Sortu
Sortu is a Basque socialist political party founded in February 2011 as the primary successor to the outlawed Batasuna, representing the radical left-wing segment of Basque nationalism known as the Abertzale left.[1][2] The party explicitly rejects political violence, marking it as the first in its ideological tradition to do so formally, amid ETA's ongoing ceasefire and disarmament process.[1][3] Despite its stated commitment to non-violence, Sortu was initially banned from registration by Spain's Supreme Court in March 2011, which deemed it a continuation of ETA's political apparatus in violation of the 2002 Political Parties Law.[4][5] The ban was overturned by the Constitutional Court in June 2012 by a narrow 6-5 vote, allowing Sortu to participate in elections as part of the EH Bildu coalition, where it has since achieved significant electoral gains, including seats in the Basque Parliament and influence in regional governance.[5][2] Sortu's ideology centers on achieving national and social liberation for Euskal Herria—a socialist, feminist, and sovereign Basque Republic—through mobilization, cooperation, and democratic processes, while prioritizing Basque language and identity.[6][7] Controversies persist over its historical ties to ETA, with critics arguing that leaders like Arnaldo Otegi, a former ETA member, have issued only partial acknowledgments of victims' suffering rather than unequivocal condemnations of past terrorism.[8][9] The party maintains it has decisively broken with violence to focus on political struggle, contributing to ETA's 2018 dissolution.[3][10]
Overview
Founding and Core Identity
Sortu was founded in February 2011 by elements of the Basque abertzale left, emerging as a successor to the outlawed Batasuna party, which had been banned for its ties to the terrorist group ETA.[11] The new formation was presented amid ETA's ongoing ceasefire and the broader shift within the radical nationalist milieu toward renouncing violence, with Sortu explicitly condemning ETA's armed struggle in its statutes and rejecting any political subordination to the group.[12] This marked the first attempt by the pro-independence left to register a party under Spain's Political Parties Law that openly disavowed politically motivated violence, distinguishing it from predecessors like Herri Batasuna.[13] The party's statutes emphasized a commitment to democratic means for achieving Basque self-determination, socialism, and social justice, positioning Sortu as a vehicle for national liberation without reliance on armed action.[14] Despite initial Supreme Court rejection in March 2011 due to perceived continuities with Batasuna's structure and ideology, Sortu's core identity crystallized around accelerating the Basque people's path to independence through mobilization and political struggle.[15] Legalization followed in 2012 after revisions, enabling its full operationalization, including a founding congress in February 2013 that solidified its organizational framework.[13] At its essence, Sortu identifies as a party-movement dedicated to the national and social liberation of the Basque Country, advocating for a socialist, feminist, and euskaldun (Basque-speaking) republic.[6] Its principles prioritize independence from Spain, egalitarian socioeconomic transformation, gender equality, and the promotion of the Basque language and culture, framed within a left-wing nationalist paradigm that critiques capitalism and state centralism.[7] This identity reflects a strategic evolution from the abertzale left's historical militancy, emphasizing grassroots participation and electoral politics post-ETA dissolution in 2018, while maintaining demands for sovereignty and reparations for conflict victims aligned with its narrative.[13]Role in Basque Politics
Sortu serves as the dominant force within the left-wing abertzale (patriotic) nationalist spectrum in the Basque Autonomous Community, advocating for full sovereignty and separation from Spain through democratic means, including referendums or unilateral declarations. Founded in 2011 as a successor to the banned Batasuna, it explicitly rejects political violence in its statutes, distinguishing itself from prior iterations tied to the ETA terrorist group, though its initial manifesto omission of ETA condemnation led to a Supreme Court ban until modifications allowed legalization in June 2011.[4][16] Sortu integrates into the Euskal Herria Bildu (EH Bildu) electoral coalition, which it ideologically leads alongside smaller partners like Eusko Alkartasuna and Alternatiba, enabling participation in regional, municipal, and provincial institutions while amplifying its pro-independence platform. This coalition structure has allowed Sortu to channel abertzale support into parliamentary opposition, focusing on critiques of the Spanish state's centralism and the ruling Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV)'s moderate nationalism. Electorally, Sortu via EH Bildu has expanded from marginalization post-ETA to a major contender, reflecting growing voter acceptance of its post-violence pivot. In the April 21, 2024, Basque Parliament elections, EH Bildu captured 27 of 75 seats with 32.5% of the vote, tying the PNV's seat count in a historic breakthrough for the independentist left, though the PNV retained power via a pact with the Partido Socialista de Euskadi (PSE-EE).[17][18] Prior gains include 21 seats in the 2020 elections (up from 9 in 2012), consolidating control over numerous municipalities—EH Bildu governed 140 of 258 town councils as of 2023—and influencing local policies on housing, language rights, and economic redistribution. Sortu's strategy emphasizes building a "left-wing independence process," targeting 2026 for a sovereign Basque Republic through mass mobilization and international solidarity, as outlined in its 2017 refoundation congress.[19][20] In legislative roles, Sortu-aligned EH Bildu deputies prioritize bills for ikurriña (Basque flag) sovereignty symbols, prisoner transfers, and apologies to ETA victims—actions Sortu leaders like general coordinator Arnaldo Otegi have framed as ethical imperatives post-ETA's 2018 dissolution, which the party facilitated by absorbing former militants into democratic channels.[21][22] However, its influence remains checked by PNV-PSE majorities, leading to tensions over budget negotiations and sovereignty pacts, where Sortu pushes for plebiscitary dynamics in accords. Critics, including victim associations like COVITE, highlight persistent ambiguities in condemning ETA's 800+ killings, viewing Sortu's victim acknowledgments as insufficient given leadership ties to past apologism.[23] This positions Sortu as a polarizing actor: a driver of nationalist renewal for supporters, yet a barrier to full reconciliation for opponents, shaping Basque debates on self-determination versus constitutional unity. As of 2025, Sortu continues organizational reforms to enhance mobilization, aiming to capitalize on youth radicalization and economic grievances for future breakthroughs.[24]Ideology and Positions
Basque Nationalism and Independence Goals
Sortu defines Basque nationalism through the lens of abertzale left ideology, prioritizing the achievement of full sovereignty for Euskal Herria—the unified territory encompassing the Basque Autonomous Community, Navarre, and the Northern Basque Country in France—as a foundational goal. The party seeks to establish an independent socialist Basque state, emphasizing linguistic preservation of Euskera, cultural revival, and territorial unification as prerequisites for self-determination. This stance positions Sortu as a radical alternative to more moderate nationalist parties like the PNV, which favor enhanced autonomy within Spain over outright secession.[13][25] Central to Sortu's independence strategy is the construction of a broad social and political majority to legitimize secession through democratic processes, acknowledging that support for independence hovered around 25% in the Basque Autonomous Community as of early 2017. In its January 2017 refoundation congress in Bilbao, Sortu explicitly targeted 2026 as the horizon for proclaiming a sovereign Basque Republic "from the left," framing the preceding decade as a period for mobilization, alliance-building, and ideological consolidation against Spanish centralism. This timeline reflected a post-ETA pivot toward non-violent tactics, with the party committing to reject any form of armed struggle in pursuit of these aims.[26][20][27] Sortu's vision integrates Basque sovereignty with European orientation, advocating for an independent state that would consult its citizens on European Union membership while prioritizing internationalist solidarity over isolationism. Electoral advances through the EH Bildu coalition, such as securing the most seats in the 2024 Basque parliamentary elections, have bolstered this agenda, though persistent low public endorsement—rarely exceeding 30% in polls—highlights the challenge of translating nationalist rhetoric into viable policy amid competing priorities like economic governance. Critics, including Spanish authorities, have scrutinized Sortu's historical ties to Batasuna for potentially undermining democratic normalization, yet the party maintains that its rejection of violence since ETA's 2011 ceasefire enables a purely political path forward.[13][25][28]Socioeconomic and Social Policies
Sortu promotes a socialist economic framework as integral to its vision of national liberation, emphasizing equitable socio-economic relations in an independent Euskal Herria. At its 2017 congress, the party reaffirmed socialism as the guiding principle for overcoming capitalist inequalities and fostering collective prosperity.[19] This orientation prioritizes public intervention to address poverty pockets, fiscal reforms for redistribution, and resistance to neoliberal policies exacerbating social divides.[29] In labor policies, Sortu focuses on worker mobilization and combating precarity, particularly in care sectors, while tackling broader issues like employment dualization and demographic pressures. The party has called for renewed social struggles, including civil disobedience, to mitigate economic crisis impacts such as unemployment and austerity.[20] [30] It aligns with Basque labor traditions, celebrating worker agency on occasions like May Day and advocating for higher wages and protections amid Spain's highest regional averages.[31] Social policies underscore feminism as a core strategic pillar, aiming to construct a feminist society alongside independence and socialism. Sortu integrates feminist economics, prioritizing care work valuation, gender equity in public services, and opposition to patriarchal structures within nationalist frameworks.[32] This extends to youth engagement on housing, health, and employment, drawing support from younger demographics through progressive stances.[33] Environmentally, Sortu addresses socio-ecological challenges through an ecosocialist lens, linking sustainability to anti-capitalist transformation and ecofeminism. The party supports holistic transitions addressing resource exploitation parallels with gender oppression, though specific proposals emphasize community-led mobilization over technocratic fixes.[34] [30]History
Pre-Formation Context and Batasuna Legacy
The radical Basque nationalist left, often referred to as the abertzale esquerra, developed within the broader Basque National Liberation Movement (MLNV), which encompassed political, social, and armed organizations pursuing independence from Spain through a combination of electoral participation and support for ETA's violent campaign. ETA, founded clandestinely in 1959 as Euskadi Ta Askatasuna, conducted over 3,300 attacks, resulting in 829 deaths and more than 3,000 injuries between 1968 and 2011, framing its actions as resistance to Spanish centralism.[35][22] The political wing of this movement began with Herri Batasuna (HB), established in 1978 to contest elections while endorsing ETA's "armed struggle" as legitimate, thereby channeling voter support—peaking at around 10-15% in Basque regions—toward the separatist cause without explicitly directing violence.[36] HB reconfigured into Euskal Herritarrok in 1998 amid internal shifts but retained its alignment with ETA's strategy, before adopting the name Batasuna in 2001 to consolidate the radical left's platform. Batasuna openly glorified ETA militants, organized tributes to fallen members, and maintained financial and logistical links to the group, refusing to condemn specific attacks such as the 2000 assassination of a politician or the 2001 car bomb in Madrid that killed two.[37] Under Spain's Organic Law 6/2002 on Political Parties—enacted to safeguard democracy against terrorism—the Supreme Court ruled on 27 August 2002 that Batasuna constituted ETA's continuation by other means, ordering its immediate dissolution and asset seizure; this was confirmed by the Constitutional Court on 12 March 2003 after appeals.[38] The decision rested on evidence of organic overlap, including shared leadership and resources, positioning Batasuna not as a neutral advocate but as an enabler of violence that undermined Spain's territorial integrity and democratic order.[39] The Batasuna ban created a representational vacuum for the abertzale electorate, estimated at 200,000-300,000 voters, leading to short-lived proxies like the People's Democratic Alternative (Abertzale Sozialisten Batasuna, ASB) and NaBai coalitions, but these either dissolved or faced scrutiny. Efforts to register successors, such as the Democratic Alternative Coordination (D3M) in 2007 or Action by Nafarroa (ANV), were blocked or curtailed by courts citing persistent ETA influence, including candidate vetting by the group.[27] This legal barrier, combined with ETA's escalating isolation—marked by failed truces and international condemnation—fostered intra-MLNV pressure for a "peace process" decoupled from arms. The pivotal Gernika Declaration of 19 September 2010, signed by Batasuna leaders and the pacifist splinter Aralar, explicitly repudiated violence as a tool for sovereignty, pledging adherence to democratic pluralism and human rights, though critics noted its ambiguity on past ETA actions.[40] Batasuna's legacy thus imposed on potential successors the dual inheritance of a mobilized base committed to radical independence and the stigma of judicially verified complicity in terrorism, necessitating a clean break for electoral viability amid ETA's winding down.[35]Establishment in 2011 and Initial Legal Challenges
Sortu was publicly launched on February 23, 2011, as a self-described leftist Basque nationalist party, emerging from the milieu of the previously banned Herri Batasuna and positioning itself as a vehicle for abertzale (patriotic) politics in the Basque Country and Navarre.[41] The party's foundational congress adopted statutes that, for the first time among formations linked to the radical nationalist left, explicitly rejected all forms of violence and condemned ETA's actions, while pledging homage to its victims; this marked a nominal shift aimed at enabling electoral participation in the upcoming May 2011 municipal and regional elections. Sortu's registration with the Spanish Ministry of the Interior proceeded initially without incident, but its ties to the outlawed Batasuna—dissolved by the Supreme Court in 2003 under the Political Parties Law for serving as ETA's political arm—prompted swift opposition from state prosecutors.[35] The initial legal challenge materialized almost immediately, with the Prosecutor's Office filing to block Sortu's registration on grounds that it constituted a reconfiguration of banned entities rather than a genuine break from ETA's influence.[42] On March 23, 2011, Spain's Supreme Court ruled unanimously to deny Sortu legal status as a political party, barring it from the electoral registry and preventing candidacy in the May elections; the court cited insufficient evidence of rupture with ETA, including the party's failure to explicitly dissolve prior illegal structures, ambiguous language in statutes regarding violence, and perceived instrumental use of victim homage as a mere formality.[15][41] This decision, delivered by the court's 61st Chamber specializing in terrorism-related cases, invoked the 2002 Political Parties Law's provisions against parties that undermine democratic principles or support armed groups, echoing precedents like the 2009 European Court of Human Rights upholding Batasuna's ban.[43] The ruling highlighted Sortu's leadership overlaps with Batasuna figures and argued that its anti-violence stance lacked credibility absent verifiable internal reforms.[44] Sortu leaders decried the verdict as an antidemocratic imposition stifling Basque self-determination, vowing to appeal while activating contingency plans through allied coalitions like Bildu to contest elections indirectly.[41] The Supreme Court's action reflected broader Spanish judicial skepticism toward abertzale formations post-ETA ceasefire declarations, prioritizing empirical indicators of continuity—such as funding networks and cadre retention—over declarative repudiations of violence. This initial blockade delayed Sortu's formal operations, forcing reliance on provisional structures until higher review.[35]Post-Legalization Evolution (2012–2020)
Following its legalization by Spain's Constitutional Court on June 20, 2012, in a narrow 6-5 decision, Sortu transitioned from a legally contested entity to an active participant in Basque electoral politics, primarily through its integration into the EH Bildu coalition.[5] This ruling overturned a prior Supreme Court ban, enabling Sortu to contest the October 21, 2012, Basque Parliament elections, where EH Bildu—comprising Sortu and other abertzale left groups—secured 277,923 votes (approximately 25% of the total), translating to 21 seats and establishing it as the second-largest force behind the PNV.[45] The result marked a significant resurgence for the pro-independence left, building on the 2011 Bildu coalition's municipal successes and reflecting voter support amid ETA's permanent ceasefire declaration in 2011, though critics, including Spanish authorities, continued to highlight Sortu's historical ties to Batasuna and questioned its full break from violent structures.[5] Over the subsequent years, Sortu and EH Bildu consolidated their position as a key opposition bloc, emphasizing Basque sovereignty, social justice, and criticism of central government policies, while navigating ongoing scrutiny over past ETA links. In the September 25, 2016, Basque Parliament elections, EH Bildu obtained 225,172 votes (21.1%), yielding 18 seats—a slight decline attributed to voter fragmentation from emerging parties like Podemos but still affirming its relevance as the primary pro-independence alternative.[46] By the July 12, 2020, elections, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, EH Bildu rebounded to 21 seats (some sources report 22, reflecting final allocations), capitalizing on dissatisfaction with incumbent governance and positioning itself as a challenger to PNV dominance, with turnout at 58.8%.[47] This electoral trajectory demonstrated Sortu's evolution toward institutional normalization, with increasing focus on legislative opposition, municipal governance in strongholds like Gipuzkoa, and advocacy for prisoner transfers and conflict resolution mechanisms. A pivotal development occurred on May 2, 2018, when ETA announced its complete dissolution, having dismantled all structures—a move Sortu had anticipated by rejecting violence in its founding statutes and prioritizing democratic avenues since 2011. Sortu leaders, including general coordinator Arnaldo Otegi, framed the announcement as the closure of an armed phase but insisted on addressing unresolved issues like the over 300 ETA prisoners dispersed across Spain, arguing that full pacification required state concessions on reintegration and apologies to victims from all sides. This stance aligned with Sortu's post-legalization strategy of channeling independence goals through electoral and civic means, though it drew accusations from unionist parties of insufficient victim acknowledgment until later statements in 2021. Throughout the period, Sortu expanded its organizational base, with membership growth and youth engagement, while facing intermittent legal probes into funding and alleged ETA residual influences, none of which resulted in bans post-2012.[48][8]Developments Since 2021
In October 2021, Sortu leaders, including general coordinator Arkaitz Rodríguez, issued a joint statement with other Basque radical left figures explicitly recognizing the pain inflicted on victims of ETA's violence, asserting that such suffering "should never have happened" and expressing regret for it.[8] This marked a public acknowledgment aimed at advancing post-violence reconciliation, though critics, including victims' associations, deemed it insufficient for lacking a full apology or assumption of political responsibility.[8] [49] Sortu continued to operate primarily through the EH Bildu coalition, contesting national and regional elections with a platform emphasizing Basque self-determination, socioeconomic redistribution, and criticism of Spanish centralism. In the July 23, 2023, Spanish general election, EH Bildu secured six seats in the Congress of Deputies, reflecting sustained voter support in Basque provinces amid a fragmented national landscape.[35] These gains positioned EH Bildu as a key player in post-election negotiations, where it abstained in confidence votes supporting Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez's investiture in exchange for policy concessions on prisoner transfers and regional fiscal matters, without entering the government.[50] The April 21, 2024, Basque Parliament election represented a milestone, with EH Bildu obtaining 27 seats—tying the incumbent Partido Nacionalista Vasco (PNV)—and 29.1% of the vote, its highest share to date, driven by turnout of 59% and appeals to youth and abstentionist voters.[17] [51] Sortu-backed candidate Arnaldo Otegi, the party's general coordinator and a former ETA prisoner who advocated for the group's dissolution, led the campaign, focusing on independence referenda and social policies like affordable housing.[33] Despite the surge, PNV retained power via a coalition with the Socialist Party (PSE-EE), leaving EH Bildu in opposition while amplifying its influence on issues like language rights and economic sovereignty.[17] [52] Throughout this period, Sortu reiterated its commitment to non-violent pursuit of Basque independence, advocating democratic processes like referenda over unilateral declarations, amid ongoing debates on ETA's legacy that mainstream Spanish media often frames through the lens of historical terrorism rather than current electoral legitimacy.[21] No major internal leadership upheavals occurred, with Otegi maintaining prominence, though the party emphasized grassroots mobilization and alliances within EH Bildu to broaden appeal beyond traditional abertzale bases.[52] By 2025, these electoral advances solidified Sortu's role in normalizing pro-independence politics, challenging the PNV's long dominance while navigating scrutiny over its ideological continuity from Batasuna-era formations.[52]Organizational Structure
Leadership and Key Figures
Arkaitz Rodríguez has served as Secretary General of Sortu since 2017, leading the party's strategic direction within the broader Basque abertzale left. Born on February 1, 1979, in San Sebastián, Rodríguez has represented Sortu in public statements, including a 2021 joint declaration with EH Bildu's Arnaldo Otegi acknowledging the pain inflicted by ETA's actions as something that "should never have happened." [49] In January 2025, he assumed the role of third-in-command in EH Bildu's executive, reflecting Sortu's dominant influence in the coalition's leadership structure.[53] Hasier Arraiz was the inaugural president of Sortu upon its founding on February 9, 2011, guiding the party through initial legalization challenges and early electoral efforts.[54] Born on June 13, 1973, in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Arraiz, a former Basque Parliament member for EH Bildu, declined re-election in May 2016 to facilitate renewal and new leadership faces within the organization.[54] [55] Arnaldo Otegi, a central figure in the Basque nationalist left, previously held the position of Sortu Secretary General before transitioning to General Coordinator of EH Bildu in 2017, where he continues to shape pro-independence strategy.[20] Released from prison in March 2016 after serving time for ETA-related activities, Otegi's influence extends to Sortu through its integration in EH Bildu, with the party providing 12 of 16 executive positions in the coalition as of August 2025.[20] [56] Other notable figures include Pernando Barrena, Txelui Moreno, and Joseba Permach, veterans from predecessor organizations like Batasuna who have contributed to Sortu's policy formulation and public advocacy since 2011.[57] In 2021, former ETA leader David Pla was appointed to Sortu's executive, underscoring continuities with the abertzale movement's historical networks despite the party's formal rejection of violence.[58]Internal Governance and Membership
Sortu maintains a structured internal organization governed by its statutes, which emphasize democratic participation while adopting a hierarchical model that departs from the purely assembly-based approaches of its predecessors in the abertzale left. The party's foundational statutes, approved in 2011, outline an internal framework prioritizing affiliate involvement in decision-making, with provisions for opposition to external tutelage and commitment to internal rules ensuring transparency and accountability.[59][60] The highest body is the National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional), comprising all affiliates (known as sortzailes), who hold voting rights on key matters such as electing leadership and approving strategic directions. Below this, the National Council (Consejo Nacional) serves as the executive organ, consisting of the Secretary General, provincial political responsibles (for Araba, Bizkaia, Gipuzkoa, Nafarroa, and Ipar Euskal Herria), and specialized roles in areas like organization, political action, finances, communication, and international relations. The Council, which includes around 15-20 members elected via internal processes, handles day-to-day governance and policy implementation. Provincial assemblies (Asambleas de Herrialde) mirror this at the regional level, allowing local affiliates to vote on territorial issues. Supporting committees include the Committee for Control and Guarantees (five members tasked with ensuring democratic functioning) and the Audit Committee (three members overseeing finances).[61] The Secretary General, currently held by figures such as Arkaitz Rodríguez (as of 2018 documentation), leads the Council and represents the party externally.[61] Membership is open to individuals aligning with Sortu's project of national and social liberation for Euskal Herria, with affiliates categorized by level of involvement: sortukide (supporters who pay dues and engage actively in internal life) and militantes (full-time structural workers committed to permanent organizational roles). Admission requires adherence to statutes and rejection of violence, though Spanish authorities have scrutinized affiliations for potential ETA ties, leading to ongoing legal oversight. By early 2013, shortly after its constitutive congress, Sortu reported approximately 6,000 affiliates, reflecting initial mobilization efforts post-legalization.[62][63] More recent figures on dues-paying members remain undisclosed in public records, but the party has pursued campaigns to expand and activate its base, emphasizing collective networks like Sarea for member engagement. Internal democracy is enforced through mechanisms like open primaries for certain council positions and regular congresses, as demonstrated in the 2013 founding congress where bases selected the initial directorate.[64][19]Electoral Performance
Basque Parliament Elections
Sortu, as the principal component of the Euskal Herria Bildu (EH Bildu) coalition, has participated in Basque Parliament elections since 2012, following its establishment and legalization. EH Bildu serves as the electoral platform for Sortu and allied pro-independence left-wing groups, enabling coordinated campaigning on Basque sovereignty, social policies, and criticism of Spanish centralism. In these elections, Sortu has emphasized anti-austerity measures, environmentalism, and demands for a referendum on self-determination, though its platform retains roots in the abertzale tradition.[65] The 2012 Basque Parliament election, held on October 21, marked EH Bildu's debut at the regional level, securing 21 seats with 25.01% of the vote (312,853 votes), establishing it as the second-largest force behind the PNV.[66] This result reflected voter mobilization among nationalist-leaning constituencies post-ETA ceasefire, despite ongoing scrutiny over the coalition's predecessor ties. In the 2016 election on September 25, EH Bildu obtained 18 seats amid a fragmented left, garnering 21.26% (225,172 votes), a decline attributed to the emergence of Podemos.[67] EH Bildu, with Sortu's leadership including figures like Arnaldo Otegi, rebounded in the July 12, 2020, election delayed by COVID-19, winning 21 seats and 27.86% (249,580 votes), its highest vote share to date, capitalizing on dissatisfaction with incumbent governance.[68][69] The coalition's gains were particularly strong in Gipuzkoa and Álava, where it outperformed the PNV in some municipalities. The April 21, 2024, election saw further growth, with EH Bildu tying the PNV at 27 seats and achieving 32.5% (341,735 votes), its best performance, driven by youth turnout and pledges for welfare expansion.[70][71] This tied the two nationalist blocs, preventing a PNV absolute majority and positioning EH Bildu as a key opposition force.[65]| Election Year | Votes | Vote % | Seats |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | 312,853 | 25.01 | 21 |
| 2016 | 225,172 | 21.26 | 18 |
| 2020 | 249,580 | 27.86 | 21 |
| 2024 | 341,735 | 32.5 | 27 |