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Snipe

Snipes are wading birds belonging to the family Scolopacidae, comprising species in the genera Gallinago, Lymnocryptes, and Coenocorypha, distinguished by their long, straight bills adapted for probing mud and soil in search of invertebrate prey.^[1] These birds exhibit cryptic, mottled brown plumage that provides excellent camouflage against wetland backgrounds, with eyes positioned high on the head to maintain vigilance while feeding.^[2] Stocky in build with short legs, snipes typically measure 20–30 cm in length and inhabit a variety of freshwater and brackish wetlands worldwide, including marshes, bogs, wet meadows, and pond edges.^[3] Many species are migratory, breeding in northern temperate regions and wintering in warmer areas.^[4] The most widespread species include the common snipe (Gallinago gallinago), found across Eurasia and North Africa, and the closely related Wilson's snipe (Gallinago delicata) of the Americas, both of which perform distinctive aerial displays during breeding, producing a "winnowing" sound by vibrating their tail feathers in flight.^[5] Snipes feed primarily on earthworms, insects, and crustaceans detected by the sensitive tip of their bills, which can open like forceps to grasp prey without withdrawing the bill from the substrate.^[6] Their elusive nature and zigzag escape flight make them challenging to observe, contributing to their reputation as secretive marsh dwellers.^[7] Conservation concerns for some species arise from habitat loss due to wetland drainage, though overall populations remain stable in many regions.^[6]

Taxonomy and Etymology

Classification

Snipes are birds belonging to the order Charadriiformes and the family Scolopacidae, which encompasses sandpipers and related waders. Within this family, true snipes are classified in the genera Gallinago (approximately 17 species), Lymnocryptes (1 species), and Coenocorypha (3 species), totaling around 21 species, all characterized by their long, straight bills adapted for probing soft substrates.^[8]^[9]^[10] Notable examples include the common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) and Wilson's snipe (G. delicata). Painted snipes, superficially similar, are taxonomically distinct and placed in the separate family Rostratulidae under the genus Rostratula. Subspecies variation occurs within species like the common snipe, such as G. g. faeroeensis breeding in Iceland, the Faroe Islands, and northern Scotland, which exhibits paler plumage compared to nominate forms; in contrast, the North American population (G. g. delicata) was historically treated as a subspecies but elevated to full species status (G. delicata) based on genetic and vocal differences.^[11]^[12]^[13] Phylogenetically, Gallinago forms a monophyletic clade closely related to woodcocks in the genus Scolopax and dowitchers (Limnodromus), supported by molecular analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear genes. These studies place the snipes-woodcocks-dowitchers group as basal within Scolopacidae.^[12]^[14]^[15]

Etymology and Common Names

The word "snipe" derives from the Old Norse snípa, referring to a long-billed bird, particularly as in mýrisnípa ("moor snipe"), and entered Middle English around the 14th century as snipe or snype.^[16]^[17] This term is cognate with Old High German snepfa and Middle Dutch snippe, suggesting a Proto-Germanic root descriptive of the bird's long, probing bill akin to a snout.^[18] The name reflects the snipe's foraging behavior of "sniping" or probing into mud for prey, a characteristic that also inspired the later verb sense of shooting from concealment.^[19] The genus name Gallinago, used for most true snipes, originates from New Latin, combining Latin gallīna ("hen") with the suffix -āgō ("resembling"), alluding to the bird's plump, chicken-like body and size.^[20]^[21] Regional common names often highlight habitat or appearance, such as "moor snipe" in European contexts for species frequenting wetlands, "jack snipe" for the smaller Lymnocryptes minimus (a snipe in the genus Lymnocryptes), and "painted snipe" for the genus Rostratula, which features ornate plumage and reversed sexual dimorphism where females are more colorful. In non-European languages, snipe names frequently tie to ecological roles or migration. In Japanese, snipes are collectively termed shigi (shorebirds or sandpipers), with specific species like Latham's snipe called oojishigi ("great land snipe").^[22] Among Indigenous North American peoples, such as the Hopi, the snipe is known as patsro ("water bird"), with its calls interpreted as omens of impending rain, reflecting observations of its migratory patterns in wetland habitats.^[23] Historically, snipe nomenclature evolved through scientific classification; Carl Linnaeus described the common snipe as Scolopax gallinago in his 1758 Systema Naturae, initially placing it with woodcocks in the genus Scolopax before later reassignments to the dedicated genus Gallinago based on distinct morphological traits.^[24]^[25]

Physical Characteristics

Morphology and Size

Snipes are small to medium-sized wading birds characterized by a stocky build, typically measuring 23–28 cm in length, with a wingspan of 39–45 cm and a body weight ranging from 50–140 g.^[2] The common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) averages 80–120 g in weight, reflecting adaptations for a life in wetland environments where maneuverability and energy efficiency are key.^[26] The bill is a prominent feature, straight and elongated at 6–10 cm, with a flexible tip that enables probing into soft substrates without withdrawing the entire structure.^[27] Sensory pits at the bill's base house Herbst corpuscles, mechanoreceptors that detect subtle vibrations from buried prey, enhancing foraging efficiency in opaque mud.^[28] The legs are relatively long and greenish-yellow, equipped with semi-webbed toes that provide stability and propulsion when wading through marshy terrain.^[29] Wings are short and rounded, supporting agile, zigzagging flight essential for evading predators in dense vegetation, while the tail feathers are stiff and specialized for producing the characteristic winnowing sound during aerial displays.^[30] Sexual dimorphism is minimal, though females tend to be slightly larger than males, with differences most evident in bill length.^[31] Key morphological adaptations include cryptic patterning across the body, which provides effective camouflage against wetland backgrounds, and eyes positioned high and far back on the head, granting a wide field of view—including rearward binocular overlap—for detecting predators even while the bill is inserted in soil.^[27]

Plumage and Coloration

The plumage of snipes is predominantly mottled in shades of brown, buff, and black, providing effective camouflage against marshy and wetland backgrounds through intricate zigzag patterns on the back and flanks.^[32] Upperparts feature a dark back with three prominent buffy streaks—one along each edge and one in the center—while the head displays bold buffy to whitish stripes, and the sides are heavily barred with black.^[32] The underparts are paler, with a buff chest streaked and spotted in brown, a white belly, and a subtle rusty band near the tail tip; wings appear dark both above and below in flight.^[32]^[33] This coloration arises primarily from melanin pigments, including eumelanin for darker tones and phaeomelanin for buff and golden hues, resulting in no bright colors overall but subtle features like a pale eye-ring or supercilium in some individuals and species.^[34] Snipes undergo a partial pre-breeding molt in late winter to spring, producing fresher feathers with brighter golden fringes on the upperparts for the breeding season, while the complete post-breeding molt yields a duller winter plumage enhanced for concealment through wear and fading.^[35]^[36] Juvenile snipes exhibit buffier plumage with broader, less defined streaks and a scaly appearance on the upperparts due to wider buff edgings on neck, back, scapulars, and wing coverts compared to adults; their first complete molt occurs around one year of age.^[31] Adults show more uniform, defined patterning after this molt.^[4] Sexual differences in plumage are minimal and monomorphic overall, though males possess longer outer tail feathers with variation in melanin-based coloration that serves as a sexually selected trait during breeding.^[37]^[31] Species variations include differences in tail feather count, with the common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) typically having 14 feathers, Wilson's snipe (G. delicata) 16, and Asian species like Swinhoe's snipe (G. megala) 20–22, influencing subtle aspects of plumage display and sound production.^[38]^[39]

Distribution and Habitat

Global Range

Species in the genus Gallinago exhibit a nearly cosmopolitan distribution across the Holarctic, Neotropical, Afrotropical, and Australasian biogeographic realms, with notable absences in polar deserts and the core of the tropical rainforests.^[8] These birds primarily occupy temperate and subtropical wetlands, with the genus comprising around 17 species adapted to diverse northern and southern hemisphere environments.^[40] The common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) represents one of the most widespread species, breeding across much of Eurasia from Iceland and the British Isles through Scandinavia, central and eastern Europe, to Kamchatka and the western Aleutians, as well as in parts of North America; it winters in western and southern Europe, sub-Saharan Africa south to the equator, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia.^[11]^[8] In contrast, Wilson's snipe (G. delicata), the New World counterpart, is largely resident within the Americas, breeding from northern Alaska eastward through Canada to Labrador and southward into the northern United States, with wintering grounds extending into Central and northern South America.^[41] Many Gallinago species undertake long-distance migrations. Eurasian populations of the common snipe travel distances exceeding 5,000 km to reach sub-Saharan African wintering sites.^[8] Similar patterns occur in related species like the great snipe (G. media), which migrates from European breeding grounds to equatorial Africa, often completing non-stop flights of 4,300–6,800 km in 48–96 hours at speeds up to 90 km/h.^[43]^[44] Some tropical and subtropical species, such as the noble snipe (G. nobilis) in the Andes, exhibit altitudinal migration, shifting between high-elevation breeding areas and lower valleys during non-breeding seasons.^[45] Regional endemism is evident in several species, including the Madagascar snipe (G. macrodactyla), which is confined to the humid eastern and central wetlands of Madagascar, from sea level to 2,700 m elevation, primarily above 700 m.^[46] The giant snipe (G. undulata) is restricted to South American wet grasslands and pampas, with fragmented populations in northern regions from Colombia through Venezuela, the Guianas, and northern Brazil, and southern populations in eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, southeastern Brazil, and possibly Uruguay.^[47] Historical range contractions have affected snipe distributions, particularly in Europe, where drainage of wetlands has led to declines in breeding populations of the common snipe; for instance, surveys in England and Wales documented a 62% decrease in wet meadow breeding pairs between 1982 and 2002, while broader European trends indicate ongoing contractions since 1980, with the EU population—representing about 20% of the continental total—showing long-term declines that have recently eased as of 2023.^[48]^[8]^[49] In overlap zones, multiple snipe species coexist sympatrically in shared wetland habitats, such as in European marshes where the common snipe overlaps with the jack snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) and, in northern regions, the great snipe (G. media), facilitating comparative studies of foraging and display behaviors in these dynamic ecosystems.^[50]

Other Genera

The jack snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus), the sole species in its genus, breeds in northern Europe and Asia, from Iceland and Scandinavia to eastern Siberia, and migrates to winter in sub-Saharan Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia. It prefers similar wetland habitats to Gallinago species but is more secretive and less migratory in extent.^[51] The genus Coenocorypha includes two species endemic to New Zealand and its subantarctic islands: the Auckland snipe (C. aucklandica) on the Auckland Islands and the Campbell Islands snipe (C. chathamica) on the Chatham Islands (though possibly extinct there). These flightless or short-flighted snipes inhabit tussock grasslands and wetlands at low elevations, facing threats from introduced predators.^[52]

Habitat Preferences

Snipes primarily inhabit temperate and subarctic wetlands, including marshes, bogs, and wet meadows characterized by soft, probeable mud or soil that facilitates their long-bill foraging.^[6]^[8] These environments provide the necessary saturated substrates rich in invertebrates, with snipes showing a strong preference for areas where the soil remains moist year-round to support prey availability.^[49] In terms of vegetation, snipes favor dense covers of grasses, sedges, or reeds that offer concealment from predators while allowing access to feeding grounds; they generally avoid open water bodies and instead select marsh edges or shallowly flooded zones with water depths typically ranging from 5-10 cm.^[5]^[53] This structural preference ensures protection during nesting and roosting, with the birds often utilizing tussocky swards for perching in slightly drier microhabitats adjacent to saturated probing areas.^[54] Snipes occupy a broad altitudinal range from sea level to elevations exceeding 4,000 m, as seen in Andean species like the Puna Snipe (Gallinago andina), and they tolerate acidic peat soils with pH levels between 4 and 6, common in boggy terrains.^[55] Microhabitat selection emphasizes saturated zones teeming with invertebrate prey for active probing, while drier tussocks serve as roosting sites to avoid excessive flooding.^[56]^[54] Seasonally, snipes shift habitats, breeding in upland moors and heaths during spring and summer for nesting cover, then migrating to coastal marshes and floodplains in winter to exploit milder, wet conditions.^[57]^[5] In human-modified landscapes, they tolerate rice paddies and drainage ditches that mimic natural wetlands, though they are highly sensitive to extensive drainage practices that dry out soils and reduce habitat suitability.^[58]^[54] Habitat preferences are similar across genera, with Lymnocryptes and Coenocorypha species also favoring wet, vegetated lowlands and marshes, though Coenocorypha adapts to island grasslands with limited wetland availability.^[51]^[52]

Behavior

Daily Activities and Locomotion

Snipes, including the common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) and Wilson's snipe (Gallinago delicata), exhibit a crepuscular activity pattern, with peak foraging and movement occurring at dawn and dusk, while spending much of the daytime resting in concealed positions to avoid detection by predators.^[59]^[60] This low-light preference minimizes visibility, allowing the birds to conserve energy during periods of higher predation risk; in colder conditions, they further enhance insulation by fluffing their feathers to trap air.^[6] Their plumage's cryptic coloration aids in this daytime concealment within dense vegetation.^[5] On the ground, snipes walk with a distinctive bobbing motion of the head and body, resembling the action of a sewing machine as they probe soft mud or soil for food.^[61] This rhythmic movement, often accompanied by slight tail bobbing, helps stir up potential prey while maintaining balance in wet habitats; they typically move in short, deliberate steps, either singly or in loose groups during non-breeding periods.^[62] Roosting occurs tucked into low vegetation or grass tussocks, where they remain motionless for extended periods, occasionally singly but sometimes in small aggregations; swimming is rare and limited to brief escapes or crossings of shallow water.^[63]^[5] Flight in snipes is characterized by erratic, jinking patterns that serve as an anti-predator strategy, particularly during alarm flushes.^[32] Takeoff is explosive, with rapid whirring wingbeats producing a distinctive rattling sound as the bird bursts from cover and climbs steeply before leveling into zigzag maneuvers.^[64] Males engage in short patrolling flights year-round to defend feeding areas, especially in wintering grounds, flying low over wetlands to monitor and deter intruders.^[65] These brief aerial circuits help maintain access to resources without the elaborate displays of the breeding season.^[6]

Vocalizations and Displays

Snipes produce a variety of vocalizations and non-vocal sounds primarily for communication, territory defense, and breeding displays, with males being the most active performers during the breeding season. The common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) emits a sharp "chip-chip" alarm call from the ground when disturbed or during territorial interactions, often repeated rapidly to signal threats.^[66] In flight, it gives a softer "sca-ape" or "scaipe" call, used when flushing from cover or during migration at night, which helps coordinate movements in wetlands.^[67] These vocalizations are supplemented by non-vocal sounds, such as the distinctive winnowing or drumming produced aerodynamically by air rushing over the vibrating outer tail feathers during steep dives, creating a low-frequency bleating or "go-back" noise with a fundamental frequency of 350–400 Hz.^[68] The drumming display is a key aerial performance by males, involving ascent to heights of about 50 meters followed by rapid dives where the spread tail feathers generate the winnowing sound, lasting 3-5 seconds per dive and serving to attract females and deter rivals.^[11] This non-vocal sound results from vortex shedding around the flag-like fluttering of modified outer rectrices, adapted for efficient sound production at flight speeds of around 40 km/h.^[68] On the ground, males engage in territorial displays by puffing out their chests, spreading their tails, and pointing their bills aggressively toward intruders, often accompanying these postures with "chip-chip" calls or short rushes.^[69] Females respond to these displays with solicitation calls, such as soft clucks or whines, to signal receptivity, sometimes leading to duet-like exchanges during pair formation.^[67] Species variations in these displays are notable; for instance, the common snipe's winnowing is longer and lower-pitched (fundamental frequency 350–400 Hz) compared to Wilson's snipe (700–800 Hz), which produces a shorter, higher-pitched version during more subdued dives, reflecting differences in tail feather structure and display intensity.^[70] The jack snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) has an even shorter, higher-pitched winnowing.^[71] These low-frequency sounds are acoustically adapted for transmission over open wetlands, where vegetation and water minimize high-frequency attenuation, allowing calls and winnows to carry effectively year-round but peaking in intensity during breeding to maximize detectability.^[72]

Diet and Foraging

Food Sources

The diet of snipes, primarily consisting of invertebrates, is dominated by earthworms, which can comprise 50-70% of their intake by dry weight in many species, particularly during breeding seasons.^[73] Insect larvae, such as those of tipulids (crane flies) and beetles, form another major component, often accounting for 20-30% of the diet, alongside adult insects, small crustaceans, mollusks like snails and gastropods, and spiders.^[11]^[73] These prey items are rich in lipids and proteins, providing essential energy for the birds' migratory and reproductive needs.^[74] Plant matter constitutes a smaller portion of the snipe diet, typically 10-20%, including seeds, roots, shoots, and vegetable fibers, though this increases during winter when invertebrate availability declines.^[11]^[74] Vertebrate prey is rare and opportunistic, limited to small fish, amphibians like frogs, or even nestling birds when accessible in wetland environments.^[74] Seasonal variations influence snipe foraging, with breeding periods emphasizing high-protein insects and larvae to support chick growth, while winter diets shift toward earthworms and snails in flooded or moist areas where these are abundant.^[75] Dietary preferences vary among snipe species; for instance, the larger giant snipe (Gallinago undulata) occasionally takes bigger prey such as frogs alongside invertebrates and plant material like grasses and small fruits.^[47] In contrast, the jacksnipe (Lymnocryptes minimus) focuses more on surface insects, larvae, earthworms, and some plant seeds, often foraging in denser vegetation.^[76]^[77]

Foraging Techniques

Snipes primarily employ probing as their dominant foraging technique in soft mud and soil of wetland environments. They insert their long, straight bill vertically into the substrate up to its full length, relying on specialized tactile receptors known as Herbst corpuscles located in sensory pits at the bill tip to detect prey through vibrations and touch rather than visual cues. Once prey is located, the flexible distal portion of the bill, enabled by rhynchokinesis—the ability to flex the upper mandible independently—allows the tip to open and seize items like earthworms or insect larvae while the base remains closed, permitting capture without withdrawing the bill entirely.^[3]^[78]^[79] In addition to probing, snipes use visual gleaning to peck at surface-dwelling insects and small invertebrates exposed on vegetation or drier ground, particularly when mud is hardened or unavailable. This method involves short, targeted pecks guided by sight, contrasting with the tactile nature of probing. Another supplementary technique is stirring, where snipes rapidly stamp their feet or bounce on the substrate to flush hidden prey to the surface, facilitating capture of deeper or evasive organisms such as worms; this "double probing" action enhances access to buried food items.^[74] Snipes exhibit notable bill adaptations that optimize these techniques, including the rhynchokinetic mechanism, which allows flexible movement of the bill tip for precise grasping of prey. In winter, snipes often forage in loose flocks, synchronously probing adjacent areas which reduces the need for individual vigilance against predators while increasing overall efficiency in resource-poor conditions.^[79]^[80]

Reproduction

Breeding Season and Mating

Snipes in the Northern Hemisphere, including the common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) and Wilson's snipe (G. delicata), typically initiate breeding from April to June, with males arriving 10–14 days earlier than females to secure territories in suitable wetland habitats.^[81]^[8] In the Southern Hemisphere, breeding periods vary by species and location; for instance, the Snares snipe (Coenocorypha huegeli) breeds primarily from September to January, aligning with austral summer and seasonal wetland availability.^[82] These timings reflect adaptations to migratory patterns and environmental cues, ensuring reproduction coincides with peak invertebrate abundance for foraging.^[83] Most snipe species exhibit seasonal monogamy, where pairs form annually through male-initiated displays that allow females to assess territory quality and male vigor for mate selection, though occasional polygyny occurs in some species such as Coenocorypha.^[4]^[84] Courtship begins with males performing aerial winnowing flights—high circling followed by steep dives that vibrate the outer tail feathers to produce a distinctive drumming sound—often sustained over 1–2 weeks at dawn and dusk to attract females.^[5]^[63] If a female approaches, the male may transition to ground pursuits or chases to facilitate copulation, reinforcing pair bonds before egg-laying.^[60] These displays integrate vocal and visual elements, such as the winnowing sound briefly referenced in behavioral contexts.^[60] Clutch sizes average four eggs across snipe species, with northern latitude populations occasionally producing slightly larger clutches to compensate for harsher seasonal conditions and higher predation risks.^[2]^[85] Breeding success yields fledging rates of 40–60% on average, heavily influenced by weather variability such as excessive rain or drought, which can flood nests or reduce food; failed pairs frequently re-nest within the season to improve overall productivity.^[83]^[86]

Nesting and Parental Care

Snipes construct their nests as simple ground scrapes, typically measuring 10-15 cm in diameter, situated in dense vegetation such as grasses, sedges, or mosses near wetlands to provide camouflage and protection. These nests are lined with dead leaves, fine grasses, or sphagnum, often on slightly elevated dry hummocks to avoid flooding, and are well-concealed to minimize detection by predators.^[87]^[5] The female lays a clutch of usually four eggs (range 2-5), which are olive-buff or pale green with blotches and spots of dark brown, red-brown, or violet-gray; eggs measure approximately 39 mm in length and 28 mm in width on average. Incubation begins after the penultimate or last egg is laid, lasting 18-21 days, and is performed primarily by the female, who covers the eggs when leaving the nest. Eggs typically hatch synchronously due to the staggered onset of incubation.^[11]^[2]^[87] Newly hatched chicks are precocial, covered in downy plumage of dark maroon variegated with black, white, and buff for effective camouflage against marshy backgrounds, and they leave the nest within hours of hatching to follow their parents. Both parents care for the brood, with the female initially brooding the young while the male may briefly cover them; parents feed the chicks bill-to-bill with small invertebrates and soft plant matter, as the young are unable to forage independently at first. The brood often splits, with each parent leading a portion—typically the male taking the older chicks—to safer wetlands, while the female may depart to initiate a second clutch, leaving the male to rear the first.^[81]^[88]^[5] Chicks fledge after 10-20 days, gaining flight capability and beginning to forage more independently under parental guidance, though full independence follows shortly thereafter. To defend against predators, both parents employ distraction displays, such as drooping a wing or feigning injury to lure threats away from the nest or young, performing these behaviors with fluttering movements while keeping a safe distance.^[11]^[89]

Conservation and Human Interactions

Population Status and Threats

The common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) is classified as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List, with a global population estimated at 10.5–16.9 million individuals, though trends are suspected to be decreasing overall due to regional variations.^[8] Other snipe species face higher risks, such as the wood snipe (Gallinago nemoricola), listed as Vulnerable with a declining population of 2,500–9,999 mature individuals, and the great snipe (Gallinago media), categorized as Near Threatened with an estimated 20–29% reduction over three generations from 2013–2025.^[90]^[91] In Europe, common snipe populations have experienced sharp declines, with a 31.5% contraction in the UK since the 1970s, contributing to its Vulnerable status on the European Red List.^[49] Localized declines are also noted in Asia, particularly for species like the wood snipe, driven by agricultural expansion.^[90] Major threats to snipe populations include widespread wetland drainage and degradation, with an estimated 54–57% loss of global wetlands since 1900, severely impacting breeding and foraging habitats.^[92] According to the Global Wetland Outlook 2025, an additional 22% of remaining wetlands have been lost since 1970, with nearly 25% of surviving wetlands in degraded condition as of 2025.^[93] Climate change exacerbates these pressures by altering migration patterns, reducing wetland availability through erratic weather and sea-level rise, and shifting invertebrate prey abundance.^[94] Pollution from agricultural pesticides further diminishes food resources by contaminating wetland ecosystems and reducing invertebrate populations essential for snipe diets.^[95] BirdLife International monitors snipe populations through wetland surveys and collaborative flyway assessments, such as the Wetland Bird Survey, which track abundance and habitat health across key sites.^[96] Genetic studies on wetland birds in fragmented habitats indicate increased inbreeding and reduced diversity, heightening vulnerability to environmental stressors, though snipe-specific data remain limited.^[97] Positive trends are observed in protected areas, where waterbird populations, including snipes, have increased more rapidly in Ramsar-designated wetlands compared to non-protected sites due to habitat restoration efforts.^[98] Without enhanced conservation, snipe populations face projected declines of up to 20–30% by 2050, particularly for migratory species reliant on threatened stopover wetlands, as modeled for broader waterbird groups under ongoing climate and habitat pressures.^[99]

Hunting and Cultural Significance

Snipes have long been regarded as a traditional game bird, particularly targeted during their migration periods when they concentrate in wetlands. Hunters typically employ walk-up methods, flushing birds from cover in marshes or wet fields, often assisted by pointing dogs such as setters or pointers to locate and retrieve the quarry. Pass-shooting over decoys is another common technique, capitalizing on the snipe's erratic flight patterns for challenging shots with shotguns using improved or open chokes and lightweight shells.^[100]^[101]^[102] Hunting is strictly regulated to ensure sustainability, with seasons aligned to migration cycles and bag limits varying by region. In Europe, daily limits typically range from two to five birds per hunter, as established under national implementations of the EU Birds Directive, which permits hunting of common snipe while requiring ecological assessments. In North America, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service sets a daily bag limit of eight Wilson's snipes, requiring a federal migratory bird hunting stamp in addition to state licenses. Historical overhunting in the late 19th and early 20th centuries prompted the introduction of federal bag limits and seasons via the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918, following the Lacey Act of 1900 that curtailed market hunting of migratory species. Modern harvests remain sustainable, with approximately 326,600 Wilson's snipes taken by about 80,700 hunters in the 2023-24 season, showing no evidence of population decline according to national surveys.^[103]^[104]^[105]^[106] In folklore, the "snipe hunt" has become a synonymous idiom for a futile or prankish pursuit, originating in 19th-century American camping traditions where novices were sent on nighttime quests to capture the elusive bird using absurd methods like bags and clubs, only to be abandoned by companions. This reflects the snipe's behavioral elusiveness in dense cover. Culturally, snipes symbolize wetland habitats in art, notably featured in John James Audubon's detailed paintings such as "Wilson's Snipe" from his Birds of America series, which highlighted their cryptic plumage and ecological role. In literature, they often metaphorically represent elusive or deceptive prey, echoing themes in works portraying fruitless endeavors akin to a "wild goose chase."^[107]^[5] As a culinary delicacy, snipes are prized in European cuisine for their rich, high-fat content, typically prepared by roasting whole birds briefly—10 to 12 minutes at high heat—to retain tenderness without overcooking, often served with simple accompaniments like toast or game sauces. Traditional French recipes, such as salmis de bécasse, involve partial roasting followed by a sauce from the carcass, bones, and mushrooms. Their small size and intense flavor make them a gourmet treat, though less common in modern diets due to regulated harvests.^[108]^[109]

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[16]
snipe - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Etymology 1 From Middle English snipe, snype (a type of bird), from Old Norse snípa, as in mýrisnípa (“moor snipe”). Akin to Norwegian snipe. The verb ...English · Etymology 1 · Etymology 2 · Etymology 3
[17]
SNIPE Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster
Oct 30, 2025 · Etymology. Noun. Middle English, probably of Scandinavian origin; akin to Old Norse snīpa snipe; akin to Old High German snepfa snipe ; First ...
[18]
Hunting 'snipe' in the English lexicon - CSMonitor.com
Jan 17, 2019 · Though somewhat undistinguished as a bird ... An alternative etymology holds that the word derives from the snipe's own method of hunting.
[19]
Gallinago - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Etymology. New Latin, from Latin gallīna (“hen”) + -āgō. Proper noun. Gallinago f. A taxonomic genus within the family Scolopacidae – most of the extant snipes ...
[20]
Gallinago gallinago - Monaco Nature Encyclopedia
Feb 12, 2019 · The etymology of the scientific name Gallinago, repeated in the name of the genus as well as in that of the species, comes from the Latin ...
[21]
Components of Japanese Bird Names
Looking through the table of bird names on the Japanese Bird Names page ... Ooji-shigi ("large land sandpiper"; Latham's Snipe). shorebird, 鷸千鳥, shigi ...
[22]
Native American Indian Snipe Legends, Meaning and Symbolism ...
The Hopi name for Snipe, Patsro (also spelled Patszro or Patsiro), literally means "water bird." The cries of snipe are believed to be an omen of coming rain.
[23]
Snipe - Gallinago gallinago - (Linnaeus, 1758) - EUNIS
The Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) is of Least Concern in Europe, breeding in rivers, lakes, and wetlands. Its EU population status is declining.<|control11|><|separator|>
[24]
Common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) - Thai National Parks
There are two subspecies of common snipe, G. g. faeroeensis in Iceland, the Faroes, Shetland and Orkney (wintering in Britain and Ireland), and G. g. gallinago ...
[25]
Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago)
Size: Body size: 25 to 27 cm; Bill length: 55 to 75 mm; Weight: 80 to 120 g; Wingspan: 37 to 47 cm. Habitat: Water meadows, grassy places next to marshes or ...<|separator|>
[26]
Wilson's Snipe, Winnowing Shorebird - American Bird Conservancy
Bobbing for Invertebrates Their bills have flexible tips that can open to grab food while the bill is still buried in soil. Snipe also occasionally eat small ...Missing: structure | Show results with:structure
[27]
[PDF] Functional association of bill morphology and foraging behaviour in ...
The receptors, called Herbst corpuscles, are located under the keratin layer of the bill and occur in high densities within small cavities ('sensory pits') ( ...
[28]
Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) Dimensions & Drawings
Aug 19, 2022 · The Common Snipe has a wingspan in the range of 15.75”-18.5” (40-47 cm) and total weight of .18-.4 lb (.08-.18 kg).
[29]
The Winnowing of the Wilson's Snipe - Cool Green Science
Jun 23, 2020 · Researchers have determined that peak winnowing happens when snipe are traveling 25 miles per hour. Curiously, the tail feathers are also what ...
[30]
Plumages, Molts, and Structure - Wilson's Snipe - Gallinago delicata
Mar 4, 2020 · Females have significantly longer bills and shorter outer tail feathers than males, but no sexual dimorphism in other measurements (Table 1).Plumages, Molts, And... · Definitive Alternate Plumage · Juvenile Plumage<|separator|>
[31]
Common Snipe - Kids Answers
Feb 22, 2013 · The dark brown bill is flexible and soft skinned, and the tip is almost prehensile as it is used to probe inside the soft earth searching for ...
[32]
Wilson's Snipe Identification - All About Birds
Wilson's Snipe live in muddy pond edges, damp fields, and other wet, open habitats. Typically these contain thick, low vegetation into which these well- ...Missing: genus | Show results with:genus
[33]
Wilson's Snipe | Missouri Department of Conservation
Snipe stay in moist grassy areas, swamps, shallow marshes, or in drainage ditches below ponds, sewer lagoons, or agricultural fields. You seldom see these shy ...Missing: genus characteristics<|control11|><|separator|>
[34]
[PDF] Plumage colour and pattern in waders
Most of the yellows and reds in wader plumage are produced by phaeomelanin (Harrison 1965, Lucas & Stettenheim 1972).
[35]
[PDF] Ageing and sexing series*
Generally, moult patterns in Common Snipe (partial post- juvenile and complete post-nuptial) and the sequence of plumages are similar to those observed in other ...
[36]
Identify waders | The Wildlife Trusts
A golden plover in breeding plumage, with a black belly and spangly gold back, ... Three common snipe feed on the muddy margin of a lake, their mottled golden ...
[37]
Variation in melanin pigmentation of a sexually selected plumage ...
Sep 5, 2017 · Our study indicated that variation in the melanin-based coloration of the outermost tail feathers in the Common Snipe could have evolved as a ...Missing: dimorphism | Show results with:dimorphism
[38]
Swinhoe's Snipe - Gallinago megala - Birds of the World
... tail feathers (24–28 in G. stenura, versus 20–22 in G. megala, of which only ... Status uncertain due to confusion with other extremely similar species and ...
[39]
Common Snipe | wildfowl-carving.com
The common snipe has seven pairs of stubby tail feathers, making it different from the Wilson's snipe, which has eight. The measurements for the pattern and ...
[40]
Characteristics and Distribution of Snipe Bird Species - Facebook
Oct 26, 2024 · Gallinago Snipes (Genus Gallinago • 17) have a ... snipe The family Rostratulidae encompasses two genera and four species (one extinct).
[41]
The mitogenome of common snipe, Gallinago ... - PubMed Central
This species occurs on all continents except Antarctica and Australia, but populations have been declining in Europe because of the drainage of bogs and marshy ...
[42]
[PDF] Newsletter 32 - Wetlands International
The Snipe genus Gallinago is currently composed of 17 species distributed in Asia,. Europe, Africa, and America (Banks et al. 2002, BirdLife 2006, Delany 2006, ...
[43]
Distribution - Wilson's Snipe - Gallinago delicata - Birds of the World
East of Alaska, breeding range extends north to n. Yukon, n.-central Mackenzie, n. Manitoba, n. Ontario, all but nw. Quebec, and n. Newfoundland (Godfrey 1986 ...Distribution · Introduction · Winter Range
[44]
Wilson's Snipe - iNaturalist
Distribution. Global Range: (>2,500,000 square km (greater than 1,000,000 square miles)) BREEDING: northern Alaska east through southern Keewatin to Labrador ...
[45]
Great flights by great snipes: long and fast non-stop migration over ...
In late August, three birds flew 6170, 6800 and 4620 km non-stop from the breeding area to tropical Africa (figure 1a,c). These flights lasted for 72, 84 and 48 ...
[46]
The migration of the great snipe Gallinago media: intriguing ...
Oct 28, 2015 · The autumn trans-Sahara flights were on average 5500 km long, lasted 64 h, and were flown at ground speeds of 25 m s−1 (90 km h−1). The arrival ...
[47]
https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/giasni1/cur/introduction
[48]
Madagascar Snipe Gallinago Macrodactyla Species Factsheet
Range description. Gallinago macrodactyla is found in the humid eastern half of Madagascar, from sea-level up to 2,700 m, being more common above 700 m ...Missing: kempi | Show results with:kempi
[49]
Giant Snipe - Gallinago undulata - Birds of the World
The species' range is wide, but apparently highly fragmented, in the north being found over parts of northern Colombia, Venezuela, northernmost Brazil and the ...
[50]
Common Snipe - Protect the Wild
Once a very familiar species, huge habitat changes have seen Common Snipe disappearing across Europe since 1980. Breeding surveys in England and Wales found a ...
[51]
Snipe - BTO
Snipe breed throughout Britain, although in smaller numbers in the south and east following the drainage of much of our lowland wet grassland. Numbers are, ...Missing: genus characteristics
[52]
[PDF] Phenotypic divergence in two sibling species of shorebird
This study investigates phenotypic divergence between the closely related Common Snipe. G. gallinago and Wilson's Snipe Gallinago delicata. (Fig. 1). The Common ...<|separator|>
[53]
Wilson's Snipe - Montana Field Guide
Breeds in sedge bogs, fens, willow and alder swamps, and marshy edges of ponds, rivers, and brooks. Requires soft organic soil rich in food organisms just below ...Missing: genus | Show results with:genus
[54]
[PDF] Illustrated guide to managing lowland wet grassland for snipe - BTO
Snipe feeding habitat should be kept moist and soft, with a water-table maintained 20-30 cm below the soil surface from March to August. On nature reserves this ...
[55]
Puna Snipe - Gallinago andina - Birds of the World
The Puna Snipe is a small snipe of high elevation bogs and stream margins, fairly common in moist areas of puna from 3,000 to 4,600m. It ranges from ...Missing: altitudinal | Show results with:altitudinal
[56]
[PDF] HABITAT SELECTION BY FALL MIGRANT SNIPE IN ...
Snipes in. Colorado preferred sites with water depths of 6.0 cm or less, vegetation 10.0 - 30.0 cm tall, and ground compaction of less than 0.75 kg/cm² ...
[57]
Snipe - The Wildlife Trusts
A medium-sized wader, the snipe lives in marshes, wet grassland and moorlands, where it nests in simple scrapes. It uses its long, probing bill to find insects, ...<|control11|><|separator|>
[58]
[PDF] Life history account for Wilson's Snipe
A fairly common winter visitant from October to April on wet meadow and short, emergent wetland habitats throughout much of California.
[59]
Behavior - Wilson's Snipe - Gallinago delicata - Birds of the World
Mar 4, 2020 · Walking, Hopping, Climbing, Etc. Usually walks, but can run. Will land and sit on posts, trees, and wires, but does not climb.
[60]
[PDF] Revision of common snipe, Gallinago gallinago in morphometric ...
Jul 1, 2021 · Common snipe is nocturnal or crepuscular in its feeding activity. It feeds mainly on aquatic insects, annelid worms, larvae of Tipulidae and ...Missing: behavior | Show results with:behavior
[61]
Wilson's Snipe – Shoreline Bobber | Music of Nature
Mar 17, 2015 · The snipe walked out into the open, bobbing up-and-down like a silly toy, all the while poking its long bill into the mud in search of insect larvae and other ...Missing: common | Show results with:common
[62]
Common Snipe - Gallinago gallinago - New Hampshire PBS
Habitat. Common snipe can be found in wet grassy areas of freshwater marshes, ponds, flooded meadows, fields and occasionally, salt marshes.
[63]
Birdwatch: Snipe - The Guardian
Feb 16, 2014 · In doing so I flushed a flock of feeding snipe, which whizzed around my head on rapidly whirring wings, uttering their strange, staccato call.
[64]
Demography and Populations - Wilson's Snipe - Gallinago delicata
Mar 4, 2020 · New males thus establish themselves in area as season progresses. Nondisplaying males are tolerated, and feeding areas both on and off territory ...
[65]
[PDF] On Aerial and Ground Displays of the World's Snipes
Dec 4, 1981 · Most snipes currently placed in Capella have aerial displays, a notable exception being the Double or Great Snipe, a comparatively slow flying.
[66]
Wilson's Snipe Sounds, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Other Sounds. Air rushing over the Wilson's Snipe's outspread tail feathers creates the haunting hu-hu-hu winnowing sound, described as similar to the call of ...
[67]
(PDF) Sonation in the male common snipe (Capella gallinago ...
Aug 6, 2025 · We propose a mechanistic hypothesis of how the modified outer feathers of the male common snipe generate sound, and the adaptations that ...Missing: wetlands | Show results with:wetlands
[68]
[PDF] Alaska's Nome Area Wildlife Viewing Guide
Jun 11, 2012 · Frequently heard in spring is the winnowing sound of Wilson's snipe made in flight by air rushing through its tail feathers. In summer the ...
[69]
(PDF) Snipe taxonomy based on vocal and non‐vocal sound displays
PDF | We analyzed breeding sounds of the two subspecies of South American Snipe Gallinago p. paraguaiae and G. p. magellanica to determine whether they.
[70]
Shorebird Communication
Shorebird vocalizations tend to match the context of their open habitats. Loud, low-frequency, repeated sounds are used during aerial displays, as territorial ...
[71]
Habitat use and diet of Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago ...
Mar 29, 2010 · Snipe diet during April–June consisted mainly of earthworms and tipulid larvae, which accounted for 61 ± 7% and 24 ± 6% of the dry weight of ...
[72]
Diet and Foraging - Wilson's Snipe - Gallinago delicata
Mar 4, 2020 · Wet organic soils (see Habitat, above). Feeds both on land and in shallow water, but usually in or near cover. Food Capture And Consumption.<|separator|>
[73]
Diet Composition of Wintering Wilson's Snipe - jstor
worm populations (Curry 1998). While earth worms were the predominant food of snipe during fall and winter, aquatic insects became equally important in ...
[74]
Snipe Diet and Size: Feeding Habits, Predators, and Measurements
The diet of the Snipe is mainly insectivorous and omnivorous and consists of mainly; insects like beetles, flies and moths, earthworms (which make up a large ...
[75]
Jack snipe - Facts, Diet, Habitat & Pictures on Animalia.bio
Diet and Nutrition They forage in soft mud, probing or picking up food by sight. They mainly eat insects and earthworms, also plant material.
[76]
Jack Snipe - BirdWatch Ireland
Diet. Feeds in dense grass and low cover, taking larvae and adults of many insects, molluscs, worms and plant material.Identification · Diet · Wintering
[77]
Rhynchokinesis in the Common Snipe - Bird Ecology Study Group
Mar 13, 2014 · Rhynchokinesis is the ability possessed by some birds to flex their upper mandible and is associated with the 'deep probing feeding method'.
[78]
[PDF] A Functional and Evolutionary Analysis of Rhynchokinesis in Birds
The functional property common to rhyn- chokinetic skulls is obligatory bending within the jaw during kinesis. How this relates to the diverse feeding ...
[79]
Common Snipe | MpalaLive
Stocky and social birds, common snipes like to forage in small groups as they wade through shallow water or gather on fields at dawn or dusk to feed.Common Snipe · Breeding · Range & Habitat
[80]
Breeding - Wilson's Snipe - Gallinago delicata - Birds of the World
Mar 4, 2020 · Pair Formation. Male arrives on breeding ground 10 d to 2 wk before female. Arrives early Mar in southern extent of range, by 30 Apr in s. ...Missing: mating | Show results with:mating
[81]
https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/wilsni1/cur/breeding
[82]
Effects of Environmental Factors on the Timing and Success of ... - jstor
The efficiency of extraction was not measured, but over 1 h was ... seems probable that snipe stopped breeding when soil conditions began to make foraging.
[83]
The evolution of sex roles in birds is related to adult sex ratio - Nature
Mar 12, 2013 · Recent theory however predicts that sex-role reversal should be driven by male-biased adult sex ratio (ASR). Here we test this prediction for the first time.
[84]
Sex and the Birds: 11. Sex-role reversal and Greater Painted-snipe
Jan 5, 2014 · The Greater Painted-snipe (Rostratula benghalensis) has developed a unique mating system where the female (above) is larger and more brightly ...
[85]
Latitudinal and seasonal patterns in clutch size of some single ...
The ability of latitude to explain spatial variation in clutch size was very weak (Table 2 ). A latitudinal model provided a better fit to the data than a ...
[86]
https://scholarworks.montana.edu/server/api/core/b...
... breeding biology and harvest of Common Snipe (Capella gallinago delicata) ... success was equally high at 93 percent. Clutch size averaged 4 eggs ...Missing: fledging rate<|separator|>
[87]
common-snipe-detail – Ogaclicks
Etymology: Gallinago : Latin word for Woodcock or Snipe; Gallinago : Latin word for Woodcock or Snipe. Vernacular Names: Sind: Likpakhi, Hindi: ...
[88]
Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) - www.birdwords.co.uk
The trick then is mechanical: if the bill is bent slightly at its near end, the bend can be transmitted to the tip such that the rest of the bill remains closed ...Missing: mechanism | Show results with:mechanism
[89]
[PDF] Distraction Displays or Injury Feigning in Birds
Common Snipe may also give displays when accompanied by young, as I witnessed on a 1977 trip to the Connecticut Lakes in New. Hampshire: "One particular boggy ...
[90]
Wood Snipe Gallinago Nemoricola Species Factsheet
Listed as Vulnerable A2ac; D1 in the Nepal National Red List (Inskipp et al. ... The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2025-2. Available at: www ...
[91]
Great Snipe Gallinago Media Species Factsheet | BirdLife DataZone
This species is listed as Near Threatened because it is thought to be experiencing a moderately rapid population decline, owing primarily to habitat loss ...Missing: surveys | Show results with:surveys
[92]
Half a century of wetland degradation: the present state and trends ...
Since 1900, the long-term loss of natural wetlands has been estimated at 54–57 %, and this trend continues (Asselen et al., 2013, Assessment, 2005, Davidson ...
[93]
Climate-Altered Wetlands Challenge Waterbird Use and Migratory ...
Mar 15, 2019 · We found recent (1980–2015) climate warming has significantly reduced the amount and shifted seasonality of water flowing into wetlands.
[94]
Snipe | Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
It is recognised by its long straight bill, which it uses to probe the ground for invertebrates. It is easiest to spot on spring mornings, when males perform ...
[95]
[PDF] Monitoring Methods For Non-Breeding Snipe - BTO
preference for little observed habitat, this report presents and discusses a range of alternative survey methodologies taken from the literature. 2. Survey ...<|separator|>
[96]
Effects of Forest Fragmentation on Connectivity and Genetic ...
We found higher levels of inbreeding and lower levels of genetic diversity in E. myoxinus compared with R. rattus. We observed related dyads both within and ...Missing: snipe | Show results with:snipe
[97]
Waterbirds increase more rapidly in Ramsar‐designated wetlands ...
Nov 14, 2013 · This study demonstrates a powerful approach to systematically evaluating biodiversity responses to major international conservation policies ...Missing: recovery | Show results with:recovery
[98]
[PDF] Impacts of climate change on waterbirds
Nov 28, 2013 · Significant warming is projected to reduce the Arctic and subarctic breeding ranges of wintering waterbirds by about 50 % by the end of the ...
[99]
Identifying and Locating Snipe Habitat for Hunting - Project Upland
The Common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) is found in Europe and Asia; Snipe are migratory birds, reaching as far south as Central America, Africa, and the ...
[100]
Hunting French Snipes - TheSnipeHunter.com
There are several ways to hunt snipe. The most common is to walk with a dog (pointing or retriever) and shoot them as soon as they flush. As you will find ...
[101]
Common Snipe Shooting UK
When hunting Snipe, shotguns with an improved choke or open choke are commonly preferred for their wider shot pattern. Select lightweight shotshells with ...
[102]
[PDF] Sixth European Woodcock and Snipe Workshop
We must work together to find the right way to manage Woodcock and Snipe populations and to ensure that the hunting rules will be understood and well accepted ...
[103]
Final 2025-26 Frameworks for Migratory Bird Hunting Regulations
Aug 18, 2025 · The season may be split into 2 segments. Daily Bag Limits: 6 ducks, 6 common gallinules, and 8 snipe. Closed Seasons: There is no open season ...
[104]
A Turning Point in Hunting's History
Oct 2, 2020 · In 1900, the Lacey Act is signed into law, ending market hunting in the US. Each state becomes responsible for the management of its sage grouse.
[105]
[PDF] Migratory Bird Hunting Activity and Harvest during ... - Maryland DNR
About 80,700 people hunted snipe in 2023 and 29,400 in 2024, and they harvested 326,600 (± 55%) and 122,700 (± 41%) snipe in 2023 and 2024, respectively. Coot ...Missing: sustainability | Show results with:sustainability
[106]
A Guide to Hunting Wilson's Snipe: From Prank to Practical Pursuit
From prank to pursuit, learn about Wilson's snipe hunting history, identification, and tactics for chasing this overlooked upland game bird.Missing: folklore idiom
[107]
Snipe - British Food: A History
Oct 22, 2016 · Place the snipe on a roasting tin and roast for 10-12 minutes for medium-rare birds. If you are roasting several, make sure that you leave a ...Missing: Europe Asia
[108]
Salmis of Snipe Recipe - A Classic French Snipe Recipe | Hank Shaw
Rating 5.0 (3) · 1 hrNov 12, 2015 · A classic snipe recipe from France. Salmis (sal-mee) is where you roast a bird, make sauce from the bones, and then serve with mushrooms.Missing: Europe Asia