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Spinal lock

A spinal lock is a submission hold in grappling-based martial arts that targets the vertebral column by applying torque, compression, or hyperextension to force the spine beyond its natural range of motion, compelling an opponent to submit due to intense pain or risk of injury.^[1] These techniques are classified as multiple joint locks because they simultaneously stress several vertebrae and associated ligaments, distinguishing them from single-joint submissions like armbars.^[2] Spinal locks are employed in disciplines such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ), judo, and catch wrestling, often as control or finishing moves in self-defense scenarios or mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions where rules permit them.^[3] Common variants include the neck crank, which twists the cervical spine by manipulating the head and neck, and the twister, a rotational crank that bends the body sideways while stressing the upper spine.^[3]^[4] Due to their potential to cause severe damage, such as ligament tears, disc herniation, or even paralysis, spinal locks are frequently prohibited in sport grappling events, including those governed by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF) across all belt levels unless integrated with a legal choke.^[2]^[5] In practice, effective spinal locks require precise positioning and leverage, often from back mounts or side controls, to isolate the spine while minimizing escape opportunities.^[6] Their high-risk nature underscores the importance of training under qualified instructors, as improper application can lead to long-term neurological harm.^[1] Despite restrictions in competitive settings, spinal locks remain a cornerstone of no-holds-barred grappling systems, valued for their efficiency in neutralizing larger opponents.

Introduction

Definition

A spinal lock is a multiple joint lock applied to the spinal column in grappling arts, achieved by forcing the vertebrae beyond their normal physiological ranges of motion through mechanisms such as hyperextension, hyperflexion, lateral flexion, or rotation.^[8] This manipulation creates intense pressure on the spinal structures, compelling submission by exploiting the spine's limited tolerance for abnormal positioning.^[9] Spinal locks differ fundamentally from chokes, which target vascular or airway restriction to impair consciousness without direct skeletal stress, and from peripheral joint locks that isolate and hyperextend limbs like elbows or knees.^[10] Instead, they specifically compromise the vertebrae, intervertebral ligaments, and surrounding paraspinal musculature along the axial skeleton, prioritizing torsional or compressive forces on the spine itself.^[3] These submissions are classified by the targeted spinal segment: cervical (involving the neck), thoracic (affecting the mid-back), and lumbar (targeting the lower back), though cervical applications predominate in modern grappling due to their proximity and control potential from common positions.^[11] The nomenclature "spinal lock" derives from the immobilization effect produced by rigidly constraining spinal mobility through such targeted manipulation.

Mechanics

The human spine, or vertebral column, consists of 24 individual vertebrae divided into three primary regions: the cervical spine with seven vertebrae (C1–C7), the thoracic spine with twelve vertebrae (T1–T12), and the lumbar spine with five vertebrae (L1–L5).^[12] These vertebrae are separated by intervertebral discs, which are fibrocartilaginous structures composed of a tough outer annulus fibrosus and a gel-like nucleus pulposus, functioning as shock absorbers and permitting limited movement between adjacent vertebrae.^[13] Key stabilizing elements include ligaments such as the anterior longitudinal ligament, which spans the front of the vertebral bodies from the skull to the sacrum and resists excessive extension, and the posterior longitudinal ligament, which runs along the posterior aspect within the vertebral canal and helps prevent disc herniation.^[14]^[15] Additionally, facet joints—synovial zygapophyseal joints formed by the articulation of superior and inferior articular processes between vertebrae—facilitate controlled gliding motions while limiting excessive translation and rotation.^[16] Spinal locks operate by generating torque through strategic leverage points on the body, such as manipulation of the head or torso, which applies rotational forces to the spine beyond its normal physiological range. This torque arises from the application of force vectors that create moments around pivot points in the spinal column, often exploiting the mechanical disadvantage of the opponent's posture to amplify pressure on vertebral structures, discs, and ligaments without necessarily requiring high absolute force. For instance, in head manipulation for cervical locks, downward or twisting forces on the cranium produce a lever arm effect, transmitting compressive and shear stresses through the cervical vertebrae and facet joints. Similarly, torso controls in thoracolumbar applications direct vectors that induce torsion or hyperflexion, compressing intervertebral discs and stretching ligaments.^[17]^[18] Physiologically, these mechanical stresses activate nociceptors—specialized sensory receptors—in spinal tissues, including the outer layers of intervertebral discs, facet joint capsules, and ligaments, triggering pain signals via afferent nerve fibers to the spinal cord.^[19]^[20] This response can occur without structural dislocation, as excessive torque may impinge nearby spinal nerves or compress neural foramina, eliciting protective reflexes like muscle guarding or submission to avoid further damage.^[21] Mechanics differ notably between neck (cervical) and spine (thoracolumbar) cranks due to regional variations in spinal structure and mobility. Cervical locks primarily exploit flexion (up to 64°) and extension (up to 63°), with significant axial rotation (up to 85° per side), leveraging the region's high mobility and shallower facet joint orientations to generate torque via head-torso misalignment.^[22]^[23] In contrast, thoracolumbar cranks focus on torsion in the thoracic region (rotation up to 47° per side, limited flexion/extension of 48° total) or lumbar area (rotation limited to 15.3° per side, greater flexion of 65°), where rib attachments and deeper, sagittally oriented facets restrict motion, requiring greater leverage to overcome stability and induce compressive or twisting forces on larger vertebral bodies.^[22]^[18]

History

Origins in Traditional Martial Arts

Spinal locks trace their origins to ancient combat systems where practitioners employed joint manipulations to control or incapacitate opponents, with evidence emerging from various cultural traditions predating modern codification. In ancient Greece, Pankration, introduced to the Olympic Games around 648 BCE, incorporated grappling techniques including joint locks that could target the upper body and spine for immobilization. Vase paintings from the 5th century BCE depict pankratiasts in clinches and holds suggestive of such controls, emphasizing the sport's allowance for locks beyond standard wrestling grips.^[24]^[25] Asian martial traditions further developed spinal manipulation through wrestling and jujutsu systems. Chinese Shuai Jiao, with roots traceable to pre-200 BCE military training, featured throwing techniques that often involved back-bending and locking pressure points to unbalance foes, as described in classical war texts from the Zhou Dynasty. In Japan, traditional jujutsu schools during the Edo period (1603–1868) included various joint locks for restraint in unarmed combat against armored samurai.^[26] In 15th-century Europe, manuals such as Hans Talhoffer's Fechtbuch (circa 1459) illustrated wrestling holds that targeted the opponent's posture and spine through throws and pins, reflecting judicial and military applications in German combat training. These early methods prioritized leverage over strikes, laying foundational principles for spinal control in hand-to-hand fighting.^[27]^[28]

Development in Modern Grappling Sports

The development of spinal locks in modern grappling sports relates to the codification of Judo by Jigoro Kano in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Kano included various kansetsu-waza (joint manipulation techniques) in Kodokan Judo's curriculum. Neck locks, known as kubi kansetsu waza and targeting cervical vertebrae dislocation to counter resistant opponents adopting a defensive "tortoise" posture, were later developed by Mikinosuke Kawaishi in the mid-20th century. These techniques were practiced under supervision for advanced students but were later banned from tournaments and randori due to the high risk of cervical injury, reflecting Kano's emphasis on safe, educational training.^[29] Mitsuyo Maeda, a prominent Kodokan Judoka trained under Kano, played a pivotal role in disseminating these grappling methods internationally during the 1910s and 1920s. Arriving in Brazil in 1914, Maeda taught a blend of Judo and traditional jujutsu, including joint locks and submissions, to Carlos Gracie and his family, laying the groundwork for Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ).^[30] This transmission emphasized ground-based control and submissions, adapting Judo's ne-waza for self-defense scenarios. From the 1930s onward, BJJ evolved under the Gracie family, with Helio Gracie refining techniques for smaller practitioners in no-rules Vale Tudo challenges. Helio incorporated spinal submissions as part of a broader arsenal to neutralize larger opponents, promoting their use in street fights and early competitions to demonstrate the art's efficacy.^[31] Catch wrestling, popular in early 20th-century America and Britain, also contributed significantly, featuring submissions like neck cranks that influenced later grappling arts. Meanwhile, post-World War II American folkstyle and freestyle wrestling integrated spine-targeting holds for control or submission. In parallel, Soviet Sambo, formalized in the 1930s by Vasili Oshchepkov and Viktor Spiridonov, drew from Judo and native wrestling to include joint manipulations, enhancing combat applicability for military training. By the 2000s, spinal locks experienced a revival in no-gi grappling, particularly through events like the Abu Dhabi Combat Club (ADCC), where rules permit techniques like the twister while prohibiting certain neck cranks that trap both shoulders.^[32] This permissiveness encouraged innovation in submission grappling, blending traditional holds with dynamic transitions. The rise of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) following the UFC's inception in 1993 further hybridized spinal techniques, with fighters adapting neck cranks from wrestling and BJJ for cage applications, as seen in early finishes by athletes like Tito Ortiz and Mark Coleman.^[33]

Risks and Safety

Potential Injuries

Spinal locks, particularly those targeting the cervical and thoracic regions, can result in a range of injuries from mild soft tissue damage to severe structural compromise of the spine. Common injuries include cervical sprains and strains involving muscles, ligaments, and tendons, which constitute the majority of neck-related trauma in grappling sports like Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ).^[34] Disc herniations and facet joint damage also frequently occur due to the hyperextension, hyperflexion, or rotational forces applied during these techniques.^[34] In severe cases, vertebral fractures or dislocations, such as flexion-distraction injuries at the C4-C5 level, can lead to spinal cord compression and potentially permanent paralysis, as evidenced by documented cases in BJJ practitioners.^[35] Several risk factors contribute to the likelihood of injury from spinal locks. Sudden or forceful application, often seen in neck cranks during submissions, heightens the risk of acute trauma by exceeding the spine's physiological limits.^[34] Pre-existing conditions like spondylosis can exacerbate vulnerability, while age plays a role; although injuries occur across demographics, older athletes face elevated risks due to reduced tissue elasticity.^[36] Youth practitioners may also be susceptible owing to the relative immaturity of spinal structures, though data indicate higher overall incidence in experienced competitors.^[36] Epidemiological studies report neck and spine injuries comprising 2.6% to 11.4% of total orthopedic trauma in BJJ, with submissions accounting for up to 29.7% of all injuries, underscoring the prevalence of neck trauma in grappling contexts.^[37]^[36] Long-term effects of spinal lock injuries often include chronic pain, radiculopathy from nerve root irritation, and accelerated degenerative changes in the spine, potentially limiting athletic performance and daily function.^[37] Approximately 60% of affected jiu-jitsu athletes return to sport at a reduced capacity, with average recovery times exceeding 60 days.^[37] Case examples from mixed martial arts (MMA) illustrate these consequences; for instance, fighter Mike Sheffield suffered a C4 vertebral fracture and spinal cord injury during a 2017 training session involving grappling, resulting in quadriplegia and career termination.^[38] Similarly, post-2010 UFC incidents, such as Chris Weidman's 2016 diagnosis of a large cervical disc herniation from neck compression in training, highlight how such injuries can lead to prolonged absences and ongoing neurological symptoms.^[39] Recent cases as of 2024, including a 2023 BJJ training incident leading to quadriplegia and a $46 million lawsuit, and a 2024 spinal injury from a back-take maneuver, further emphasize the severe risks associated with improper technique.^[40]^[41] Injuries vary by spinal lock type, with neck cranks particularly risking brachial plexus damage through traction or compression of the nerve network in the lower neck and shoulder, akin to "stinger" injuries common in contact sports.^[42]

Prevention and Training Considerations

Training protocols for spinal locks emphasize gradual progression to build proficiency while minimizing injury risk. Practitioners begin with slow, controlled drilling under instructor supervision, focusing on proper alignment and leverage rather than speed or force, which allows individuals to develop the sensitivity needed to apply techniques safely.^[43] Tapping early—at the onset of discomfort rather than pain—serves as a critical signal to release pressure, preventing strains to the cervical spine, and should be reinforced as a non-negotiable rule in all sessions.^[44] Warm-ups incorporating dynamic stretches, such as neck rolls and spinal rotations (e.g., 20 repetitions of flexion/extension and lateral movements), target spinal mobility and reduce the incidence of neck injuries by enhancing flexibility and blood flow before grappling.^[43] Safety equipment plays a supportive role in high-risk drills involving spinal locks. Mouthguards are standard to protect against indirect impacts that could exacerbate neck strain, while drilling sessions prioritize repetitive, low-intensity practice to ingrain control and positioning, contrasting with live rolling where full resistance is introduced only after mastery, thereby reducing the likelihood of uncontrolled applications that could lead to cervical injuries.^[45]^[46] Coaching guidelines stress the use of leverage mechanics over brute force when teaching spinal locks, ensuring instructors monitor for signs of opponent fatigue or hesitation and adjust intensity accordingly. Techniques should integrate seamlessly into broader grappling curricula, with emphasis on defensive counters to foster mutual awareness and respect limits.^[46] A 2024 narrative review of combat sports injuries advocates for evidence-based warm-up programs, such as the RAMP protocol (Raise, Activate, Mobilize, Potentiate), which includes breakfall training to mitigate head and neck trauma in grappling.^[46] Similarly, recent analyses recommend technique modifications in youth programs, including restricted exposure to joint locks until advanced levels and mandatory neck strengthening exercises, to lower injury rates in developing athletes.^[45]

Legality in Combat Sports

Rules in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu

In Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) competitions governed by the International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation (IBJJF), spinal locks are prohibited unless they accompany a legitimate choke submission, across all belt levels and age divisions as of 2025 to prevent severe injuries such as cervical spine damage. Neck cranks are similarly banned unless they accompany a legitimate choke submission, with no exceptions for direct spinal compression or twisting motions that isolate the neck; this restriction applies uniformly to white through black belt competitors in gi events, though juvenile and master divisions enforce even stricter oversight to account for developmental and age-related vulnerabilities.^[47] Variations exist among other major federations. In no-gi events under ADCC rules, most spinal locks, including neck and spine cranks, are permitted for professional and advanced divisions, provided they do not involve trapping both shoulders with downward pressure on the neck (e.g., full nelson) or slamming from a guard position to escape or counter such techniques, but they are prohibited for beginners and intermediate participants.^[32] The UAE Jiu-Jitsu Federation (UAEJJF), which oversees gi and no-gi tournaments with gi-specific uniform requirements, aligns closely with IBJJF by prohibiting neck cranks and spinal locks, except when accompanying a legitimate choke, emphasizing safety in gi grips that could exacerbate torque.^[48] Enforcement in BJJ competitions relies on referees who signal an immediate stop for suspected cervical torque or spinal manipulation, often using verbal commands like "stop" followed by separation of competitors; penalties range from shidos (advantage points deducted) for minor infractions to immediate disqualification for intentional execution, with repeat offenses potentially leading to tournament bans or federation suspensions. These measures stem from documented injury risks, such as vertebral fractures, prompting rule evolutions since the early 2010s when medical data from competitions highlighted the dangers of unchecked spinal techniques. In 2023, IBJJF updates to the rulebook (version 6.0) maintained these prohibitions but introduced minor relaxations in master divisions for other submissions like leg locks, reflecting a balanced approach to safety while accommodating experienced athletes.^[49]

Rules in Wrestling and Mixed Martial Arts

In wrestling governed by United World Wrestling (UWW), which oversees international freestyle and Greco-Roman styles, spinal locks are strictly prohibited as they are classified as illegal holds that risk stretching the opponent's spinal column or applying excessive pressure to the neck.^[50] Specifically, techniques such as chancery holds—where the head is locked under the arm regardless of direction—or any manipulation that directly targets the cervical or thoracic spine result in immediate disqualification or penalties, emphasizing the sport's focus on safety during takedowns and pins rather than submissions.^[50] In freestyle wrestling, while spinal locks are prohibited, leg takedowns involving holds below the waist are permitted, though opportunities for lower spinal cranks are limited by the overall ban on such techniques, while Greco-Roman rules prohibit all leg contact, reinforcing the overall restriction on spine-targeted maneuvers.^[51] For folkstyle wrestling, as regulated by bodies like the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS) and NCAA, controlled neck holds may be permitted in certain contexts but are penalized if deemed potentially dangerous, such as when they involve twisting or excessive torque on the cervical spine, with cervical locks explicitly illegal to prevent severe injury.^[52] In mixed martial arts (MMA) under the Unified Rules adopted by major promotions like the UFC, spinal locks are generally permitted as submission techniques provided they do not intentionally cause undue injury or violate foul prohibitions, such as striking the spine or executing slams that drive an opponent onto their head or neck.^[53] Variants like the guillotine choke, which can incorporate neck cranking elements, are legal and commonly used, as the rules emphasize referee discretion to stop actions only if they pose immediate harm, without a blanket ban on spinal manipulations.^[54] Similarly, ONE Championship's Global Ruleset allows spinal locks in its MMA bouts, aligning with unified standards by prohibiting only direct strikes to the spine or reckless piling techniques, while enabling ground-based submissions that may involve controlled cranking.^[55] Referees intervene based on visible distress, such as verbal taps or loss of consciousness, rather than preemptively halting legal holds. The differences between wrestling and MMA rules stem from their core objectives: amateur wrestling prioritizes pinning and positional control with stricter bans on spinal locks to minimize injury in non-submission-focused competitions, whereas professional MMA accommodates gloves, extended ground fighting, and a broader array of submissions, leading to more permissive regulations on techniques like neck cranks.^[56] In contrast to Brazilian jiu-jitsu's gi-based restrictions on certain cranks, MMA's hybrid nature allows greater flexibility for spinal submissions. Notable incidents, such as Charles Oliveira's 2015 neck injury during a guillotine attempt against Max Holloway, have prompted enhanced referee training for timely interventions in potential spinal risks, though no outright bans on cranks were implemented.^[57]

Neck Crank Techniques

Can Opener

The can opener is a fundamental neck crank technique in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and submission grappling, utilized to apply pressure to the opponent's cervical spine through flexion. It is typically employed offensively from inferior positions to disrupt the opponent's posture or force a submission, leveraging the head as a control point while the body provides counter-leverage. This technique derives its name from the prying motion akin to opening a can, emphasizing direct manipulation of the neck without additional joint locks.^[58] The setup for the can opener commonly begins from the closed guard position, where the practitioner lies on their back with legs hooked around the opponent's waist, or from the mount when the opponent assumes a defensive turtle posture to protect their back. In the closed guard scenario, the opponent is on top attempting to pass or maintain posture; the practitioner sits up partially to initiate the attack. For the turtle setup from mount, the opponent curls forward on all fours, exposing the head and neck, allowing the top practitioner to transition into the crank. The grip involves one hand placed under the opponent's chin to cup and control the lower jaw and neck, while the other hand secures the opponent's elbow or far arm to prevent defensive posting and enhance head isolation.^[59]^[58] Execution of the can opener requires coordinated pulling and pushing motions to maximize spinal stress. The practitioner pulls the opponent's head downward toward their own chest or sternum using the chin grip, simultaneously driving the hips upward to stack or arch the body, which flexes the cervical spine. This creates a lever effect, forcing the neck into uncomfortable flexion. In gi variations, the practitioner may incorporate a collar grip with one or both hands for deeper penetration and control, pulling the collar to arch the neck further. No-gi adaptations rely on wrist control or underhook grips on the head to maintain purchase without fabric, often emphasizing forearm pressure against the neck for added leverage.^[60]^[59]^[58] The technique primarily targets the cervical spine, inducing pain through forced flexion that compresses the intervertebral discs and strains supporting ligaments. This focused pressure differentiates it from broader spinal locks, honing in on the neck's mobility limits. Common counters include the opponent turtling deeper by dropping their head to their chest and rolling forward to dissipate the pull, or executing a bridging escape by arching the back explosively to break the grip and reverse position.^[59]^[58]

Cattle Catch

The cattle catch, also known as the stockade or reverse crucifix, is a neck crank technique applied from a position where the opponent assumes the defensive turtle posture during an escape attempt.^[61] In this setup, the practitioner secures control by isolating one of the opponent's arms, pulling it behind their back to limit defensive options and prevent posture recovery.^[62] Simultaneously, the other hand cups the chin or jawline to establish head control, allowing for precise manipulation of the cervical region while the body weight pins the trapped arm against the torso or mat.^[63] Execution involves rotating the practitioner's body to apply lateral torque to the opponent's neck, emphasizing controlled cervical rotation rather than direct hyperflexion.^[62] With the arm pinned securely—often between the practitioner's knees or under the body—the head is turned sideways using the chin grip, creating rotational stress on the neck while the practitioner's hips and shoulders drive the motion to amplify the lock.^[61] This lateral emphasis distinguishes it from forward-bending cranks, focusing on twisting the head away from the body's centerline to force submission through discomfort or immobility.^[64] The technique primarily targets the cervical spine through rotational force, straining ligaments and muscles. These anatomical structures are vulnerable to the twisting motion, as the cervical joints facilitate rotation but have limited range before pain signals or potential injury thresholds are reached.^[64] Variations of the cattle catch include ground-based applications, where the full body weight is used in prone or side positions for maximum leverage, and standing versions adapted for upright clinches or takedown defenses.^[62] The technique traces its roots to catch wrestling traditions, where it serves as a control and submission tool in no-gi grappling scenarios emphasizing raw positional dominance.^[61]

Crucifix Neck Crank

The crucifix neck crank is a neck crank submission in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and submission grappling that combines arm isolation with direct torque on the opponent's upper spine, often executed from dominant top positions to immobilize and compress the cervical region.^[9] This technique leverages the crucifix position, where the practitioner's bodyweight and leverage amplify pressure without relying solely on strength, making it effective against resisting opponents.^[8] It targets hyperflexion of the neck, distinguishing it from chokes by focusing on skeletal and neural stress rather than vascular restriction.^[11] Setup for the crucifix neck crank typically begins from side control or north-south position, where the practitioner first isolates the opponent's arms—one extended and controlled by the legs or body, the other trapped under the practitioner's own body or between the legs to prevent defense.^[9] From side control, the top grappler shifts weight to pin the far arm with the knee or chest while threading the near arm for control, transitioning into the full crucifix by rolling or adjusting to trap both arms securely.^[8] In north-south, the setup involves sliding the body up to encircle the head and arms, using the opponent's posture against them to lock the limbs in place.^[11] Execution involves pulling the opponent's head toward their chest using the forearm or bicep as a lever while simultaneously arching the back to drive the hips upward, creating compressive force on the cervical spine.^[9] The controlling arm posts on the mat for stability, and the free leg hooks the trapped arm to maintain isolation, with the crank applied progressively to force a tap from pain or immobility.^[8] This motion induces forward flexion beyond the neck's natural range, often eliciting submission quickly due to the intense discomfort.^[11] The primary targets are compression of the cervical spine (C-spine), which stresses the vertebrae and ligaments, and pressure on the brachial plexus nerves from the arm entrapment and head positioning, potentially causing radiating pain or numbness in the upper extremities.^[9] Such mechanics can risk spinal injuries if over-applied, as referenced in discussions of potential cervical damage in grappling.^[11] Variations include the full crucifix, where both arms are fully isolated for maximum control and torque, versus the partial crucifix, which allows one arm partial freedom but still applies effective crank through adjusted leverage.^[8] Practitioners often transition from the crucifix neck crank to an armbar by releasing the head control and extending the isolated arm, capitalizing on the opponent's defensive flinch.^[9] These adaptations enhance its utility in dynamic rolling scenarios.^[11]

Twister

The Twister is a hybrid neck and spine crank submission in Brazilian jiu-jitsu that emphasizes rotational torque on the upper spine and neck, distinguishing it from pure compression-based cranks by its use of perpendicular body positioning to isolate and twist the opponent's torso.^[65] It was popularized in the early 2000s by Eddie Bravo through his 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu system, which focuses on no-gi innovations and has influenced modern grappling sports.^[66]^[67] To set up the Twister, the practitioner positions the opponent in turtle guard or from side control, securing the arm and leg on the same side of the body to form a "triangle lock" while aligning the body perpendicular to the opponent for leverage.^[67]^[65] This control traps the far arm and leg, preventing escapes and isolating the upper body for the crank.^[68] Execution involves twisting the hips to rotate the practitioner's torso, while pulling the secured head and limb in the opposite direction to generate spinal torsion, often transitioning through a "truck" or twister side control to apply the full crank.^[67]^[65] The motion combines shear and rotational forces, hyperflexing the neck toward the shoulder while counter-rotating the lower body.^[69] The technique primarily targets the thoracic-cervical junction, applying high torque to the upper thoracic vertebrae (T1-T4) through lower cervical lateral flexion (30-35°), upper thoracic lateral flexion (25-30°), and axial rotation in the lower thoracic region (30-35°).^[69] This multi-joint stress can strain intervertebral discs, ligaments, and facet joints, potentially leading to herniation or sprains if not released promptly.^[69]^[65] Variations include the gi version, which incorporates sleeve grips for enhanced arm control during setup, versus the no-gi adaptation that relies on underhooks and body weight for frictionless execution, both originating from Bravo's system in the 2000s.^[65]^[67]

Standing Frontal Facelock

The standing frontal facelock, also referred to as the front facelock or grovit in catch wrestling contexts, is an upright neck crank submission that controls the opponent's head to apply forward pressure on the cervical spine. This technique is prominent in catch wrestling, Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ), and mixed martial arts (MMA), where it serves as both a control position and a direct attack on the neck. It emphasizes leverage over strength, allowing the practitioner to disrupt the opponent's posture and posture for takedowns or submissions.^[70]^[71] Setup typically begins from a clinch or collar tie position, where the attacker secures a dominant grip on the opponent's head and neck. The practitioner steps one arm behind the head, trapping it in the crook of the elbow while the other arm often underhooks or controls the far arm to prevent escapes. This entry can occur during a sprawl defense against a takedown attempt or through proactive forcing via lateral movement to lower the head. From here, the body position aligns to maximize downward force without exposing the back.^[71]^[72] Execution involves dropping the hips and weight to drive the opponent's head forward and downward, flexing the neck into cervical flexion while applying targeted pressure to the jaw and face. The attacker arches the back slightly to intensify the crank, forcing the chin toward the chest and compressing the cervical vertebrae. This can transition seamlessly to a ground slam for impact or a sustained crank to elicit a submission through pain compliance, with the far arm reinforcing control to counter resistance. Proper mechanics focus on spinal alignment to avoid self-injury during the drop.^[70]^[73] The primary targets are the cervical spine for flexion-induced stress and the jaw for additional leverage points that amplify discomfort without requiring full rotation. This dual pressure exploits the neck's vulnerability in a standing posture, often leading to rapid taps in no-gi environments.^[70]^[9] Variations include the wrestling-style front headlock, which incorporates an underhook on the far arm for enhanced balance and takedown setups, commonly seen in MMA scrambles. In catch wrestling, the grovit variation tightens the grip into a figure-four configuration around the face for intensified jaw pressure. These adaptations maintain the core upright entry while adjusting for gi or no-gi rulesets.^[72]^[73]

Spine Crank Techniques

Sankaku Spine Lock

The Sankaku Spine Lock is a spinal crank submission in Brazilian jiu-jitsu and catch wrestling, employing a triangular leg entanglement to isolate and compress the opponent's mid-spine through circumferential pressure and rotational torque.^[74] This technique derives its name from the Japanese term "sankaku," meaning triangle, reflecting the leg configuration that encircles the torso and head for control.^[75] Popularized in modern grappling instructionals, it emphasizes leverage from the lower body to target the thoracic region, inducing pain via vertebral compression without direct spinal twisting.^[74] The setup typically begins from a back or side control position, such as when the opponent attempts to pivot behind during a shin whizzer defense.^[75] The practitioner spins their heel inward to hook the opponent's arm, then wraps the legs into a reverse triangle: one leg bites across the neck or upper back, with the foot securing a figure-four lock around the other leg positioned outside the trapped arm.^[74] From a seated or kneeling start against a standing or kneeling opponent, an initial "grappler's lift" drives the hips forward, planting a knee into the chest before circling shoulder-to-shoulder and grabbing one's own shin over the opponent's arm to initiate the encirclement.^[74] This positions the legs to envelop the torso and head, isolating the upper body for the crank.^[75] Execution involves squeezing the triangle with the legs while pulling the opponent's trapped arm or head downward, often assisted by the arms for added leverage, to compress the mid-spine and create rotational strain on the intervertebral spaces.^[75] The practitioner tilts the opponent by lifting the securing leg and blocking the far knee or foot against their own kneecap, amplifying torque through a hip pop or figure-four adjustment.^[74] This circumferential pressure targets the thoracic spine, forcing a tap from discomfort in the T6-T12 region without requiring extreme extension.^[75] Variations include Neil Melanson's 2019 instructional approach, featured in the "Snap Guard" series, which integrates arm-behind-the-back control on the trapped limb for enhanced submission security.^[74] Another adaptation transitions directly from a back take, using the opponent's momentum during a failed escape to lock the triangle and apply the crank seamlessly.^[75] These evolutions highlight the technique's versatility in no-gi grappling, blending elements of traditional judo sankaku with modern BJJ control.^[74]

Boston Crab

The Boston Crab is a classic spine crank submission technique that induces lumbar hyperextension by arching the opponent's lower back while they are positioned prone on the mat.^[76] It is particularly effective in grappling arts such as Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) and mixed martial arts (MMA), where it leverages the practitioner's body weight to apply controlled pressure.^[77] To set up the Boston Crab, the practitioner begins with the opponent in a prone position, typically achieved by transitioning from an open guard or similar control by securing both ankles and forcing the opponent face-down.^[76] The attacker then straddles the opponent's back, facing toward their head, and hooks both ankles with their arms in a secure grip, often using a mirror guillotine-style hold with thumbs facing upward for optimal leverage.^[76] Execution involves the practitioner sitting back onto the opponent's lower back or hips while simultaneously pulling the hooked legs upward and toward the head, which forces the spine into an exaggerated arch.^[77] By locking the hands together and leaning backward, the attacker increases the bend in the opponent's legs and torso, amplifying the hyperextension and compelling a submission through discomfort or pain.^[76] This motion primarily targets the lower back, exaggerating the natural lumbar lordosis and placing stress on the lumbar spine's facet joints, particularly in the lower segments.^[77] Variations of the Boston Crab include the double-leg version, which applies bilateral pressure, and single-leg adaptations such as the Texas Cloverleaf, where one leg is isolated and twisted in combination with an arm trap for added control on the hip and knee.^[78] Originating as a staple in professional wrestling, the technique has been adapted for no-gi grappling and MMA, emphasizing its utility beyond theatrical applications.^[79] In competitive rulesets, such as those in BJJ tournaments, the Boston Crab is generally permitted provided it avoids direct spinal twisting.^[76]

References

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List of Martial Arts Joint Locks - Black Belt Wiki
Spinal Locks – Given the risk of injury, spinal locks are banned by a number of organizations. Toe Locks or Toe Holds; Wrist Locks. Video – Shaolin Joint Locks.
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Top 10 Illegal Moves in IBJJF For All BJJ Belt Ranks - Elite Sports
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A glossary of MMA and UFC terms - ESPN
Jul 13, 2023 · neck crank: spinal lock submission in which a fighter controls the opponent's head and twists the neck beyond its normal range of motion. no ...
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Two Jiu Jitsu Techniques: Neck Cranks and Spine Cranks
Nov 4, 2013 · Spine cranks are highly illegal in many competition matches, and should NEVER be attempted unless the goal is to severely injure, paralyze, ...
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4 Types of Submissions in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu (BJJ) - Lifestyle Monks
Mar 26, 2024 · Spinal locks are twisting locks of the spinal column. Some examples are neck cranks and the twister. Spinal locks are banned in most Jiu-Jitsu ...Missing: explanation | Show results with:explanation
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### Summary of Neck Crank in BJJ from https://bjjfanatics.com/blogs/news/neck-crank-bjj
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Here's How To Utilize The Neck Crank In BJJ - Evolve MMA
Aug 18, 2022 · A neck crank in BJJ applies pressure to the spine by pushing or twisting. It can be used to set up a choke, but is risky and can cause injury. ...
[9]
Chokes Or Joint Locks: Which One Is Better For You?
Joint locks are submissions that isolate a joint using leverage in an attempt to force it to move past its usual range of motion. While most joint locks are ...
[10]
Ninjutsu Joint Locks: Principles, Applications, and Variations - AKBAN
A martial arts technique that manipulates an opponent's joint and brings it to the limit of its natural range of motion.<|control11|><|separator|>
[11]
Spine: Anatomy, Function, Parts, Segments & Disorders
Your spine is a complex structure of small bones (vertebrae), disks, joints, ligaments and muscles. Your spine protects your spinal cord and nerves.
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https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/10040-spine-structure-and-function
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https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-intervertebral-discs
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https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/anterior-longitudinal-ligament
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Vertebral Column: Anatomy, vertebrae, joints & ligaments | Kenhub
The vertebral column (spine or backbone) is a curved structure composed of bony vertebrae that are interconnected by cartilaginous intervertebral discs.
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Cervical Spine Functional Anatomy and the Biomechanics of Injury ...
Cervical Spine Buckling During axial loading in the cervical spine, compressive forces result in a transient deformation, or buckling effect.Missing: thoracic grappling
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Biomechanics of the Spine - Anesthesia Key
Jul 7, 2016 · When a force vector is applied to the spine, the kinetic energy imparted is dissipated by the vertebrae and the surrounding spinal elements, ...
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Lumbosacral Biomechanics - Physiopedia
Torsional stresses result from the external forces about the axis of twist and occur in the intervertebral disc with activity such as twisting of the spine. The ...
[19]
The Interface of Mechanics and Nociception in Joint Pathophysiology
The facet capsular ligament is innervated by mechanoreceptors that encode movement and stretch, and also by nociceptors that encode nociceptive stimuli [44–46].
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Nociception - Physiopedia
Nociceptors in intervertebral discs are normally limited to the outer third of the annulus, could be the substrate for discogenic pain when they are expanded ...
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The Physiological Basis of Cervical Facet-Mediated Persistent Pain
Jun 30, 2017 · Nociceptors innervating the facet joint transmit noxious stimuli from peripheral terminals to the spinal cord via action potential propagation.
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Biomechanics of the Spine: the ROM of the Spine - Anatomy Standard
This section demonstrates the evidence behind the choice of the specific value of rotatory motion for different parts of the spine around the anatomical axes.
[23]
Kinematics of the Cervical Spine - Physiopedia
Flexion/Extension occurs around a transverse axis which passes through the vertebral body of the lower vertebra. A second axis, perpendicular to the first, is ...
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What Was the Ancient Greek Pankration? - TheCollector
Feb 3, 2024 · The Pankration was a dangerous form of wrestling that allowed strikes, kicks, and grappling techniques, including upper and lower body joint locks and ...Missing: cranks spinal vase evidence
[25]
Ancient Greek Sports Medicine Origins | PDF - Scribd
Locks and strangleholds were therefore permitted, but biting and gouging were forbidden. Vase painting and sculpture of pankratiasts indicate that the sport ...
[26]
Shuai Jiao - Chinese Wrestling
During Zhou Dynasty, in classical war texts, it is mentioned as Jiao Li Ji, including throwing techniques, beating, avoidance, locking and attacks at pressure ...
[27]
Kubi Kansetsu Waza -- Judo Neck Locks
The Dislocation Necklocks are used a great deal against one who resists “tortoise-like”, arms bent and head drawn into the shoulders.
[28]
[PDF] Wrestling in Ancient Nubia - LA84 Digital Library
Evidence regarding ancient Nubian wrestling is derived form Egyptian archaeological sources and a literary reference in Heliodorus' Aithiopica. A careful ...Missing: spinal hyperextension
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Talhoffer Fechtbuch (MS XIX.17-3) - Wiktenauer
Aug 26, 2024 · The MS ⅩⅨ.17-3 is a German fencing manual created by Hans Talhoffer some time between 1446 and the creation of the Thott manuscript (HTKo) ...
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Brazilian Jiu Jitsu History - Renzo Gracie NH
The art was brought to Brazil by Mitsuyo Maeda (1878-1941), a student of Kodokan Judo with a history of challenging and interacting with other combat arts.
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Vale Tudo Relics: The Life and Times of Helio Gracie - Eternal Impact
Oct 10, 2015 · Considered one of the most influential figures in martial arts history, Helio Gracie, the father of modern jiu-jitsu died at the age of 95 in 2009.
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Cora Livingston in 1908 - Ken Zimmerman Jr.
Jan 2, 2023 · Towards the end of the fifteen minutes, Livingston secured a guillotine choke, made famous by Evan “Strangler” Lewis as the stranglehold.<|separator|>
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Focus on Sambo and Judo - PMC - NIH
In sambo and judo, rotational throws also involve similar movement mechanics and may carry a potential risk of injury to the lumbar and thoracic spine [35].
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ADCC Rules & Regulations
Slamming is allowed only if you are locked in a submission. · No neck cranks that trap both shoulders and puts downward pressure on the neck · No “Full Nelson” ...ADCC Rules for Beginners... · Official ADCC Weight ClassesMissing: revival | Show results with:revival
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The 25 Most Painful Submissions in MMA - Bleacher Report
Jun 7, 2018 · Unlike the choke, neck cranks attack the spinal chord in the neck to induce pain. Forcing the opponent to over twist their heads, tapping out is ...
[36]
Neck Injuries | Jiu-Jitsu Medicine
Sep 24, 2023 · Cervical spine injuries, ranging from minor muscle strain to severe conditions that require surgery can occur due to the intense nature of combat sports.
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Cervical spine Flexion-Distraction fracture in a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu ...
This report demonstrates a fracture dislocation cervical spine injury in an athlete performing Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu training.
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Injury Patterns, Risk Factors, and Return to Sport in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu
Dec 20, 2021 · Injury incidence was high among BJJ athletes surveyed, with 2 out of 3 athletes reporting at least 1 injury within a 3-year period that caused a 2-week absence ...
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EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ORTHOPEDIC INJURIES IN JIU-JITSU ... - NIH
Cervical spine is usually compromised after choke and post-fall direct trauma, ( whereas ankle injuries usually occur after “foot lock.” Pododactile injuries ...
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After injury leaves him paralyzed, an MMA fighter battles still | News
The fighter fractured his fourth cervical vertebra, which dislocated and pushed into his spinal cord. The human spine has seven cervical vertebrae running up to ...<|separator|>
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Taking a closer look at Chris Weidman's neck injury - ESPN
May 20, 2016 · In his post, Weidman said he experienced neck pain and "severe vertigo" last week. He was diagnosed with a "large extrusion herniation" by a ...
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Spinal Injuries in Sports - Neupsy Key
Aug 31, 2016 · Although this injury is usually considered benign, an athlete that suffers an episode of brachial plexus neurapraxia should be immediately ...Cervical Spine And Brachial... · Brachial Plexus Neurapraxia · Cervical Cord Neurapraxia...
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Three Big Lessons from Three Martial Arts Injuries - Grapplearts
Jan 7, 2015 · The next injury story relates to a chronic condition I dealt with for about a year called Thoracic Outlet Syndrome. This is a condition where ...Missing: crank | Show results with:crank
[44]
Injury prevention warm-up in grappling sports
### Proposed Injury Prevention Warm-Up for Grappling Sports (Neck and Spine Focus)
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Primary Care Considerations for Youth Martial Arts Athletes
Jan 9, 2025 · This review aims to analyze the impact of martial arts on youth, addressing the physical and psychosocial benefits, as well as the injury risks ...
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A Narrative Review of Combat Sports Injuries With a Particular ... - NIH
Dec 2, 2024 · Athletes face varying degrees of injury risks, with common clinical presentations including head injuries, strains, sprains, fractures, and concussions.
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Jiu-Jitsu Competition Rules - Uaejjf.com
White, Blue and Black GI are obligatory and its recommend competitors must have two types for finals. All GI must conform to the current UAEJJF regulations.Competition Rules · Uaejjf Graduation · Uaejjf Uniform PoliciesMissing: PDF | Show results with:PDF
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New Rules Updates - IBJJF
Here you can download the updated Rules Guide V 5.2. The new rules updates, including Heel Hooks and Knee Reaping for Black and Brown Belt adult NoGi ...
[50]
[PDF] INTERNATIONAL WRESTLING RULES - UWW
- Executing a hold by stretching the opponent's spinal column. - Chancery hold with one or two hands in any direction whatsoever. - Holds did only by taking ...
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https://www.usawmembership.com/usa_wrestling_rule_book
[52]
https://fanaticwrestling.com/blogs/news/illegal-wrestling-moves
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[PDF] Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts
Note: These are the Official Unified Rules of MMA. Any other form of these rules may not be called the “Unified Rules of MMA” and shall be referred to by the ...Missing: locks | Show results with:locks
[54]
Unified Rules of Mixed Martial Arts - UFC.com
- Strikes to the spine or the back of the head. - Throat strikes of any kind, and/or grabbing the trachea. - Fingers outstretched toward an opponent's face ...
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Full Colorado Approved “One Championship Global Ruleset”
Jul 27, 2021 · Colorado became the first US State Athletic Commission to approve the ruleset used by One Championship in Mixed Martial Arts which includes the use of knees to ...
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Wrestling 101: Olympic rules and regulations
Mar 12, 2024 · Certain holds on the head, arms or legs are prohibited because of extreme danger to the vertebrae and joints. These include headlocks without an ...Missing: UWW | Show results with:UWW
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Unfortunate circumstances: 15 unforeseen injuries that ended UFC ...
Jun 16, 2024 · UFC Fight Night 74: Charles Oliveira suffers neck injury vs. Max Holloway. Date: Aug. 23, 2015. Location: Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Three Powerful Neck Crank Defenses - Grapplearts
Nov 8, 2017 · We show you how to do the can opener neck crank, and then we cover three technical defences that'll prevent you from getting hurt and/or tapping out.
[59]
BJJ Can Opener Submission - Everything You Need to Know
Jun 8, 2020 · Can Opener is a neck crank submission. Illegal in most BJJ tournaments. Potentially very dangerous one, but easy to counter if you know how.
[60]
How to Attack & Defend the BJJ Can Opener? | Jiu Jitsu Legacy
Jun 27, 2023 · The BJJ can opener is a submission technique that is typically applied from the guard position. It involves gripping your opponent's collar/head with both ...Missing: Brazilian | Show results with:Brazilian
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A Confusion of Crucifixes - Grapplearts
Apr 15, 2012 · This neck crank version of the crucifix is also called the “cattle catch”, “stocks”, “reverse crucifix” and more. If the internet doesn't lie, ...
[62]
Cattle Catch Neck Crank - Grapplearts
Apr 15, 2012 · Cattle Catch Neck Crank · Your opponent is going for a double leg takedown, either off a shot or going to his knees to escape side control, and ...
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65 Most Effective Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Techniques - Jen Reviews
Cattle catch: in this move the attacker tries to trap the opponent's hands, and at the same time force the head downwards to the chest. In this move the ...
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Anatomical Study of Jiu Jitsu Joint Locks | PDF - Scribd
Rating 5.0 (10) Nov 1, 2018 · The spine is medically divided to four sections: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacrum. Most cranks are performed on the cervical part of ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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BJJ 101: Twister - Evolve MMA
Aug 26, 2022 · In this article, we will talk about a submission called the twister, a combination of a neck crank and spinal manipulation popularized by Eddie Bravo.
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BJJ Truck Position: History, Setup, Entries, Attacks & Submissions
Eddie soon enhanced the use of the BJJ truck in the No-Gi world and taught this technique to others as well. Around the 2000s, when Eddie was busy developing ...
[67]
THE TWISTER, MORE THAN A SUBMISSION
### Summary of the Twister in BJJ
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Mastering Advanced Jiu Jitsu Moves | 10th Planet Poway
Sep 18, 2023 · The Twister, popularized by Eddie Bravo of 10th Planet Jiu-Jitsu, is a devastating spine lock submission. It rotates the opponent's head towards ...<|control11|><|separator|>
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The Twister: the meanest submission in grappling - MMA Leech
May 15, 2018 · The motion of the twister will cause lower cervical lateral flexion, upper thoracic lateral flexion and lower thoracic/lumbar axial rotation.
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Championship Catch Wrestling: Neck Locks by Josh Barnett
### Summary of Standing Front Facelock/Front Headlock as a Neck Lock
[71]
The Standing Front Headlock
### Summary of Standing Front Headlock in BJJ/MMA
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Blending Wrestling For Jiu-Jitsu Through Front Headlocks, Gator ...
Jul 14, 2025 · A typical method is to move to the side where the opponent's arm is trapped. A tightly secured front headlock stretches the opponent's trapped ...
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Half Halch Series - Catch Wrestling U
Nov 6, 2020 · – A simple Cow Catcher. – A Front Headlock cement job and choke finish. – The Grovit front facelock / neck crank. Last Update: November 30 ...
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10 Most Iconic Pro Wrestling Submissions That Target The Back
Oct 8, 2023 · 10 Most Iconic Pro Wrestling Submissions That Target The Back · 1 Torture Rack · 2 Camel Clutch · 3 Surfboard (a.k.a. Romero Special) · 4 Abdominal ...Missing: spine | Show results with:spine
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Wrestling holds - Pro Wrestling Wiki - Fandom
Wrestling holds include a number of moves used by competitors to immobilize their opponents or lead to a submission. Also known as stretches (or submission ...Head, face, chin and shoulder · Full nelson · Arm locks · Chokes
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Wrestling Move: Mexican Surfboard aka La Tapatia - YouTube
Nov 5, 2009 · check out Loucha Machine apply the mexican surfborad on Ray Rosas at SBWA. **Caution** When applying this move it will stretch your ...Missing: crank | Show results with:crank
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How to Do Back Extension Exercises - Healthline
Apr 1, 2019 · Back extension exercises (sometimes also called hyperextensions) can strengthen lower back muscles. This includes the erector spinae, which ...
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Inside Trip to Surfboard Stretch | WORLD-BEATER WRESTLING
Jun 23, 2021 · Welcome to #WorldBeaterWrestling where 'The World-Beater' Damian Slater takes you through some of his favourite grappling moves at the EPW ...Missing: spine crank
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Spine Lock With Neil Melanson
### Sankaku Spine Lock Technique Breakdown
[80]
Sankaku Spine Lock by Neil Melanson - YouTube
Jun 18, 2019 · ... grappling style that utilizes a mix of Catch Wrestling ... The Worst-Best Martial Arts For The Street. MMA Unpacked•415K views.<|control11|><|separator|>
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Learn How To Set Up and Execute the Boston Crab Submission
Dec 3, 2019 · One way to set it up is from the open guard position – controlling both ankles if possible: You're looking to guillotine one foot in a standing position while ...Missing: technique targets
[82]
Mastering the Boston Crab: A Step-by-Step Guide
Aug 21, 2023 · It primarily targets the lower back and legs, exerting immense pressure on the opponent's spine and joints, forcing them into a painful and ...
[83]
Texas cloverleaf | After The Mat
The Texas Cloverleaf is a leg submission with roots in professional wrestling. It is effectively a combination of a half Boston crab and a sharpshooter.
[84]
The Ultimate Guide to the Boston Crab Technique by John Danaher
Aug 21, 2023 · The Boston Crab is a highly effective submission hold often used in professional wrestling, and Danaher expertly adapts it for BJJ. Beginning ...