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Slack

Slack may refer to a variety of places, concepts in science and technology (including software and computing, mathematics, engineering, physics, and tools), people (such as politicians, military figures, academics, athletes, and entertainers), or other uses in language, culture, and recreation.

Places

Rivers and watercourses

The River Slack is a coastal river in the Pas-de-Calais department of northern France, spanning approximately 22 km from its source to the sea. It originates at Mount Binôt near the village of Hermelinghen and flows generally westward through rural landscapes, passing villages such as Rinxent, Marquise, Beuvrequen, and Slack before reaching its mouth at Ambleteuse, where it empties into the English Channel adjacent to Fort Mahon, a historic coastal defense structure dating to the 17th century. The river's path traverses a mix of agricultural fields and wooded areas, contributing to the scenic character of the Côte d'Opale region.^[1] The Slack river valley features geological formations shaped during the Pleistocene epoch of the Ice Age, as evidenced by the Slack Formation, a stratigraphic unit of sediments deposited during this period of glacial and periglacial activity in northern France. This formation records climatic fluctuations and the early development of coastal drainage systems amid fluctuating sea levels and cold climate conditions that influenced river incision and sediment deposition across the English Channel basin. The valley's current configuration reflects post-glacial erosion and stabilization, integrating with the broader Cretaceous chalk geology of the area.^[2] Ecologically, the Slack river and its estuary spanning over 200 hectares serve as a vital habitat supporting diverse flora and fauna, including migratory waders such as common ringed plovers, ruddy turnstones, and sanderlings, alongside coastal plants adapted to dune slacks. The river upstream contributes to regional biodiversity by providing freshwater corridors. This interplay between riverine, estuarine, and dune environments fosters resilience against coastal changes.^[1]^[3]^[4] Slack water, a key phenomenon in tidal rivers and watercourses like the Slack estuary, refers to the brief interval when tidal currents reach their minimum speed during the reversal between flood and ebb tides. Mechanically, it occurs as inertial forces balance frictional and gravitational effects near high or low water, resulting in near-zero flow velocity for typically 20-30 minutes, though duration varies by location and tidal range. This period enhances navigation safety by reducing risks of being swept by strong currents, allowing safer passage for boats in confined channels. The river passes near several small settlements, linking natural features to nearby human localities.^[5]^[6]

Settlements and localities

Slack is the name of several small settlements in England, derived from Old Norse slakki, referring to a small shallow valley or hollow in the ground, often denoting low-lying land.^[7] The Slack is a small village in County Durham, northern England, located near Butterknowle to the west of Bishop Auckland and within the Evenwood ward.^[8] As of recent demographic data, the locality has approximately 300 residents, with a mix of detached, semi-detached, and terraced housing typical of rural northern English villages.^[8] The area maintains an agricultural heritage, with farmland dominating the landscape and contributing to the local economy, while its position near the Pennines offers proximity to upland scenery and walking routes. The village's development has been tied to surrounding rural communities, with limited industrial influence compared to more urbanized parts of the county. Slack is also a hamlet near Outlane, to the west of Huddersfield in West Yorkshire.^[9] Historically part of the broader textile milling community in the Colne Valley, the area around Huddersfield saw significant growth in woollen and worsted cloth production during the 19th century, employing thousands in mills powered by local watercourses.^[10] Slack itself features remnants of 19th-century stone buildings from this era, reflecting the industrial architecture of the region. The hamlet remains sparsely populated, with fewer than 50 residents, and experienced economic shifts alongside the wider Huddersfield textile industry's challenges from mechanization and later global competition in the late 19th and 20th centuries.^[10] Slack is a small village in Calderdale, West Yorkshire, situated near Heptonstall above Hebden Bridge, known for its countryside location in the Upper Calder Valley.^[11]

Science and Technology

Software and computing

Slack is a cloud-based collaboration platform designed for team communication and productivity, originally developed as an internal tool by the startup Tiny Speck during the creation of their online game Glitch.^[12] In August 2013, Slack Technologies publicly launched the software, pivoting the company from gaming to enterprise messaging after Glitch's closure in December 2012.^[13] Key features include organized channels for topic-specific discussions, direct messaging for one-on-one or group conversations, file sharing capabilities, and seamless integrations with over 2,600 third-party applications to automate workflows and connect tools like Google Workspace and Salesforce.^[14] The platform also incorporates AI-powered search, which uses generative AI to summarize channels, threads, and conversations, enabling users to query information in natural language and receive concise responses based on workspace data.^[15] In December 2020, Salesforce announced its acquisition of Slack Technologies for $27.7 billion in cash and stock, a deal that closed in July 2021 and integrated Slack into Salesforce's customer relationship management ecosystem to enhance collaborative features.^[16] As of 2025, Slack has an estimated 47 million daily active users worldwide.^[17] Since the acquisition, Slack has emphasized AI enhancements, including features like automated summaries, action item extraction, and integration with AI agents such as Salesforce's Agentforce and Anthropic's Claude, saving users an average of 97 minutes per week on routine tasks.^[18] In 2024, Slack introduced enhancements to its Workflow Builder and Slack AI tools, including AI-driven automation for creating custom bots that handle repetitive tasks such as approvals, notifications, and data processing without requiring coding.^[19] Regarding security, Slack employs encryption for data in transit using TLS 1.2 and at rest with AES-256, along with compliance certifications like SOC 2 and ISO 27001, though it does not implement end-to-end encryption for messages.^[20] In computing, file slack refers to the unused space within allocated clusters of a file system, such as those in the FAT (File Allocation Table) format, where files smaller than the cluster size leave residual area unutilized.^[21] This slack space is divided into RAM slack, which occupies the unused bytes at the end of a sector and may contain remnants from the operating system's random access memory, and drive slack (or file slack), encompassing the space from the end of the file to the cluster's physical end, potentially holding fragments of previously deleted files.^[21] These artifacts have significant implications for digital forensics and data recovery, as investigators can analyze slack space to reconstruct deleted information or uncover evidence of prior system activity, though modern file systems like NTFS mitigate some risks through better allocation efficiency.^[22]

Mathematics, engineering, and physics

In project management, particularly within the critical path method (CPM), slack—also known as float—refers to the amount of time an activity can be delayed without impacting the overall project completion date.^[23] This concept is essential for identifying non-critical tasks, allowing project managers to allocate resources efficiently and buffer against potential delays. Total slack for an activity is calculated as the difference between its late start (LS) and early start (ES) times, or equivalently between its late finish (LF) and early finish (EF) times:

\text{Slack} = LS - ES = LF - EF

^[23] In CPM, slack is visualized and analyzed using tools like Gantt charts, where activities with zero slack lie on the critical path and require strict adherence to schedules to prevent project overruns.^[24] In engineering applications, such as construction scheduling, slack enables planners to mitigate risks like material shortages or weather disruptions by prioritizing critical tasks while providing flexibility for others, ensuring timely project delivery without excessive costs.^[25] In mathematics, specifically linear programming, a slack variable is a non-negative auxiliary variable introduced to convert inequality constraints into equality constraints, facilitating the application of methods like the simplex algorithm.^[26] For an inequality of the form Ax \leq b, where A is a matrix, x the decision variables, and b a vector, a slack variable s \geq 0 is added such that Ax + s = b, transforming the problem into a system of linear equations. This technique, pivotal for checking feasibility and finding optimal solutions, was integral to the simplex method developed by George Dantzig in 1947, which revolutionized optimization by efficiently navigating the feasible region of linear programs.^[27] Slack variables play a key role in the simplex tableau, where they represent surplus or deficiency in resource utilization, aiding convergence to the optimal vertex.^[26] In electrical engineering and power systems analysis, the slack bus—also called the reference or swing bus—serves as a reference point in load flow studies, where its voltage magnitude is fixed (typically at 1.0 per unit) and phase angle is set to 0 degrees to provide a stable datum for calculations.^[28] This bus absorbs any imbalances in real and reactive power across the network, ensuring the sum of generation equals load plus losses. In the Newton-Raphson method for solving nonlinear power flow equations, the slack bus's parameters remain constant during iterations, allowing the algorithm to converge by adjusting other bus voltages and angles to satisfy Kirchhoff's laws and power balance.^[29] This approach is fundamental in physics-based modeling of interconnected grids, enabling accurate prediction of steady-state conditions for stability and planning.^[30]

Tools and equipment

In blacksmithing, the slack tub serves as a essential water-filled container for quenching heated metal, primarily iron or steel, to rapidly cool it and prevent distortion while achieving controlled hardness through thermal shock.^[31] Positioned alongside the forge hearth for immediate access, it facilitates the immersion of workpieces immediately after forging or shaping, allowing smiths to manage temperature gradients and avoid cracking.^[32] This tool has been integral to the trade since at least medieval times, when quenching in water, brine, or oil became standard for hardening tools and weapons.^[32] Typically constructed as a trough, barrel, or tank with dimensions around 1-2 meters in diameter to accommodate large pieces, early slack tubs were often made from wooden barrels hooped with metal for durability and water retention. Over time, materials evolved from these wooden vessels, common in historical shops for their availability and low cost, to more robust metal designs like steel tanks, which resist corrosion and heat damage better in intensive use. Modern variants, particularly in farriery, employ insulated steel tubs for cooling horseshoes after forging, ensuring even tempering without excessive brittleness.^[33] Safety is paramount during quenching, as immersing extremely hot metal can generate explosive steam if the workpiece is hollow or contains trapped air, potentially ejecting boiling water and causing severe burns or injury.^[34] Blacksmiths mitigate risks by using tongs for controlled immersion, maintaining clear workspaces, and avoiding overfilled tubs that could overflow violently.^[31] The quenching process briefly references engineering principles of heat transfer, where convective cooling in water rapidly extracts thermal energy from the metal surface.^[35]

People

Politicians, military, and academics

Jerald D. Slack (1936–2024) was a major general in the United States Air National Guard, serving as the Adjutant General of Wisconsin from 1989 to 1996, where he oversaw both federal and state missions for the Wisconsin Army and Air National Guard.^[36] A command pilot with over 3,200 flight hours in aircraft including the F-102, A-10, and KC-135, Slack began his career in 1959 with the Illinois Air National Guard before transferring to Wisconsin, rising through roles such as deputy commander of the 128th Tactical Air Wing.^[37] His leadership emphasized readiness and state emergency response, contributing to the integration of National Guard forces in domestic operations during the late 20th century.^[38] William Y. Slack (1816–1862) was a Confederate brigadier general during the American Civil War, initially leading the 4th Division of the Missouri State Guard after Missouri's secession crisis in 1861.^[39] Born in Franklin, Kentucky, Slack practiced law in Missouri and served as a captain in the Mexican-American War before entering Confederate service, where he commanded troops at the Battle of Pea Ridge in March 1862. He was mortally wounded during the engagement and died shortly after, commissioned as a brigadier general in the Missouri State Guard on May 18, 1861, with his Confederate Army commission issued posthumously on April 17, 1862; his military efforts focused on securing Missouri for the Confederacy amid guerrilla warfare and Union advances.^[40] John M. Slack (1915–1980) served as a Democratic U.S. Representative from West Virginia's 3rd and later 6th congressional districts from 1959 until his death in 1980, representing a region dominated by coal mining and labor interests.^[41] Born in Charleston, West Virginia, Slack worked as a real estate broker and served in the U.S. Navy during World War II before entering politics, where he advocated for mining safety legislation, flood control projects, and workers' compensation reforms to address the economic challenges of Appalachia.^[42] His tenure included key committee work on interior and insular affairs, contributing to policies that supported labor unions and resource extraction industries central to his constituents' livelihoods.^[43] Paul Slack (born 1943) is a British historian specializing in the social and economic history of early modern England, particularly the intersections of plague, poverty, and public welfare from the 16th to 18th centuries.^[44] As Emeritus Professor of Early Modern Social History at the University of Oxford and former Principal of Linacre College, Slack's scholarship examines how epidemics and economic distress shaped governance and community responses, as detailed in works like Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (1979), which analyzes the evolution of poor relief systems amid rising vagrancy and unemployment.^[45] His publications, including The Impact of Plague in Tudor and Stuart England (1985), provide in-depth historical analysis of 17th-century social structures, highlighting how plague outbreaks reinforced hierarchies of charity, quarantine enforcement, and state intervention in urban poverty management.^[46]

Athletes and entertainers

Andrew Slack (born 24 September 1955) is an Australian former rugby union player who captained the Wallabies during their historic 1984 Grand Slam tour of the British Isles and France, defeating England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, and France in successive Tests for Australia's first and only such achievement to date.^[47] Slack earned 39 Test caps between 1978 and 1987, scoring 10 tries in international matches, and led Australia in 19 of those games while also representing Queensland 69 times.^[48] After retiring, he coached the Queensland Reds to the 1991 Super 10 title and later served as head coach of the Australian national team in 2000.^[47] Reggie Slack (born May 2, 1968) is an American former professional football quarterback who played college football for Auburn University, where he started for two seasons from 1988 to 1989 and helped the team win two Southeastern Conference championships.^[49] Drafted by the Houston Oilers in the 12th round of the 1990 NFL Draft, Slack instead pursued a career in the Canadian Football League, playing for the Memphis Mad Dogs, Baltimore Stallions, and Hamilton Tiger-Cats from 1990 to 1997, amassing over 18,000 passing yards and 96 touchdowns in his professional tenure.^[50]^[51] Charlie Slack (1931–2020) was an American college basketball player renowned for his rebounding prowess at Marshall University from 1952 to 1956, where he set an NCAA record with a 25.0 rebounds-per-game average as a sophomore and finished his career with 1,916 total rebounds, ranking third all-time in NCAA history.^[52] A two-time All-Mid-American Conference selection, Slack led Marshall in rebounding all four years and was drafted by the Fort Wayne Pistons in the fourth round of the 1956 NBA Draft, though he never played professionally and instead served as an alternate for the 1960 U.S. Olympic basketball team.^[53] Wilf Slack (1954–1989) was an English cricketer of St. Vincentian descent who played three Test matches and two One Day Internationals for England between 1986 and 1987, opening the batting for Middlesex in first-class cricket from 1977 to 1988 and amassing 12,565 runs at an average of 40.53.^[54] In entertainment, Ben Slack (1937–2004) was an American character actor known for roles in film and television, including appearances in Bachelor Party (1984), Murder in the First (1995), and the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "Redemption" as K'Tal.^[55] Over a career spanning nearly three decades, Slack guest-starred on shows such as All in the Family and built a reputation for supporting parts in over 50 productions.^[56] Freddie Slack (1910–1965) was an American swing and boogie-woogie pianist and bandleader, best known for his 1942 hit "Cow Cow Boogie (Coca-Cola Cowboy)" with Ella Mae Morse, which topped the Billboard charts, and for leading big bands that featured musicians like Ella Fitzgerald early in her career.^[57]

Other Uses

Language and culture

The word "slack" originates from Old English slæc, meaning "loose" or "lax," derived from Proto-Germanic *slakaz and cognate with Old Norse slakr, which also denotes looseness or slackness.^[58]^[59] Over time, this root evolved to encompass senses of idleness and negligence in Middle English, influencing modern usages in language and idioms.^[60] One prominent idiomatic expression is "cut some slack," which means to grant leniency or allowance, first attested in the 1960s but rooted in nautical terminology where "slack" referred to loosening a taut rope to provide leeway. This phrase metaphorically extends the idea of physical looseness to social or interpersonal flexibility, becoming a common colloquialism in American English by the late 20th century.^[61] In cultural contexts, "slacker" emerged as a term for an idle or apathetic individual, originating in 19th-century U.S. slang around 1898 to describe workers who shirked duties, particularly during labor shortages or wartime drafts. The archetype gained prominence in the 1990s through Generation X media portrayals, depicting young people rejecting traditional work ethics amid economic uncertainty, as seen in films like Richard Linklater's Slacker (1991), which captured a ethos of aimless rebellion and anti-establishment sentiment. "Slackness" also denotes a subgenre of Jamaican dancehall music that arose in the 1980s, featuring explicit lyrics addressing sexuality, social taboos, and urban struggles, often challenging conservative norms through raw, provocative expression.^[62] Pioneered by artists such as Yellowman and Shabba Ranks, slackness served as a cultural outlet for marginalized voices in Jamaican society, blending humor, defiance, and commentary on issues like poverty and gender dynamics, thereby influencing global reggae and hip-hop scenes.

Recreation and miscellaneous

Slacklining is an extreme balancing sport that involves walking or balancing on a length of taut, flat webbing suspended between two anchors, typically spanning 15 to 30 meters for standard setups.^[63] The webbing is tensioned to between 2 and 6 kilonewtons, allowing for controlled oscillation that challenges participants' equilibrium.^[64] Originating in the early 1980s among rock climbers in Yosemite National Park, California, the practice evolved from using climbing gear to create temporary lines for fun and skill-building.^[65] Variants include highlining, performed at elevations over 30 meters with safety harnesses, and waterlining, conducted over bodies of water for added environmental challenge.^[66] Balance in slacklining relies on dynamic stability achieved through core muscle engagement, where the body's proprioceptive feedback and postural adjustments counteract the line's movement to maintain upright position.^[67] In apparel, "slacks" refers to loose-fitting trousers, often chinos or casual pants designed for comfort rather than formality.^[68] The term dates to 1824, deriving from the Old English "slec" meaning loose or slack, initially applied in military contexts to describe non-restrictive garments.^[68] Following World War II, slacks gained widespread acceptance in women's fashion as returning female workers retained practical attire from wartime roles, shifting from novelty to everyday wear and symbolizing evolving gender norms in clothing.^[69] Slackware is a Linux distribution emphasizing stability, simplicity, and minimalism, first released in 1993 by developer Patrick J. Volkerding as a response to perceived complexities in other early distributions.^[70] It adheres to a philosophy of providing a straightforward, KISS (Keep It Simple, Stupid) approach, avoiding automated tools in favor of manual configuration for user control.^[71] The project reached version 15.0 in February 2022, incorporating the Linux kernel 5.15 LTS and updates to core packages while maintaining backward compatibility.^[72]

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Charlie Slack. Position: Center. 6-4 (193cm). School: Marshall (Men). Draft: Fort Wayne Pistons, 4th round (7th pick, 31st overall), 1956 NBA draft.
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Ben Slack was born on 23 July 1937 in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. He was an actor, known for Bachelor Party (1984), Murder in the First (1995) and Society (1989).
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Despite never winning an award or becoming a leading man in Hollywood, actor Ben Slack was able to build a career that lasted for nearly 30 years, ...
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[64]
Etymology of "cut someone some slack"
Jan 31, 2015 · It is possible that the set phrase "cut someone some slack" is simply a metaphorical use of cut combined with a metaphorical use of slack.
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[PDF] Slackness: The Antithesis of Culture and its Place in Dancehall Music
Dec 1, 2014 · The slackness within dancehall music is a genuine expression of an evolved indigenous culture that is geared towards incorporating the "massive ...
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https://slack-inov.com/shop/en/88-highline
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[PDF] Longlines - Long Slacklines
Frequently, longline loads (“base tension”) vary between 4 and 8 kN. However, most recently, longliners tend to favor loads of 6 kN and less. A typical longline ...
[68]
The Animated History of Slacklining - Red Bull
Feb 18, 2017 · Modern day slacklining originated with rock climbers in the 1980s. It all began in Yosemite National Park when the sport's founders Adam Grosowsky and Jeff ...Missing: Association 2012
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HIGHLINING freedom, emotions and safety | Spider Slacklines
90-day returnsHighlining is the practice of slacklining at heights of around minimum 30 m off the ground, secured with a climbing harness and a safety rope ( leash).
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Slacklining: A narrative review on the origins, neuromechanical ...
Slacklining, the neuromechanical action of balance retention on a tightened band, is achieved through self-learned strategies combining dynamic stability ...
[71]
Slacks - Etymology, Origin & Meaning
"loose trousers," 1824, originally military, a plural formation from slack (n.1). See origin and meaning of slacks.
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1940-1949 | Fashion History Timeline
Post-war, an American approach to dressing inspired a more casual, sporting style for both men and women which saw popularity in both the US and Europe.<|control11|><|separator|>
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The Slackware Linux Project
We are very happy to announce the availability of the new Slackware 15.0 stable release. There have been way too many changes to even begin to cover them here, ...Get Slack · General Info · ChangeLogs · Other Sites
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Slackware Linux - endoflife.date
It is the oldest actively developed GNU/Linux distribution with development being led by creator Patrick Volkerding continuously since 1993. Release, Released ...
[75]
Slackware 15.0
Feb 2, 2022 · Slackware Release Announcement. Slackware Logo ; News · Security Advisories · FAQ · Book · General Info · Get Slack · Install Help.