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CPM

Cost per mille (CPM), also known as cost per thousand (CPT), is an advertising metric that quantifies the expense an advertiser pays for every 1,000 impressions or views of an ad across media platforms.^[1] Originating in traditional print and broadcast advertising, CPM has become a cornerstone of digital marketing, enabling comparisons of campaign efficiency where the goal emphasizes reach and visibility over immediate user actions like clicks or conversions.^[1] The formula for calculating CPM is (total advertising cost ÷ total number of impressions) × 1,000, providing a standardized basis for budgeting and performance evaluation.^[2] In practice, CPM rates fluctuate based on factors such as ad format, targeting precision, audience demographics, and platform—typically ranging from $1 to $10 for display ads on social media or websites, though specialized or high-value inventory can exceed $20.^[3] Unlike performance-based models like cost per click (CPC) or cost per acquisition (CPA), CPM prioritizes impression volume, which suits awareness-driven strategies but can lead to inefficiencies if impressions fail to translate to engagement due to issues like ad fraud or low-quality traffic.^[4] Programmatic advertising platforms have amplified CPM's role by automating real-time bidding for impressions, enhancing scalability while introducing complexities in verifying viewable impressions.^[5] Despite its ubiquity, critics note that unchecked reliance on CPM may incentivize quantity over relevance, prompting integrations with metrics like viewability rates to better reflect causal impact on audience exposure.^[6]

Advertising and marketing

Cost per mille

Cost per mille (CPM), derived from the Latin term for "thousand," refers to the advertising pricing model in which an advertiser pays a fixed amount for every 1,000 impressions or views of their advertisement, regardless of user engagement such as clicks or conversions.^[1]^[7] This metric originated in traditional media buying for print and broadcast, where it facilitated budgeting based on estimated audience reach, and transitioned to digital advertising in the mid-1990s as online platforms adopted structured impression-based pricing to move beyond flat fees.^[8] In digital contexts, an impression typically counts when an ad loads in a user's browser, though standards from organizations like the Interactive Advertising Bureau (IAB) emphasize verifiable delivery to combat inflated metrics.^[9]^[10] The formula for calculating CPM is: CPM = (Total advertising cost ÷ Total number of impressions) × 1,000, allowing advertisers to compare efficiency across campaigns or media types.^[1]^[10] For publishers, the inverse metric—revenue per mille (RPM)—measures earnings from 1,000 impressions, often factoring in ad fill rates and viewability.^[9] CPM applies to both display and video ads, with variations like viewable CPM (vCPM) charging only for impressions meeting IAB and Media Rating Council (MRC) viewability thresholds, such as at least 50% of ad pixels visible for one second (or two seconds for video).^[11] CPM models suit campaigns prioritizing broad brand awareness over direct response, as they enable predictable spending and scale to large audiences without performance guarantees.^[12] However, critics note limitations, including vulnerability to fraud like bot-generated impressions and poor correlation with outcomes like sales, potentially yielding low return on investment compared to performance-based models like cost per click (CPC).^[13]^[14] Industry benchmarks, such as those from IAB guidelines, stress auditing for quality to mitigate discrepancies between reported and actual impressions.^[10]

Project management

Critical path method

The Critical Path Method (CPM) is a step-by-step project management technique for scheduling complex projects by modeling activities as a network of interdependent tasks, each with defined durations, to identify the sequence of tasks that determines the overall project duration.^[15] This method calculates the critical path, defined as the longest continuous chain of dependent activities from project start to finish, where any delay in these tasks directly extends the project timeline, as they possess zero total float or slack.^[16] CPM assumes deterministic activity durations without probabilistic variation, distinguishing it from related methods like PERT, and focuses on optimizing time by highlighting tasks with no scheduling flexibility.^[15] CPM originated in the late 1950s amid efforts by DuPont Corporation to improve scheduling for chemical plant maintenance and construction projects, which involved thousands of interdependent activities.^[17] Morgan R. Walker, a DuPont engineer, collaborated with James E. Kelley Jr. of Remington Rand Univac, leveraging early computing resources like the UNIVAC-1 to process network diagrams and perform calculations that manual methods could not handle efficiently.^[18] The technique was first implemented in 1958 for a DuPont project shutdown, reducing scheduling time from weeks to days and enabling proactive identification of delays.^[17] By 1960, DuPont had applied CPM to over 100 projects, demonstrating its value in minimizing downtime and resource waste through precise timeline forecasting.^[17] To apply CPM, project managers first decompose the project into discrete activities, estimate their durations based on historical data or expert judgment, and map dependencies (e.g., finish-to-start relationships where one task must complete before the next begins).^[16] A network diagram—often using arrow diagramming or precedence diagramming—is constructed to visualize these links.^[19] The forward pass computes the earliest start (ES) and earliest finish (EF) times for each activity by accumulating durations along paths from the project start node.^[15] The backward pass then determines the latest allowable start (LS) and finish (LF) times by working from the project end backward, subtracting durations and considering dependencies.^[16] Float for non-critical activities is calculated as LS minus ES (or LF minus EF), with the critical path comprising activities where float equals zero, as delays here cannot be recovered without compressing subsequent tasks or reallocating resources.^[15] In practice, CPM facilitates crashing (shortening critical path durations at added cost) or fast-tracking (overlapping tasks to reduce total time), aiding decisions on resource prioritization.^[16] It has been extensively applied in construction, where U.S. federal guidelines mandate its use for contracts exceeding certain thresholds to ensure timely completion and accountability for delays.^[20] Other sectors include manufacturing shutdowns, research projects, and infrastructure development, as seen in U.S. Forest Service applications for logging operations, where it enforced logical sequencing and detail-oriented planning.^[21] Advantages of CPM include forcing comprehensive upfront planning, revealing potential bottlenecks early, and enabling quantitative assessment of schedule impacts from changes, which enhances control over large-scale endeavors.^[21] For instance, in construction, it allows simulation of the project on paper to identify the most economical sequence before execution.^[22] However, limitations arise from its reliance on accurate duration estimates—if these are optimistic or pessimistic, the critical path may mislead; it also neglects resource leveling (e.g., overallocating personnel across paths) unless extended with tools like resource-constrained scheduling.^[23] Additionally, CPM's deterministic nature ignores uncertainties like weather or supply disruptions, potentially underestimating risks in volatile environments.^[15] Modern software such as Primavera or Microsoft Project automates these computations but inherits these foundational constraints.^[23]

Business management

Corporate performance management

Corporate performance management (CPM) encompasses the integrated processes, methodologies, metrics, and technologies that organizations employ to align strategic objectives with operational execution, monitor performance, and drive improvements across financial and non-financial dimensions. It typically includes strategic planning, budgeting, forecasting, financial consolidation, profitability analysis, and reporting, enabling data-driven decisions to enhance overall business outcomes.^[24]^[25]^[26] Core components of CPM involve tracking key performance indicators (KPIs) such as revenue growth rates, operating margins, customer acquisition costs, and employee productivity metrics, often categorized into operational, customer, financial, and employee-focused areas. These elements facilitate the identification of performance gaps and the implementation of corrective actions, bridging the divide between high-level strategy and day-to-day execution. CPM systems emphasize real-time data integration and analytics to support scenario modeling and variance analysis, contrasting with siloed historical reporting by incorporating predictive capabilities.^[26]^[27]^[28] The adoption of CPM has demonstrated benefits including enhanced strategic alignment, improved resource allocation, and increased agility in responding to market changes, with organizations reporting up to 20-30% gains in forecasting accuracy when leveraging integrated platforms. By fostering accountability through dashboards and scorecards, CPM reduces reliance on manual processes and mitigates risks from misaligned incentives, though its effectiveness depends on data quality and organizational buy-in. Specialized software tools, such as those from vendors like Oracle Hyperion or SAP, automate these functions, providing unified platforms for multidimensional analysis and compliance reporting.^[29]^[30]^[31]

Computing

CP/M operating system

CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) was the first commercially successful operating system for microprocessor-based personal computers, developed by Gary Kildall and demonstrated as a working prototype in Pacific Grove, California, on April 18, 1974.^[32] Initially designed for the Intel 8080 microprocessor, it provided disk-based storage access and a standardized interface that separated hardware-specific functions via a Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) from the portable core components, including the Basic Disk Operating System (BDOS) and Console Command Processor (CCP).^[33] This architecture enabled software compatibility across diverse hardware platforms using the same CPU, fostering early software portability in an era dominated by custom systems.^[34] Kildall, then an instructor at the Naval Postgraduate School, wrote CP/M using his PL/M compiler to support Intel's development tools, initially for internal use before commercializing it through Digital Research, Inc., founded in 1974.^[35] Early versions, such as CP/M 1.3 in 1976, were limited but evolved into CP/M 1.4 by 1978, which gained traction with 8-inch floppy disk support.^[36] The pivotal release, CP/M 2.2 in 1979, introduced improvements like a more flexible file system (using 8.3 filenames, up to 64 files per directory, and 1.4 MB per drive) and built-in commands for tasks such as directory listing and file copying, becoming the dominant OS for 8-bit microcomputers in business applications through the early 1980s.^[37] CP/M supported single-user, single-task operation with a command-line interface, handling I/O via 128-byte records and transient program execution, which simplified development for applications like word processors and databases.^[38] Subsequent versions expanded functionality: CP/M 3 (also known as CP/M Plus), released around 1982-1983, added banked memory management for up to 1 MB RAM, improved console handling, and Z80-specific optimizations while remaining compatible with 8080/8085/Z80 CPUs.^[39] Digital Research also produced CP/M-86 in 1981 for the Intel 8086/8088 processors, attempting to bridge to 16-bit systems, though it saw limited adoption compared to Microsoft's 86-DOS (later MS-DOS/PC-DOS).^[40] Variants like MP/M introduced multi-user capabilities, but core CP/M emphasized simplicity and low cost—typically licensed for $150 per copy—driving its use on systems from Altair to Kaypro and Osborne.^[41] CP/M's influence stemmed from its role as a de facto standard, expanding the microcomputer software market by enabling independent software vendors to target a unified API rather than machine-specific code, which accelerated application development and sales in the late 1970s.^[42] By standardizing OS functions like file management and device I/O, it laid groundwork for concepts in later systems, including hierarchical directories and relocatable code, though its 8-bit focus and lack of native multitasking limited longevity against 16-bit architectures.^[34] Usage peaked in business micros until the mid-1980s, when IBM's PC platform and bundled MS-DOS shifted dominance due to lower pricing ($50 vs. CP/M's $150 for 8086 ports) and strategic bundling, despite CP/M's technical maturity.^[36] Its legacy persists in emulators and hobbyist communities, underscoring early OS design principles of modularity and abstraction.^[40]

Science and technology

Counts per minute

Counts per minute (CPM), often abbreviated as cpm, quantifies the rate of detection events registered by a radiation monitoring instrument, such as a Geiger-Müller counter or scintillation detector, where each "count" represents an ionizing particle or photon interacting with the detector.^[43] This unit measures observed detections rather than the intrinsic radioactivity of a source, as detectors capture only a fraction of emitted particles due to physical limitations.^[44] To relate CPM to actual radioactive decay rates, expressed in disintegrations per minute (dpm), the detection efficiency must be accounted for: CPM equals efficiency multiplied by dpm, where efficiency is the ratio of detected events to total disintegrations and typically ranges from 1% to 50% depending on the detector type, radiation energy, and geometry.^[43] ^[45] For instance, a thin-window Geiger counter might achieve 10-30% efficiency for alpha particles in 2π geometry (covering half the solid angle), but far lower for betas or gammas due to absorption or scattering.^[46] Efficiency calibration involves known sources, such as cesium-137 for gammas, and varies with source-to-detector distance, shielding, and self-absorption in samples.^[47] In practice, CPM readings include background radiation from cosmic rays, terrestrial radionuclides like potassium-40, and radon decay products, yielding baseline values of 10-50 CPM for unshielded portable detectors in typical environments. Subtracting background—measured in a low-radiation area—isolates sample contributions, essential for statistical reliability, as Poisson statistics govern counting errors with standard deviation approximating the square root of total counts.^[45] Applications span health physics for contamination surveys, where regulatory limits like 5,000 dpm/100 cm² for removable alpha emitters require efficiency-corrected CPM thresholds, and laboratory assays for nuclide identification via decay curves.^[48] CPM's utility is instrument-specific, rendering direct comparisons across devices unreliable without calibration data, as detector volume, window material, and voltage settings influence sensitivity.^[49] For dose assessment, CPM must convert to exposure units like microsieverts per hour via response factors, avoiding overreliance on raw counts for health risks.^[50] Modern systems often integrate scalers or ratemeters for real-time CPM display, with data logging for compliance under standards from bodies like the International Atomic Energy Agency.^[51]

Charged particle microscope

A charged particle microscope is an imaging instrument that employs a beam of accelerated charged particles, typically electrons or ions, to probe and visualize specimens at resolutions far exceeding those of light microscopes, leveraging the short de Broglie wavelengths of these particles for sub-nanometer detail.^[52] Unlike optical systems limited by visible light's wavelength of approximately 400-700 nm, charged particle beams enable magnifications up to millions of times and atomic-scale resolution, though they require high-vacuum environments to prevent particle scattering by air molecules.^[53] The interaction of the beam with the sample generates signals such as transmitted particles, secondary electrons, or backscattered particles, which are detected to form contrast in images based on topography, composition, or structure.^[54] The foundational development occurred in 1931 when Ernst Ruska and Max Knoll constructed the first prototype transmission electron microscope, demonstrating electron beam focusing via magnetic lenses derived from principles of charged particle optics established earlier by scientists like Hans Busch in 1927.^[55] By 1933, Ruska achieved resolution surpassing light microscopy, earning him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986 for this innovation.^[56] Scanning variants emerged in the 1930s through efforts like Manfred von Ardenne's work on scanning electron microscopy, but practical commercialization lagged until the 1960s with instruments like the Cambridge Stereoscan SEM in 1965, driven by advances in vacuum technology and detectors.^[57] Ion-based systems, using heavier charged particles like gallium ions, developed later in the 1970s for focused ion beam applications, offering unique milling and imaging capabilities due to lower penetration depths and higher mass-dependent scattering.^[52] Principal types include transmission electron microscopes (TEM), where the beam passes through ultrathin samples to produce projection images revealing internal structures; scanning electron microscopes (SEM), which raster a focused beam over the surface to map secondary and backscattered electrons for topographic detail; and scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEM), combining scanning with transmission for analytical depth.^[58] Focused ion beam (FIB) microscopes employ positive ions for site-specific etching, deposition, and imaging, often integrated with SEM for dual-beam systems enabling 3D tomography via serial sectioning.^[59] These variants differ in particle mass effects: lighter electrons provide deeper penetration and higher resolution (down to 0.05 nm in aberration-corrected TEM), while ions yield shallower interactions suited for surface modification but with resolutions around 5-10 nm.^[52] Electromagnetic lenses focus and deflect beams, with aberrations corrected via multipole optics in modern instruments to approach theoretical limits set by particle wavelength and sample damage.^[60] Applications span materials science for defect characterization in semiconductors and alloys, nanotechnology for nanostructure fabrication and analysis, and biology for ultrastructural studies of viruses and proteins, often requiring cryogenic techniques to mitigate beam-induced damage.^[58] In semiconductors, FIB-SEM hybrids enable precise circuit editing and failure analysis, as in identifying subsurface voids.^[59] Particle mass influences utility: electrons excel in high-resolution transmission, while ions facilitate prototyping via beam-induced deposition, though heavier particles increase charging artifacts on non-conductive samples, necessitating conductive coatings or low-vacuum modes.^[52]^[61] Overall, these microscopes underpin advancements in fields demanding causal insights into nanoscale phenomena, with throughput enhancements like multi-beam systems emerging for industrial inspection as of 2021.^[62]

Medicine and healthcare

Continuous passive motion

Continuous passive motion (CPM) refers to a rehabilitation technique employing a motorized device to passively flex and extend a joint through a predetermined range of motion, typically initiated postoperatively to mitigate stiffness and facilitate recovery. The therapy operates by delivering uninterrupted, low-load motion without voluntary muscle contraction, aiming to enhance synovial fluid circulation, minimize intra-articular adhesions, and support tissue repair. Devices are programmable for arc of motion, speed (usually 0.5–2 cycles per minute), and session duration, often starting at 6–8 hours daily in hospital settings before transitioning to home use.^[63]^[64] The concept originated from experiments by Canadian orthopedic surgeon Robert B. Salter in the mid-1970s, who observed in rabbit models that prolonged immobilization after joint injury impaired healing, whereas continuous passive motion accelerated cartilage regeneration and reduced inflammation. Salter's foundational work, published in 1989, detailed 18 years of basic research demonstrating superior outcomes in synovial joint recovery under CPM compared to rest or intermittent motion, attributing benefits to mechanotransduction stimulating chondrocyte activity and nutrient diffusion. Clinical application began in the late 1970s for conditions like femoral fractures and arthrotomies, with initial devices commercialized shortly thereafter.^[64]^[65] CPM is most commonly applied following total knee arthroplasty (TKA), anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and rotator cuff repairs, where early mobilization is prioritized to restore range of motion (ROM) and prevent arthrofibrosis. Protocols typically commence within 24–48 hours post-surgery, targeting 0–90° flexion initially and progressing as tolerated, combined with physical therapy. Proponents argue it reduces edema, pain, and hospital length of stay by promoting passive nutrition to avascular tissues, though animal-derived mechanisms have not uniformly translated to human kinematics.^[66]^[63] Empirical evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses largely indicates limited efficacy for routine CPM use after TKA. A 2019 systematic review of 24 studies (n=1,785 patients) found no significant differences in postoperative knee ROM, pain scores, or functional outcomes at 6–12 weeks compared to physical therapy alone, despite short-term flexion gains of 5–10° in some cohorts. Similarly, a 2024 meta-analysis of 13 trials concluded CPM added to physical therapy yielded no improvements in ROM, swelling, or Hospital for Special Surgery scores, with potential for increased costs and device-related discomfort. A Cochrane review echoed these findings, noting transient ROM benefits but no impact on long-term function or adverse events like deep vein thrombosis. Subgroup analyses suggest marginal utility in high-risk patients (e.g., those with preoperative stiffness), but overall, major guidelines, including those from the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, do not endorse CPM as standard care due to insufficient causal evidence of superior healing pathways in humans.^[67]^[68]^[69]^[70] Complications from CPM are infrequent but include skin irritation, joint subluxation if ranges exceed tolerance, and delayed ambulation from device dependency; rates remain comparable to non-CPM protocols in controlled studies. Ongoing research explores optimized protocols, such as prolonged low-intensity use, but causal realism demands skepticism toward unsubstantiated extensions of preclinical data, prioritizing active therapy for muscle activation and proprioception absent in passive modalities.^[63]^[71]

Certified professional midwife

A Certified Professional Midwife (CPM) is a credentialed maternity care provider certified by the North American Registry of Midwives (NARM), emphasizing competency in out-of-hospital births through education, training, and supervised clinical experience.^[72] The CPM designation is the only nationally accredited midwifery credential by the National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA) that mandates out-of-hospital practice experience, distinguishing it from hospital-focused credentials.^[72] CPMs provide primary care for low-risk pregnancies, focusing on the midwifery model of care, which prioritizes physiologic birth, informed consent, and continuity of care without routine medical interventions.^[73] Certification requires completion of either the NARM Portfolio Evaluation Process (PEP) or graduation from a midwifery education program accredited by the Midwifery Education Accreditation Council (MEAC) or equivalent, followed by passing a written examination and skills assessment.^[74] Entry-level applicants must demonstrate at least two years of apprenticeship-style clinical training, including primary responsibility for at least 55 births (with 20 as primary under supervision), 20 prenatal exams, 20 postpartum visits, and 20 newborn exams.^[75] Recertification occurs every three years via continuing education, practice logs, or re-examination to maintain skills in areas like breech births and informed consent protocols.^[74] Unlike Certified Nurse-Midwives (CNMs), who require a nursing degree and graduate-level education, CPMs enter via direct-entry pathways without nursing prerequisites, allowing focus on non-nurse backgrounds.^[76]^[77] The scope of practice for CPMs centers on low-risk clients, encompassing preconception counseling, prenatal care, labor support, birth attendance (primarily at home or birth centers), postpartum care up to six weeks, and initial newborn evaluation, including breastfeeding support and screening for anomalies.^[78] They develop individualized practice guidelines outlining consultation and transfer protocols for complications, such as hemorrhage or fetal distress, and must secure collaborative agreements with physicians or hospitals in some jurisdictions.^[73] Prescriptive authority varies; CPMs may administer medications like oxytocin or antibiotics in licensed states but generally avoid surgical interventions, referring high-risk cases.^[79] In contrast to CNMs, who integrate nursing protocols and often practice in hospitals with broader prescriptive rights, CPMs emphasize autonomy in community settings.^[76]^[80] Legal recognition of CPMs differs across U.S. states: as of 2023, 36 states and the District of Columbia license or certify CPMs, enabling Medicaid reimbursement in 33, while 14 states prohibit or restrict direct-entry midwifery, limiting practice to CNMs.^[81] In unlicensed states, CPMs may operate under common law but face legal risks for unlicensed practice. State laws dictate specifics like newborn resuscitation authority or vitamin K administration. Internationally, the CPM aligns with International Confederation of Midwives standards but is primarily U.S.-focused.^[82] Studies on CPM-attended planned home births among low-risk women report lower rates of interventions like cesarean sections (5.2% vs. 24.7% hospital benchmark), epidurals, and episiotomies, with comparable perinatal mortality (1.15/1,000 vs. 0.87/1,000) to hospital births when transfers occur timely.^[83] Intrapartum and neonatal death rates were 1.60/1,000 for CPM home births, attributed partly to selection of low-risk clients and physiologic management, though critics note potential underreporting in self-selected cohorts and higher risks for unplanned complications without immediate hospital access.^[84] A 2023 review affirmed midwifery-led care, including CPM models, reduces preterm births and low birthweight by promoting continuity, but emphasized rigorous risk screening to mitigate transfer delays.^[85] Overall, for appropriately selected low-risk pregnancies, CPM care yields cost savings via reduced interventions without elevated mortality when supported by robust transfer systems.^[83]

Professional certifications

Certified property manager

The Certified Property Manager (CPM) designation, awarded by the Institute of Real Estate Management (IREM), certifies professionals in the competencies required for managing real estate properties across commercial, residential, and other asset classes. IREM, established in 1933 as an affiliate of the National Association of Realtors, introduced the CPM in 1938 to professionalize property management amid evolving industry demands during the post-Depression era.^[86]^[87] The certification underscores adherence to IREM's Code of Professional Ethics, which mandates fiduciary responsibility, transparency in financial reporting, and conflict avoidance in client dealings.^[88] Eligibility requires a minimum of three years (36 months) of qualifying on-site experience in property management, where the candidate must have held primary responsibility for a portfolio of properties, including oversight of operations, finances, and tenant relations.^[88]^[89] This experience must be verifiable through employer documentation or equivalent, ensuring practical application over theoretical knowledge alone. Upon meeting this threshold, candidates enroll with IREM, which includes membership dues and access to educational resources.^[90] The educational component entails completing IREM's core curriculum, typically comprising courses in asset management, financial analysis, human resources, marketing, risk management, and ethical practices—often around ten specialized modules delivered via in-person, online, or self-paced formats.^[91] Candidates then must pass the CPM Certification Exam, a 150-question multiple-choice assessment evaluating knowledge of property operations, legal compliance, and strategic decision-making derived directly from the curriculum.^[92] Successful completion leads to graduation and full designation status, with ongoing requirements for continuing education to maintain certification.^[88] CPM holders demonstrate superior marketability, as the designation signals proven expertise to employers, clients, and investors; IREM data indicates it correlates with elevated career advancement in roles involving portfolio optimization and revenue maximization. Compensation analyses reveal CPM designees earn substantially more, with an average U.S. base salary of $139,506 in 2019, versus $62,850 for non-certified property managers, reflecting the value placed on certified skills in high-stakes asset oversight.^[88]^[89] The credential's international recognition further supports its role in fostering standardized best practices amid diverse regulatory environments.^[93]

Organizations

Political organizations in Asia

The Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI(M)), commonly abbreviated as CPM, is a Marxist-Leninist political party based in India, the largest communist organization in the country by membership and electoral influence. Formed through a split from the Communist Party of India (CPI), it emerged as the dominant faction advocating anti-revisionist positions within the global communist movement. The party operates exclusively within India, with no affiliated branches or equivalents under the CPM acronym in other Asian nations, though it maintains internationalist solidarity with anti-imperialist forces abroad.^[94]^[95] CPI(M) was established at the Seventh Congress of the CPI, held in Calcutta from October 31 to November 7, 1964, where delegates rejected the parent party's perceived accommodation of bourgeois influences and alignment with Soviet revisionism post-Khrushchev. The split reflected broader Sino-Soviet tensions, with CPI(M) aligning more closely with Maoist critiques of opportunism while pursuing parliamentary socialism over immediate armed insurrection. Its founding programme, adopted in 1964 and reaffirmed in subsequent congresses, calls for building a broad anti-imperialist front, agrarian reforms, and eventual transition to socialism via mass mobilization and electoral participation, explicitly opposing both liberal democracy's limitations and ultra-left adventurism. Headquartered at A.K. Gopalan Bhavan in New Delhi, the party is structured around a Central Committee, Politburo, and state-level committees, emphasizing democratic centralism.^[94]^[95] In governance, CPI(M) has led coalitions in several Indian states, implementing land reforms, public education expansion, and healthcare access, though critics attribute economic stagnation in long-ruled regions to rigid ideological constraints on private enterprise. It formed India's first communist-led government in Kerala in 1957 (pre-split, via CPI), followed by uninterrupted Left Democratic Front (LDF) rule in Kerala since 2016, with Pinarayi Vijayan as Chief Minister as of 2025. The party governed West Bengal from 1977 to 2011 under leaders like Jyoti Basu and Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee, overseeing Operation Barga for tenant rights but facing backlash over industrial land acquisition policies culminating in electoral defeat. Similar administrations occurred in Tripura (1978–1988 and 1993–2018). Nationally, CPI(M) participates in alliances like the INDIA bloc, securing 2.52% of votes in the 2024 Lok Sabha elections and winning four seats, primarily in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Membership stands above one million, with recent emphases on ideological rigor over numerical growth amid declining urban support.^[95]^[96]^[97] CPI(M)'s foreign policy prioritizes opposition to U.S. hegemony and support for Palestinian self-determination, while critiquing both NATO expansions and Chinese state capitalism as deviations from proletarian principles. Domestically, it advocates secularism against Hindu nationalism, workers' rights, and federalism, though internal reports acknowledge electoral setbacks due to perceived elitism and failure to adapt to neoliberal shifts. As of its 24th Congress preparations in 2025, the party focuses on countering communal polarization and rebuilding peasant bases eroded by agricultural liberalization.^[95]^[97]^[96]

Political organizations in Europe

The Coalition for Melilla (Coalición por Melilla, CpM) operates as a regional political party in Melilla, Spain's North African autonomous city, where it represents the interests of the Muslim and Amazigh communities comprising over half the population. Led by Mustafa Aberchán, the party has positioned itself as an advocate for minority rights amid ethnic tensions between Spanish-origin Christians and Moroccan-origin Muslims in local politics.^[98] CpM has allied with national left-wing parties, such as the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), to influence governance, as seen in post-election coalitions enabling shared administrations in Melilla. In the May 2019 local elections, CpM contributed to a leftist bloc's success by securing seats that bolstered PSOE's control, highlighting its role in bridging regional and national progressive forces despite ideological differences on issues like Moroccan border relations.^[99] Electorally, CpM achieved 18.8% of the vote in the 2023 Melilla Assembly election on May 28, finishing second to the center-right People's Party (PP), which captured 52.7%. This result reflected ongoing polarization, with CpM drawing support primarily from Muslim voters concerned with socioeconomic disparities and cultural policies. In the concurrent national Congress of Deputies election for Melilla's single seat, CpM garnered 1,279 votes (4.70%), trailing PP's 13,369 (49.19%) and PSOE's 6,892 (25.36%).^[100]^[101] The party has faced scrutiny over alleged irregularities, including Spanish intelligence (CNI) reports of Moroccan influence in vote procurement during Melilla elections, raising questions about external interference in local autonomy. Such claims underscore challenges in Melilla's hybrid European-African context, where CpM's advocacy for community-specific policies intersects with broader geopolitical frictions.^[102]

Political organizations in North America

The Communist Party of Mexico (Spanish: Partido Comunista de México, PCM), sometimes rendered as CPM in English-language communist literature, is a small Marxist–Leninist organization operating in Mexico. It traces its origins to November 24, 1919, when Mexican socialists, influenced by the Bolshevik Revolution and local labor radicals, formally constituted the party as the Mexican section of the Communist International (Comintern).^[103] This made it the earliest avowedly communist party in Latin America, emerging amid the post-revolutionary fragmentation of Mexico's political landscape.^[103] Throughout the mid-20th century, the PCM navigated cycles of state repression under the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) regime, internal factionalism over tactics like proletarian internationalism versus national populism, and opportunistic alliances with ruling authorities for survival. Membership peaked modestly in the thousands; a 1956 U.S. intelligence estimate placed active adherents at under 4,000, concentrated in urban centers like Mexico City and among railway and oil workers.^[104] The party exerted cultural influence through affiliations with muralists such as Diego Rivera and David Alfaro Siqueiros, who joined in 1923 and used art to propagate anti-imperialist themes, though these ties often prioritized aesthetic vanguardism over disciplined cadre work.^[105] Electorally marginal, it registered for federal contests only after 1977 reforms but garnered negligible votes, reflecting its emphasis on extraparliamentary agitation over bourgeois electoralism. In December 1981, the PCM dissolved into the broader Unified Socialist Party of Mexico (PSUM) amid Eurocommunist trends and declining Soviet influence, diluting its Leninist orthodoxy.^[106] A reconstituted PCM emerged on November 20, 1994, via an organizing committee of anti-revisionist militants rejecting the PSUM's trajectory; this iteration claims continuity with the original while upholding Stalin-era principles, anti-imperialist solidarity (e.g., with Cuba and Palestine), and calls for proletarian revolution against neoliberal extraction economies.^[107] Lacking national registration, it forgoes mainstream elections, focusing instead on rank-and-file union infiltration, street protests, and publications like El Machete, revived in 2021 to commemorate its centennial as the party's theoretical organ.^[108] Current membership remains opaque and limited, likely numbering in the low hundreds, with activities centered on critiquing PRI-Morena dominance as pseudo-left continuations of one-party rule. Sources from aligned international communist networks affirm its adherence to class-struggle realism over reformist accommodations, though its marginality underscores the challenges of vanguardist organizing in a PRI-hegemonic system.^[109]

Other organizations

The CPM Educational Program is a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing mathematics curricula for students in grades 6 through 12, emphasizing collaborative problem-solving and multiple representations of mathematical concepts. Established in 1989 at the University of Oregon before becoming an independent entity, it offers print and digital materials, teacher professional development, and support services adopted by over 1,000 schools in the United States as of 2023.^[110] CPM International operates as a global sales, marketing, and customer experience agency, part of the Omnicom Group, with operations in over 30 countries and a focus on influencing consumer behavior through data-driven strategies. Founded in 1973 in the United Kingdom, it serves clients in sectors including consumer goods and technology, employing localized teams to execute field marketing and retail activation campaigns.^[111] CPM (California Pellet Mills), now branded as CPM, is an industrial equipment manufacturer specializing in pellet mills, extruders, and related machinery for processing biomass, animal feed, and biofuels. Headquartered in Waterloo, Iowa, the company traces its origins to 1883 and provides sustainable solutions across food, fuel, and industrial applications, with installations in facilities worldwide.^[112]

Other uses

Aviation and emergency planning

In aviation, CPM refers to the Crisis/Emergency Response Planning Manager, a specialized role within airlines and aerodrome operators tasked with developing, maintaining, and operationalizing emergency response frameworks to address incidents such as aircraft accidents, hijackings, or disruptive events like severe weather impacting flight operations.^[113]^[114] This position ensures compliance with international standards, including those from the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 6, which mandates airlines to establish procedures for safeguarding passengers and crew during emergencies, and Annex 13 for accident investigation coordination.^[115] The CPM's core duties encompass authoring and updating the Crisis Response Planning Manual (CRPM), a comprehensive document detailing phased responses—from notification and mobilization to recovery—while integrating inputs from cross-functional teams such as flight operations, maintenance, ground handling, legal, and human resources.^[116] This includes organizing regular tabletop exercises, full-scale simulations, and training sessions to test plan efficacy, often in alignment with IATA guidelines that emphasize proactive risk assessment and resource allocation for rapid activation of Crisis Management Centres (CMCs).^[117] The role also involves auditing plan adherence, incorporating lessons from post-incident reviews, and liaising with external entities like air traffic control authorities and local emergency services to facilitate seamless interoperability during real-time crises.^[118] During an active crisis, the CPM typically operates from organizational headquarters to provide strategic advisory support to the Crisis Director (CD), avoiding direct field involvement to preserve continuity in planning oversight, while ensuring documentation remains current for regulatory audits and insurance requirements.^[118]^[114] Legal mandates in jurisdictions like the European Union under EASA regulations further underscore the CPM's accountability, requiring documented evidence of plan readiness to mitigate liabilities from inadequate preparedness, as demonstrated in historical cases where deficient responses amplified operational disruptions and reputational damage.^[115] Effective CPM leadership has been credited with reducing response times and enhancing coordination, thereby safeguarding lives and minimizing economic losses estimated at millions per hour of grounded fleets in major incidents.^[119]

Miscellaneous applications

The critical path method (CPM) is a project management technique used to identify the longest sequence of dependent tasks and measure the time required to complete them, thereby determining the minimum project duration.^[120] Developed in 1957 by James E. Kelley and Morgan R. Walker of DuPont in collaboration with Remington Rand Univac for scheduling maintenance shutdowns at chemical plants, it focuses on tasks with zero float, where delays directly impact the overall timeline.^[15] By calculating early and late start/finish times for activities, CPM enables managers to prioritize resources on critical tasks and assess schedule risks through forward and backward passes in network diagrams.^[16] In digital advertising, CPM refers to cost per mille, the price paid by advertisers for every 1,000 impressions of an ad, regardless of clicks or conversions.^[1] This model, derived from the Latin "mille" meaning thousand, originated in traditional media like print and broadcast but became standard in online platforms by the early 2000s, allowing publishers to monetize inventory based on reach.^[1] Typical CPM rates vary by industry and platform; for instance, display ads on major networks averaged $2.80 in the U.S. as of 2023, while video ads commanded higher rates around $10-20 due to greater engagement potential.^[121] Advertisers use CPM to compare efficiency across channels, though it does not account for audience quality or downstream actions, prompting integration with metrics like effective CPM (eCPM) that factors in revenue from impressions.^[122] CPM also denotes characters per minute in typing and data entry assessments, measuring productivity by dividing total characters typed (excluding spaces) by time elapsed.^[123] Professional benchmarks range from 200-400 CPM for skilled typists, with tools like typing tests standardizing evaluation; for example, the average office worker achieves about 40 words per minute, equating to roughly 200-250 CPM assuming five characters per word.^[123] This metric, used since the typewriter era, informs hiring in administrative roles but has limitations in capturing accuracy or context-specific speed.

References

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Understanding Cost Per Thousand (CPM) in Digital Marketing Metrics
Cost per thousand (CPM) refers to the price advertisers pay for 1,000 ad impressions on a webpage. CPM is used both as a pricing model and a metric for ...What Does Cost Per Thousand... · Comparing CPM, CPC, and...
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What is Cost per thousand (CPM) and how to calculate it | DashThis
The cost per thousand (CPM), also called cost per mille, is a marketing term used to know the price that 1,000 advertisement impressions on one web page cost.
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What is a Good CPM? Understanding CPM for B2B - Salespanel
May 25, 2024 · Cost per mille (thousand) is the most widely used metric for pricing web advertisements in Marketing. The main component of this metric is ...Typical Cpms For Google And... · Typical Cpm For Social Media · Optimizing Cpm For...
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CPC vs CPM: Which Pricing Model is Right for You? - Criteo
Sep 26, 2024 · CPM = Cost per “mille,” or 1,000 impressions. A $2 CPM means you pay $2 for every 1,000 impressions your ad receives. Adtech. Optimizing ...
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Cost per mille, or CPM, is a pricing model in programmatic advertising where you pay a certain amount for 1000 impressions.
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Understanding Cost Per Mille (CPM) - Playwire
Rating 5.0 (5) Cost Per Mille (CPM) represents what advertisers pay for 1000 ad impressions on your site. Unlike publisher-focused metrics like RPM that measure your total ...
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CPM Definition in Marketing - Search Engine Land
CPM Definition: In online advertising, CPM stands for Cost Per Thousand (M stands for mille - which is French for 1000).
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CPM (cost per mille). CPM = (Cost ÷ Imps) x 1000. Cost = CPM x (Imps ÷ 1000). Imps = (Cost ÷ CPM) x 1000. CPC. (cost per click). CPC. = Cost. ÷. Clicks. Cost. =.Missing: reliable | Show results with:reliable
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May 4, 2024 · Cost per mille (CPM) is a pivotal metric in advertising, quantifying the cost per 1000 advertising impressions.Advantages Of Cpm Targeting... · How To Maximize Cpm Roi · How To Use Cpm To Adjust...<|separator|>
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The ABCs of the Critical Path Method - Harvard Business Review
Recently added to the growing assortment of quantitative tools for business decision making is the Critical Path Method—a powerful but basically simple ...
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Critical Path Method (CPM) in Project Management - ProjectManager
The critical path method (CPM) is a project management technique that's used by project managers to create an accurate project schedule.
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Origins of CPM - a Personal History - PMI
The critical path method (CPM) evolved from corporate management's proactive search to develop better ways of operating business activities. This article-- ...
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Critical path method (CPM) | Research Starters - EBSCO
The DuPont chemical company and Remington Rand Univac, a computer firm, began developing CPM in 1956. They used the UNIVAC-1 computer to create a graphical ...
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Critical Path Method - Digital Healthcare Research - AHRQ
The critical path method (CPM) allows you to calculate the "critical path" of a project by showing the necessary order of tasks, the ideal project schedule, ...
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[PDF] CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM) SCHEDULES - TN.gov
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[PDF] Critical path method applied to research project planning
The greatest advantage of CPM is seen at the planning stage. Here the user is required to think through a project logically and with sufficient detail to ...
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Network Analysis/Critical Path Method (CPM)
Oct 15, 2015 · The VA requires the use of the Network Analysis System-CPM (Critical Path Method) on all major projects and / or other VA projects.Missing: definition | Show results with:definition
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What is Corporate Performance Management (CPM)? - TechTarget
Sep 18, 2024 · Corporate performance management encompasses the processes by which a company aligns its strategies and goals to plans and execution.
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Aug 18, 2024 · CPM, or Corporate Performance Management, is a collection of processes used to monitor a business’s performance, including methodologies and ...What Is Cpm? · What Is The Process Of... · G2 Requirements For Cpm...
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Corporate performance management helps finance teams align strategy, measure KPIs, and support smarter decisions with real-time data.
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What is CPM and how does it differ from FPM? - Prophix
Aug 15, 2024 · Corporate performance management is a holistic approach to business management meant to bridge the gaps between strategy, planning, and execution.<|separator|>
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What is Corporate Performance Management (CPM)? - Kepion
CPM refers to a strategic framework for managing and improving organizational performance through data analysis, reporting, and process management. In this ...
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Apr 18, 2024 · PC software pioneer Gary Kildall demonstrated CP/M, the first commercially successful personal computer operating system in Pacific Grove, California, in 1974.
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Aug 5, 2024 · Dr. Gary A. Kildall demonstrated the first working prototype of CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) in Pacific Grove in 1974.
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Apr 26, 2024 · For the pinnacle of his achievments Kildall was responsible for the first computer operating system, CP/M (Control Program for Micros). Intel ...<|separator|>
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Oct 1, 2014 · DRI released many versions of CP/M, of which the largest seller was version 2.2 in 1979. They also developed multiuser (MP/M), multi-tasking ( ...The Story Of Cp/m · What Cp/m Was, And What It... · 2. Version 1.3, From 1976
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CP/M features include a general command structure, file references, switching disks, built-in commands, line editing, and transient commands.
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CP/M 3, also known as CP/M Plus, is a single-console operating system for 8-bit machines using Intel 8080, 8085, or Zilog Z80 CPUs.
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Gary sat down and used his PL/M language to write this software, the first operating system for microprossors, CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers).
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[PDF] Glossary of Radiation Concepts, Terminology and Units
Counts per minute (cpm) is the unit that describes the number of disintegrations detected by a radiation- detection instrument. Because radiation is emitted ...
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[PDF] Radiation Counting Statistics - Phil Rutherford Consulting
inverse time, that is, counts per minute (cpm), counts per second (cps), etc. ... A detector with a 32% efficiency is used to count a radioactive sample.
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Counts per Minute (cpm) : The number of counts a radiation detector records in a minute. ... Detector Efficiency : A measure of the detector's ability to see ...<|separator|>
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Measurement of Radiation and A Unit of Exposure
Many types of radiation detection or measurement instruments indicate “counts per minute”; action levels are usually expressed in “disintegrations per minute.
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r/Radiation on Reddit: CPM is nearly useless, but so is uSv
Sep 30, 2024 · Counts per minute/second, literally how many particles your device detected within a minute/second. This varies wildly depending on radiation ...First piece, can someone help me understand what the geiger ...CPM, what's the point? : r/Radiation - RedditMore results from www.reddit.com
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Area CPM User's Guide - Risk Assessment Information System
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Sep 5, 2012 · Charged particle microscopes play a valuable role for applications that require high-resolution images and small focused probe sizes.
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Background. Published studies suggest that continuous passive motion (CPM) can improve range of motion (ROM) in those patients undergoing surgical release ...
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The Biologic Concept of Continuous Passive Motion of Synovial Joints. The First 18 Years of Basic Research and Its Clinical Application. SALTER, ROBERT ...
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The Continuous Passive Motion Device for the Knee - X10 Therapy
Robert Salter is generally regarded as the inventor of the CPM in 1978 and we have reviewed his contributions in Appendix 1.
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Continuous passive motion (CPM) has become a common rehabilitation modality for athletes with orthopaedic problems.Missing: mechanism evidence peer-
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The pooled results revealed that use of CPM did not show a statistically significant improvement of postoperative knee range of motion (ROM).
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Jan 13, 2024 · The present study finds that combined with CPM did not significantly improve postoperative functional recovery compared to physical therapy.Missing: history mechanism
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Jan 13, 2024 · Our evidence-based study aimed to determine the effectiveness of CPM compared to physical therapy in postoperative orthopedic rehabilitation.
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The CPM Credential - North American Registry of Midwives
The CPM is the only NCCA-accredited midwifery credential that includes a requirement for out-of-hospital experience.
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CPM Practice Guidelines - North American Registry of Midwives
Practice guidelines are the specific protocols of practice followed by a midwife, and they should reflect the Midwifery Model of Care.
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A Certified Professional Midwife's (CPM) competency is established through training, education and supervised clinical experience.CPM Application Routes · Entry Level (PEP) Applicants · NARM Examination
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Types of Midwives: CNM, CPM, CM & Doula Credentials
What's the difference between a CNM and a CM? Both are certified by the AMCB. CNMs are also licensed registered nurses, while CMs are not. Their scope of ...Certified Nurse-Midwives... · Certified Midwives (CMs) · Certified Professional...
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A Certified Professional Midwife (CPM) is a knowledgeable, skilled and professional primary maternity care provider.
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Those who apply for the certificate by examination, must pass the examination required for certification as a direct-entry midwife is the national examination ...
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Difference Between Certified Nurse Midwives And Certified ...
May 9, 2023 · One of the main differences between CNMs and CPMs is their educational background. CNMs are required to have a degree in nursing and must ...<|separator|>
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Understanding Midwife Licensing Laws by State
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United States Midwifery Scope of Practice
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Outcomes of planned home births with certified professional midwives
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May 7, 2008 · * 1938 - Certified Property Manager (CPM) designation established. * 1945 - Accredited Management Organization (AMO) accreditation established.
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The Certified Property Manager® (CPM®) designation from IREM is the premier property management certification worldwide.Step 1: EnrollCPM Experience RequirementsStep 2: LearnFAQsStep 4: Graduate
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Certified Property Manager® (CPM®)
Certified Property Managers® (CPM®) are recognized as experts in real estate management, and they are at the top of the profession.
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Join IREM® as a CPM® and get membership included
IREM membership is included with CPM enrollment, covering dues for the current year, and providing access to member benefits.
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Self-paced CPM education bundle - IREM
Get your CPM (Certified Property Manager) designation courses completed in a year and save with our special education bundle offer.<|separator|>
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The CPM Certification Exam is a 150 question multiple-choice exam that tests knowledge of property and asset management concepts based on the IREM curriculum ...
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IREM is the home for all things real estate management. Elevate your career with property management courses, certifications, and membership.
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The CPI(M) was formed at the Seventh Congress of the Communist Party of India held in Calcutta from October 31 to November 7, 1964. The CPI(M) was born in ...
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Jul 4, 2024 · The INDIA bloc got 46.85 per cent of the vote. The break-up of this is as follows: DMK-26.93, Congress-10.67, CPI(M)-2.52, CPI-2.15, VCK- ...
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[PDF] Of Muslim Persuasion: The Politics of Convivencia in Ceuta, Spain
Dec 1, 2008 · after Melilla's Coalición por Melilla (“Coalition for Melilla” or CpM), headed by. Mustafa Aberchan. Aberchan had in 1999 briefly managed to ...
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Candidature, MPs, Votes, Percentage. 0005 PP, PP, 1, 13.369, 49,19. 0002 PSOE, PSOE, 6.892, 25,36. 0006 VOX, VOX, 4.345, 15,98. 0084 CpM, CpM, 1.279, 4,70.
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The Communists in Mexico are divided into three groups. The Communist Party of Mexico (PCM) numbers slightly under 4,000 members, while the splinter group ...
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Greetings from the Communist Party of Mexico
Jun 14, 2014 · ... Mexican communists went through when eurocomunism liquidated the first CPM, with the subsequent delay to class struggle. We hold the ...
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Mar 16, 2024 · ... Party of Mexico (CPM) decided to recover the name of El Machete for the publication of the organ of the Central Committee. Today, 100 years ...
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CPM's mission is to empower mathematics students and teachers through exemplary curriculum, professional development, and leadership.
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About CPM International
CPM International influences human behavior using sales, marketing, and customer experience. They are part of Omnicom, offering a local agency feel with global ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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CPM | Sustainable Solutions for Food, Fuel & Industry
CPM is the #1 leader in processing equipment. We provide premium, reliable, and sustainable solutions for equipment needs in every industry.
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CPM - Aviation Abbreviations Glossary - Sofema Online
CPM - Crisis / Emergency (Response) Planning Manager.
[114]
Typical Abbreviations Related to Aviation Emergency Response ...
... CPM - Crisis / Emergency (Response) Planning Manager. CRPM - Crisis Response Planning Manual. CRC (A) (Uninjured) Crew Reception Centre - Generally located ...
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[PDF] Why do many airlines legally require Emergency Response Plans ...
the (insert name of airline here) person appointed as 'Emergency Response Planning Manager' (or equivalent title). The airline's 'Air Accident Investigation ...
[116]
Selecting and Managing Personnel in respect of Aviation ...
Dec 15, 2020 · ... Emergency Response Planning Manager, Flight Operations Manager, Technical Manager, Human Resource Manager, Ground Operations Manager, Legal ...
[117]
[PDF] Airline Unit(s) - Aviation Emergency Response Plan Solutions
Note - The fundamental CSU concept is that whilst the CPM will provide (expert) on-going guidance, training, ... and advice from the airline's 'expert' emergency ...
[118]
[PDF] 1 Guideline ABCX AIRWAYS - Crisis Response Planning Manual ...
... crisis duties at / near airline HQ - should operate from normal work ... The airline's CPM (i.e. the person primarily and permanently accountable for the overall.
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Critical path method: How to use CPM for project management - Asana
Mar 28, 2025 · The critical path method (CPM) is a technique where you identify tasks that are necessary for project completion and determine scheduling flexibilities.What is the critical path... · How to find a project's critical...
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CPM stands for cost per mille, a pricing model in digital advertising where advertisers pay a fixed cost for every thousand impressions of their ad. It's widely ...
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Cost per mille or CPM is a pricing model where advertisers pay a fixed rate for every one thousand impressions of their ad.
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