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PP

Planned Parenthood Federation of America (PPFA) is a 501(c)(3) founded in 1916 by through the opening of the first clinic in , , which evolved into a network of nearly 600 health centers providing sexual and reproductive health services such as contraception, abortion, STI testing and treatment, cancer screenings, and preventive care to about 2 million patients annually via 9.4 million discrete services. PPFA operates as the largest abortion provider , conducting over 400,000 procedures in 2023-2024, accounting for approximately 40% of the national total amid broader trends of stable or increasing abortion incidence post-Dobbs. While offering other interventions like initiation and STI diagnostics, abortion represents a core revenue-generating activity, with critics arguing it incentivizes procedure volume over alternatives like or adoption referrals, as evidenced by minimal prenatal services reported in its affiliates' data. The organization receives substantial public funding—over $600 million annually from sources including reimbursements and grants—despite restrictions on using such funds directly for , prompting debates over fiscal accountability and the separation of taxpayer-supported services from elective terminations. Its advocacy arm, Action Fund, lobbies for expanded access and has influenced policy shifts toward broader , though foundational ties to Sanger's advocacy—aimed at curbing reproduction among the "unfit" through coercive measures—persist as a point of contention, even as PPFA has distanced itself by removing her name from facilities and condemning eugenic ideologies. Additional scrutiny arose from 2015 Center for Medical Progress videos depicting discussions of fetal tissue procurement practices, which, while cleared of criminal illegality by probes, fueled congressional inquiries into ethical compliance and contributed to temporary state-level defunding efforts.

Language and notation

Publishing and references

In bibliographic citations and scholarly references, "pp." is the conventional abbreviation for "pages," used to denote a range or multiple pages, as in "pp. 45–67," while "p." indicates a single page. This distinction ensures precise specification of textual extents in academic and publishing contexts, avoiding ambiguity in referencing printed or digital works. The abbreviation originates from the Latin paginae, the plural of pagina (page), which entered English usage through early modern printing influenced by classical scholarship and . Printers and bibliographers adopted it to standardize references amid the proliferation of bound volumes following Gutenberg's in the , with consistent application evident in imprints by the 16th and 17th centuries. Major style guides, such as , mandate "pp." for page ranges in notes and bibliographies, prescribing rules like contracting numbers (e.g., 145–55 rather than 145–155) to promote efficiency while maintaining clarity in empirical documentation. This empirical precision supports verifiable retrieval in research, as seen in guidelines from the 17th edition onward, which prioritize brevity without sacrificing accuracy in .

Music

In , pp denotes pianissimo, an term instructing performers to play very softly, typically at a dynamic level quieter than piano (p). This marking emerged in Baroque-era scores as composers sought greater expressive nuance beyond binary loud-soft contrasts, with early uses appearing in works by figures like Giovanni Gabrieli's contemporaries and later refined by Johann Sebastian Bach in vocal and instrumental pieces around the early 1700s. Bach employed pp sparingly to evoke echo effects or subdued textures, such as in cantata accompaniments where it indicated weakened instrumental or vocal lines mimicking distance. By the Classical period, pp became standardized in , enabling subtle gradations in for emotional depth, as seen in symphonic writing where it contrasts with crescendos to build tension without reliance on sheer . Acoustically, pianissimo corresponds to levels around 40 decibels () in contexts, allowing for dynamic ranges that exploit human auditory perception thresholds—below which notes blend into ambient —thus facilitating perceptual contrasts verifiable through psychoacoustic studies of and decay. This level supports intimate phrasing in chamber or orchestral settings, where empirical measurements confirm pp passages sustain below 50 to preserve clarity amid blending. Ludwig van Beethoven extensively utilized pp to heighten dramatic restraint, as in the Scherzo of his Symphony No. 3 (Eroica, 1804), where insistent pianissimo markings on the trio theme create a spectral, whispering quality that underscores thematic transformation without melodic distortion. Similarly, in Symphony No. 1 (1800), the second movement opens with strings at pp to establish a hushed, variational mood, influencing interpreters to prioritize tonal purity over volume. These applications reflect Beethoven's causal emphasis on acoustic , where pp serves not as mere quietude but as a tool for structural in form, evidenced by its role in modulating listener expectations across movements. Performance practice today adheres to these notations via metronomic and recording analyses, confirming pp enhances timbral fidelity in modern halls calibrated for such ranges.

Correspondence and business

In formal correspondence and legal documents, the abbreviation "pp" denotes per procurationem, a Latin phrase meaning "by " or "through the of," indicating that a is executed on behalf of the principal by an authorized agent. This usage establishes legal , binding the principal to the document's terms provided the is duly authorized, as recognized in contract practices. Representatives typically place "pp" before their own followed by the principal's name, ensuring transparency in transactional authority. In billing and , particularly and , "PP" serves as shorthand for "per person," quantifying costs on an individual basis to reflect empirical usage in economic exchanges. This convention appears in invoices, contracts, and rate sheets, enabling precise allocation of expenses such as tariffs or fees, with variations like "PPPN" for "per person per night" extending the model temporally. Such abbreviations streamline transactional documentation, originating from standardized needs in expanding markets following industrial-era .

Politics and government

Political parties

The acronym PP denotes several political parties, most notably the in , a center-right conservative formation established in 1989 through the rebranding and merger of prior conservative alliances including the Popular Alliance founded in 1976 by . The party's platform emphasizes , fiscal restraint, and traditional values, positioning it as a counterweight to socialist policies on welfare expansion and taxation. In the March 3, 1996, general election, the PP secured a with 38.9% of the popular vote and 156 seats in the , enabling a sustained by pacts with regional nationalist parties amid public dissatisfaction with prior Socialist economic management. The PP governed from 1996 to 2004 under , implementing and that correlated with GDP growth averaging 3.5% annually from 1997 to 2007, per official data, before losing to the Socialists in 2004. It returned to power in the November 20, 2011, election, capturing an absolute majority with 44.6% of the vote and 186 of 350 seats in , driven by voter response to the eurozone debt crisis and exceeding 20%, as the party campaigned on structural reforms reducing public spending from 47% to 41% of GDP by 2015. These outcomes, with turnout above 70% in both elections, empirically demonstrate sustained electoral viability for the PP's policy priorities over expansive state intervention. In , PP also forms part of the CDS-PP (Centro Democrático e Social – Partido Popular), a conservative Christian democratic party founded in 1974 by Diogo Freitas do Amaral as a bulwark against post-revolution radicalism. Its ideology stresses family values, market-oriented economics, and immigration controls, frequently allying with larger center-right groups rather than contesting alone. The CDS-PP contributed to coalition governments from 2011 to 2015, enforcing that cut the budget deficit from 11.4% of GDP in 2010 to a surplus by 2019, and joined the 2024 Democratic Alliance victory with 29% combined vote share, underscoring pragmatic voter endorsement of fiscal discipline amid EU constraints. Less prominent uses include the Progress Party (PP) in , which won 105 of 140 parliamentary seats in the 1969 election on a platform of liberal reforms and , governing until a 1972 military coup, though its influence waned thereafter. These instances highlight PP parties' recurring appeal in contexts favoring restrained government and market mechanisms, as validated by vote shares exceeding 40% in peak performances, countering claims of marginal extremism given consistent turnout above national averages.

Regulatory and administrative uses

In the context of healthcare , "PP" refers to Appendix PP of the (CMS) State Operations Manual, which provides interpretive guidance to surveyors for enforcing federal requirements in facilities, including skilled nursing facilities. This appendix details procedures for citing deficiencies under F-tags, a numbering system for regulatory violations related to resident rights, quality of care, and facility operations, such as F-tag F600 for resident rights and F-tag F689 for free from accident hazards. These tags support by directing surveys to assess compliance with standards under 42 CFR Part 483, emphasizing resident-centered outcomes over procedural checklists. Appendix PP underwent revisions issued on August 8, 2024 (Revision 225), with substantive updates released in November 2024 addressing areas like admission agreements, chemical restraints, psychotropic medications, minimum accuracy, and quality assurance and performance improvement programs. The initial implementation date of February 24, 2025, was delayed to April 28, 2025, following stakeholder feedback on surveyor training needs and operational adjustments. These changes aim to refine enforcement by incorporating evidence-based triggers for investigations, such as patterns in medication use or staffing data from the Payroll-Based Journal, while reducing administrative burden through clarified guidance that prioritizes measurable resident harms. data from annual surveys indicate that targeted reforms, including those building on the 2016 comprehensive updates to requirements, have correlated with overall declines in cited deficiencies, though state variations persist and severe harm citations remain low at under 1% of total surveys. In postal administration, "PP" denotes , a fourth-class mail service established by the U.S. via the Parcel Post Act signed into law on August 24, 1912, which authorized the Department to handle non-urgent packaged goods up to 11 pounds domestically, effective January 1, 1913. Regulations under this system, outlined in contemporaneous postal laws and guides, specified -based rates, size limits (e.g., maximum dimensions of 72 inches in length and girth combined), and prohibitions on hazardous items, facilitating rural commerce by supplanting private express companies. Compliance metrics from early implementation showed rapid adoption, with over 500 million parcels handled in the first year, underscoring the service's role in standardizing administrative tracking via records and unit-area for post offices.

Science, technology, and engineering

Materials and chemistry

(PP) is a derived from the of (C₃H₆), typically produced via using Ziegler-Natta or metallocene catalysts in either liquid propylene or gas-phase reactors. The material was first synthesized in 1951 by chemists J. Paul Hogan and Robert Banks at in , during experiments aimed at developing , where unintended exposure to gas under heat and pressure yielded crystalline solids. Commercial isotactic PP, characterized by regular orientation for enhanced crystallinity and strength, became viable following stereoselective advancements by and in the 1950s, enabling widespread industrial production. The molecular structure of PP consists of long chains of repeating units, with isotactic configurations predominant in commercial grades due to their superior mechanical properties over atactic or syndiotactic forms. Key physical properties include a of 160–170°C, allowing thermal processing without , and a tensile strength of approximately 30–40 for unreinforced grades, reflecting good rigidity and resistance to under load. typically ranges from 0.90–0.91 g/cm³, contributing to its low weight, while chemical inertness stems from the non-polar backbone, conferring resistance to acids, bases, and organic solvents at ambient temperatures but vulnerability to oxidation above 100°C without stabilizers. These attributes arise causally from the polymer's semi-crystalline nature, with spherulitic balancing and . In industrial applications, PP's versatility supports uses in injection-molded components, fibers, and films, particularly in where it comprises a substantial portion of flexible structures due to barrier properties and cost-effectiveness. Global production reached approximately 70 million metric tons in 2023, underscoring its scale in thermoplastics . Automotive sectors leverage PP's for interior trims, bumpers, and under-hood parts, where talc-filled or glass-reinforced variants exhibit enhanced and dimensional under . Recyclability aligns with standards like ISO 5677:2023, which specifies testing for mechanically recycled PP properties such as melt flow and mechanical integrity, though real-world inefficiencies persist due to contamination and sorting challenges in mixed waste streams. Environmental assessments reveal PP's lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions as lower than (PVC) owing to simpler sourcing and absence of processing, yet remains negligible in natural settings, with fragmentation into dominating degradation pathways over decades rather than enzymatic breakdown. Full can require 20–30 years under optimal landfill conditions, contributing to persistent and that bioaccumulates in ecosystems. While mechanical recycling mitigates virgin demand, often reduces performance in high-spec applications, highlighting causal limits in closed-loop efficacy absent advanced sorting technologies.

Biology and medicine

Placenta previa (PP) is a pregnancy complication characterized by the placenta implanting over or near the cervical os, obstructing the birth canal and increasing risks of maternal hemorrhage and preterm delivery. The condition affects approximately 5 per 1,000 pregnancies worldwide, with systematic reviews confirming this prevalence across regions, though rates vary due to differences in diagnostic criteria and rising cesarean deliveries. Longitudinal cohort studies link prior cesarean sections to elevated PP risk, with odds increasing 1.5- to 6-fold per prior procedure due to endometrial scarring disrupting implantation sites. Empirical data emphasize PP's causal association with antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage, driven by placental separation from or ; maternal hemorrhagic morbidity occurs in 18.6% of cases, often necessitating blood transfusions or . Neonatal outcomes include threefold to fourfold higher morbidity from prematurity, as is contraindicated in complete PP, leading to elective cesareans typically at 36-37 weeks. While many cases (up to 90%) resolve spontaneously by term through placental migration, persistent PP demands vigilant monitoring to assess bleeding risks over routine interventions, as overreliance on early hospitalization correlates with unnecessary iatrogenic preterm births in low-risk subsets. In , progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) protocols utilize oral progestins alongside gonadotropins to suppress premature surges during IVF cycles, introduced clinically in the early 2010s as a cost-effective alternative to GnRH s. Randomized trials report PPOS yielding comparable live birth rates to antagonist regimens, with cumulative rates of 51-66% in women aged 35-40 undergoing multiple transfers. PPOS demonstrates lower cycle cancellation rates (pooled 0.78) and higher survival post-vitrification (up to 90%), attributed to stable endocrine suppression without injection-related compliance issues. These outcomes hold across profiles, though euploid rates remain protocol-independent, underscoring PPOS's utility in resource-limited settings without compromising implantation potential.

Computing

In computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM), a post-processor (PP) converts generic toolpath outputs from CAM software into machine-specific G-code, enabling precise execution on computer numerical control (CNC) machines. This functionality emerged in the 1970s alongside early CNC systems, which transitioned from punched tape to G-code programming, allowing for automated machining of complex geometries derived from CAD models. By accounting for individual machine kinematics, spindle speeds, and axis configurations, post-processors ensure compatibility and operational fidelity across diverse hardware. Post-processors enhance efficiency and reduce errors inherent in manual or generic ; for instance, they mitigate risks of tool collisions or incorrect feeds by embedding machine-specific parameters, leading to reported improvements in and scrap rate reductions in production environments. implementations, such as those in systems without overlays, demonstrate lower error rates—often below 1% for path deviations—compared to unprocessed outputs, as verified through validations prior to physical runs. Recent attempts to integrate for adaptive post-processing have shown potential but introduce tuning dependencies that can elevate error rates in unoptimized setups, underscoring the reliability of deterministic, rule-based implementations. In , pretty print (PP) refers to algorithms and functions that format structured data, such as nested lists or dictionaries, into indented, readable output to facilitate human inspection. Originating from early efforts in code formatting during the and , PP techniques gained in languages like with the introduction of the pprint module in version 1.5 (October 1998), which applies recursive indentation and width limits to prevent line overflows. These functions improve efficiency by enhancing metrics, such as reducing visual time for complex structures by up to 30% in empirical developer studies, without altering underlying data semantics. Practical utility persists in core libraries over experimental AI-enhanced formatters, which risk over-formatting and increased computational overhead in resource-constrained environments.

Mathematics

PP denotes the complexity class of decision problems solvable by a running in time, where the acceptance probability exceeds 1/2 for yes-instances and is at most 1/2 for no-instances. This definition allows unbounded error probability up to nearly 1/2, distinguishing PP from classes like BPP, which mandate an inverse- gap around 1/2 for amplifiability. Equivalently, a language belongs to PP if there exists a nondeterministic -time whose paths satisfy a acceptance condition: more than half the paths accept for yes-instances and at most half for no-instances, where the number of nondeterministic choices is . Introduced by John Gill in 1977, PP emerged from early investigations into probabilistic models, building on nondeterministic classes like but replacing with a vote over paths. PP contains BPP, as bounded-error machines can be padded to meet the threshold without altering the polynomial-time bound. PP is closed under complementation, since swapping accept and reject states inverts probabilities across the 1/2 threshold. The class sits between BPP and , with PP ⊆ , as membership can be decided by space-efficient enumeration and thresholding of the exponential number of paths using recursive techniques akin to those for #P functions. Relativized separations demonstrate fundamental limits on proving PP = P. , , and Solovay constructed oracles relative to which P^A = PP^A, as well as oracles where P^A ≠ PP^A, indicating that standard techniques suffice for separation but relativize both and , necessitating non-relativizing methods for unconditional resolutions. These oracle results underscore undecidability barriers in classical models, where PP captures majority-based reasoning beyond deterministic polynomial-time solvability without implying collapses or overreaching to alternative computational paradigms. PP-complete problems under polynomial-time many-one reductions include MAJSAT, the problem of determining whether a given formula has strictly more than half of its assignments satisfying it. This completeness highlights PP's ties to approximate counting, as majority s relate to #P via reductions where deciding if the number of satisfying assignments exceeds 2^{n-1} (for n variables) encodes PP-hardness. In cryptographic contexts, assumptions of PP-hardness occasionally underpin reductions for interactive proofs or schemes, but such hardness is critiqued for vulnerability to structural attacks exploiting the majority quantifier, as evidenced by completeness-preserving reductions that fail against oracles where PP collapses closer to P. Toda's theorem further positions PP powerfully, showing the polynomial hierarchy PH ⊆ P^{PP}, implying that PP oracles suffice to simulate alternating quantifiers up to the hierarchy's levels.

Other scientific and technical uses

In , pp denotes proton-proton collisions, the dominant interaction type at accelerators like the (LHC) at , where protons are accelerated to center-of-mass energies of up to 13 TeV (achieved in 2015) and collided head-on to recreate conditions akin to the early . These collisions, occurring at rates exceeding 1 billion per second during peak luminosity periods, generate particle showers analyzed for phenomena such as quark-gluon plasma formation and beyond-Standard-Model physics, with datasets from LHC (2015–2018) alone comprising over 150 inverse femtobarns of integrated luminosity. Empirical analyses of these events reveal collective behaviors in high-multiplicity collisions, challenging simplistic perturbative QCD models and highlighting the role of initial-state geometry in causal particle production dynamics. In , pp signifies peak-to-peak, a measure of signal from the maximum positive to maximum negative excursion, essential for characterizing in circuits and communications systems; for instance, in specifications, a 5 Vpp indicates a full of 5 volts, influencing limits and margins in designs adhering to standards like those for T1 systems. Point-to-point (PP) links in , such as T1 lines deployed since the early 1960s under standards, provide dedicated 1.544 Mbps channels over twisted-pair copper, yielding latencies under 1 for short-haul connections due to the absence of overhead—contrasting with shared networks where contention can exceed 10 . Failures in such PP configurations, including overloads from unmet loads, have precipitated instabilities, as seen in causal analyses of blackouts where inadequate PP capacity contributed to cascading failures rather than purely theoretical models. Power plants (PP), in , manage peak loads in electrical grids through , with thermal efficiencies typically ranging from 30% in subcritical units to 60% in advanced combined-cycle plants, as quantified in operational data emphasizing real-world heat rate losses from inefficiencies over idealized Carnot limits. assessments underscore that PP with grids requires robust interfacing to mitigate deviations during load ramps, with variants demonstrating load-following capabilities down to 50% capacity without compromising safety margins established post-2011 evaluations.

Businesses and organizations

Non-political entities

PP Group, a Thai distributor of luxury and brands, was established in 2003 by siblings Suvadee Pin Phungbunphra and Orand Puipunthavong. The company operates as a private entity focused on importing and retailing high-end products, achieving sales of 2 billion baht (approximately $60 million USD) in 2023, nearly double the figure from five years prior, driven by post-pandemic economic recovery in Thailand's consumer market. It targets exceeding 4 billion baht by 2026 through expansion in distribution networks and brand partnerships, reflecting efficient private-sector adaptation without reliance on government subsidies. In the sector, entities like PP Plastics Ltd., incorporated in the in , engage in plastics processing, contributing to industrial supply chains via production of polypropylene-based goods, though detailed revenue metrics remain limited in . Such firms trace operational roots to broader post-World War II advancements in polymer technology, including polypropylene's commercialization in the 1950s, enabling scalable efficiencies that have supported verifiable economic outputs in and consumer products without evident subsidized distortions. Professional associations abbreviated PP, such as those denoting "Professional Planner," provide sector-specific certifications but lack prominent, large-scale organizational impacts documented in peer-reviewed or financial disclosures, prioritizing self-sustaining membership models over inefficient public funding. Corporate entities under PP designations have generally avoided major antitrust scrutiny, with no federal investigations reported in U.S. SEC-equivalent filings for similarly named firms, underscoring competitive market dynamics over regulatory overreach concerns.

Religion

Religious organizations and concepts

In the Catholic Church, "PP" serves as the official abbreviation for the Pope's signature on documents, derived from Pastor Pastorum, Latin for "Shepherd of Shepherds," underscoring the pontiff's doctrinal role as the supreme shepherd of the faithful under Christ's authority. This practice emerged in papal documents during the early medieval period, modeled on Roman imperial abbreviations, and has persisted to affirm hierarchical continuity amid historical challenges like the Western Schism (1378–1417), which saw multiple claimants to the papal office and underscored tensions in centralized authority. Empirical data on schisms, such as the Great Schism of 1054 dividing Eastern and Western churches and the 16th-century Protestant Reformation fragmenting Western Christendom into over 30,000 denominations by some counts, highlight how papal centralization has correlated with recurrent divisions, often rooted in disputes over authority rather than doctrinal core like the Trinity. "PP" also designates parochus, or parish priest, in ecclesiastical signatures, especially in Catholic contexts, denoting the local cleric responsible for administration and community oversight within a . This usage reflects decentralized pastoral roles under governance, contrasting with papal oversight; historical records show parish priests playing key roles in community ethics, such as during 19th-century famines where clergy organized relief, though institutional biases in clerical selection have occasionally amplified local corruption, as evidenced by pre-Reformation abuse scandals prompting reforms like the (1545–1563). In Presbyterian traditions, "particular church" refers to an individual congregation as a self-governing entity within broader synodical structures, emphasizing representative eldership over hierarchical bishops, as codified in documents like the Westminster Confession (1646). This polity arose from 16th- and 17th-century Reformed splits, including post-19th-century revivals like the Second Great Awakening (1790s–1840s), which led to denominational fractures over issues like and modernism; for instance, the Presbyterian Church in the USA split in 1837 into (strict Calvinist) and (revivalist) factions, with reunion only in 1869 amid reconciliation, illustrating how decentralized governance fosters adaptability but also proliferation, with over 40 Presbyterian bodies worldwide by 2020 per synod records. Such structures prioritize confessional standards like particular —Christ's applied specifically to the —over universal papal claims, yielding lower centralized rates but higher voluntary associations, as causal analysis of membership data shows sustained growth in ethics-focused missions despite internal debates.

Arts and entertainment

Media and literature

is a verse drama by , published in 1841 as the first volume of his Bells and Pomegranates series. The work centers on Pippa, a young silk-mill worker in , , whose carefree songs on unknowingly resolve moral dilemmas for four pairs of characters encountered in vignettes titled Morning, Noon, Evening, and Night. Browning's structure employs dramatic irony, with Pippa's oblivious influence highlighting themes of and human interconnectedness. In comic book literature, Peter Parker serves as the alter ego of , debuting in #15 on August 10, 1962. Created by and , Parker is a teenage science prodigy who gains arachnid powers from a radioactive spider bite, embodying struggles with and loss. The character's narratives have spanned thousands of issues, with Marvel's Spider-Man comics contributing to franchise sales exceeding 360 million copies worldwide by 2011. The children's book series by , beginning with the 1945 publication Pippi Långstrump, features the superhumanly strong orphan Pippi, whose name evokes "PP" phonetically and orthographically. Translated into over 80 languages, the series has sold more than 70 million copies globally, with annual sales surpassing 1 million units as of 2025. Adaptations include and television series, such as the 1969 Swedish TV production, emphasizing Pippi's defiance of conventions through physical feats and whimsical adventures.

Games and sports

In , "PP" commonly refers to opportunities, which arise when an opposing player serves a penalty, granting the non-penalized team a numerical advantage on the ice, typically 5-on-4, to promote empirical fairness through temporary manpower edges as defined in official rulebooks. This mechanic, verifiable in National Hockey League (NHL) statistics where PP denotes power play goals scored during such advantages, underscores causal dynamics of penalties like or tripping, which incur 2-minute minor infractions unless specified otherwise. Ping pong, an informal designation for dating to the in where upper-class Victorians adapted lawn tennis indoors using improvised , , and dining tables for post-dinner recreation, evolved into a competitive with standardized rules by the early . The name derives from the onomatopoeic sound of striking , first commercialized in 1901 by firm Jaques & Son, though variants persisted regionally. In play since , elite serves reach velocities of 40-60 mph, with recorded hits up to 72 mph, emphasizing precision over brute force due to the 40mm 's low mass and susceptibility. Sports often employs PP for penalty points in systems, such as in motorsports where infractions like speeding in pits accumulate quantifiable demerits convertible to time penalties, ensuring rule adherence through data-driven enforcement rather than subjective . In merit-based frameworks, such mechanisms prioritize outcomes, as deviations via non-physiological advantages risk distorting competitive , though empirical validation requires longitudinal and data absent widespread peer-reviewed .

Informal and slang uses

[Informal and slang uses - no content]

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