminating in over €300 million raised by late 2016, with additional investments pushing the total beyond $370 million by 2018. Key backers included venture firms such as Idinvest Partners, Elaia Partners, and IXO Private Equity, alongside corporate investors like , , and . Telecom operators also participated prominently, with NTT Docomo Ventures joining a $115 million round in 2015, followed by and in the same investment. These funds supported rapid scaling, highlighted by a Series E round of €150 million in November 2016, which valued the company at approximately €600 million. The company's expansion strategy emphasized global operator partnerships to deploy its (LPWAN) infrastructure, achieving coverage in over 30 countries by 2017 and expanding to 45 by early 2018. This operator-led model, involving local telecoms and utilities, enabled Sigfox to position itself as a leading global LPWAN provider for massive deployments, serving a of nearly 400 million people across its network. To bolster its presence, Sigfox established a significant in in 2019, hosting events like Sigfox Connect and fostering regional partnerships amid growing demand in markets like and . Key milestones included reaching 1.35 million square kilometers of coverage by mid-2016, primarily in but extending to and through partnerships. Sigfox launched developer tools such as the Sigfox Build platform in , providing guidelines, reusable designs, and access to services for prototyping, alongside the for testing and the Sens'it kit for rapid solution validation. Ecosystem building advanced via collaborations with semiconductor firms, notably a with to integrate Sigfox compatibility into sub-1 GHz transceivers, enabling low-cost, long-range devices for applications like smart metering and asset tracking.

Bankruptcy and Acquisition

In the early 2020s, Sigfox encountered mounting financial losses driven by the high costs of deploying and maintaining its global infrastructure, coupled with intensifying competition from alternative technologies such as LoRaWAN and cellular-based solutions like NB-IoT integrated into networks. These pressures were exacerbated by reduced demand during the and global semiconductor shortages, which hampered device production and market adoption. By late 2021, the company reported a net loss of €91 million on revenues of just over €24 million, alongside financial debts totaling €118 million. On , 2022, Sigfox filed for redressement judiciaire (judicial recovery, akin to protection) in the Commercial Court of , , initiating a six-month period under court supervision to seek a buyer or investor while protecting operations from creditors. This process involved asset evaluation and potential liquidation to address the company's , during which Sigfox continued limited network services. The receivership proceedings attracted multiple bids, culminating in the acquisition of Sigfox SA and its French subsidiary Sigfox France by Singapore-based IoT provider UnaBiz Pte Ltd. on April 21, 2022, for an estimated €25 million. This deal transferred ownership of Sigfox's core 0G technology and French network assets to UnaBiz, which integrated them into its operations and relocated the effective headquarters to to align with its focus. Under UnaBiz's stewardship, Sigfox shifted strategically toward hybrid connectivity solutions that combine its proprietary 0G protocol with cellular and LoRaWAN technologies, aiming to enhance and address prior market limitations. Following the acquisition, UnaBiz revitalized Sigfox's , growing the connected device base to over 14 million active units worldwide by December 2024 through expanded partnerships and network optimizations. In May 2024, the company released updates to the Sigfox 0G device library, including open-source enhancements that reduced by up to 18 times and facilitated easier integration for developers. This evolution underscored a renewed emphasis on , with initiatives like the Sub0G program promoting ultra-low-power applications to minimize environmental impact and support UN through efficient, carbon-traceable deployments. In September 2025, UnaBiz's Sigfox operations filed for judicial reorganization to restructure €5 million in debt, primarily from tower rental fees, securing six months of court protection to maintain network services, safeguard approximately 110 jobs, and pursue recovery strategies including new funding. Despite these challenges, global operations continued unaffected, with over 15 million Sigfox-based connections active worldwide as of September 2025.

Technology

Network Architecture

The Sigfox network operates on a star topology, in which end-devices transmit directly to base stations without requiring intermediate gateways or . This design simplifies deployment and reduces complexity, enabling long-range communication with base stations typically covering up to 50 km in rural areas due to the use of sub-GHz unlicensed spectrum and ultra-narrowband modulation. Base stations, implemented as software-defined radios, monitor a 192 kHz and employ cooperative , where multiple stations can capture the same message to enhance reliability. At the core of the lies the cloud-based Sigfox Servers, which serve as the central backend for processing all network traffic. These servers manage message routing from base stations to end-user applications, perform device authentication using unique per-device credentials, and handle decoding and storage of . Connected via secure VPN tunnels over the public internet, the servers ensure scalable operation with redundancy across certified data centers, supporting features like integrations and callbacks for third-party services. This horizontal, two-layer structure—comprising the and the support system—minimizes operational costs while providing global connectivity through operator partnerships. Since the 2023 release of the open-source Sigfox 0G device library by UnaBiz, developers can more easily integrate the technology into hybrid solutions combining Sigfox with other networks like LoRaWAN. is embedded throughout the architecture, with device relying on unique certificates and keys provisioned via a central during manufacturing. Over-the-air enables secure updates and , while network-layer protections include message codes (MAC) for integrity, sequence numbers to prevent replay attacks, and optional AES-128 encryption in counter (CTR) mode for payloads. Base stations utilize trusted platform modules (TPM) for key storage, and all cloud communications employ and VPN encryption to safeguard data in transit.

Protocol Specifications

The Sigfox protocol employs ultra-narrowband (UNB) modulation to enable low-power, long-range IoT communications in unlicensed industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) radio bands. For uplink transmissions from devices to the network, it uses differential binary phase-shift keying (DBPSK) at a data rate of 100 bits per second (bps) in Europe and 600 bps in the US and Asia, while downlink transmissions from the network to devices utilize Gaussian frequency-shift keying (GFSK) at 600 bps across all regions. These modulations operate within narrow 100 Hz channels, allowing multiple devices to transmit simultaneously without interference. Operating frequencies are region-specific to comply with local regulations: in , uplink uses the 868.00–868.60 MHz band and downlink the 869.40–869.65 MHz band; in the , the 902–928 MHz band; and varies across , such as the 920–930 MHz band in and (RC3, RC5), 779–787 MHz in (RC4), and others per local regulations. The protocol's message structure limits uplink payloads to a maximum of 12 bytes per message, with devices permitted up to 140 messages per day to adhere to constraints, while downlink messages are capped at 8 bytes and 4 messages per day. Sigfox operates as an asynchronous, unslotted protocol with , meaning devices transmit without to the network and without requiring acknowledgments for uplink messages, which minimizes power consumption and overhead. This design ensures efficient use of in shared ISM bands. The protocol fully complies with regional regulatory frameworks, such as the (ETSI) requirements in , which impose a 1% limit on transmissions to prevent , thereby restricting devices to the aforementioned message quotas. Similar adaptations apply in other regions, like (FCC) rules in the , to maintain and legal operation.

Device and Transmission Features

Sigfox devices undergo certification through the Sigfox Ready program to ensure and with standards, including into uplink power classes (0u, 1u, 2u, and 3u) based on effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP). Class 0u represents the highest tier, supporting EIRP levels up to 24 dBm in radio configurations like and , ideal for basic, long-range deployments with battery life exceeding 10 years on low-duty-cycle operations. The classes define uplink EIRP ranges to balance range, reliability, and consumption: Class 1u operates at moderate levels (e.g., 7-12 dBm in RC1), suitable for areas with better coverage; Class 2u and 3u use even lower (e.g., 2-7 dBm and below in RC1) for savings in dense or fixed deployments. Downlink , supporting up to 8 bytes for commands or acknowledgments (limited to 4 messages per day), is a separate available across classes in supported radio configurations. Transmission power for Sigfox-compatible devices reaches up to 24 dBm in regions supporting (e.g., ), facilitating ranges of 3-50 km depending on environmental factors like or line-of-sight rural conditions, with low transmit currents typically around 20-50 mA to preserve energy. Modules and antennas for Sigfox integrate seamlessly with chips from , such as the S2-LP ultra-low-power RF transceiver, or onsemi's AX-SFxx series, allowing connectivity to diverse sensors including GPS for geolocation and temperature probes for monitoring. Battery life optimization leverages modes consuming under 5 µA and minimal protocol overhead, enabling over 10 years of autonomy on lithium batteries for devices transmitting sporadically, such as a few messages per day.

Deployment and Coverage

Global Network Reach

Sigfox's global network covers 5.8 million km² across 75 countries, serving 1.3 billion people worldwide (as of December 2024). This extensive reach spans multiple continents, including with full coverage across the , through deployments in the United States and , in , in , Asia in , and in . The network's design emphasizes low-power wide-area connectivity, enabling reliable applications in diverse geographies from densely populated urban centers to remote rural regions. In urban environments, Sigfox base station density typically ranges from 1 to 10 per km² to ensure robust coverage amid buildings and , while rural and remote areas feature sparser deployments, often 0.1 per km² or less, leveraging the technology's long-range capabilities. The network supports ranges of 3-10 km in urban settings and up to 40-50 km in rural areas, with indoor penetration extending 1-2 km, allowing signals to traverse obstacles like walls without significant loss. This adaptability facilitates seamless connectivity in varied terrains, from cityscapes to expansive countrysides. Following its acquisition by UnaBiz in 2022, Sigfox has prioritized expansion into emerging markets, particularly and , where operators like iWire and the TUX alliance (Things on Net, UnaBiz, and Xperanti) have enhanced national rollouts. This growth has supported the connection of over 15 million active devices globally (as of September 2025), underscoring the network's scalability for massive deployments in high-potential regions. To maintain reliability, Sigfox incorporates frequency hopping, transmitting messages across multiple channels to mitigate in congested spectra. In urban areas with potential coverage gaps, hybrid solutions combining Sigfox 0G with / provide fallback connectivity, ensuring uninterrupted service where density is lower. These features enhance the network's resilience and environmental adaptability across its global footprint.

Operators and Partnerships

Sigfox's global network is owned and operated by over 70 national solution providers, enabling localized deployment and support across 75 countries. These operators handle network infrastructure, maintenance, and customer connectivity, often in partnership with Sigfox's parent company, UnaBiz, which acquired the technology following Sigfox's 2022 . In September 2025, UnaBiz's Sigfox operations filed for judicial reorganization to address €5 million in debt, securing six months of court protection to maintain network services globally. Representative examples include Sigfox , backed by for operations in and extensions into through Telefónica's global platform integration. In and parts of Europe, collaborates via hybrid network initiatives with UnaBiz, combining Sigfox 0G with LoRaWAN for enhanced coverage. For the , Sigfox USA serves as the primary operator, while provides regional support in through its partnership with UnaBiz for seamless Sigfox access. In , Citymesh, affiliated with , acts as the exclusive operator following its 2021 acquisition of ENGIE M2M. Strategic partnerships extend beyond operators to device manufacturers and platform providers, fostering ecosystem growth. collaborates on certified modules and reference designs for Sigfox-compatible devices, enabling low-power integrations. Integration with AWS IoT allows operators and developers to route Sigfox data directly to cloud services for processing and analytics. UnaBiz drives hybrid network collaborations, such as with for combining Sigfox 0G and LoRaWAN on shared platforms, and with The Things Industries for multi-technology . The operator model emphasizes through device subscriptions, typically ranging from €1 to €5 per per year, covering network access, data transmission, and services under a unified global contract. This structure incentivizes operators with a portion of subscription fees while ensuring predictable costs for end-users, with no additional charges for across operator boundaries. Operators benefit from Sigfox's centralized backend for certification and , supporting scalable deployments. Recent developments include 2024 expansions in , where local telcos like Sigfox South Africa partnered for smart water metering nationwide, and IoT Africa Networks deployed the network in to boost infrastructure. In January 2025, UnaBiz launched the Sub0G program with partners including , Linxens, and Zinergy to develop ultra-low-cost smart labels; the Sigfox device was opened as an open-source in 2023 to accelerate developer adoption and . These initiatives aim to densify coverage and lower entry barriers, with Sigfox South Africa planning further network enhancements in 2025.

Applications

Core IoT Use Cases

Sigfox's design makes it particularly suitable for core applications that involve infrequent, small data transmissions over long distances, such as monitoring and alerting scenarios where devices operate on power for extended periods. These use cases leverage the network's capability to handle uplink s of up to 12 bytes per message and a limit of 140 messages per device per day, enabling efficient operation without frequent recharging or replacement. In utility metering, Sigfox supports smart meters for , gas, and that transmit daily readings to central systems for remote and billing. Devices typically send compact 12-byte containing usage , such as total over a 24-hour period, allowing utilities to detect anomalies like leaks or high usage in . For instance, ultrasonic sensors in distribution networks measure levels and , alerting operators to potential overflows or shortages while achieving lives of up to 10 years due to the low transmission frequency. Asset tracking represents another fundamental application, where Sigfox-enabled devices provide low-frequency location updates for logistics and inventory management, often integrating embedded GPS modules. Trackers send periodic position data within the 12-byte limit, adhering to the 140-message daily cap to conserve power, which supports battery operation for 4 to 5 years in mobile assets like shipping containers or retail carts. This setup facilitates global visibility of non-powered items, such as monitoring the movement of goods across supply chains without the need for constant connectivity. Environmental monitoring benefits from Sigfox's long-range coverage for deploying sensors in remote or urban settings, such as or smart cities, to report conditions like , air quality, or . Sensors transmit summarized , for example, levels or indices in 12-byte messages sent a few times daily, enabling over 10 years of battery life on standard cells. Examples include field sensors tracking metrics for crop management or urban air quality monitors mapping in to support decisions. Alarm systems utilize Sigfox for event-driven notifications in and applications, where devices activate only upon detecting triggers like intrusions or environmental hazards. Compact alerts, such as flood detection or smoke signals, fit within the 12-byte and are sent immediately upon event, providing connectivity even if primary networks fail, with battery lives extending up to 8 years for standby operation. This is evident in setups that transmit messages or in infrastructure monitoring for issues like pipe ruptures via vibration sensors.

Industry Implementations

In the sector, Sigfox has enabled farming applications through sensors that provide on levels, , and nutrient content, allowing farmers to optimize and fertilization. In , Thinxtra, the Sigfox operator, has partnered with the University of New England's Applied Agricultural Centre to deploy Sigfox-connected sensors for remote across large rural areas, reducing manual inspections and supporting sustainable water use in drought-prone regions. Additionally, implementations include tracking systems using Sigfox-enabled GPS collars to monitor animal locations, metrics like body , and movement patterns, as demonstrated in a low-cost IoT herd project in where devices achieved over 60% location fix success rates for sheep and . Sigfox integrations in healthcare focus on , particularly for aging populations in , where low-power wearables detect falls and transmit alerts via the network. UnaBiz, Sigfox's operator in , , and , supports deployments of Sigfox-compatible devices for , including hybrid sensors that identify floor wetness in washrooms to prevent slips and integrate with broader systems. These solutions enable real-time notifications to caregivers, with Sigfox's ultra-narrowband technology ensuring long battery life for devices like smartwatches that trigger alerts upon detecting sudden impacts or inactivity. In , Sigfox facilitates by deploying sensors on equipment such as motors, pumps, and bearings to detect anomalies like imbalances or wear before failures occur. In the United States, Sensor Solutions offers Sigfox-based kits for industrial assets in and sectors, providing continuous monitoring with up to 10-year battery life to minimize downtime and extend equipment longevity. For tracking, Sigfox trackers monitor pallets, containers, and returnable assets in real time; for instance, used Sigfox to track shipping containers, achieving up to 10% inventory reduction and 40% improved arrival time predictions in global logistics operations. Similarly, Deutsche Post integrated Sigfox with for tracking 250,000 roll cages in , optimizing parcel flows and reducing losses through geolocation data. Sigfox contributes to initiatives by powering sensors for resource management, including and systems. In , where Orange operates the Sigfox network, solutions using Sigfox sensors have been deployed to detect vehicle occupancy in real time, reducing search times and emissions by integrating with mobile apps for available spot guidance. Quamtra's Sigfox RC2-compatible fill-level sensors monitor bins in areas, enabling dynamic collection routes based on fullness to cut use and overflow incidents. Sigfox-enabled research across cities emphasizes low-cost scalability for integrating and monitoring to support greener infrastructure.

Advantages and Limitations

Key Benefits

Sigfox offers significant cost-effectiveness for deployments through its use of unlicensed , which eliminates licensing fees associated with cellular . Infrastructure costs are also reduced, as Sigfox base stations are approximately $5,000 each, far lower than those for traditional cellular setups. Additionally, subscription fees are economical, typically ranging from $1 to $14 annually per device, equating to under €1 per month, with no hidden charges. The technology's energy efficiency stems from its ultra-low power consumption design, enabling devices to operate for 10 or more years on a single , making it suitable for remote or hard-to-reach locations where is challenging. This longevity is achieved through optimized transmission protocols that minimize energy use during infrequent data sends. Sigfox supports scalability for up to 50,000 devices per due to its efficient spectrum utilization and star topology. The unified global facilitates seamless across its , which spans over 70 countries and connects more than 14 million devices without additional fees. For developers, Sigfox provides simplicity via straightforward tools, including libraries and support that streamline device . Open-source libraries, released starting in , further reduce and timelines by abstracting complex radio details into simple functions.

Challenges and Constraints

Sigfox operates under stringent data transmission constraints that limit its applicability to certain scenarios. The protocol restricts uplink s to a maximum of 12 bytes per message, excluding headers, which necessitates data compression or segmentation for larger information sets. Additionally, devices are capped at 140 uplink messages per day to comply with regulations in unlicensed bands, such as the 1% airtime limit in . These limitations make Sigfox unsuitable for applications requiring high-frequency updates, such as real-time video feeds or continuous sensor streaming, where alternatives like NB- support larger s and higher throughput. As a technology controlled by UnaBiz following its 2022 acquisition of the bankrupt Sigfox entity, the network fosters dependence on a closed for devices, , and services. This contrasts sharply with open standards like , which allow broader and community-driven development through alliances such as the LoRa Alliance. The acquisition introduced initial stability concerns for operators and users, including uncertainties around network continuity and , as UnaBiz restructured operations and shifted business models amid ongoing financial pressures. In September 2025, Sigfox operations filed for judicial reorganization to address €5 million in debt, securing six months of court protection to ensure network continuity, preserve jobs, and pursue recovery. Sigfox's reliability faces challenges in dense environments due to its operation in unlicensed , where from coexisting technologies like LoRaWAN can degrade performance. The lacks built-in acknowledgments for uplink transmissions, relying instead on message repetition by devices to mitigate errors, which increases the risk of without guaranteed delivery. Tests in urban scenarios have shown interference probabilities up to 36% for Sigfox signals at low received signal strengths, resulting in substantial and reduced throughput, particularly without hybrid integration with cellular networks for fallback reliability. Looking ahead, Sigfox encounters intensifying competition from emerging technologies like Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) and NB-, which offer enhanced scalability, global cellular integration, and support for diverse demands through infrastructure rollouts. UnaBiz has been developing models combining Sigfox with complementary LPWANs like LoRaWAN and cellular options for multi-technology convergence.

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