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Small sword

The small sword is a refined, lightweight thrusting weapon that emerged in mid-17th-century Europe as a civilian sidearm for gentlemen, characterized by its short, narrow blade typically measuring 24 to 33 inches (60 to 85 cm) in length, a triangular or diamond cross-section for stiffness without excess weight, and an ornate hilt featuring a knuckle-bow, shell guard, and often a pas d'âne for hand protection.^[1]^[2] Developed primarily by French fencing masters as a more agile evolution of the heavier rapier, the small sword prioritized speed, precision, and thrusting attacks over cutting or broad reach, making it ideal for duels and self-defense while serving as a fashionable accessory in polite society.^[1]^[3] It quickly gained popularity across Europe, England, and North America from the late 17th through the 18th century, often worn by militia officers as a symbol of rank and by civilians as part of formal attire.^[4]^[5] The weapon's hilt designs varied widely, from simple iron guards in early examples to elaborate gilt and pierced steel in later colichemarde variants, reflecting both functional balance and aesthetic elaboration suited to courtly environments.^[1] Weighing approximately 170 to 230 grams for the blade alone, its overall construction emphasized maneuverability, with no sharpened edge and a pointed tip optimized for penetration.^[2] In fencing practice, buttoned-tip foils derived from the small sword introduced safer training methods, though real duels allowed full-body targeting and carried high lethality, contributing to its reputation as a "highly dangerous" gentleman's tool.^[3] By the early 19th century, the small sword declined with changing fashions and military shifts toward broader blades like the sabre, but its techniques profoundly influenced modern fencing disciplines such as the épée, preserving its legacy in historical martial arts and sport.^[3]^[1]

Overview

Definition and Characteristics

The small sword is a light, one-handed thrusting weapon that evolved as a civilian sidearm for gentlemen in Western Europe, optimized for precision and speed in unarmored combat rather than slashing or heavy cutting.^[6] Its design emphasizes agility, with a total length typically ranging from 80 to 90 cm, featuring a straight blade measuring 70 to 85 cm long and about 1 to 2 cm wide at the base, tapering gradually to a sharp, acute point.^[7] The blade is generally double-edged or single-edged along its length, often with a diamond, hexagonal, or triangular cross-section to enhance stiffness while minimizing weight, which usually falls under 1 kg—commonly around 500 g for balanced handling.^[2]^[7] Key ergonomic features include a balance point close to the guard for quick maneuvers, allowing one-handed use while leaving the off-hand free for parrying with a dagger, cloak, or empty hand.^[6] This construction prioritizes flexibility in the foible (weaker tip section) for thrusting accuracy, contrasting with broader swords suited to edged impacts, and reflects its origins as a refined descendant of the longer rapier, shortened for everyday carry and dueling in 17th-century Europe.^[8] The weapon's lightweight build—blade alone often 170 to 230 g—facilitates rapid extensions and recoveries, making it ideal for point-oriented engagements over forceful strikes.^[2] A notable variant is the colichemarde, distinguished by a broader forte (base section) that flares out to 2.5 to 3 cm wide before abruptly narrowing, providing enhanced parrying strength without sacrificing the slender profile for thrusts.^[6] This typology maintains the overall thrusting focus but adds rigidity near the hilt, often with a hollow-ground, three-sided or flattened hexagonal blade for superior balance and reduced mass.^[9] In standard small swords, the uniform linear taper from ricasso to point underscores the emphasis on penetration and finesse, with edges sometimes unsharpened as cutting was secondary to stabbing.^[8]

Distinction from Other Swords

The small sword emerged as a refined evolution from the rapier, featuring a significantly shorter overall length typically measuring 80 to 90 cm (blade 70 to 85 cm), in contrast to the rapier's blades exceeding 100 centimeters, which allowed for greater reach but reduced maneuverability in close quarters.^[10] Weighing around 400 to 600 grams, the small sword was markedly lighter than the rapier, which often approached 1 kilogram or more, enabling faster handling suited to civilian dueling rather than the rapier's battlefield versatility that incorporated both thrusting and cutting.^[2] Additionally, the small sword's hilt was simplified, often consisting of straight quillons and a knuckle-bow without the elaborate swept or cup guards of the rapier, reflecting its role as a post-rapier civilian accessory rather than a military sidearm.^[11] As a precursor to the modern fencing épée, the small sword shares a thrust-oriented design but differs in its ornate decoration and adaptability as everyday civilian attire, whereas the épée evolved into a standardized, less embellished sport weapon with a flexible, quadrangular blade for competitive safety.^[12] The small sword's blade, with its stiff triangular cross-section, provided rigidity for precise thrusts without added weight, contrasting the épée's lighter, more resilient construction optimized for non-lethal bouts rather than the small sword's dual function as both weapon and fashion item.^[13] Among small sword variants, the colichemarde stands out with its broader ricasso—an unsharpened forte section at the blade base—designed for enhanced parrying against heavier blades, unlike the standard small sword's uniform, gradual taper from hilt to point that prioritizes speed and penetration over defensive strength.^[14] This feature made the colichemarde slightly heavier, averaging 466 grams compared to the typical small sword's 352 grams, positioning it as a transitional form bridging rapier-era robustness and the small sword's elegance.^[15] In relation to cutting-oriented weapons like broadswords or sabers, the small sword emphasized exclusive thrusting capability, lacking the curved or broad blades essential for slashing, which rendered it unsuitable for battlefield engagements where such weapons excelled in delivering powerful cuts against armored foes or groups.^[16] Instead, the small sword served primarily as a dress weapon for personal defense and social display, its linear, pointed design optimizing lethal penetration over the broadsword's or saber's area-denying chops.^[17]

History

Origins in the 17th Century

The small sword began to emerge around the mid-17th century in France, evolving as a lighter, more refined thrusting weapon from the longer rapier that had dominated civilian and dueling use earlier in the century. This transition, spanning roughly 1650 to 1700, was driven by the declining reliance on heavy armor in European warfare and personal combat, as the widespread adoption of firearms rendered comprehensive plate protection increasingly impractical and cumbersome.^[18] In parallel, a burgeoning culture of civilian dueling among the nobility emphasized agility and precision over brute force, favoring shorter blades suited to urban environments and formal attire.^[19] Early examples, such as those documented from French expeditions like La Salle's 1684 voyage, illustrate this shift toward shorter blades for easier carry and handling.^[19] In France, the small sword quickly gained traction among the nobility during the reign of Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715), who centralized court life at Versailles and promoted refined martial accessories as markers of status and elegance. By the 1660s, it had become a staple fashion item for gentlemen and officers, often paired with ornate clothing to signify social rank while serving practical self-defense needs.^[20] Initial designs retained protective elements from the rapier era, featuring complex hilts such as swept quillons, knuckle-bows, and shell guards to shield the hand during close-quarters engagements, reflecting ongoing concerns with parrying in dueling scenarios.^[19] This evolution aligned with French fencing innovations, including the emphasis on "l’escrime pour la pointe seule" (fencing with the point alone), which prioritized thrusts over cuts.^[20] The weapon's design further adapted to the era's tactical realities, with the rise of firearms accelerating a broader shift toward thrust-centric combat that minimized exposure in open fields or duels. Around 1680, the colichemarde variant appeared as an early specialized form, characterized by a broad, fluted forte for enhanced parrying strength before tapering to a narrow point; its name derives from Otto Wilhelm, Count von Königsmark (d. 1688), a German-Swedish military figure associated with its popularization.^[21]^[14] By the late 17th century, the small sword spread to Italy and Germany, where it was adopted by mid-century elites adapting French styles, with blades further refined for discreet urban wear amid growing restrictions on longer rapiers in civilian settings.^[20]

Peak and Evolution in the 18th Century

The small sword reached the height of its popularity between approximately 1700 and 1780, serving as an indispensable accessory for gentlemen across Europe and its colonies, symbolizing refinement and readiness for personal defense.^[22] During this period, the weapon evolved from its earlier rapier influences toward greater simplicity and lightness, with hilts transitioning from elaborate constructions to more streamlined designs, such as foiled or wire-wrapped grips that prioritized functionality while maintaining elegance.^[23] This refinement made the small sword a versatile complement to civilian attire, weighing as little as 14 ounces in some French examples, allowing for fluid movement in both social and combative contexts.^[22] Regional variations highlighted the small sword's adaptability to cultural preferences. In France, known as the petite épée, it featured ornate decorations, often incorporating silver, gold, enamel, or semi-precious stones in the hilt, blending swordcraft with jewelry to create wearable art for aristocratic display.^[22] British and American colonial adoption emphasized practical elegance, with silversmiths like Jacob Hurd in Boston producing over a dozen silver-hilted examples between 1725 and 1750, featuring bilobe clamshell guards and ovoid pommels sourced from German blades; these were worn by affluent civilians, military officers, and militia members alike.^[24] Key innovations during the 18th century enhanced the small sword's thrusting efficacy. Blades shifted to fully triangular cross-sections, often hollow-ground for reduced weight and improved penetration, distinguishing them from broader transitional forms like the colichemarde.^[25] Fencing master Domenico Angelo played a pivotal role in standardizing techniques through his 1763 treatise L'École des Armes, introducing angular thrusts, left-hand exercises, and a focus on the French foil school's conventions, which emphasized precise chest-targeted attacks and promoted fencing as a healthful pursuit.^[26] Societally, the small sword was mandatory attire for military officers and aristocrats, underscoring Enlightenment values of personal honor, poise, and self-reliance.^[27] In Britain and the colonies, it denoted social rank among gentlemen, who viewed it as essential for upholding dignity in duels or daily life, while its use in infantry sidearms reinforced disciplined defense.^[28] This integration reflected broader ideals of rational conduct and physical grace, aligning the weapon with the era's emphasis on enlightened civility.^[26]

Decline in the 19th Century

Following the French Revolution in the 1790s, the small sword's prominence waned as social upheavals and the rise of egalitarian nationalism eroded the aristocratic traditions that had sustained its use as a symbol of status and personal defense.^[20] The Revolution's emphasis on citizenship and collective identity delegitimized monarchical and noble privileges, rendering the small sword—a hallmark of elite refinement—an outdated relic associated with the ancien régime.^[29] Concurrently, the proliferation of firearms, particularly pistols, shifted dueling practices away from blades, as they offered quicker and more decisive resolutions to disputes of honor.^[20] In military contexts, the small sword was supplanted by more versatile weapons suited to the era's mass conscription and industrialized warfare. Sabers emerged as the preferred cavalry sidearm for their cutting capability in mounted charges, while bayonets transformed infantry muskets into effective spears, reducing the need for officers' thrusting swords.^[20] Among civilians, self-defense norms evolved toward discretion and portability; gentlemen increasingly favored walking canes—often concealing blades or serving as blunt instruments—or compact pocket pistols, aligning with urban mobility and legal restrictions on overt armament.^[28] By the 1830s, the small sword's practical roles had largely evaporated, confined to formal ceremonies among nobility or academic fencing in universities, where it informed the development of the sportive foil and épée.^[29] Its final notable applications in duels occurred sporadically in Europe around 1850, as in France and Italy, though practitioners often found traditional salle training inadequate for lethal encounters, hastening the weapon's obsolescence.^[20]^[30] Preservation efforts in the early 19th century underscored the small sword's shift to artifact status, with collectors like the Marquesses of Hertford amassing examples that formed the basis of institutions such as the Wallace Collection, established in the late 1800s to showcase historical arms from the 17th and 18th centuries. These acquisitions, including ornate small swords from Paris and Solingen circa 1780–1790, highlighted the blade's cultural significance amid its practical demise.^[31]

Design and Construction

Blade Features

The blade of the small sword exhibits a linear taper from the ricasso to the point, providing a gradual narrowing that enhances balance and maneuverability for thrusting actions. Typical blade lengths range from 27 to 33 inches (approximately 69 to 84 cm), with historical fencing treatises recommending proportions around 30 pouces (about 81 cm) to align with the user's height for optimal reach. ^[5] ^[32] The cross-section is most commonly triangular, often hollow-ground in later examples, which contributes to structural rigidity while keeping the overall weight low, typically under 1 kg for the entire weapon. ^[5] This geometry, combined with a distal taper toward the tip, allows for controlled flexibility during thrusts without compromising the blade's stiffness. ^[33] The edges of the small sword blade are generally unsharpened along most of its length, emphasizing its role as a thrusting weapon rather than a cutter, though early or military variants may feature sharpened edges for limited slicing capability. Near the base, the blade is often double-edged to facilitate defensive maneuvers, transitioning to a single edge or false edge toward the tip for streamlined penetration. The point is sharply acute, designed for precise entry into an opponent with minimal resistance, prioritizing deep thrusting over broad cutting wounds. ^[5] Functionally, the blade divides into the forte—the stronger, thicker base near the guard, which provides leverage and durability for parrying opposing blades—and the foible, the narrower, more flexible tip suited for accurate engagements and quick recoveries. This distribution of mass ensures responsive handling, with the forte offering stability during blocks and the foible enabling agile point control. Historical blades were heat-treated through quenching and tempering to achieve a balance of springiness and resilience, preventing brittleness while maintaining the necessary stiffness for repeated thrusts. ^[33] A notable variant is the colichemarde blade, which features a markedly flared forte—typically 2 to 3 cm wide and extending about one-third of the blade's length—before abruptly tapering to a narrow, triangular form no wider than 1 cm at the tip, contrasting with the more consistent narrowness of standard small sword blades. This design enhances parrying strength at the base while preserving thrusting efficiency, reflecting transitional influences from earlier rapier forms. ^[5] ^[34]

Hilt Components

The hilt of the small sword, serving as both a protective barrier for the hand and an ergonomic interface for the wielder, consists of several interconnected components designed to facilitate precise thrusting maneuvers while minimizing weight. The guard, positioned at the base of the blade, primarily shields the fingers and hand from opposing strikes, with early 17th-century designs featuring elaborate cup-hilts or disc-guards derived from rapier precedents for broad coverage.^[20] By the mid-17th century, these evolved into simpler knuckle-bow and quillon assemblies, often incorporating vestigial quillons that projected slightly on the false-edge side to deflect blades during parries.^[19] Later models from the 18th century frequently included shell-guards, asymmetrical bilobate structures in brass or silver that formed a concave, figure-eight shape to cup the hand more closely, enhancing protection without impeding wrist flexibility; these were sometimes decorated with acanthus leaf motifs for aesthetic appeal.^[19]^[35] The grip, extending approximately 8-12 cm in length depending on regional variations, provides a secure and comfortable hold essential for agile control during duels. Typically constructed with a wooden core—often oval or slightly faceted in cross-section to prevent rolling in the hand—it was commonly wrapped in twisted silver or steel wire for enhanced friction and durability, or covered in shagreen (fish skin) for a textured, non-slip surface.^[19]^[35] This design averaged about 2-2.5 cm in thickness at the center, tapering toward the ends to fit the natural contour of the fingers, thereby promoting endurance in prolonged engagements.^[19] At the base of the grip, the pommel acts as a counterweight to balance the lightweight blade, ensuring the weapon's point remains responsive for quick extensions. Often spherical, urn-shaped, or globular in form and crafted from silver or brass—sometimes gilded or engraved with decorative motifs in civilian variants—it measured 2.5-4 cm in length and was integral to the hilt's overall stability.^[35]^[19] The pommel's ergonomic role extended to securing the assembly, as it was typically formed from two cast halves soldered together and fitted over the blade's tang.^[35] Assembly of the hilt emphasized unity and reliability for dynamic use, with the blade's tang passing through the quillon block, guard, and grip before being fixed by the pommel via peening (hammering the tang end to flare it) or, less commonly, threading for added security.^[19]^[35] This method, often involving soldered or cast joints between guard elements like the knuckle-bow and shell-guards, created a cohesive structure that distributed weight evenly and allowed for swift, unencumbered movements.^[20]

Materials and Manufacturing

Small sword blades were primarily forged from high-carbon steels, including blister steel or shear steel, valued for their ability to retain a sharp edge during thrusting actions typical of dueling. These steels, with carbon contents often ranging from 1% to 1.5%, were produced by carburizing wrought iron bars in charcoal, resulting in a material that balanced hardness and toughness. Tempering was achieved through an oil quench process, where the heated blade was rapidly cooled in oils like lard or vegetable-based quenchants to enhance flexibility and prevent brittleness, a technique that became widespread in European bladesmithing by the 18th century.^[36] Hilt components utilized a range of materials depending on the sword's intended use, with guards commonly made from iron or steel for durability in military variants, while civilian pieces often featured silver or gold for ornate guards and inlays to denote status. Grips were typically crafted from ivory, bone, or wood, sometimes bound with twisted wire of steel, brass, or silver for improved handling and aesthetics. Luxurious examples incorporated enamel or porcelain accents alongside precious metals, reflecting the small sword's role as a fashionable accessory.^[37] Manufacturing began with forging the blade from steel bars on anvils, where repeated heating and hammering shaped the triangular or colichemarde profile, followed by filing to create smooth tapers and polishing for a refined finish. Hilt elements were either cast in molds for complex designs in silver or brass, or filed from solid metal blanks for steel guards, allowing for intricate piercings and engravings. Assembly involved peening the tang to secure the hilt, ensuring a balanced weapon.^[38] Quality varied significantly between artisanal and mass-produced small swords; master bladesmiths in Solingen, Germany, renowned for their superior tempering and microstructure control, produced high-end civilian blades that rivaled those from Toledo, often using specialized rolling techniques for consistent fullers. In contrast, military productions prioritized volume over refinement, resulting in simpler forgings with less precise heat treatments to meet army demands efficiently.^[38]^[39]

Use and Techniques

Dueling Applications

The small sword served as the primary weapon for "affairs of honor" among European nobility and gentlemen during the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly in formal duels where disputes over insults or slights were resolved through single combat rather than lethal outcomes.^[20] These encounters emphasized honor over fatality, often concluding at first blood, with seconds—trusted intermediaries of equal social standing—enforcing reconciliation attempts before and after engagement to prevent escalation.^[40] In France and Italy, where dueling persisted more frequently into the mid-18th century, the small sword's lightweight design and thrusting focus aligned with codes of conduct that prioritized skill and restraint.^[20] Dueling strategies centered on precise thrusts targeting vital areas such as the throat or torso, leveraging the blade's agility for quick advances while maintaining defensive guards like tierce or quarte.^[20] Fighters employed the forte—the stronger portion near the hilt—to bind and control the opponent's blade during close engagements, facilitating parry-riposte sequences rather than aggressive counterattacks.^[20] Off-hand techniques included parrying with a cloak for entanglement or a main-gauche dagger to trap the adversary's weapon, enhancing defense in unpremeditated clashes.^[40] Notable examples from the 1720s in France illustrate the small sword's role under emerging dueling protocols influenced by continental customs, such as those later formalized in the 1777 Irish Code Duello, where encounters often ended without death through skilled fencing.^[40] In early American practice, small swords featured in gentlemanly disputes before the widespread shift to pistols by the late 18th century, echoing European traditions.^[41] This pattern persisted among colonial elites, contrasting with Alexander Hamilton's 1804 pistol duel while highlighting the small sword's prior prevalence in transatlantic honor culture.^[41] Regulations ensured fairness, with seconds inspecting blades for equal length and condition prior to combat, often held in secluded parks or beaches to evade legal prosecution, as dueling was criminalized across Europe and America yet tolerated among the upper classes.^[40] In sword duels, combatants engaged until one was bloodied, disabled, or disarmed, at which point the aggressor might seek pardon or the victor break the loser's weapon to declare victory without further violence.^[40]

Civilian and Ceremonial Roles

In the 18th century, the small sword served as a prominent fashion accessory for gentlemen, symbolizing social status and sophistication. Typically suspended from a baldric or belt at mid-thigh on the left side, with the hilt visible through a coat opening, it complemented elaborate attire such as embroidered silk coats.^[42] Ornate hilts, often featuring jewels or intricate designs, were customized to match clothing, blending functionality with aesthetic appeal.^[43] This practice underscored the weapon's role as a marker of gentility, particularly among affluent civilians in Europe and colonial America.^[8] The small sword also held significant ceremonial importance in elite circles, forming an integral part of court dress at Versailles and among British aristocracy. Gentlemen at the French court carried elaborately decorated versions daily, where they signified rank and participated in the palace's pageantry, as seen in examples from the 1750s and 1780s with gold and silver hilts.^[44] In British society, similar swords were worn for formal occasions, often passed down as family heirlooms to denote heritage and prestige.^[45] These pieces, such as those used by royal guards like the Gardes du Corps, emphasized artistry over combat, with delicate constructions requiring careful preservation.^[45] Beyond symbolism, the small sword provided practical utility for civilian self-defense in urban environments during the 18th century. Its lightweight design—far less cumbersome than military swords—made it ideal for daily carry by gentlemen navigating city streets threatened by footpads and robbers.^[28] The blade's thrusting capability allowed for quick, effective protection without hindering mobility in everyday settings.^[46] Social norms governed the small sword's civilian use, emphasizing restraint and propriety. Etiquette dictated that gentlemen draw the weapon only in dire circumstances, such as imminent personal threat, to maintain decorum and avoid unnecessary violence.^[47] Decorative variants were primarily ornamental, worn at social events to evoke elegance rather than for defense.^[48]

Fencing Styles and Training

The French school dominated small sword fencing, prioritizing linear footwork and precise thrusts to maintain control and efficiency in engagements. This style, refined in the 18th century, focused on direct advances and retreats along a straight line, allowing fencers to exploit openings with minimal lateral movement. Domenico Angelo's Academy in London, established in the 1750s and prominent through the 1760s, exemplified this approach by adapting continental French techniques for English practitioners, emphasizing disciplined posture and targeted strikes.^[49]^[50] Italian influences complemented the French style by incorporating circular parries, which enabled fluid redirection of the opponent's blade through sweeping arcs rather than straight-line opposition. These parries, drawn from earlier rapier traditions, added versatility to defenses, particularly against unexpected angles, though they were often integrated into French-dominant curricula like Angelo's, which addressed Italian guards explicitly.^[51] Key techniques in small sword fencing included the lunge, an explosive forward extension of the arm and body for thrusting; and the bind, a pressure applied to the adversary's blade to displace it and create an opening. Guards such as prime (a low, protective position), quarte (inside high line), and terce (outside high line) facilitated blade engagement, with all actions underscoring the critical concept of measure—precise control of spacing to attack or defend effectively.^[52] Training regimens emphasized safety and progression, utilizing foils—lighter practice weapons with buttoned tips to blunt the point and prevent injury during sparring. These foils served as precursors to the small sword, allowing students to develop timing and precision without risk. Instruction typically followed a master-apprentice model in dedicated fencing salons, where pupils progressed from basic guards and footwork under a master's direct supervision to advanced bouts, fostering both technical skill and tactical awareness.^[53] The small sword's techniques evolved from the rapier's broader, more sweeping play, shifting toward an economy of motion that eliminated unnecessary flourishes in favor of swift, linear engagements suited to the weapon's lighter design and thrusting focus. This transition prioritized speed and minimalism, reducing the rapier's complex circling and cuts to enable faster resolutions in civilian duels.

Cultural and Modern Legacy

Depictions in Art and Literature

In 18th-century visual arts, the small sword frequently appeared in portraits as a marker of gentlemanly refinement and social standing among the aristocracy. Artists like Thomas Gainsborough and Joshua Reynolds often depicted male subjects in contemporary dress, with the small sword serving as an accessory that underscored elegance and poise rather than martial prowess.^[54] For instance, richly ornamented small swords were shown sheathed at the hip, symbolizing the wearer's adherence to codes of honor and civility in elite society.^[48] Satirical engravings, such as William Blake's 1784 print The Discomfited Duellists, mocked the dueling culture by portraying young officers in a coffee-house brawl, one with a broken sword on the floor, highlighting the absurdity and volatility of such confrontations.^[55] In literature, the small sword embodied chivalric ideals and aristocratic valor, particularly in 19th-century works evoking earlier eras. Alexandre Dumas's 1844 novel The Three Musketeers features rapiers that transition into small sword-like depictions in narrative and adaptations, representing loyalty, daring, and the swashbuckling spirit of French nobility.^[56] Voltaire, in his Philosophical Dictionary (1764), critiqued the dueling practices associated with the small sword, condemning them as barbaric remnants of honor-driven madness that contradicted rational justice and Christian ethics, often arising from trivial insults and leading to needless deaths.^[57] This portrayal contrasted the sword's romantic allure with its irrationality, influencing later Romantic authors who juxtaposed it against emerging industrial weaponry to lament the erosion of traditional masculinity and noble heritage. Symbolically, the small sword signified honor, masculinity, and elite status in both art and literature, evoking chivalric traditions amid Enlightenment shifts toward reason. In portraits and novels, it represented not brute force but refined skill and moral resolve, worn as a fashion emblem by gentlemen to assert social superiority.^[58] Romantic literature further amplified this, using the small sword to romanticize aristocratic virtues against the mechanized violence of the Napoleonic and industrial ages, as seen in evocations of duels that preserved personal agency in a changing world.^[59] By the 19th century, small swords influenced theatrical props and early cinema, evolving into tools for dramatic spectacle. In Edmond Rostand's 1897 play Cyrano de Bergerac, the protagonist wields a small sword in virtuoso duels, such as the improvised ballad fight, symbolizing poetic bravado and unyielding integrity.^[60] These stage combats shaped 19th-century theater, where lightweight small swords enabled agile, stylized action. In 1920s swashbuckler films, Douglas Fairbanks popularized the weapon in The Mark of Zorro (1920) and The Three Musketeers (1921), performing dynamic thrusts and parries that captured the small sword's legacy of heroic finesse on screen.^[61]

Reproductions and Contemporary Use

Modern reproductions of small swords are crafted by specialized bladesmiths and manufacturers to replicate 18th-century designs with high fidelity, often using high-carbon steel for authenticity while incorporating contemporary materials for durability. For instance, Hanwei's Scottish Court Sword features a 31-inch blade forged from 5160 spring steel, replicating a 1730s original associated with Prince Charles Edward Stuart's officer.^[62] Similarly, Cold Steel produces a functional small sword with a 31-inch blade of 1060 carbon steel, designed for thrusting and light cutting while maintaining the triangular cross-section typical of historical examples.^[63] Suppliers like Kult of Athena and Museum Replicas distribute these items, catering to collectors and practitioners seeking battle-ready versions under $500.^[64] In contemporary use, small sword reproductions feature prominently in historical reenactment societies, such as the Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA), where they are employed in rapier combat events to simulate period duels.^[65] Small sword techniques are also reconstructed in Historical European Martial Arts (HEMA) communities, using period manuals to practice 18th-century dueling styles.^[66] The Olympic épée serves as a direct descendant, inheriting the small sword's emphasis on precise thrusting and lightweight design, with a maximum weight of 770 grams, though typical competition épées weigh 400–500 grams and featuring rigid, triangular blades that echo 18th-century proportions.^[2]^[67] Small sword collecting focuses on authenticity, with 18th-century originals valued based on hilt materials, provenance, and condition; for example, a circa 1750 Boston silver-hilted small sword appraises at $3,000–$5,000 at auction (as of 2019).^[68] Museums and private collectors prioritize pieces with verifiable hallmarks or engravings, often acquiring them through reputable auction houses like Christie's, where early 18th-century examples have sold for upwards of £1,195 (approximately $1,500 USD).^[69] Preservation techniques emphasize low-humidity storage (around 30% relative humidity) to prevent corrosion, regular application of mineral oil to blades, and avoidance of direct skin contact to minimize acidic oils; for existing rust, products like Renaissance De-Corroder gel are applied sparingly, followed by neutralization and drying.^[70]^[71] Adaptations of small swords appear in stage and film productions for safe, realistic portrayals, as seen in Ridley Scott's 1977 film The Duellists, where colichemarde-style small swords were used in choreographed duels to depict Napoleonic-era combat.^[72] For training, nylon-bladed versions provide impact-resistant alternatives, such as those from By the Sword, which offer full-tang nylon constructions mimicking small sword balance for safe sparring without risking injury.^[73]

References

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The Smallsword was primarily a civilian sword used throughout Europe, England and North America from the mid 17th century through the late 18th century.
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[PDF] DEADLY ELEGANCE: A SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION OF THE FORM ...
The evidence from the swords examined implies that the colichemarde was an excellent design of small-sword for the purpose of one-on-one combat and for self- ...
[17]
The Myth of Thrusting Vs. Cutting Swords
Thrusting requires much less strength to make a lethal wound while an effective cut can require a powerful blow. Both require skill to use, both will kill.
[18]
Choosing a Weapon - London Historical Fencing Club
The smallsword is the favoured duelling weapon of the Enlightenment. Descended from the rapier and the ancestor of the modern epee, it lacks a cutting edge but ...
[19]
Arms and Armor—Common Misconceptions and Frequently Asked ...
Oct 1, 2004 · With the length of the blade skillfully counterbalanced by the weight of the pommel, these swords were light, sophisticated, and sometimes ...Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
[20]
[PDF] the historical and archaeological analysis - CORE
One feature that distinguishes a small sword from a rapier is the length of the blade. Early small swords are usually fitted with narrow rapier blades that have ...
[21]
[PDF] A Very Brief History of Small Sword
Jun 19, 2023 · Most experts agree that the small sword appeared in the early 17th century and owes its development, at least in part, to changes instituted ...
[22]
COLICHEMARDE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Word History. Etymology. French colismarde, colichemarde, after Otto Wilhelm, Count von Königsmark †1688 German soldier and statesman, its inventor ...
[23]
Smallsword with Scabbard - French - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Smallswords combine the crafts of swordsmith, cutler, and jeweler to create an elegant weapon that was also a wearable work of art.
[24]
Smallsword - French - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
The majority of smallsword hilts are made of silver or steel, but many also employ a wide variety of luxurious materials, such as gold, porcelain, and enamel.
[25]
[PDF] Jacob Hurd and the Boston Smallsword
In the 18th century, smallsword blade man- ufacturing was the special monopoly of German sword cutlers. Boston silversmiths were thus forced to acquire.
[26]
From rapier to small sword. | Lancet Fencing - WordPress.com
May 17, 2010 · SMALL SWORD: The last form of the rapier. It usually has a triangular blade which can only be used for thrusting, and the advantage of which ...Missing: innovation | Show results with:innovation
[27]
[PDF] Domenico Angelo – a great fencing master of the 18th century and ...
As practice with the very light and sharp small sword was dangerous (protective masks were not used as yet), a new weapon called the foil was introduced, which ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[28]
Dress Sword | Smithsonian Institution
This small sword was owned by the Copp family of Stonington, Connecticut during the late half of the 18th century. The sword was likely owned as a dress ...
[29]
The Small Sword: Self Defense and the Georgian Gentleman - Jane Austen articles and blog
### Summary: Small Sword for Civilian Self-Defense in Urban Settings
[30]
Living off the sword under Napoleon : A history of the fencing ...
Apr 25, 2021 · It is established, thanks to certain sources such as Alexandre Müller, that the espadon is, after the Revolution, in decline. Müller ...
[31]
https://wallacelive.wallacecollection.org/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=61184&viewType=detailView
[32]
https://traditionalfencing.wordpress.com/2017/05/18/choosing-the-right-length-for-your-smallsword-blade/
[33]
Duelling in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
Nov 2, 2021 · Duelling was "effectively banned in the army" in 1844, "hastening its demise throughout the kingdom" (Mulholland 207-8). The last recorded duel ...
[34]
Wallace Collection Online - The Collection | Result
Smallsword with scabbard; Hilt- Paris, France; blade- probably Solingen, Germany. Date: c. 1780 - c. 1790; Medium: Steel, gold, velvet, wood and fish-skin, ...
[35]
Choosing the right length for your smallsword blade
May 18, 2017 · The consensus of period masters seems to recommend choosing your smallsword blade length to be about 48-49% of your height, rather than lock in on that magic ...Missing: weight characteristics
[36]
A brief look at Smallsword Blades - Arms & Armor
Feb 7, 2025 · Sword blades from 6150 steel, hardened to 50-52 Ric. They are all crafted to look, feel, and function just like the historical originals on ...Missing: features sources
[37]
Colichemarde Sword - Functional Rapiers at Reliks.com
The hilt features a decorative, yet highly functional, double shell guard, complete with finger loops and knuckle bow, while the grip is completely wire wrapped ...Missing: characteristics | Show results with:characteristics
[38]
Construction Details of a Small Sword From the 1700s
Mar 13, 2012 · The pommel is composed of two cast halves silver soldered together along its center. Note the clear solder joint line extending downward from the top of the ...
[39]
Quenching: A long and varied history | Thermal Processing Magazine
Jul 15, 2022 · This article looks at the works of possible quenchants used by ancient blacksmiths and how they may further the understanding of the technological and cultural ...Missing: filing | Show results with:filing
[40]
Smallsword Blade - French - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Smallsword Blade; Date: 18th century; Culture: French; Medium: Steel, gold; Dimensions: L. 27 1/4 in. (69.2 cm); Classification: Sword Blades; Credit Line: Gift ...
[41]
Metallographic study of some 17th and 18th c, European sword ...
The study analyzes two 17th-18th century sword blade fragments to understand quality perception and manufacturing techniques. Toledo blades were historically ...
[42]
The History of British Sword Manufacture - MilitariaHub
The History of British Sword Manufacture. Description of British sword making from the sixteenth century through to the twentieth century.
[43]
Code Duello: The Rules of Dueling | American Experience - PBS
If swords are used, the parties engage until one is well blooded, disabled, or disarmed; or until, after receiving a wound, and blood being drawn, the aggressor ...
[44]
The History of Dueling in America | American Experience - PBS
Armed with swords, both men sustained minor wounds. A unique aspect of this duel was that Doty and Leicester were servants.
[45]
Small-Sword | Cleveland Museum of Art
Such a sword was traditionally suspended at about mid-thigh from the left side of a belt, the hilt exposed through the opening of the gentleman's coat.
[46]
Smallsword | The Art Institute of Chicago
As a fashion accessory, the weapon was intended to harmonize with a gentleman's finely embroidered silk coat. Despite its ornament, it could still be used ...
[47]
Decorated Swords and the Artistry of Arms at Versailles
Jul 26, 2018 · Gentlemen carried elaborately decorated swords as a matter of daily dress, and the palace guard would have been armed as well, usually with ...
[48]
Smallsword carried by the Gardes du Corps - French, Versailles
At their best, smallswords combine the crafts of swordsmith, cutler, and jeweler to create an elegant weapon that was also a wearable work of art. View more.Missing: aristocratic relic nationalism
[49]
Smallsword - British; blade, Chinese, Beijing
It was both a deadly weapon and a stylish costume accessory for the fashionable gentleman. The materials of smallsword hilts vary considerably, according to the ...Missing: 18th | Show results with:18th
[50]
Etiquette in the 18th and 19th Century Fencing Schools — Part I
Aug 3, 2018 · Rules That One Must Observe in the Academies of Arms of Small-sword. · Do not curse the HOLY Name of GOD. · Do not say indecent words, nor songs.Missing: social | Show results with:social
[51]
Revealing the story behind the Small Sword - Iziko Museums
Jul 28, 2020 · Serving a purely decorative function, the hilts of these types of swords were often elaborate and decadent, featuring twists and turns of bright ...
[52]
Domenico Angelo | 18th-century, Swordplay, Fencing - Britannica
Domenico Angelo was an Italian fencing master. Angelo was the first to emphasize fencing as a means of developing health, poise, and grace.Missing: popularity | Show results with:popularity
[53]
Recent Acquisition: L'École des armes (The School of Fencing)
Apr 11, 2016 · Domenico Angelo (c1717-1802) was an Italian fencing master whose School of Arms in Soho, London brought continental small-sword techniques ...Missing: 18th | Show results with:18th
[54]
The School of Fencing - Angelo (Edited by Jared Kirby)
Out of stockThe School of Fencing was first presented in 1763 by Domenico Angelo in French as L'Ecole des armes. It remained the most popular book on fencing for more than ...Missing: Academy 1760s
[55]
The Art of Fencing; Or, The Use of the Small Sword
Oct 28, 2024 · ... Tierce, as the Thrust goes forward. Some Masters teach to hold the Sword in Guard between Quart and Tierce, and to disengage in that ...
[56]
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FOIL (Part 1) | LeonPaul.com
Sep 6, 2018 · Purpose-made practice swords with buttoned tips had been available since the rapier became a popular civilian sword in the 16th century. So ...
[57]
Smallsword - French - The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Title: Smallsword · Date: ca. 1750 · Culture: French · Medium: Steel, silver, gold, wood, textile · Dimensions: L. 37 3/4 in. (95.8 cm); L. · Classification: Swords ...
[58]
book-illustration; frontispiece - satirical print - British Museum
The interior of a coffee-house. Two young men in regimentals stand near the fireplace (left); one, whose broken sword lies on the ground, is being threatened ...
[59]
Musketeers---en garde! - SBG Sword Forum
Alexandre Dumas' novel The Three Musketeers is, quite simply, a rollicking joy. ... Paul Chen puts out a beautiful product, but his rapiers feel like small swords ...
[60]
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Voltaire's Philosophical Dictionary
Sometimes the Church has commanded the duel, sometimes she has anathematized it. The partisans and the enemies of Aristotle have each been excommunicated in ...
[61]
The Smallsword in England in the 18th Century - MilitariaHub
It created a blade that was considerably lighter than previous smallsword blades of traditional type and allowed the swordsman to wield the blade in a more ...
[62]
The Smallsword: History, Specifications, Evolution, and Legacy
Apr 2, 2025 · The smallsword emerged in 17th-century Europe as a refined, lightweight thrusting weapon, evolving directly from the heavier rapier.
[63]
Cyrano de Bergerac Act 1, scenes 4–7 Summary & Analysis
Cyrano and Valvert draw their swords and begin to fight. As they fight, Cyrano invents a poem that matches exactly the action of the duel. As promised, on the ...
[64]
Tag Archives: Romance of Swordplay - Benerson Little
May 20, 2021 · Douglas Fairbanks Fencing With Kids on the Set of The Three Musketeers. Douglas Fairbanks, film auteur and famous swashbuckling actor fences ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[65]
https://malleusmartialis.com/product/thiago-smallsword-in-stock/
[66]
Small Sword - Functional Rapiers at Reliks.com
The Small Sword has a 31 1/4" 1060 carbon steel blade, a 38 1/4" full length, a 7" handle, and a 24.6 oz weight. It has a leather scabbard.
[67]
https://fie.org/new-to-fencing/weapons
[68]
https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/appraisals/boston-silver-hilt-small-sword-ca-1750/
[69]
Thiago Smallsword | In stock - Malleus Martialis Firenze
The Thiago Smallsword is ideal for Historical European Martial Arts (HEMA), Society for Creative Anachronism (SCA), historical fencing, stage fencing, and film ...
[70]
Boston Silver Hilt Small Sword, ca. 1750 | Antiques Roadshow - PBS
... appraisal usually involves an extensive amount of research to establish authenticity, provenance, composition, method of construction, and other important ...
[71]
A RARE SMALL-SWORD , EARLY 18TH CENTURY, PROBABLY ...
Price realised GBP 1,195 ; Estimate. GBP 750 – GBP 850 ; Closed · 16 Dec 2003 ; Details. A RARE SMALL-SWORD Early 18th Century, probably French
[72]
A Guideline for proper Sword Maintenance - Darksword Armory
Ideally, you should store or display your sword collection in an environment that has about 30% humidity level to avoid rust or corrosion. 2- Avoid skin to ...
[73]
Antique Sword Cleaning
Jul 18, 2019 · I used De-Corroder on the spear to the left to remove the old, dead rust on its surface. This product is a gel that can be painted on using a ...Missing: techniques | Show results with:techniques
[74]
The Duellists (1977) Small Sword | cosmicombatblog - WordPress.com
Jan 22, 2016 · Perhaps the most nuanced weapon used in the film is the small sword which is the weapon of choice for the film's second duel. Of all weapons in ...
[75]
https://www.by-the-sword.com/c-837-sparring-and-practice-swords-wasters.aspx